1.
Clemson Tigers football
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The Clemson Tigers, known traditionally as the Clemson University Fighting Tigers, represents Clemson University in the sport of American football. The Tigers compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision of the National Collegiate Athletic Association, the team is known for its storied history, military academy origins, distinctive helmet, fight song and colors, as well as the many traditions associated with the school. The Tigers most recent ACC championships came back-to-back in 2015 and 2016, the latter with a 12-1 regular season, the Tigers have 41 bowl appearances,18 of which are among the New Years Six Bowls, including 2 during the BCS big four era. Clemson has finished in the Final Top 25 rankings 31 times in the modern era, the Tigers play their home games in Memorial Stadium on the universitys Clemson, South Carolina campus. The stadium is known as Death Valley after a Presbyterian College head coach gave it the moniker in 1948 due to the many defeats his teams suffered there. Currently, it is the 16th largest stadium in college football, Clemsons streak of six consecutive 10 win seasons ranks 2nd in active streaks behind the Alabama Crimson Tide. The Tigers have had 13 total seasons with 10 wins or more, Walter Merritt Riggs can be characterized as the Father of Clemson Football, as he brought the game with him from Agricultural and Mechanical College of Alabama. The fact that Auburn and Clemson share the same mascot is no accident, Riggs allowed his players to pick the team mascot and, although he may have influenced their decision, the players chose Tigers because Princeton University had just won the national championship. Riggs helped organize and coach the infant Tiger team in 1896, with little money to spend on uniforms, Riggs brought some of Auburns old practice uniforms with him, which happened to have orange and navy jerseys. Because the jerseys had gone through a few washboard scrubbings, they were quite faded, so Riggs made the schools predominant color orange and the faded condition of the navy became the purplish color, officially known today as Regalia. The team played as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association, when the Tigers traveled to Greenville on Halloween to play Furman in their very first match, only Coach Riggs and backfield player Frank Thompkins had ever seen a football game played. Today in Clemson, the field is named Historic Riggs field after Walter Riggs. Riggs took the team to a