1.
1911 in aviation
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This is a list of aviation-related events from 1911, The French Navy selects the torpedo boat tender Foudre for conversion into Frances first ship capable of carrying and handling airplanes. She will become the first warship to be altered for use as an aviation ship. The Austro-Hungarian Navy establishes a naval air station at Pola. Imperial Japanese Navy officers arrive in France and the United States for flight instruction and to study the production and they will return to Japan in 1912 as Japans first naval aviators. Imperial Japanese Navy Lieutenant Tetsukichi Isobe privately builds a seaplane out of bamboo and he pilots it for 60 meters, reaching an altitude of 3 meters, before the seaplane overturns. Although lacking any official association with the navy, it is the first flight in Japan by a member of the Imperial Japanese Navy. The British Army renames the observation balloon elements of the Royal Engineers, The Balloon Section becomes the Air Battalion,18 January – Eugene Ely lands on a platform constructed over the deck of the armored cruiser USS Pennsylvania anchored in San Francisco Bay. This is the first time an aircraft lands on a ship,26 January – Glenn H. Curtiss flies the first successful seaplane. The armored cruiser USS Pennsylvania conducts the United States Navys only experiment with a man-lifting kite,5 February – The first undisputed aeroplane flight in New Zealand is made by Vivian Walsh at Auckland in a Howard Wright biplane named Manurewa. 17 February – At San Diego, California, Glenn Curtiss flies a seaplane out to the U. S. Navy armored cruiser Pennsylvania in the harbor. Pennsylvania hoists the seaplane aboard, then returns it to the water and it is the first demonstration that a ship can handle a seaplane. 18 February – The first airmail is carried by an aeroplane, Henri Pequet carries mail across the Jumna River, from Allahabad to Naini Junction, India. The Spanish Air Force is created as the Aeronáutica militar Española,23 March – Louis Breguet carries 11 passengers a distance of 5 km.1 April – The first flying unit of the British military, the Air Battalion Royal Engineers, is formed. 11 April – Imperial Japanese Army officer Yoshitoshi Tokugawa makes the first flight from Japans first permanent airfield at Tokorozawa,12 April – Pierre Prier makes the first non-stop flight from London to Paris in 3 hours and 56 minutes. 8 May – The U. S. Naval Aviation Service created and the U. S. Navys first airplane, a Curtiss Model D, is ordered. 21 May – The French Minister of War, Henri Maurice Berteaux, also during the race Eugene Gilbert encounters a large eagle over the Pyrenees, in one of the first bird strikes to an aircraft, on the way to Madrid. 31 May – Andre Beaumont beats Roland Garros in the Paris to Rome air race,18 June – The 1911 Circuit of Europe air race begins. At a speed of 80 km/hr, the concludes by flying over the river down the length of the Niagara Gorge,4 July – The first ever airborne commercial cargo is flown by Horatio Barber in his Valkyrie B tail-first monoplane
2.
1912 in aviation
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This is a list of aviation-related events from 1912, First successful all-metal aircraft flies, the Tubavion monoplane built by Ponche and Maurice Primard in France. The French Navy officially establishes an air arm, the Service Aéronautique, the first Bulgarian Air Force is formed, using Blériot, Albatros, Farman, Nieuport, Voisin, Somer, Skiorski, and Bristol aircraft to fight in the First Balkan War. Captain Alessandro Guidoni of Italy experiments with the air-launching of torpedoes by dropping weights from a Farman biplane. 10 January Lieutenant Commander Charles Samson flies Short Improved S.27 No.38 from a platform constructed over the deck of battleship HMS Africa moored in the River Medway and it is the United Kingdoms first takeoff by an airplane from a ship. An aircraft drops propaganda leaflets for the first time, when Italian Army Captain Carlo Piazza drops leaflets over Ottoman Army positions in Libya from an airplane during the Italo-Turkish War, glenn Curtiss pilots the first flight of a flying boat, at Hammondsport, New York. Anthony Fokker establishes Fokker Aeroplanbau in Germany, predecessor to Fokker Aircraft Company,4 February – In Paris, Austrian-born French inventor Franz Reichelt, the Flying Tailor, dies in a jump from the Eiffel Tower in an attempt to demonstrate his parachute-suit, a wearable parachute. The jump is captured on film,5 February – The British Arbitration League, a peace society, issues an appeal against air warfare. Among those signing it are the British phyician and author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, the British novelist and poet Thomas Hardy, and the American painter John Singer Sargent. After a false start from San Francisco, California, on 11 September 1911, he had begun his journey from Los Angeles, California and he had made 65 forced landings during his journey. 22 February – Jules Védrines becomes the first pilot to exceed 100 miles per hour and he makes his flight in a Deperdussin monoplane near Pau, France, flying a distance of 200 km in 1 h 15 min 20. March – The conversion of the ex-torpedo boat tender Foudre into the French Navys first ship capable of carrying and handling airplanes is completed, in her new role, Foudre is the first ship with an airplane hangar. She also is the first warship to be altered for service as an aviation ship. 2 April – Eleanor Trehawke Davies becomes the first woman to cross the English Channel in an airplane, flying as the passenger of Gustav Hamel. 3 April – Flying a Wright Model B on a flight at Long Beach, California, Calbraith Perry Rodgers collides with a seagull. The plane crashes into the Pacific Ocean, killing Rodgers, who becomes the first fatality in history as the result of a bird strike. 16 April – American aviator Harriet Quimby becomes the first woman to fly the English Channel, making the crossing from Dover, England and he concluders that the source of ionization is not the sun, but rather something farther out in space. His flight marks the discovery of what American physicist Robert Millikan in 1925 will name cosmic rays,19 April – An Italian blimp takes the first known motion pictures of enemy positions, filming Ottoman Army positions in Libya during the Italo-Turkish War. 22 April – Englishman Denys Corbett Wilson completes the first completely successful aeroplane crossing of the Irish Sea, may – A recommendation is made that the French Navy investigate the design and procurement of an aircraft carrier with a flight deck
3.
1913 in aviation
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This is a list of aviation-related events from 1913, The Serbian air force is established as an army air service. Six officers receive training in France. Mexican pilot Gustavo Salinas Camilla and Frenchman Didier Masson, flying for rebel forces led by Pancho Villa during the Mexican Revolution, attack Mexican federal ground, the Imperial Japanese Navy places its first aviation ship, the naval auxiliary Wakamiya, in service to operate naval floatplanes. The Imperial Russian Navy experiments with shipboard airplane operations for the first time and it is its only such experiment prior to World War I. The Royal Swedish Navy acquires its first seaplane, Short Brothers patents the first folding wing mechanism. In the United Kingdom, a Sopwith Type C floatplane succeeds in lifting a 14-inch,13 January – Brazilian naval aviation commences with the foundation of a flying school. Flying for Greece, he comes down near Preveza, on the coast north of the Ionian island of Levkas, secures local Greek assistance, repairs his airplane,11 February – The Chilean Army establishes a Military Aviation School. March – The Republic of China obtains twelve military aircraft from France,13 February – The Kingdom of Serbia adopts regulations governing the operation of aircraft, making it the fifth country to do so after Germany, the United Kingdom, France, and Austria-Hungary. 15 March – The United States Army forms the 1st Aero Squadron under Capt Charles Chandler at Texas City to scout for Mexican incursions along the border. 16 April – The inaugural 1913 Schneider Trophy race is won by Maurice Prévost in a Deperdussin monoplane,24 April – The French aviator Eugene Gilbert makes a record non-stop cross-country flight of 826 km, flying from Villacoublay, France, to Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain. The flight takes 8 hours 23 minutes,27 April – Flying a Gage biplane, Robert G.7 May – HMS Hermes, formerly a protected cruiser, recommissions as the Royal Navys first experimental seaplane carrier. 15 May – Cuban-born pilot Austin Parlá flies across the Florida Strait without surface support, relying only on a compass, the first person to do so. Powered by 220 horsepower engines, the bomber could carry up to 1,543 pounds of bombs and has room for four machine guns and it is also the first plane fitted with a lavatory. 9 June – A German Zeppelin flies from Baden-Baden, Germany, to Vienna, Austria-Hungary, the Short aircraft is the first with folding wings to be used aboard a ship. The maneuvers, which conclude on October 6, demonstrate both the feasibility of extended operations by aircraft at sea and the value of folding wings,17 July – The Royal Navy introduces the term seaplane, previously, seaplanes had been known as hydro-aeroplanes. The term seaplane comes into use during the year. 28 July – A Caudron G.3 amphibian takes off from a platform aboard the Hermes while she is underway and it is the first time an aircraft launches from the deck of a ship and lands ashore. 7 August – American-born aviation pioneer Samuel Franklin Cody is killed with his passenger when his Cody Floatplane breaks up in flight over Hampshire in England
4.
1915 in aviation
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This is a list of aviation-related events from 1915, The United States Navy establishes a lighter-than-air arm, charged with the operation of airships and of kite balloons to be towed behind warships. By the end of World War I on November 11,1918, four of its battleships, the United States Army forms one company of the 2d Aero Squadron for service in the Philippine Islands. January 6 or 15 – The German submarine U-12 departs Zeebrugge with a Friedrichshafen FF.29 seaplane lashed to her deck in an attempt to use submarines to carry seaplanes within range of England. The seaplane is forced to take off early, reconnoiters the coast of Kent and it is the only German attempt to operate an aircraft from a submarine. January 7 – Italy establishes the Corpo Aeronautica Militare as part of the Italian Royal Army, january 19–20 – The first Zeppelin raid on the United Kingdom takes place, carried out by the Imperial German Navy dirigibles L3, L-4, and L-6. L-6 turns back with engine trouble, but L-3 drops six 50-kg high-explosive and seven incendiary bombs on Great Yarmouth and L-4 bombs Sheringham, Snettisham, the raid kills four people and injures 16. Two Imperial Russian Navy minesweepers capture her seven-man crew and set her ablaze, No further airship operations will take place in the Baltic theater until mid-July. February 2 – The only Imperial Russian Navy seaplane carrier to see service in the Baltic Sea during World War I, february 15 – Russian Sikorsky Ilya Muromets bombers attack the Vistula-Dobrzhani area of Poland, the first bombing raid by the Ilya Muromets. L-3s crew burns her before being interned by Danish authorities, L-4 is blown out over the North Sea after touching down in Denmark and disappears with four men still on board, the Danes intern the rest of her crew. The Imperial Russian Navys Black Sea Fleet begins seaplane carrier raids against the Bosporus, NACA will operate until October 1,1958, when the National Aeronautics and Space Administration will replace it. March 7 – The first British tactical bombing raids are made in support of troops in Menin. March 11 – The Royal Navy charters the cargo ship SS Manica for conversion into the first British balloon ship, the Royal Navy will be the only navy during World War I to operate balloon ships, specialized ships designed to handle observation balloons as their sole function. March 14 – Pioneering American pilot Lincoln J. March 17 – The Imperial German Army attempts its first airship raid against the United Kingdom with the Zeppelin Z XII, the German Navy later also experiments with such cars and later makes them standard equipment aboard German naval airships. When his grapnel mechanism jams as he unreels it, he instead downs the Albatros by ramming it with his undercarriage. March 24 – Five Royal Naval Air Service Avro 504s of No.1 Squadron bomb the German submarine depot at Hoboken in Antwerp, Belgium, starting a fire in the shipyard that destroys two German submarines. April 1 In a Morane-Saulnier L, future French ace Jean Navarre and his observer/gunner, Sub-Lieutenant Jean Robert, attack a German Aviatik B. I over Merval, Robert uses a carbine to damage it and wound its pilot, forcing it to land behind French lines and surrender. Later in the day, French pilot Lieutenant Roland Garros scores the first kill achieved by firing a gun through a tractor propeller when he shoots down a German Albatros observation plane. It is also his first kill and he will score two more victories this way, on April 15 and April 18
5.
19th century
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The 19th century was the century marked by the collapse of the Spanish, Napoleonic, Holy Roman and Mughal empires. After the defeat of the French Empire and its allies in the Napoleonic Wars, the Russian Empire expanded in central and far eastern Asia. By the end of the century, the British Empire controlled a fifth of the worlds land, the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and spread to continental Europe, North America and Japan. The Victorian era was notorious for the employment of children in factories and mines, as well as strict social norms regarding modesty. Japan embarked on a program of rapid modernization following the Meiji Restoration, before defeating China, under the Qing Dynasty, europes population doubled during the 19th century, from approximately 200 million to more than 400 million. Numerous cities worldwide surpassed populations of a million or more during this century, London became the worlds largest city and capital of the British Empire. Its population increased from 1 million in 1800 to 6.7 million a century later, liberalism became the pre-eminent reform movement in Europe. Slavery was greatly reduced around the world, following a successful slave revolt in Haiti, Britain and France stepped up the battle against the Barbary pirates and succeeded in stopping their enslavement of Europeans. The UKs Slavery Abolition Act charged the British Royal Navy with ending the slave trade. The first colonial empire in the century to abolish slavery was the British, americas 13th Amendment following their Civil War abolished slavery there in 1865, and in Brazil slavery was abolished in 1888. Similarly, serfdom was abolished in Russia, in the 19th century approximately 70 million people left Europe, with most migrating to the United States of America. The 19th century also saw the creation, development and codification of many sports, particularly in Britain. Also, ladywear was a sensitive topic during this time. 1801, Ranjit Singh crowned as King of Punjab,1801, Napoleon signs the Concordat of 1801 with the Pope. 1801, Cairo falls to the British,1801, Assassination of Tsar Paul I of Russia. 1802, Ludwig van Beethoven performs his Moonlight Sonata for the first time,1803, William Symington demonstrates his Charlotte Dundas, the first practical steamboat. 1803, The United States more than doubles in size when it buys out Frances territorial claims in North America via the Louisiana Purchase. This begins the U. S. s westward expansion to the Pacific referred to as its Manifest Destiny which involves annexing and conquering land from Mexico, Britain,1803, The Wahhabis of the First Saudi State capture Mecca and Medina
6.
20th century
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The 20th century was a century that began on January 1,1901 and ended on December 31,2000. It was the tenth and final century of the 2nd millennium and it is distinct from the century known as the 1900s, which began on January 1,1900 and ended on December 31,1999. It saw great advances in communication and medical technology that by the late 1980s allowed for near-instantaneous worldwide computer communication, the term short twentieth century was coined to represent the events from 1914 to 1991. It took all of history up to 1804 for the worlds population to reach 1 billion, world population reached 2 billion estimates in 1927, by late 1999. Globally approximately 45% of those who were married and able to have children used contraception, 40% of pregnancies were unplanned, the century had the first global-scale total wars between world powers across continents and oceans in World War I and World War II. The century saw a shift in the way that many people lived, with changes in politics, ideology, economics, society, culture, science, technology. The 20th century may have seen more technological and scientific progress than all the other centuries combined since the dawn of civilization, terms like ideology, world war, genocide, and nuclear war entered common usage. It was a century that started with horses, simple automobiles, and freighters but ended with high-speed rail, cruise ships, global commercial air travel and the space shuttle. Horses, Western societys basic form of transportation for thousands of years, were replaced by automobiles and buses within a few decades. Humans explored space for the first time, taking their first footsteps on the Moon, mass media, telecommunications, and information technology made the worlds knowledge more widely available. Advancements in medical technology also improved the health of many people, rapid technological advancements, however, also allowed warfare to reach unprecedented levels of destruction. World War II alone killed over 60 million people, while nuclear weapons gave humankind the means to annihilate itself in a short time, however, these same wars resulted in the destruction of the Imperial system. For the first time in history, empires and their wars of expansion and colonization ceased to be a factor in international affairs, resulting in a far more globalized. The last time major powers clashed openly was in 1945, and since then, technological advancements during World War I changed the way war was fought, as new inventions such as tanks, chemical weapons, and aircraft modified tactics and strategy. After more than four years of warfare in western Europe, and 20 million dead. The regime of Tsar Nicholas II was overthrown during the conflict, Russia became the first communist state, at the beginning of the period, Britain was the worlds most powerful nation, having acted as the worlds policeman for the past century. Meanwhile, Japan had rapidly transformed itself into an advanced industrial power. Its military expansion into eastern Asia and the Pacific Ocean culminated in an attack on the United States
7.
21st century
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The 21st century is the current century of the Anno Domini era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. It began on January 1,2001 and will end on December 31,2100 and it is the first century of the 3rd millennium. It is distinct from the time known as the 2000s. The long term effects of increased globalization are not known, the Arab Spring of the early 2010s led to mixed outcomes in the Arab world. The Digital Revolution which began around the 1980s also continues into the present, millennials and Generation Z come of age and rise to prominence in this century. The completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003 marks the rise of life sciences, making mankinds long-held dreams, such as curing cancer. By the 2010s, gene therapy, first performed somatically in late 1990 and heritably in 1996, showed promise but remains an experimental, by 2013, about 80% of the worlds population used mobile phones. An estimated 33% owned personal computers in 2010, and 46% used the Internet by 2016, the International Energy Agency estimates that 83% of the global population has access to electricity as of 2013 with the percentage projected to increase to 88% by 2030. The world population was about 6.1 billion at the start of the 21st century and it had reached 7.3 billion in 2015, and is estimated to reach about 9.37 billion by the year 2050. There is a debate among experts and the public on how to pronounce specific years of the 21st century in English. A less common variation would have been twenty nought-five, the Vancouver Olympics, which took place in 2010, was being officially referred to by Vancouver 2010 as the twenty-ten Olympics. The latest timeframes for change are usually placed at 2020, kubrick said he did this in the hope that if the film became popular, it would influence the pronunciation of that year. See the timeline of the 21st century, genocide still remains a problem in this century with the concern of the war in Darfur and the growing concern in Sri Lanka. Also controversies from past genocides remain commonplace in the minds of victims, 1998–2002 – The Second Congo War continued into the early 21st century. A1999 ceasefire quickly broke down and a UN peacekeeping mission, Laurent Kabila, president of the DRC, was assassinated in January 2001 and his son, Joseph Kabila, took power. Throughout 2002 steps were made towards peace and Rwanda and Uganda both removed their troops from the country, on December 17,2002, a massive treaty officially ended the war. However, the DRC only holds power in less than half of the country, with most of the eastern and northern portions still controlled by rebel groups, in addition, Rwanda still supports anti-DRC rebels and anti-Rwandan rebels continue to operate from the DRC. The war killed an estimated 3.9 million people, displaced nearly 5.5 million, Severe human rights violations continue to be reported
8.
1880s
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The 1880s was a decade that began on January 1,1880, and ended on December 31,1889. They occurred at the period of the Second Industrial Revolution. Most Western countries experienced an economic boom, due to the mass production of railroads. The modern city as well as the rose to prominence in this decade as well. The 1880s were also part of the Gilded Age, which lasted from 1874 to 1907, aceh War War of the Pacific Mahdist War 1882 Anglo-Egyptian War 13 September 1882 — British troops occupy Cairo, and Egypt becomes a British protectorate. American Indian Wars 20 July 1881 — Sioux chief Sitting Bull leads the last of his people in surrender to United States troops at Fort Buford in Montana. Frequent lynchings of African Americans in Southern United States during the years 1880–1890 and this would be followed over the next few decades by conquest of almost the entirety of the remaining uncolonised parts of the continent, broadly along the lines determined. 3 August 1881, The Pretoria Convention peace treaty is signed,1884, International Meridian Conference in Washington D. C. held to determine the Prime Meridian of the world. 1884–1885, Berlin Conference, when the western powers divided Africa, the United States had five Presidents during the decade, the most since the 1840s. Hayes, James A. Garfield, Chester A. Arthur, Grover Cleveland, may to August,1883, Krakatoa, a volcano in Indonesia, erupted cataclysmically,36,000 people were killed, the majority being killed by the resulting tsunami. September 1887, The Yellow river flooded and killed about 900,000 people, the 1880s were marked by several notable assassinations and assassination attempts,13 March 1881 — Assassination of the Tsar of the Russian Empire Alexander II of Russia. 19 September 1881 — James A. Garfield, 20th President of the United States 2 March 1882 — Roderick Maclean fails to assassinate Queen Victoria,3 April 1882 — Bob Ford assassinates Jesse James, legendary outlaw. 6 May 1882 - Lord Frederick Cavendish, Chief Secretary for Ireland,1880, Oliver Heaviside of Camden Town, London, England receives a patent for the coaxial cable. In 1887, Heaviside introduced the concept of loading coils, in the 1890s, Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin would both create the loading coils and receive a patent of them, failing to credit Heavisides work. 1880–1882, Development and commercial production of lighting was underway. Thomas Edison of Milan, Ohio, established Edison Illuminating Company on December 17,1880, based at New York City, it was the pioneer company of the electrical power industry. Edisons system was based on creating a power plant equipped with electrical generators. Copper electrical wires would then connect the station with other buildings, Pearl Street Station was the first central power plant in the United States
9.
1890s
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The phrase, The Gay Nineties, was not coined until the 1920s. This decade was also part of the Gilded Age, a phrase coined by Mark Twain, alluding to the seemingly profitable era that was riddled with crime and poverty. In the United States, the 1890s were marked by an economic depression sparked by the Panic of 1893. As of January 23,2017, there is only 1 verified living person who was born in the 1890s. On December 29,1890,365 troops of the US 7th Cavalry, supported by four Hotchkiss guns, surrounded an encampment of Miniconjou and Hunkpapa Sioux near Wounded Knee Creek, the Army had orders to escort the Sioux to the railroad for transport to Omaha, Nebraska. One day earlier, the Sioux had been cornered and agreed to themselves in at the Pine Ridge Agency in South Dakota. They were the very last of the Sioux to do. the process of disarming the Sioux, the 7th Cavalry quickly suppressed the Sioux fire, and the surviving Sioux fled, but US cavalrymen pursued and killed many who were unarmed. By the time it was over, about 146 men, women, twenty-five troopers also died, some believed to have been the victims of friendly fire as the shooting took place at point-blank range in chaotic conditions. Around 150 Lakota are believed to have fled the chaos, with a number later dying from hypothermia. The incident is noteworthy as the engagement in history in which the most Medals of Honor have been awarded in the military history of the United States. This was the last tribe to be invaded which broke the backbone of the American Indian Wars,1891, Chilean Civil War fought from January to September. José Manuel Balmaceda, President of Chile, and the Chilean Army loyal to him face Jorge Montts Junta, the latter was formed by an alliance between the National Congress of Chile and the Chilean Navy. 1891, Tobacco Protest in Qajar dynasty Persia, on March 20,1890, Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, Shah of Iran granted a concession to Major G. F. Talbot for a full monopoly over the production, sale, and export of tobacco for fifty years. In exchange, Talbot paid the shah an annual sum of £15,000 in addition to a quarter of the profits after the payment of all expenses. Now they were forced to seek permits from the Tobacco Régie as well as required to inform the concessionaires of the amount of tobacco produced, during the spring of 1891 mass protests against the Régie began to emerge in major Iranian cities. Initially it was the bazaaris who led the opposition under the conviction that it was their income, the reference to the Hidden Imam, a critical person in Shia Islam, meant that Shirazi was using the strongest possible language to oppose the Régie. Initially there was skepticism over the legitimacy of the fatwa, however Shirazi would later confirm the declaration,1892, The Johnson County War in Wyoming. Actually this range war took place in April 1892 in Johnson County, Natrona County, the combatants were the Wyoming Stock Growers Association and the Northern Wyoming Farmers and Stock Growers Association
10.
1900s (decade)
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The 1900s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,1900, and ended on December 31,1909. The term nineteen-hundreds can also equally be used for the years 1900–1999, the Edwardian era covers a similar span of time. There are several varieties of how individual years of the decade are pronounced in English. Using 1906 as an example, they are nineteen-oh-six, nineteen-six, which variety is most prominent depends somewhat on global region and generation. In American English, nineteen-oh-six is the most common, nineteen-six is less common, nineteen-ought-six is recognized, the strength of the comedic effect diminished during the aughts of the next century, as the public grew used to questioning how to refer to an ohs or aughts decade. Russo-Japanese War establishes the Empire of Japan as a world power, battle of Riyadh was a minor battle of the Unification of Saudi Arabia. Battle of Dilam was a battle of the Unification War between Rashidi and Saudi rebels. First Saudi–Rashidi War was engaged between the Saudi loyal forces of the newborn Emirate of Riyadh versus the Emirate of Hail, demand for Home Rule for Ireland Herero and Namaqua Genocide in German South-West Africa. January 1,1901, British colonies in Australia federate, forming the Commonwealth of Australia May 20,1902 — Cuba gains independence from the United States, june 7,1905 — The Norwegian Parliament declares the union with Sweden dissolved, and Norway achieves full independence. October 5,1908 — Bulgaria declares its independence from the Ottoman Empire, April 19,1902 — A magnitude 7.5 earthquake rocks Guatemala, killing 2,000. May 8,1902 — In Martinique, Mount Pelée erupts, destroying the town of Saint-Pierre, April 7,1906 — Mount Vesuvius erupts and devastates Naples. September 18,1906 — A typhoon and tsunami kill an estimated 10,000 in Hong Kong, January 14,1907 — An earthquake in Kingston, Jamaica kills more than 1,000. December 28,1908 — An earthquake and tsunami destroys Messina, Sicily and Calabria, April 26,1900 — The Great Lumber Fire of Ottawa–Hull kills 7 and leaves 15,000 homeless. The fire began on a wharf and spread to the adjacent piers, warehouses, may 3,1901 — The Great Fire of 1901 begins in Jacksonville, FL, USA. July 10,1902 – The Rolling Mill Mine disaster in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, August 10,1903 — Paris Métro train fire. December 30,1903 — A fire at the Iroquois Theater in Chicago, February 7,1904 — The Great Baltimore Fire in Baltimore, USA destroys over 1,500 buildings in 30 hours. June 15,1904 — A fire aboard the steamboat General Slocum in New York Citys East River kills 1,021, june 28,1904 — The Danish ocean liner SS Norge runs aground and sinks close to Rockall, killing 635, including 225 Norwegian emigrants. January 22,1906 — The SS Valencia strikes a reef off Vancouver Island, Canada, the 1900s were marked by several notable assassinations and assassination attempts, July 29,1900 — King Umberto I of Italy is assassinated by Italian-born anarchist Gaetano Bresci
11.
1910s
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The 1910s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,1910, and ended on December 31,1919. The 1910s represented the culmination of European militarism which had its beginnings during the half of the 19th century. The murder triggered a chain of events in which, within 33 days, the conflict dragged on until a truce was declared on November 11,1918, leading to the controversial, one-sided Treaty of Versailles, which was signed on June 28,1919. However, each of these states had large German and Hungarian minorities, the decade was also a period of revolution in a number of countries. Russia also had a similar fate, since World War I led to a collapse in morale as well as to economic chaos and this atmosphere encouraged the establishment of Bolshevism, which was later renamed as communism. Like the Mexican Revolution, the Russian Revolution of 1917, known as the October Revolution, much of the music in these years was ballroom-themed. Many of the restaurants were equipped with dance floors. Prohibition in the United States began January 16,1919, with the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution, armenian Genocide during and just after World War I. Wadai War Italo-Turkish War First Balkan Wars – two wars took place in South-eastern Europe in 1912 and 1913. Saudi-Ottoman War Latvian War of Independence - a military conflict in Latvia between the Republic of Latvia and the Russian SFSR. The Russian Revolution is the term for the series of revolutions in Russia in 1917. April 13,1919 - The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, at Amritsar in the Punjab Province of British India, sows the seeds of discontent, xinhai Revolution causes the overthrow of Chinas ruling Qing Dynasty, and the establishment of the Republic of China. Madero proclaims the elections of 1910 null and void, and calls for a revolution at 6 p. m. against the illegitimate presidency/dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz. The revolution lead to the ouster of Porfirio Díaz six months later, the Revolution progressively becomes a civil war with multiple factions and phases, culminating with the Mexican Constitution of 1917, but combat would persist for three more years. Germany abolishes its monarchy and becomes under the rule of a new elected government called the Weimar Republic, federal Reserve Act is passed by United States Congress, establishing a Central Bank in the US. George V becomes king in Britain, fourteen Points as designed by United States President Woodrow Wilson advocates the right of all nations to self-determination. Rise to power of the Bolsheviks in Russia under Vladimir Lenin, creating the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic, easter Rising against the British in Ireland, eventually leads to Irish independence. Several nations in Eastern Europe get their own state, thereby replacing major multiethnic empires
12.
1920s
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The 1920s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,1920, and ended on December 31,1929. French speakers refer to the period as the Années folles, emphasizing the social, artistic. The economic prosperity experienced by many countries during the 1920s was similar in nature to that experienced in the 1950s and 1990s, each period of prosperity was the result of a paradigm shift in global affairs. These shifts in the 1920s, 1950s, and 1990s, occurred in part as the result of the conclusion of World War I and Spanish flu, World War II, the 1920s saw foreign oil companies begin operations throughout South America. Venezuela became the second largest oil producing nation. In some countries the 1920s saw the rise of political movements. Communism spread as a consequence of the October Revolution and the Bolsheviks’ victory in the Russian Civil War, fear of the spread of Communism led to the emergence of far right political movements and fascism in Europe. The devastating Wall Street Crash in October 1929 is generally viewed as a harbinger of the end of 1920s prosperity in North America, the Roaring Twenties brought about several novel and highly visible social and cultural trends. These trends, made possible by sustained economic prosperity, were most visible in major cities like New York, Chicago, Paris, Berlin, “Normalcy” returned to politics in the wake of hyper-emotional patriotism during World War I, jazz blossomed, and Art Deco peaked. For women, knee-length skirts and dresses became socially acceptable, as did bobbed hair with a marcel wave, the women who pioneered these trends were frequently referred to as flappers. The media began to focus on celebrities, especially sports heroes, large baseball stadiums were built in major U. S. cities, in addition to palatial cinemas. Most independent countries passed womens suffrage after 1918, especially as a reward for support of the war effort and endurance of its deaths. Egypt officially becomes an independent country through the Declaration of 1922, though it remains under the military. Prohibition was finally repealed in 1933, organized crime turns to smuggling and bootlegging of liquor, led by figures such as Al Capone, boss of the Chicago Outfit. The Immigration Act of 1924 places restrictions on immigration, the major sport was baseball and the most famous player was Babe Ruth. The Lost Generation, was the name Gertrude Stein gave to American writers, poets, and artists living in Europe during the 1920s. A peak in the early 1920s in the membership of the Ku Klux Klan of four to five million members, followed by a rapid decline down to an estimated 30,000 members by 1930. The Scopes Trial, which declared that John T. Scopes had violated the law by teaching evolution in schools, major armed conflict in Ireland including Irish War of Independence resulting in Ireland becoming an independent country in 1922 followed by the Irish Civil War
13.
1930s
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The 1930s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,1930, and ended on December 31,1939. In response, authoritarian regimes emerged in countries in Europe and South America. The 1930s also saw a proliferation of new technologies, especially in the fields of aviation, radio. Colombia–Peru War – fought between the Republic of Colombia and the Republic of Peru, Chaco War – the war was fought between Bolivia and Paraguay over the disputed territory of Gran Chaco resulting in an overall Paraguayan victory in 1935. An agreement dividing the territory was made in 1938, officially ending outstanding differences, saudi–Yemeni War – was a war between Saudi Arabia and Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen. Second Sino-Japanese War – fought between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan, the Second Sino-Japanese War was the largest Asian war in the 20th century. It also made up more than 50% of the casualties in the Pacific War, World War II breaks out on September 1,1939 Chinese Civil War - The ruling Kuomintang and the rebel Communist Party of China fight a civil war for control of China. The Communists consolidated territory in the early 1930s and proclaimed a short-lived Chinese Soviet Republic that collapsed upon Kuomintang attacks, the Kuomintang and Communists attempted to put away their differences after 1937 to fight the Japanese occupation of China, but intermittent clashes continued through the remainder of the 1930s. Spanish Civil War – Germany and Italy back anti-communist Falange forces of Francisco Franco, the Soviet Union and international communist parties back the left-wing republican faction in the war. The war ends in April 1939 with Francos nationalist forces defeating the republican forces, Franco becomes Head of State of Spain, President of Government and de facto dictator. The Republic gives way to the Spanish State, an authoritarian dictatorship, Hitler pulls Germany out of the League of Nations, but hosts the 1936 Summer Olympics to show his new reich to the world as well as the supposed superior athleticism of his Aryan troops/athletes. Neville Chamberlain, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, attempts the appeasement of Hitler in hope of avoiding war by allowing the dictator to annex the Sudetenland, later signing the Munich Agreement and promising constituents Peace for our time. He was ousted in favor of Winston Churchill in May 1940, some 267 synagogues were destroyed, and thousands of homes and businesses were ransacked. Kristallnacht also served as the pretext for the confiscation of firearms from German Jews. Germany and Italy pursue territorial expansionist agendas, Germany demands the annexation of the Federal State of Austria and of other German-speaking territories in Europe. Between 1935 and 1936, Germany recovers the Saar and remilitarizes the Rhineland, Germany and Italy improve relations by forming an alliance against communism in 1936 with the signing of the Anti-Comintern Pact. Germany annexes Austria in the event known as the Anschluss, the annexation of the Sudetenland followed negotiations which resulted in the Munich Agreement of 1938. The Italian invasion of Albania in 1939 succeeds in turning the Kingdom of Albania into an Italian protectorate, the vacant Albanian throne was claimed by Victor Emmanuel III of Italy
14.
1940s
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The 1940s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,1940, and ended on December 31,1949. Most of World War II took place in the first half of the decade, which had an effect on most countries and people in Europe, Asia. The decade also witnessed the beginnings of new technologies, often first developed in tandem with the war effort. World War II Nazi Germany invades Poland, Denmark, Norway, Benelux, Soviet Union invades Poland, Finland, occupies Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania and Romanian region of Bessarabia from 1939 to 1941. Germany faces the United Kingdom in the Battle of Britain and it was the first major campaign to be fought entirely by air forces, and was the largest and most sustained aerial bombing campaign up until that date. The United States enter World War II after the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7,1941 and it would face the Empire of Japan in the Pacific War. Germany and Japan suffer defeats at Stalingrad, El Alamein, the forces of the Western Allies land on the beaches of Normandy in Northern France. Yalta Conference, wartime meeting from 4 February 1945 to 11 February 1945 among the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, by this definition, the total number of Holocaust victims is between 11 million and 17 million people. The German Instrument of Surrender signed, atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Surrender of Japan on August 15. World War II officially ends on September 2,1945, Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 Arab–Israeli conflict 1948 Arab–Israeli War – The war was fought between the newly declared State of Israel and its Arab neighbours. The war commenced upon the termination of the British Mandate of Palestine in mid-May 1948, in its conclusion, Israel managed to defeat the Arab armies. Establishment of the United Nations Charter effective, establishment of the defence alliance NATO April 4,1949. 1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine, Victory of Chinese Communist Party led by Mao Zedong in the Chinese Civil War. Beginning of Greek Civil War, which extends from 1946 to 1949,1944 – Iceland declares independence from Denmark. 1945 – Indonesia declares independence from the Netherlands,1946 – The French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon dissolves to the independent states of Syria and Lebanon. The French settlers are forced to evacuate the French colony in Syria,1947 – The Partition of the Presidencies and provinces of British India into a secular Union of India and a predominantly Muslim Dominion of Pakistan. 1948 – British rule in Burma ends, the State of Israel is established. 1949 – The Peoples Republic of China is officially proclaimed, the Atanasoff-Berry computer is now considered one of the first electronic digital computing device built by John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry at Iowa State University during 1937–1942
15.
1911
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As of the start of 1911, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. A highlight was the race for the South Pole, through mid-January – First Industrial Airplane Show held in conjunction with the U. S. International Auto Show at Manhattan’s Grand Central Palace in New York. Charles W. Chappelle, a member of the U. S. Aeronautical Reserve, is the only African-American to invent, january 31911 Kebin earthquake, An earthquake of 7.7 moment magnitude strikes near Almaty in Russian Turkestan, killing 450 or more people. Siege of Sidney Street, Two Latvian anarchists die after a siege against a combined police. Home Secretary, Winston Churchill arrived to oversee events, january 5 – Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity is founded at Indiana University Bloomington. January 18 – Eugene B. Ely lands on the deck of the USS Pennsylvania stationed in San Francisco harbor, january 26 – The United States and Canada announce the successful negotiation of their first reciprocal trade agreement. January 30 – The Cypriot football club Anorthosis Famagusta FC was created, february 5 The Missouri State Capitol building in Jefferson City, Missouri is entirely destroyed by fire after a bolt of lightning strikes the dome. The revolution in Haiti is suppressed after the leader, General Montreuil Guillaume, is captured by government troops, General Millionard is executed two days later. February 11 – The Lincoln Memorial Commission is established to find a site for the proposed Lincoln Memorial. February 13 – HNK Hajduk Split, a Croatian football club is founded, february 17 – The first quasi-official airmail flight occurs when Fred Wiseman carries three letters between Petaluma and Santa Rosa, California. February 18 – The first official air mail flight, second overall, takes place from Allahabad, India to Naini, India, march 8 – International Womens Day is celebrated for the first time in history. March 25 – The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in New York City kills 146, march 29 – The United States Army adopts a new service pistol, the M1911 designed by John Browning. It remains the US service pistol for 74 years, April 3 – Jean Sibelius conducts the première of his Symphony No.4 in Helsinki April 8 – Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discovers superconductivity. He presents his findings on April 28, April 13 – Mexican Revolution, Rebels take Agua Prieta on the Sonora–Arizona border, government troops take the town back April 17 when the rebel leader Red López is drunk. April 18 – SS Lusitania, a 5, 557-ton Portuguese passenger liner en route from Mozambique to Lisbon, strikes Bellows Rock just off Cape Point, April 19 – Mexican Revolution, Francisco I. Maderos troops besiege Ciudad Juárez but General Juan J. Navarro refuses his surrender demand, April 22 – A passenger train from Port Alfred to Grahamstown in South Africa derails on the Blaauwkrantz Bridge and plunges into the ravine 200 feet below, killing 31 and seriously injuring 23. April 26 – HŠK Građanski Zagreb, a Croatian Association football club, is founded in Zagreb, April 27 – Huanghuagang Uprising takes place in China. This is an insurrection where rebels take five villages in an attempt to create a base to fight Imperial rule
16.
1912
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As of the start of 1912, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 – The Republic of China is proclaimed, January 4 – The Scout Association is incorporated throughout the British Commonwealth by Royal Charter. January 5 – Moscow Art Theatre production of Hamlet opens, January 6 – New Mexico becomes the 47th state of the United States. January 6 – German geophysicist Alfred Wegener first presents his theory of continental drift, January 14 – Raymond Poincaré forms a coalition government in France, beginning his first term of office as Prime Minister on 21 January. January 17 – British polar explorer Captain Robert Falcon Scott and a team of four become the second group to reach the South Pole. January 18 – Prague Party Conference, Vladimir Lenin and the Bolshevik Party break away from the rest of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. January 22 – The Overseas Railroad opens and the first train arrives in Key West, Florida at 10,43 AM, with Henry M. Flagler, January 23 – The International Opium Convention is signed at The Hague. February 12 – The Manchu Qing dynasty of China comes to an end after 268 years with the abdication of Emperor Puyi in favour of the Republic of China. February 14 – Arizona becomes the 48th U. S. state, february 29 – Serbia and Bulgaria secretly sign a treaty of alliance for a term of eight years, with each pledging to come to the defense of the other during war. March 1 – Albert Berry is reported to have made the first parachute jump from a flying airplane. March 6 – Italian forces became the first to use airships in war, march 7 – Roald Amundsen in Hobart, Tasmania, announces his success in reaching the South Pole the previous December. March 12 – The Girl Scouts is founded by Juliette Gordon Low in Savannah, march 16 – Lawrence Oates, dying member of Scotts South Pole expedition, leaves the tent saying, I am just going outside and may be some time. March 22 – State of Bihar is formed out of the ertswhile State of Bengal in British India, march 27 – Mayor Yukio Ozaki of Tokyo gives 3,000 cherry trees to be planted in Washington, D. C. to symbolize the friendship between the two countries. March 29 – The remaining members of Robert Falcon Scotts South Pole expedition die, march 30 – The French Third Republic establishes the French protectorate in Morocco. April 10 – White Star liner RMS Titanic departs from Southampton with 2225 passengers, april 11 – RMS Titanic makes her last call, at Queenstown in Ireland. April 14–15 – Sinking of the RMS Titanic, RMS Titanic strikes an iceberg in the northern Atlantic Ocean, the wreck will not be discovered until 1985. April 16 – Harriet Quimby becomes the first woman to fly across the English Channel, april 17 –500 striking gold miners in Siberia are killed or wounded by troops in the Lena massacre. April 18 – Cunard Line vessel RMS Carpathia arrives in New York with the 708 RMS Titanic survivors, april 20 – Fenway Park in Boston, Massachusetts, opens
17.
1913
–
As of the start of 1913, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 – The British Board of Film Censors receives the authority to classify, January 12 – Bolshevik activist Josef Dzhugashvili first publishes an article under the pseudonym Stalin which he adopts hereafter. At this time he, Adolf Hitler and Josip Broz Tito are simultaneously resident in Vienna, January 13 – Edward Carson founds the Ulster Volunteer Force by unifying several existing loyalist militias to resist home rule for Ireland. January 23 – General election in Tasmania, January 23 – In the 1913 Ottoman coup détat, Ismail Enver comes to power. January 30 – The British House of Lords rejects an Irish Home Rule Bill February 1 – New York Citys Grand Central Terminal, having been rebuilt, reopens as the worlds largest railroad station. February 3 – The 16th Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, authorizing the Federal government to impose, February 9 – Mexican Revolution, Beginning of La Decena Trágica, the rebellion of some military chiefs against the President Francisco I. February 13 – Thubten Gyatso, the 13th Dalai Lama, declares the independence of Tibet from Qing dynasty China, February 18 – Mexican Revolution, President Francisco I. Madero and Vice President José María Pino Suárez are forced to resign, pedro Lascuráin serves as President for less than an hour before General Victoriano Huerta, leader of the coup, takes office February 22 – Mexican Revolution, Assassination of Francisco I. Madero and José María Pino Suárez, February 23 – Joseph Stalin is arrested by the Russian secret police, the Okhrana, in Petrograd and exiled to Siberia. March The House of Romanov celebrates the 300th anniversary of its succession to the throne, following the assassination of his rival Song Jiaoren, Yuan Shikai uses military force to dissolve Chinas parliament and rules as a dictator. March 1 – British steamship Calvados disappears in the Sea of Marmara with 200 on board, march 3 – The Woman suffrage parade of 1913 takes place in Washington, D. C. led by Inez Milholland on horseback. March 4 Woodrow Wilson is sworn in as President of the United States, the U. S. Department of Commerce and U. S. Department of Labor are established by splitting the duties of the 10-year-old Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census Bureau, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries and U. S. Coast, march 4–6 – First Balkan War, Battle of Bizani, Forces of the Kingdom of Greece capture the forts of Bizani from the Ottoman Empire. March 7 – The British freighter Alum Chine, carrying 343 tons of dynamite, march 12 – Australia begins building the new federal capital of Canberra. March 13 – Mexican Revolution, Pancho Villa returns to Mexico from his exile in the United States. March 17 – The Military Aviation Academy is founded in Uruguay, the Uruguayan Air Force would grow from this foundation. March 18 – George I of Greece is assassinated after 50 years on the throne and he is succeeded by his son Constantine. March 20 – Sung Chiao-jen, a founder of the Chinese nationalist party, is wounded in an assassination attempt, march 23 – Supporters of Phan Xích Long begin an attempt to revolt against colonial rule in French Indochina
18.
1914
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As of the start of 1914, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 – The St. Petersburg–Tampa Airboat Line in the United States starts services between St. Abram C, pheil, mayor of St. Petersburg, is the first airline passenger and over 3,000 people witness the first departure. January 5 – Ford Motor Company announces an eight-hour workday and a wage of $5. January 8 – A railway strike is declared in the Transvaal, January 9 – The Phi Beta Sigma fraternity is founded by African American students at Howard University in Washington, D. C. January 11 – The Sakurajima volcano in Japan begins to erupt, the lava flows cause the island which it forms to be linked to the Ōsumi Peninsula. February 2 – Charlie Chaplin makes his film début in the comedy short Making a Living, february 7 – Release of Charlie Chaplins second film, the Keystone comedy Kid Auto Races at Venice, in which his character of The Tramp is introduced to audiences. February 8 – The Luxembourg national football team has its first victory, beating France 5–4 in a match, for the first. February 10 – Release of the film Hearts Adrift, the name of Mary Pickford, february 12 – In Washington, D. C. the first stone of the Lincoln Memorial is put into place. February 13 – Copyright, In New York City the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers is established to protect the copyrighted musical compositions of its members, february 17 – Karl Staaff steps down as Prime Minister of Sweden in the aftermath of the Courtyard Crisis. He is replaced by the public official Hjalmar Hammarskjöld, father of Dag Hammarskjöld, february 26 – The ocean liner that will become HMHS Britannic, sister to the RMS Titanic, is launched at the Harland and Wolff shipyards in Belfast. February 28 – Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus proclaimed by ethnic Greeks in Northern Epirus, march 1 – The Republic of China joins the Universal Postal Union. March 6 – Founding of FK Vojvodina football club in Novi Sad, march 7 – Prince William of Wied arrives in Albania to begin his reign. March 8 – First transfer of aircraft to Don Muang Royal Thai Air Force Base, march 10 – Suffragette Mary Richardson damages Velázquez painting Rokeby Venus in Londons National Gallery with a meat chopper. March 17 – Green beer is invented by Dr. Thomas H. Curtin and displayed at the Schnorrer Club of Morrisania in the Bronx, march 27 – Belgian surgeon Albert Hustin makes the first successful non-direct blood transfusion, using anticoagulants. March 29 – Katherine Routledge and her husband arrive in Easter Island to make the first true study of it, april 4–September 27 – Komagata Maru incident, Voyage of the Komagata Maru from India to Canada. Due to Canadian regulations designed to exclude Asian immigrants the boat is not allowed to dock in Vancouver and is forced to return to Calcutta with all its passengers, april 9 – Tampico Affair, involving United States Navy sailors in Mexico. April 11 Canadian Margaret C. MacDonald is appointed Matron-in-Chief of the Canadian Nursing service band, alpha Rho Chi, a professional architecture fraternity, is founded in the Hotel Sherman in Chicago. April 14–18 – First International Criminal Police Congress held in Monaco,24 countries are represented including some from Asia, Europe, and the Americas, the Dean of the Paris Law School is president
19.
1915
–
As of the start of 1915, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. Below, the events of World War I have the WWI prefix, january 1 WWI, The Royal Navy battleship HMS Formidable is sunk off Lyme Regis, Dorset, England, by an Imperial German Navy U-boat with the loss of 547 crew. The Battle of Broken Hill, an ambush near Broken Hill, New South Wales. Harry Houdini performs a straitjacket escape performance, january 5 – Joseph E. Carberry sets an altitude record of 11,690 feet, carrying Capt. Benjamin Delahauf Foulois as a passenger in a fixed-wing aircraft. January 12 The United States House of Representatives rejects a proposal to give women the right to vote, a Fool There Was premières in the United States starring Theda Bara as a femme fatale, she quickly becomes one of early cinemas most sensational stars. January 13 – The 6.7 Mw Avezzano earthquake shakes the Province of LAquila in Italy with a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI, various agencies estimate the number of people killed to be 29, 978–32,610. January 18 – Twenty-One Demands from Japan to China are made, january 19 Georges Claude patents the neon discharge tube for use in advertising. WWI, German Zeppelins bomb the towns of Great Yarmouth and Kings Lynn in England for the first time. January 21 – Kiwanis is founded in Detroit, as The Supreme Lodge Benevolent Order Brothers, january 24 – WW I, Battle of Dogger Bank, British Grand Fleet defeats the German High Seas Fleet, sinking the armoured cruiser SMS Blücher. Emory College is rechartered as Emory University, and plans to move its campus from Oxford. January 26 – The Rocky Mountain National Park is established by an act of the United States Congress, january 26 – WWI, Ottoman Army begins the Raid on the Suez Canal. January 27 – WWI, Military casualties begin arriving at the Hôpital Temporaire dArc-en-Barrois, january 28 – An act of the United States Congress designates the United States Coast Guard, began in 1790, as a military branch. February – While working as a cook at New Yorks Sloane Hospital for Women under a name, Typhoid Mary infects 25 people. February 4 – The Maritz Rebellion of disaffected Boere against the government of the Union of South Africa ends with the surrender of remaining rebels, february 8 – The controversial film, The Birth of a Nation, directed by D. W. Griffith, premieres in Los Angeles. It will be the film for around 25 years. February 18 – WWI, Germany regards waters around the British Isles to be a war zone from this date, february 20 – In San Francisco the Panama–Pacific International Exposition is opened. March – The 1915 Palestine locust infestation breaks out in Palestine, March 3 – The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, the predecessor of NASA, is founded in the United States. March 11 – WWI, British armed merchantman HMS Bayano is sunk in the North Channel off the coast of Scotland by Imperial German Navy U-boat SM U-27
20.
1916
–
As of the start of 1916, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. Below, the events of World War I have the WWI prefix, january 1 – The British Royal Army Medical Corps carries out the first successful blood transfusion using blood that had been stored and cooled. January 9 – WWI, Gallipoli Campaign, Last British troops evacuated from Gallipoli, as the Ottoman Empire prevails over a joint British, january 13 – WWI, Battle of Wadi, Ottoman Empire forces defeat the Allied British during the Mesopotamian campaign in modern-day Iraq. January 24 In Browning, Montana, the drops from +6.7 °C to -48.8 °C in one day. Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad Co, the Supreme Court of the United States upholds the national income tax. January 29 – WWI, Paris is bombed by German zeppelins for the first time, january 30 – The McMahon–Hussein Correspondence between Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca and the British oficial Henry McMahon concerning the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire ends. January 31 – WWI, An attack is planned on Verdun, february 3 – Parliament buildings in Ottawa, Canada are burned down. February 9 –6.00 p. m. – Tristan Tzara founds the art movement Dadaism, february 11 Emma Goldman is arrested for lecturing on birth control in the United States. The Baltimore Symphony Orchestra presents its first concert in the United States, the Romanian football club Sportul Studențesc is founded in Bucharest. February 12 – WWI, Battle of Salaita Hill – South African, february 21 – WWI, The Battle of Verdun begins in France. March 7 – In Munich German automobile company BMW is founded, march 8–9 – Mexican Revolution, Pancho Villa leads about 500 Mexican raiders in an attack against Columbus, New Mexico, killing 12 U. S. soldiers. A garrison of the U. S. 13th Cavalry Regiment fights back, march 15 – United States President Woodrow Wilson sends 12,000 United States troops over the U. S. –Mexico border to pursue Pancho Villa, the 13th Cavalry regiment enters Mexican territory. March 16 – Mexican Revolution, The U. S. 7th and 10th Cavalry regiments under John J. Pershing cross the border to join the hunt for Villa. March 22 The temporary Emperor of China, Yuan Shikai, abdicates the throne, J. R. R. Tolkien marries Edith Bratt in England. April – The toggle light switch is invented by William J. Newton, april 11 – WWI, Egyptian Expeditionary Force begins occupation of the Sinai Peninsula. April 20 – The Chicago Cubs play their first game at Weeghman Park, april 22 – The Chinese troop transport SS Hsin-Yu capsizes off the Chinese coast, at least 1,000 are killed. April 24–30 – The Easter Rising occurs in Ireland, april 27 – WWI, Gas attack at Hulluch in France, The 47th Brigade, 16th Division is decimated in one of the most heavily concentrated German gas attacks of the war. April 29 – WWI, Siege of Kut ends with the surrender of British forces to the Ottoman Empire at Kut-al-Amara on the Tigris in Basra Vilayet during the Mesopotamian campaign, may 16 United States Marines invade the Dominican Republic
21.
1917
–
As of the start of 1917, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. Below, events of World War I have the WWI prefix, January 1 – The University of Oregon defeats the University of Pennsylvania 14–0 in U. S. college footballs 3rd Annual Rose Bowl Game. January 2 – The Royal Bank of Canada takes over Quebec Bank, the cause was found to be inadequate signalling procedures. January 9 – WWI, The last substantial Ottoman Army garrison on the Sinai Peninsula is captured by the Egyptian Expeditionary Forces Desert Column at the Battle of Rafa. January 11 – Unknown saboteurs set off the Kingsland Explosion at Kingsland, January 16 – The Danish West Indies is sold to the United States for $25 million. January 19 – Silvertown explosion, A blast at a factory in London kills 73. The resulting fire causes over £2,000,000 worth of damage, January 22 – WWI, President of the United States Woodrow Wilson calls for peace without victory in Germany. January 25 WWI, British armed merchantman SS Laurentic is sunk by mines off Lough Swilly with the loss of 354 of the 475 aboard, an anti-prostitution drive in San Francisco occurs and police close about 200 prostitution houses. January 26 – The sea defences at the English village of Hallsands are breached, leading to all, January 28 – The United States ends its search for Pancho Villa. January 30 – Pershings troops in Mexico begin withdrawing back to the United States and they reach Columbus, New Mexico February 5. February 1 – WWI, Atlantic U-boat Campaign, Germany announces its U-boats will resume unrestricted submarine warfare, February 3 – WWI, The United States severs diplomatic relations with Germany. February 5 – The new constitution of Mexico is adopted, February 13 Mata Hari is arrested in Paris for spying. WWI, Beginning of the Raid on Nekhl by units of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force, February 21 – British troopship SS Mendi is accidentally rammed and sunk off the Isle of Wight, killing 646, mainly members of the South African Native Labour Corps. March 1 The U. S. government releases the text of the Zimmermann Telegram to the public, Japanese city of Ōmuta is founded by Hiroushi Miruku. March 2 – The enactment of the Jones Act grants Puerto Ricans United States citizenship, march 4 Woodrow Wilson is sworn in for a second term as President of the United States. Jeannette Rankin of Montana becomes the first woman member of the United States House of Representatives. March 7 – Livery Stable Blues, recorded with Dixie Jazz Band One Step on February 26 by the Original Dixieland Jass Band in the United States, becomes the first jazz recording commercially released, on August 17 the band records Tiger Rag. March 8 – The February Revolution begins in Russia, Women calling for bread in Petrograd start riots, the United States Senate adopts the cloture rule in order to limit filibusters
22.
Aviation
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Aviation is the practical aspect or art of aeronautics, being the design, development, production, operation and use of aircraft, especially heavier than air aircraft. The word aviation was coined by French writer and former naval officer Gabriel La Landelle in 1863, from the verb avier, itself derived from the Latin word avis and the suffix -ation. The modern age of aviation began with the first untethered human lighter-than-air flight on November 21,1783, the practicality of balloons was limited because they could only travel downwind. It was immediately recognized that a steerable, or dirigible, balloon was required, jean-Pierre Blanchard flew the first human-powered dirigible in 1784 and crossed the English Channel in one in 1785. Rigid airships became the first aircraft to transport passengers and cargo over great distances, the best known aircraft of this type were manufactured by the German Zeppelin company. The most successful Zeppelin was the Graf Zeppelin and it flew over one million miles, including an around-the-world flight in August 1929. However, the dominance of the Zeppelins over the airplanes of that period, the Golden Age of the airships ended on May 6,1937 when the Hindenburg caught fire, killing 36 people. The cause of the Hindenburg accident was blamed on the use of hydrogen instead of helium as the lift gas. An internal investigation by the manufacturer revealed the coating used to protect the material over the frame was highly flammable. Changes to the coating formulation reduced the risk of further Hindenburg type accidents, although there have been periodic initiatives to revive their use, airships have seen only niche application since that time. In 1799 Sir George Cayley set forth the concept of the airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion. Seven years later, on 14 October 1897, Aders Avion III was tested without success in front of two officials from the French War ministry, the report on the trials was not publicized until 1910, as they had been a military secret. In November 1906 Ader claimed to have made a flight on 14 October 1897. Although widely believed at the time, these claims were later discredited, however, the most widely accepted date is December 17,1903 by the Wright brothers. The Wright brothers were the first to fly in a powered and controlled aircraft, previous flights were gliders or free flight, but the Wright brothers combined both, setting the new standard in aviation records. Aircraft began to transport people and cargo as designs grew larger, the Wright brothers took aloft the first passenger, Charles Furnas, one of their mechanics, on May 14,1908. By the beginning of World War II, many towns and cities had built airports, the war brought many innovations to aviation, including the first jet aircraft and the first liquid-fueled rockets. Manufacturers such as Cessna, Piper, and Beechcraft expanded production to provide aircraft for the new middle-class market
23.
World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
24.
Austro-Hungarian Navy
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The Austro-Hungarian Navy was the naval force of Austria-Hungary. Its official name in German was kaiserliche und königliche Kriegsmarine, abbreviated as k. u. k, Kriegsmarine, and in Hungarian Császári és Királyi Haditengerészet, abbreviated as Cs. This navy existed under this name after the formation of the Dual Monarchy in 1867, prior to 1867, the empires naval forces were those of the Austrian Empire. By 1915 a total of 33,735 naval personnel were serving in the k. u. k, after the First World War, both Austria and Hungary were deprived of their coasts, and their navy was confiscated by the victorious Allied powers. Their former ports on the Adriatic Sea, such as Trieste, Pola, Fiume, Kriegsmarine were designated SMS, for Seiner Majestät Schiff. Until the end of the 18th century there were only limited attempts to establish an Austrian navy, after the Seven Years War Austrian vulnerability to privateers in the Mediterranean Sea led Count Kaunitz to push for the creation of a small force of frigates. A specific Naval Ensign based on the colours was introduced only in the reign of Emperor Joseph II. This situation changed considerably in 1797 with the Treaty of Campo Formio between France and Austria, Austria ceded to France the Austrian Netherlands and certain islands in the Mediterranean, including Corfu and some Venetian islands in the Adriatic. Venice and its territories were divided between the two states, and the Austrian emperor received the city of Venice along with Istria and Dalmatia, the substantial Venetian naval forces and facilities were also handed over to Austria and became the basis of the formation of the future Austrian Navy. The navy gained its first influential supporter when Archduke Charles third son Archduke Friedrich entered the service in 1837, the young archduke introduced many modernizing reforms, aiming to make his countrys naval force less Venetian and more Austrian. In 1844 Archduke Friedrich was promoted vice-admiral and Commander-in-Chief of the Navy, Austrian warships had their first military encounters during the Oriental Crisis of 1840 as a part of a British-led fleet which ousted the Viceroy of Egypt, Muhammad Ali, from Ottoman Syria. Archduke Friedrich took part in the campaign personally and was awarded the Military Order of Maria Theresa for his exceptional leadership, in 1849 the Dane Hans von Dahlerup was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Austrian Navy. He introduced many personal and other reforms and imposed in the Navy the replacement of the Italian language by the German language, in the following years the strength of the Navy reached 4 frigates,6 corvettes,7 brigs, and smaller ships. In 1854 the younger brother of the reigning Emperor Franz Joseph took office as Commander-in-Chief of the Austrian Navy, Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian was twenty-two at that time. Archduke Friedrichs distant relative was trained for the navy, and threw himself into new career with much zeal. In Venice the naval shipyard was retained, here the Austrian screw-driven gunboat Kerka was launched in 1860. The journey lasted 2 years and 3 months and was accomplished under the command of Kommodore Bernhard von Wüllerstorf-Urbair, with 345 officers and crew, and 7 scientists aboard. The expedition was planned by the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Vienna and aimed to gain new knowledge in the disciplines of astronomy, botany, zoology, geology, oceanography and hydrography
25.
Fiat Automobiles
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Fiat Automobiles S. p. A. is the largest automobile manufacturer in Italy, a subsidiary of FCA Italy S. p. A. which is part of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles. Fiat Automobiles S. p. A. was formed in January 2007 when Fiat reorganized its automobile business, Fiats main market is Europe, mainly focused in Italy. Historically successful in citycars and supermini sector, currently Fiat has a range of models focused on two segments. Fiat does not currently offer any large family car, nor an executive car - these market segments have, to some extent been covered by the Lancia and Alfa Romeo brands, which Fiat also owns. Fiats share of the European market shrank from 9.4 per cent in 2000 to 5.8 per cent in the summer of 2004, at this point Sergio Marchionne was appointed as Fiats chief executive. By March 2009 their market share had expanded to 9.1 per cent, Fiats built their five-story Lingotto plant in 1915 through 1918, at the time it was Europes largest car manufacturing plant. Later the Mirafiori plant was built, also in Turin, to prepare for production of the all-new Fiat 128, Fiat opened their Rivalta plant in October 1968. Until the 128 entered production, the plant was used to build versions of the 850 and 124 as well as parts for the Fiat Dino. Fiats 2014 range of car engines comprised eleven units, eight petrols. The second generation Punto was a seller in the UK after its October 1999 launch. The original Fiat 500 had been one of the few competitors for the iconic Mini during its 1960s heyday. Fiat has invested for a time in South America, mainly in Brazil. They built their first Brazilian car plant in the Greater Belo Horizonte city of Betim in 1973, recently a brand new model developed in Brazil has been launched, the Fiat Uno. Other European models are imported to Brazil, Fiat 500. Some others are still in production, Punto, Idea, Bravo, Fiat has a long history in the United States. In 1908, the Fiat Automobile Co. was established in the country and a plant in Poughkeepsie, N. Y. began producing Fiats a year later, like the Fiat 60 HP and the Fiat 16-20 HP. These luxury cars were produced long before Chrysler Corp. was formed in 1925 from older manufacturers that were acquired by Walter P. Chrysler, the New Jersey factory was closed when the U. S. entered World War I in 1917. Fiat returned to North America in the 1950s, selling the original 500, Fiat 600 Multipla, Fiat 1100, Fiat 1200, for example the Fiat 124 Sport Spider and the Fiat X1/9
26.
Yokosuka Naval Arsenal
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Yokosuka Naval Arsenal was one of four principal naval shipyards owned and operated by the Imperial Japanese Navy, and was located at Yokosuka, Kanagawa prefecture on Tokyo Bay, south of Yokohama. The new facility was intended to produce modern, western-style warships, the construction of the arsenal was an important first step for the modernization of Japans industry. Modern buildings, an aqueduct, foundry, brick factories, technical schools to train Japanese technicians were established, after the Boshin War and the Meiji Restoration, the new Meiji government took over control of the facility in 1871, renaming it the Yokosuka Zosenjo. The first dry dock was opened in 1871, and is still in operation today, Japans first domestically produced warship, Saiki, was completed the same year. Japan had purchased five submarines from the Electric Boat Company during the Russo-Japanese War and these Holland Type VII submarines were built by Arthur Leopold Busch as he traveled to Japan during this time. Mr. Busch was an architect and shipbuilder who represented the newly organized company now located at the Quincy Massachusetts shipyard known as the Fore River Ship. These first five submarines became Japans initial entry into the theater of underwater warfare that began nearly the same time as the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese conflict. Another representative of Electric Boat, Frank Cable, an electrician working for Isaac L. Rices company trained two Japanese crews in the operation of such craft. Arthur Busch was also the man responsible for building the United States Navys first submarine some five or so years before this time for the Holland Torpedo Boat Company and this was named the USS Holland and was Americas first commissioned craft type. Two additional Holland designed submarines were built for Japan by 1906 under contract and these pioneering submarines progressively got larger and larger as time went on, climaxing by the end of the Cold War. In 1909, Japans first domestically designed and produced battleship, Satsuma was launched, Yokosuka became one of the main shipyards of the Imperial Japanese Navy in the 20th century, building numerous battleships such as Yamashiro, and aircraft carriers such as Hiryu and Shokaku. Naval aircraft were designed at the nearby Yokosuka Naval Air Technical Arsenal, the facilities were seized by the Allied forces at the end of World War II, and on 15 October 1945 the Yokosuka Naval Arsenal was officially abolished. A steam hammer from the former Yokosuka Naval Arsenal is on display at the Verny Commemorative Museum in Yokosuka, ISBN9780674003347, OCLC44090600 Topkins, Tom. Kindai Nihon no zosen to kaigun, Yokohama, Yokosuka no kaijishi
27.
Seaplane
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A seaplane is a powered fixed-wing aircraft capable of taking off and landing on water. Seaplanes that can take off and land on airfields are in a subclass called amphibious aircraft. Their use gradually tailed off after World War II, partially because of the investments in airports during the war, the word seaplane is used to describe two types of air/water vehicles, the floatplane and the flying boat. A floatplane has slender pontoons, or floats, mounted under the fuselage, two floats are common, but other configurations are possible. Only the floats of a floatplane normally come into contact with water, some small land aircraft can be modified to become float planes, and in general, floatplanes are small aircraft. Floatplanes are limited by their inability to handle wave heights typically greater than 12 inches and these floats add to the empty weight of the airplane and to the drag coefficient, resulting in reduced payload capacity, slower rate of climb, and slower cruise speed. Most flying boats have small floats mounted on their wings to keep them stable, not all small seaplanes have been floatplanes, but most large seaplanes have been flying boats, with their great weight supported by their hulls. The term seaplane is used by some instead of floatplane and this is the standard British usage. This article treats both flying boats and floatplanes as types of seaplane, in the US fashion, an amphibious aircraft can take off and land both on conventional runways and water. A true seaplane can only take off and land on water, there are amphibious flying boats and amphibious floatplanes, as well as some hybrid designs, e. g. floatplanes with retractable floats. Modern production seaplanes are typically light aircraft, amphibious, and of a floatplane design, on 6 June 1905, Gabriel Voisin took off and landed on the River Seine with a towed kite glider on floats. The first of his flights was 150 yards. He later built a powered floatplane in partnership with Louis Blériot, other pioneers also attempted to attach floats to aircraft in Britain, Australia, France and the United States. On 28 March 1910, Frenchman Henri Fabre flew the first successful powered seaplane, the Gnome Omega-powered hydravion, fabres first successful take off and landing by a powered seaplane inspired other aviators, and he designed floats for several other flyers. The first hydro-aeroplane competition was held in Monaco in March 1912, featuring aircraft using floats from Fabre, Curtiss, Tellier and this led to the first scheduled seaplane passenger services, at Aix-les-Bains, using a five-seat Sanchez-Besa from 1 August 1912. The French Navy ordered its first floatplane in 1912, in 1911−12, François Denhaut constructed the first seaplane with a fuselage forming a hull, using various designs to give hydrodynamic lift at take-off. Its first successful flight was on 13 April 1912, throughout 1910 and 1911, American pioneering aviator Glenn Curtiss developed his floatplane into the successful Curtiss Model D land-plane, which used a larger central float and sponsons. Combining floats with wheels, he made the first amphibian flights in February 1911 and was awarded the first Collier Trophy for US flight achievement, from 1912, his experiments with a hulled seaplane resulted in the 1913 Model E and Model F, which he called flying-boats
28.
Aeromarine
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The Aeromarine Plane and Motor Company was an early American aircraft manufacturer founded by Inglis M. Upperçu which operated from 1914 to 1930. From 1928 to 1930 it was known as the Aeromarine-Klemm Corporation, the beginnings of the company dated to 1908, when Uppercu began to finance aeronautical experiments by a small firm at Keyport, New Jersey. In 1914, Aeromarine itself was founded at Keyport with Uppercu as president, Aeromarine built mostly military seaplanes and flying boats, the most significant of which were the models 39 and 40. The company broke new ground in aviation by offering some of the first regularly scheduled flights, aviation promoter Harry Bruno worked with Aeromarine to commercialize the transportation potential of airflight. In 1928, the firm renamed itself Aeromarine-Klemm Corporation and began producing mostly Klemm aircraft designs, the firm also built aero engines. After Aeromarine itself went out of business, the production of Aeromarine engines was continued by the Uppercu-Burnelli Corporation and it operated the Aeromarine 75 and Aeromarine 85 aircraft. The American Fighter, The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, P.13 Daniel Kusrow, Fleet list of Aeromarine aircraft, The Aeromarine Website, Daniel Kusrow & Bjorn Larsson The Aeromarine Website
29.
Keyport, New Jersey
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Keyport is a borough in Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States. Keyports nickname is the Pearl of the Bayshore or the Gateway to the Bayshore, Keyport was originally formed as a Town on March 17,1870, from portions of Raritan Township. On April 2,1908, the Borough of Keyport was formed, according to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 1.469 square miles, including 1.395 square miles of land and 0.074 square miles of water. The borough borders the boroughs of Keansburg and Union Beach, as of the census of 2010, there were 7,240 people,3,067 households, and 1,693 families residing in the borough. The population density was 5,188.4 per square mile, there were 3,272 housing units at an average density of 2,344.8 per square mile. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 18. 26% of the population,37. 3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the family size was 3.15. In the borough, the population was out with 19. 8% under the age of 18,8. 5% from 18 to 24,28. 9% from 25 to 44,27. 1% from 45 to 64. The median age was 40.5 years, for every 100 females there were 97.2 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and old there were 95.6 males, the Census Bureaus 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that median household income was $56,509 and the median family income was $82,714. Males had an income of $56,156 versus $41,782 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $28,545, about 4. 9% of families and 9. 5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14. 6% of those under age 18 and 8. 0% of those age 65 or over. At the 2000 United States Census, there were 7,568 people,3,264 households and 1,798 families residing in the borough, the population density was 5,358.4 per square mile. There were 3,400 housing units at a density of 2,407.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the borough was 85. 2% White,7. 0% African American,0. 12% Native American,2. 22% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,2. 96% from other races, and 2. 46% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11. 09% of the population,38. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 19. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the family size was 3.11. 21. 8% of the population were under the age of 18,7. 3% from 18 to 24,33. 2% from 25 to 44,21. 6% from 45 to 64, the median age was 38 years
30.
New Jersey
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New Jersey is a state in the Northeastern and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state but the 11th-most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies entirely within the statistical areas of New York City. New Jersey was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years, in the early 17th century, the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements. New Jersey was the site of decisive battles during the American Revolutionary War in the 18th century. In the 19th century, factories in cities such as Camden, Paterson, Newark, Trenton, around 180 million years ago, during the Jurassic Period, New Jersey bordered North Africa. The pressure of the collision between North America and Africa gave rise to the Appalachian Mountains, around 18,000 years ago, the Ice Age resulted in glaciers that reached New Jersey. As the glaciers retreated, they left behind Lake Passaic, as well as rivers, swamps. New Jersey was originally settled by Native Americans, with the Lenni-Lenape being dominant at the time of contact, scheyichbi is the Lenape name for the land that is now New Jersey. The Lenape society was divided into clans that were based upon common female ancestors. These clans were organized into three distinct phratries identified by their animal sign, Turtle, Turkey, and Wolf and they first encountered the Dutch in the early 17th century, and their primary relationship with the Europeans was through fur trade. The Dutch became the first Europeans to lay claim to lands in New Jersey, the Dutch colony of New Netherland consisted of parts of modern Middle Atlantic states. Although the European principle of ownership was not recognized by the Lenape. The first to do so was Michiel Pauw who established a patronship called Pavonia in 1630 along the North River which eventually became the Bergen, peter Minuits purchase of lands along the Delaware River established the colony of New Sweden. During the English Civil War, the Channel Island of Jersey remained loyal to the British Crown and it was from the Royal Square in St. Helier that Charles II of England was proclaimed King in 1649, following the execution of his father, Charles I. The North American lands were divided by Charles II, who gave his brother, the Duke of York, the region between New England and Maryland as a proprietary colony. James then granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River to two friends who had remained loyal through the English Civil War, Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton, the area was named the Province of New Jersey. Since the states inception, New Jersey has been characterized by ethnic, New England Congregationalists settled alongside Scots Presbyterians and Dutch Reformed migrants
31.
Royal Flying Corps
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The Royal Flying Corps was the air arm of the British Army before and during the First World War, until it merged with the Royal Naval Air Service on 1 April 1918 to form the Royal Air Force. During the early part of the war, the RFC supported the British Army by artillery co-operation, at the start of World War I the RFC, commanded by Brigadier-General Sir David Henderson, consisted of five squadrons – one observation balloon squadron and four aeroplane squadrons. These were first used for spotting on 13 September 1914. Aerial photography was attempted during 1914, but again only became effective the next year, by 1918, photographic images could be taken from 15,000 feet and were interpreted by over 3,000 personnel. By this time parachutes had been used by balloonists for three years, on 17 August 1917, South African General Jan Smuts presented a report to the War Council on the future of air power. On 1 April 1918, the RFC and the RNAS were amalgamated to form a new service, after starting in 1914 with some 2,073 personnel, by the start of 1919 the RAF had 4,000 combat aircraft and 114,000 personnel in some 150 squadrons. The recommendations of the committee were accepted and on 13 April 1912 King George V signed a royal warrant establishing the Royal Flying Corps, the Air Battalion of the Royal Engineers became the Military Wing of the Royal Flying Corps a month later on 13 May. The Flying Corps initial allowed strength was 133 officers, and by the end of year it had 12 manned balloons and 36 aeroplanes. The RFC originally came under the responsibility of Brigadier-General Henderson, the Director of Military Training, and had branches for the Army. Major Sykes commanded the Military Wing and Commander C R Samson commanded the Naval Wing, the RFCs motto was Per ardua ad astra. This remains the motto of the Royal Air Force and other Commonwealth air forces, the RFCs first fatal crash was on 5 July 1912 near Stonehenge on Salisbury Plain. Loraine and his observer, Staff Sergeant R. H. V, an order was issued after the crash stating Flying will continue this evening as usual, thus beginning a tradition. Four months later on 11 December 1912 Parke was killed when the Handley Page monoplane in which he was flying from Hendon to Oxford crashed. The Naval Wing, with pilots and aircraft than the Military Wing. In November 1914 the Royal Flying Corps, even taking the loss of the Naval Wing into account, had expanded sufficiently to warrant the creation of wings consisting of two or more squadrons and these wings were commanded by lieutenant-colonels. In October 1915 the Royal Flying Corps had undergone further expansion which justified the creation of brigades, further expansion led to the creation of divisions, with the Training Division being established in August 1917 and RFC Middle East, being raised to divisional status in December 1917. Finally, the air raids on London and the south-east of England led to the creation of the London Air Defence Area in August 1917 under the command of Ashmore who was promoted to major-general. Two of the first three RFC squadrons were formed from the Air Battalion of the Royal Engineers, No.1 Company becoming No.1 Squadron, RFC, a second heavier-than-air squadron, No.2 Squadron, RFC, was also formed on the same day
32.
Airship
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An airship or dirigible balloon is a type of aerostat or lighter-than-air aircraft that can navigate through the air under its own power. Aerostats gain their lift from large gas bags filled with a gas that is less dense than the surrounding air. In early dirigibles, the gas used was hydrogen, due to its high lifting capacity. Helium gas has almost the same lifting capacity and is not flammable, unlike hydrogen, significant amounts were first discovered in the United States and for a while helium was only used for airships by the United States. Most airships built since the 1960s have used helium, though some have used hot air, the envelope of an airship may form a single gas bag, or may contain a number of internal gas-filled cells. An airship also has engines, crew, and optionally also payload accommodation, the main types of airship are non-rigid, semi-rigid, and rigid. Non-rigid airships, often called blimps, rely on internal pressure to maintain the shape of the airship, semi-rigid airships maintain the envelope shape by internal pressure, but have some form of supporting structure, such as a fixed keel, attached to it. Rigid airships have a structural framework which maintains the shape and carries all structural loads. Rigid airships were first flown by Count Zeppelin and the vast majority of rigid airships built were manufactured by the firm he founded, as a result, rigid airships are called zeppelins. S. Navy helium-filled rigids, the USS Akron and USS Macon respectively, during the pioneer years of aeronautics, terms such as airship, air-ship, air ship and ship of the air meant any kind of navigable or dirigible flying machine. In 1919 Frederick Handley Page was reported as referring to ships of the air, in the 1930s, large intercontinental flying boats were also sometimes referred to as ships of the air or flying-ships. Nowadays the term airship is used only for powered, dirigible balloons, semirigid architecture is the more recent and the late appearance is caused by both advancements about deformable structures and exigiency of reducing weight and volume of the airships. They have a structure that ensure to keep the shape jointly with overpressure of the gas envelope. An aerostat is an aircraft which remain aloft using buoyancy or static lift, Airships are a type of aerostat. The term aerostat has also used to indicate a tethered or moored balloon as opposed to a free-floating balloon. A blimp is a non-rigid aerostat, in American usage it refers specifically to a non-rigid type of dirigible balloon or airship. In British usage it refers to any non-rigid aerostat, including balloons and other kite balloons, having a streamlined shape. The initials LZ, for Luftschiff Zeppelin, usually prefixed their crafts serial identifiers, streamlined Parsifal-shaped rigid airships are usually referred to as Zeppelin, because of the fame that this company has acquired due to the number of airships it produced
33.
Royal Navy
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The Royal Navy is the United Kingdoms naval warfare force. Although warships were used by the English kings from the medieval period. The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century, from the middle decades of the 17th century and through the 18th century, the Royal Navy vied with the Dutch Navy and later with the French Navy for maritime supremacy. From the mid 18th century it was the worlds most powerful navy until surpassed by the United States Navy during the Second World War. The Royal Navy played a key part in establishing the British Empire as the world power during the 19th. Due to this historical prominence, it is common, even among non-Britons, following World War I, the Royal Navy was significantly reduced in size, although at the onset of the Second World War it was still the worlds largest. By the end of the war, however, the United States Navy had emerged as the worlds largest, during the Cold War, the Royal Navy transformed into a primarily anti-submarine force, hunting for Soviet submarines, mostly active in the GIUK gap. The Royal Navy is part of Her Majestys Naval Service, which includes the Royal Marines. The professional head of the Naval Service is the First Sea Lord, the Defence Council delegates management of the Naval Service to the Admiralty Board, chaired by the Secretary of State for Defence. The strength of the fleet of the Kingdom of England was an important element in the power in the 10th century. English naval power declined as a result of the Norman conquest. Medieval fleets, in England as elsewhere, were almost entirely composed of merchant ships enlisted into service in time of war. Englands naval organisation was haphazard and the mobilisation of fleets when war broke out was slow, early in the war French plans for an invasion of England failed when Edward III of England destroyed the French fleet in the Battle of Sluys in 1340. Major fighting was confined to French soil and Englands naval capabilities sufficed to transport armies and supplies safely to their continental destinations. Such raids halted finally only with the occupation of northern France by Henry V. Henry VII deserves a large share of credit in the establishment of a standing navy and he embarked on a program of building ships larger than heretofore. He also invested in dockyards, and commissioned the oldest surviving dry dock in 1495 at Portsmouth, a standing Navy Royal, with its own secretariat, dockyards and a permanent core of purpose-built warships, emerged during the reign of Henry VIII. Under Elizabeth I England became involved in a war with Spain, the new regimes introduction of Navigation Acts, providing that all merchant shipping to and from England or her colonies should be carried out by English ships, led to war with the Dutch Republic. In the early stages of this First Anglo-Dutch War, the superiority of the large, heavily armed English ships was offset by superior Dutch tactical organisation and the fighting was inconclusive
34.
St. Petersburg, Florida
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St. Petersburg is a city in Pinellas County, Florida, United States. As of the 2015 census estimate, the population was 257,083, making it the fifth-most populous city in Florida, St. Petersburg is the second-largest city in the Tampa Bay Area, after Tampa. Together with Clearwater, these comprise the Tampa–St. Petersburg–Clearwater Metropolitan Statistical Area, the second-largest in Florida with a population of around 2.8 million, St. Petersburg is located on a peninsula between Tampa Bay and the Gulf of Mexico, and is connected to mainland Florida to the north. St. Petersburg was founded in 1888 by John C, Williams, who purchased the land, and by Peter Demens, who brought the railroad industry into the area. St. Petersburg was incorporated as a town on February 29,1892, the city is often referred to by locals as St. Pete. Neighboring St. Pete Beach formally shortened its name in 1994 after a vote by its residents, St. Petersburg is governed by a mayor and city council. With an average of some 361 days of each year. Due to its weather and low cost of living, the city has long been a popular retirement destination. American Style magazine ranked St. Petersburg its top mid-size city in 2011, the city was co-founded by John C. Williams, formerly of Detroit, who purchased the land in 1875, the first major newspaper to debut in Tampa Bay was the St. Petersburg Times which established in 1884. St. Petersburg was incorporated as a town on February 29,1892, a local legend says that John C. Williams and Peter Demens flipped a coin to see who would have the honor of naming the city. The Detroit Hotel still exists downtown, but has turned into a condominium. The oldest running hotels are the historic Pier Hotel, built in 1921, formally Hotel Cordova and The Heritage Hotel, Philadelphia publisher F. A. Davis turned on St. Petersburgs first electrical service in 1897 and its first trolley service in 1904. Within a year, Hibbs Fish Company was shipping more than 1,000 pounds of fish each day, St. Petersburg was incorporated into a city in June 1903. With this transition, the development of the waterfront had dredging of a deeper shipping channel from 1906 to 1908 which opened St. Petersburg to larger shipping. Further dredging improved the facilities through the 1910s. By then the population had quadrupled to a population of 4,127 citizens
35.
Tampa, Florida
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Tampa is a major city in, and the county seat of, Hillsborough County, Florida. It is located on the west coast of Florida on Tampa Bay, near the Gulf of Mexico, the city had a population of 346,037 in 2011. The current location of Tampa was once inhabited by peoples of the Safety Harbor culture. The area was explored by Spanish explorers in the 16th century, resulting in violent conflicts and the introduction of European diseases, which wiped out the original native cultures. In 1824, the United States Army established a frontier outpost called Fort Brooke at the mouth of the Hillsborough River, near the site of todays Tampa Convention Center. The first civilian residents were pioneers who settled near the fort for protection from the nearby Seminole population, today, Tampa is part of the metropolitan area most commonly referred to as the Tampa Bay Area. For U. S. Census purposes, Tampa is part of the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, the Greater Tampa Bay area has over 4 million residents and generally includes the Tampa and Sarasota metro areas. The Tampa Bay Partnership and U. S. Census data showed an annual growth of 2.47 percent. A2012 estimate shows the Tampa Bay area population to have 4,310,524 people, Tampa was ranked as the 5th best outdoor city by Forbes in 2008. Tampa also ranks as the fifth most popular American city, based on where people want to live, a 2004 survey by the NYU newspaper Washington Square News ranked Tampa as a top city for twenty-somethings. Tampa is ranked as a Gamma+ world city by Loughborough University, ranked alongside other world cities such as Phoenix, Charlotte, Rotterdam, and Santo Domingo. The word Tampa may mean sticks of fire in the language of the Calusa and this might be a reference to the many lightning strikes that the area receives during the summer months. Other historians claim the name means the place to gather sticks, toponymist George R. Stewart writes that the name was the result of a miscommunication between the Spanish and the Indians, the Indian word being itimpi, meaning simply near it. The name first appears in the Memoir of Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda and he calls it Tanpa and describes it as an important Calusa town. While Tanpa may be the basis for the modern name Tampa, archaeologist Jerald Milanich places the Calusa village of Tanpa at the mouth of Charlotte Harbor, the original Bay of Tanpa. A later Spanish expedition did not notice Charlotte Harbor while sailing north along the west coast of Florida, the name was accidentally transferred north. Map makers were using the term Bay or Bahia Tampa as early as 1695, people from Tampa are known as Tampans or Tampanians. Latin Americans from Tampa are known as tampeños, or tampeñas for females and these terms of Spanish origin emerged after 1900 for the immigrant communities in West Tampa and Ybor City
36.
Florida
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Florida /ˈflɒrᵻdə/ is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, Florida is the 22nd-most extensive, the 3rd-most populous, and the 8th-most densely populated of the U. S. states. Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States, the Miami metropolitan area is Floridas most populous urban area. The city of Tallahassee is the state capital, much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south, the American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee can be found in the Everglades National Park. It was a location of the Seminole Wars against the Native Americans. Today, Florida is distinctive for its large Cuban expatriate community and high population growth, the states economy relies mainly on tourism, agriculture, and transportation, which developed in the late 19th century. Florida is also renowned for amusement parks, orange crops, the Kennedy Space Center, Florida has attracted many writers such as Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Ernest Hemingway and Tennessee Williams, and continues to attract celebrities and athletes. It is internationally known for golf, tennis, auto racing, by the 16th century, the earliest time for which there is a historical record, major Native American groups included the Apalachee, the Timucua, the Ais, the Tocobaga, the Calusa and the Tequesta. Florida was the first part of the continental United States to be visited and settled by Europeans, the earliest known European explorers came with the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León. Ponce de León spotted and landed on the peninsula on April 2,1513 and he named the region La Florida. The story that he was searching for the Fountain of Youth is a myth, in May 1539, Conquistador Hernando de Soto skirted the coast of Florida, searching for a deep harbor to land. He described seeing a wall of red mangroves spread mile after mile, some reaching as high as 70 feet. Very soon, many smokes appeared along the whole coast, billowing against the sky, the Spanish introduced Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Spanish language, and more to Florida. Both the Spanish and French established settlements in Florida, with varying degrees of success, in 1559, Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano established a settlement at present-day Pensacola, making it the first attempted settlement in Florida, but it was abandoned by 1561. Spain maintained tenuous control over the region by converting the tribes to Christianity. The area of Spanish Florida diminished with the establishment of English settlements to the north, the English attacked St. Augustine, burning the city and its cathedral to the ground several times. Florida attracted numerous Africans and African-Americans from adjacent British colonies who sought freedom from slavery, in 1738, Governor Manuel de Montiano established Fort Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose near St
37.
Airline
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An airline is a company that provides air transport services for traveling passengers and freight. Airlines utilize aircraft to supply services and may form partnerships or alliances with other airlines for codeshare agreements. Generally, airline companies are recognized with an air operating certificate or license issued by a governmental aviation body, Airlines vary in size, from small domestic airlines to full-service international airlines. Airline services can be categorized as being intercontinental, domestic, regional, or international, the largest airline currently is American Airlines Group. DELAG, Deutsche Luftschiffahrts-Aktiengesellschaft was the worlds first airline and it was founded on November 16,1909 with government assistance, and operated airships manufactured by The Zeppelin Corporation. The first fixed wing scheduled air service was started on January 1,1914 from St. Petersburg, Florida to Tampa, the four oldest non-dirigible airlines that still exist are Netherlands KLM, Colombias Avianca, Australias Qantas, and the Czech Republics Czech Airlines. The earliest fixed wing airline in Europe was the Aircraft Transport and Travel, using a fleet of former military Airco DH. 4A biplanes that had been modified to carry two passengers in the fuselage, it operated relief flights between Folkestone and Ghent. On 15 July 1919, the company flew a proving flight across the English Channel, flown by Lt. H Shaw in an Airco DH.9 between RAF Hendon and Paris - Le Bourget Airport, the flight took 2 hours and 30 minutes at £21 per passenger. On 25 August 1919, the company used DH. 16s to pioneer a regular service from Hounslow Heath Aerodrome to Le Bourget, the airline soon gained a reputation for reliability, despite problems with bad weather and began to attract European competition. In November 1919, it won the first British civil airmail contract, six Royal Air Force Airco DH. 9A aircraft were lent to the company, to operate the airmail service between Hawkinge and Cologne. In 1920, they were returned to the Royal Air Force, the first French airline was Société des lignes Latécoère, later known as Aéropostale, which started its first service in late 1918 to Spain. The first German airline to use heavier than air aircraft was Deutsche Luft-Reederei established in 1917 which started operating in February 1919, in its first year, the D. L. R. Operated regularly scheduled flights on routes with a length of nearly 1000 miles. Network was more than 3000 km long, and included destinations in the Netherlands, Scandinavia, another important German airline was Junkers Luftverkehr, which began operations in 1921. It was a division of the aircraft manufacturer Junkers, which became a company in 1924. It operated joint-venture airlines in Austria, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Latvia, Norway, Poland, Sweden, the Dutch airline KLM made its first flight in 1920, and is the oldest continuously operating airline in the world. Established by aviator Albert Plesman, it was awarded a Royal predicate from Queen Wilhelmina. Its first flight was from Croydon Airport, London to Amsterdam, using a leased Aircraft Transport and Travel DH-16, in 1921, KLM started scheduled services
38.
Anthony Jannus
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Antony Habersack Jannus, more familiarly known as Tony Jannus, was an early American pilot whose aerial exploits were widely publicized in aviations pre-World War I period. He flew the first airplane from which a parachute jump was made, Jannus was born in Washington, D. C. where his father Frankland Jannus was a patent attorney and his great-grandfather, Roger C. By 1910, the 21-year-old young man was employed as an engine mechanic. He became interested in flying when he saw an airshow in Baltimore, Maryland, in November,1910, in 1911, Jannus was the first pilot to fly the Lord Baltimore II, an amphibious airplane built in Baltimore, from the citys Curtis Bay. His older brother, Roger Weightman Jannus, also learned to fly and both brothers became test pilots for airplane builder Thomas W. Benoist in St. Louis, Missouri, in late 1911. On March 1,1912, Tony Jannus piloted a Benoist biplane when Albert Berry made the first parachute jump from an airplane near St. Louis. During the Great Lakes Reliability Cruise in 1913, Thomas W. Benoist entered three aircraft, flown by Antony Jannus, Hugh Robinson, and Benoist himself, also in 1913, Jannus participated in a New York Times-sponsored air exhibition. He flew actress Julia Bruns in a Baldwin Red Devil 4,000 ft above Staten Island for twenty minutes on October 12,1913. The next day, he flew in an air race over Manhattan, Jannus described flying as. poetry of mechanical motion, a fascinating sensation of speed, an abstraction from things material into an infinite space. A bumpy automobile or horse and buggy ride took many hours over primitive, the airplane at the time was a rare novelty, lacking any practical application. Fansler told the St. Petersburg Times, The St. Petersburg waterfront is a place for starting and landing as the trip to. Skimming a few feet above the surface of the water, Pheil, former mayor of St. Petersburg, won an auction for the first ticket with a winning bid of $400 and was a passenger on the inaugural flight. It was the first time a ticket was sold to the public for point-to-point scheduled air travel. The Benoist reportedly reached a speed of 75 miles per hour during the flight. Other reports indicate that Jannus flew over the Bay at an altitude of less than 50 feet, upon the airboats arrival in Tampa, the Tampa Tribune reported, a crowd of two thousand was waiting. Messrs. Jannus and Pheil bowed and smiled, thereafter, flights departed St. Petersburg daily except Sundays at 10 a. m. and 2 p. m. Return flights left Tampa at 11 a. m. and 3 p. m, in July,1915, Jannus successfully flew the prototype Curtiss JN-3, forerunner of the JN-4 Jenny of World War I fame. On October 1,1915, he was sent by Glenn Curtiss to Russia as the companys test pilot and trainer of Russian pilots flying Curtiss airplanes in combat during World War I
39.
Benoist XIV
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The Benoist XIV was a small biplane flying boat built in the United States in 1913 in the hope of using it to carry paying passengers. The two examples built were used to provide the first heavier-than-air airline service anywhere in the world, the aircraft was a conventional biplane with equal-span unstaggered wings with small pontoons at their tips. The engine was mounted on a pedestal aft of the cockpit, accommodation for the pilot and single passenger was side-by-side in an open cockpit. The aircraft was wrecked once by Hugh Roberts, designer of the engine powered the aircraft prior to competing in the Great Lakes Reliability Tour. The repairs and paint job left the aircraft with the partial name and their newly formed company, the St. Petersburg–Tampa Airboat Line purchased the Lark of Duluth and another Benoist XIV to inaugurate operations. The first scheduled flight between the two cities departed shortly before 10 AM on January 1,1914 piloted by Tony Jannus, pheil as its passenger for the 22-mile 23-minute flight. Regular tickets were priced at $5.00, but Phiel had paid $400.00 at auction for the ticket for the first crossing. Over the next three months of the short lifetime, the Lark of Duluth and her near-sister Florida carried 1,205 passengers over Tampa Bay. At the end of March, however, the city ran out. The Lark of Duluth spent the remainder of 1914 carrying joyriders in several locations around the United States, including Duluth, Conneaut Lake, at this latter location it was damaged in a hard landing and pronounced unsalvageable. In 1984, a flying replica was constructed by Florida Aviation Historical Society for the 70th anniversary of the flight. This aircraft is now on loan to the St. Petersburg Museum of History in St. Petersburg, a second replica of the 1913 Lark of Duluth was constructed by the Duluth Aviation Institute and FAA certified to commemorate the 100th anniversary of commercial aviation. United States St. H. Janes Encyclopedia of Aviation,2012 History Press Charleston pp. 89–99. Sport Aviation December 1983 airminded. net Duluth International Airport website Servis, Tony Jannus and the Worlds First Commercial Airline. Non Fiction Reader Magazine Letter from St Petersburg Museum of History executive director Will Michaels printed in the St Petersburg Times 2 February 2004, pioneer Pilot Walter E. Lees Contemporary postcards Photographs of St Petersburg Museum of History display
40.
Flying boat
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A flying boat is a fixed-winged seaplane with a hull, allowing it to land on water, that usually has no type of landing gear to allow operation on land. It differs from a floatplane as it uses a purpose-designed fuselage which can float, Flying boats may be stabilized by under-wing floats or by wing-like projections from the fuselage. Flying boats were some of the largest aircraft of the first half of the 20th century and their advantage lay in using water instead of expensive land-based runways, making them the basis for international airlines in the interwar period. They were also used for maritime patrol and air-sea rescue. Their use gradually trailed off after World War II, partially because of the investments in airports during the war. In the 21st century, flying boats maintain a few uses, such as dropping water on forest fires, air transport around archipelagos. Many modern seaplane variants, whether float or flying boat types, are convertible amphibious aircraft where either landing gear or flotation modes may be used to land, on 6 June 1905 Gabriel Voisin took off and landed on the River Seine with a towed kite glider on floats. The first of his flights was 150 yards. He later built a powered floatplane in partnership with Louis Blériot, other pioneers also attempted to attach floats to aircraft in Britain, Australia, France and the USA. On 28 March 1910 Frenchman Henri Fabre successfully flew the first successful powered seaplane, the Gnome Omega-powered hydravion, fabres first successful take off and landing by a powered seaplane inspired other aviators and he designed floats for several other flyers. The first hydro-aeroplane competition was held in Monaco in March 1912, featuring aircraft using floats from Fabre, Curtiss, Tellier and this led to the first scheduled seaplane passenger services at Aix-les-Bains, using a five-seat Sanchez-Besa from 1 August 1912. The French Navy ordered its first floatplane in 1912, in 1911-12 François Denhaut constructed the first seaplane with a fuselage forming a hull, using various designs to give hydrodynamic lift at take-off. Its first successful flight was on 13 April 1912, throughout 1910 and 1911 American pioneering aviator Glenn Curtiss developed his floatplane into the successful Curtiss Model D land-plane, which used a larger central float and sponsons. Combining floats with wheels, he made the first amphibian flights in February 1911 and was awarded the first Collier Trophy for US flight achievement, from 1912 his experiments with a hulled seaplane resulted in the 1913 Model E and Model F, which he called flying-boats. In February 1911 the United States Navy took delivery of the Curtiss Model E, in Britain, Captain Edward Wakefield and Oscar Gnosspelius began to explore the feasibility of flight from water in 1908. They decided to use of Lake Windermere in the Lake District. Meanwhile, Wakefield ordered a similar to the design of the 1910 Fabre Hydravion. By November 1911, both Gnosspelier and Wakefield had aircraft capable of flight from water and awaited suitable weather conditions, gnosspeliers flight was short-lived as the aircraft crashed into the lake
41.
Gustav Hamel
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Gustav Wilhelm Hamel was a pioneer British aviator. He was prominent in the history of aviation in Britain, and in particular that of Hendon airfield. Gustav Hamel was the son of Dr Gustav Hugo Hamel and his wife. He was actually born in Hamburg, Germany as the oldest child to his parents followed by his sisters Magdalena Augusta Hilda Hamel and his youngest sister Anna Elise Bertha Hamel was born in London. His family moved to England around 1899 to Kingston-upon-Thames and were naturalised as citizens around 1910 and he was educated at Westminster School between 1901 and 1907. He learned to fly at the Blériot school at Pau, France in 1910 and he obtained Aéro-Club de Frances certificate no.358 on 3 February 1911 and the Royal Aero Clubs Aviators certificate no.64 on 14 February. In March he won first prize in a race from Hendon to Brooklands and back, the 64 mi round trip took two hours, much of this time due to difficulty in starting his engine for the return journey. In July 1911 he was one of the British representatives in the competition for the Gordon Bennett Trophy but crashed shortly after takeoff, an item in the magazine Flight, of 26 August 1911, covered Hamels unsuccessful attempt to convey newspapers from Hendon to Southend the previous Saturday. It appears that the publisher sponsored this event as a publicity stunt, however, heavy weather forced his aircraft down at Hammersmith in West London. On Saturday 9 September 1911 Hamel flew a Blériot XI the 19 miles between Hendon and Windsor in 18 minutes to deliver the first official airmail carried in Great Britain. He carried one bag of mail with 300-400 letters, about 800 postcards, included was a postcard he had written en route. The centenary of the event was marked by the Royal Mail with the issue of a set of postage stamps on 9 September 2011. On 12 October 1911 Hamel made his first cross-channel flight when he ferried a new Bleriot monoplane from Boulogne to Wembley and this was the first of 21 cross channel flight that he was to make. Hamel made the first cross-channel flight with a woman as passenger on 2 April 1912, later in the month he assisted Harriet Quimby to become the first woman pilot to cross the channel by testing her newly-delivered Blériot monoplane before her flight. Hamel made the first flight from Hedon airfield near Hull on Friday 2 August 1912, Hamel took part in the first Aerial Derby race, carrying Eleanor Trehawke Davies as a passenger. The flight, sponsored by the Evening Standard, was intended to draw attention to Britains need for military aircraft, in August 1913 a seventy five mile air race around the Midlands was arranged between Bentfield Hucks and Hamel. The take-off point for the contest was the Tally-Ho grounds, adjacent to Cannon Hill Park, both aviators then flew anti-clockwise around the circuit, landing at Redditch recreation ground, Coventry, Nuneaton, Tamworth and Walsall and finishing at Edgbaston. Hamel won the race by a margin of just twenty seconds, following his disappointment the previous year Hamel entered the 1913 Aerial Derby, flying a Morane-Saulnier monoplane
42.
Eleanor Trehawke Davies
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Eleanor Josephine Trehawke Davies was an English aviator and the first woman to fly across the English Channel and to have looped the loop in an aircraft. Davies was born in 1880 in St Pancras, London, the daughter of Frederick, Davies who was known as Miss Trehawke Davies was never a pilot but known at the time as an air companion to a number of early aviators. In August 1911 she chartered Horatio Barber to fly her from Hendon to Brighton, the flight, hampered by cloud and high winds, took two days. In April 1912 she flew with Gustav Hamel on a flight from Hendon Aerodrome near London to Paris, gaining the distinction of being the first woman to fly the English Channel. She also flew with Hamel at the 1912 Whitsun meeting at Hendon, winning the altitude competition, and in June 1912 she was with Hamel when he won the 1912 Aerial Derby around London. In January 1914 she was a passenger in Hamels Morane-Saulnier monoplane when it looped the loop seven time in one flight, in 1913 she was awarded a trophy by the Womens Aerial League for her services to aviation. In August 1914 she presented her Blériot Monoplane Seaplane to the Royal Naval Air Service, Davies died in London on 22 November 1915 although her death was not announced until January 1916
43.
Aerobatic maneuver
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Aerobatic maneuvers are flight paths putting aircraft in unusual attitudes, in air shows, dogfights or competition aerobatics. Aerobatics can be performed by an aircraft or in formation with several others. Nearly all aircraft are capable of performing aerobatics maneuvers of some kind, aerobatics consist of five basic maneuvers, Lines, loops, rolls, spins, and hammerheads. Most aerobatic figures are composites of these basic maneuvers with rolls superimposed, the pilot will be inverted at the top of the loop. A loop can also be performed by going inverted and making the same maneuver and it can be visualized as making a loop of ribbon, hence the name it is given. A roll is simply rotating the plane about its roll axis and it can be done in increments of 360 degrees. A spin is more complex, involving intentionally stalling a single wing, causing the plane to descend spiraling around its yaw axis in a corkscrew motion. A Hammerhead is performed by pulling the aircraft up until its pointing straight up and he then uses the rudder to rotate the aircraft around its yaw axis until it has turned 180deg and is pointing straight down, facing the direction he came from. The aircraft gains speed, and he continues back exactly the way he came and it is also known as a tailslide, from the yawing turn, which is different from the typical method of turning an aircraft in the pitch axis. Most of these can be entered either erect or inverted, flown backwards or have extra rolls added, where appropriate, the Aresti Catalog symbols have been included. Not all the figures are figures, and so some do not have diagrams to accompany the description. Reading the diagrams, a figure begins at the solid circle. Inverted flight is depicted by dashed red lines, the small arrow indicates a rolling maneuver. Dive, extreme nose down attitude, resulting in an increase in airspeed and descent rate. Lazy eight, 1/4 looping up, wingover, 1/2 looping down+up, wingover, 1/4 looping down Lomcovak, family of autorotational, in all varierties, the aircraft appears to tumble out of control. For example, one involves the aircraft tumbling nose over tail and wingtip over wingtip in a negative-g. Introduced by Czechoslovaks such as Ladislav Bezák, and others, pugachevs Cobra, the nose of the aircraft is pulled up suddenly. The aircraft pitches up to 90–120° angle of attack, barrel roll, a combination of a loop and a roll
44.
Sikorsky Ilya Muromets
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The Sikorsky Ilya Muromets are a class of Russian pre-World War I large four-engine commercial airliners and heavy military bombers used during World War I by the Russian Empire. The aircraft series was named after Ilya Muromets, a hero from Slavic mythology, the series was based on the Russky Vityaz or Le Grand, the worlds first four-engined aircraft, designed by Igor Sikorsky. The Ilya Muromets aircraft as it appeared in 1913 was a design, intended for commercial service with its spacious fuselage incorporating a passenger saloon. During World War I, it became the first four-engine bomber to equip a dedicated strategic bombing unit, the Ilya Muromets was designed and constructed by Igor Sikorsky at the Russo-Baltic Carriage Factory in Riga in 1913. Russia had a chance to become the birthplace of the first multi-passenger, the Ilya Muromets was first conceived and built as a luxurious aircraft. For the first time in history, it had an insulated passenger saloon, comfortable wicker chairs, a bedroom. The aircraft also had heating and electrical lighting, the S-22 cockpit had sufficient space allowing several persons to observe the pilot. Openings on both sides of the fuselage permitted mechanics to climb out onto the wings to service the engines during flight. A hatch on the side provided an entry to the main cabin. The main cabin featured two windows on each side. Further back was a cabin which included a berth, small table. Lighting was provided by a generator and heating was supplied by two long engine exhaust pipes which passed through the corners of the cabin. Despite many advancements, the instruments on the Ilya Muromets were primitive. Later, in the variants, a drift indicator and elementary bombsight was added to aid bombing. From 30 June to 12 July 1914, it set a record by making a trip from Saint Petersburg to Kiev, a distance of some 1200 km. The first leg took 14 hours and 38 minutes, with one landing for fuel at Orsha, during an Imperial military review at Krasnoye Selo in July, Nicholas II decorated and christened the Ilya Muromets Type B Military Prototype, No. During testing, the Ilya Muromets were fitted with skis and pontoons in anticipation of new variants being produced. If it had not been for World War I, the Ilya Muromets would probably have started passenger flights that same year, the new heavy bomber was slightly smaller and lighter than the Type A
45.
Aero Club of America
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The Aero Club of America was a social club formed in 1905 by Charles Jasper Glidden and others to promote aviation in America. It was the parent organization of state chapters, the first being the Aero Club of New England. It thrived until 1923, when it transformed into the National Aeronautic Association and it issued the first pilots licenses in the United States, and successful completion of its licensing process was required by the United States Army for its pilots until 1914. It sponsored numerous air shows and contests, cortlandt Field Bishop was president in 1910. Starting in 1911, new president Robert J. Collier began presenting the Collier Trophy, although conventional wisdom states that the Aero Club began in 1905, there are photos of high society and adventurers printed in 1902 with the stamp, Aero Club. In the summer of 1905 several members of the Automobile Club of America including Charles Glidden, Homer Hedge, Dave Morris, John F. ORourke and they were avid balloonists but found little support in America for the sport of aviation. They determined to establish a new club with a similar to the Automobile Club but whose purpose was to promote aviation. Homer Hedge became the first President, in 1910, three different conventions were held in New York among aeronautical clubs and societies. The National Council of Affiliated Clubs of the Aero Club of America, was formed, thirty-nine delegates, representing constituencies from Pasadena, California, to Boston, met at the Aero Club and formed the parent organization of various state chapters. At the Belmont Air Show in October 1910, a controversy arose between the Englishman Claude Graham-White and the American J. B. In one race around the Statue of Liberty, Graham-White won by several minutes, but due to a technicality, the schism among the membership threatened the integrity of the organization, but was ultimately resolved with Drexels resignation. It was an event with prominent speakers, and an enthusiastic large crowd that would gaze upon a full-size airplane for the first time. It started December 31st,1910 until mid-January 1911, in 1919, the club administered the competition for the Orteig Prize, in accordance with a letter received from New York hotel owner Raymond Orteig. The $25 thousand prize was to be awarded to the first aviator of any Allied Country crossing the Atlantic in one flight, some of the later licenses issued by the Aero Club of America bore the printed signature of Orville Wright. Wright served for a time as Chairman of the Aero Club of Americas Contest Committee, contrary to popular myth, the Wright brothers were not issued licenses number 4 and 5 for malicious reasons. They were simply among the five pilots who had, in America and those first five licenses were issued in alphabetical order –-- a practice followed by other national organizations belonging to the FAI. Pilots licenses were not required by law until well after World War I, some notable early pilots issued licenses by the Aero Club of America are listed below. 01 Glenn Curtiss 02 Frank Purdy Lahm 03 Louis Paulhan, French aviator 04 Orville Wright 05 Wilbur Wright 06 Clifford B and he was born on March 7,1887 in Cadillac, Michigan and moved to Chicago, Illinois
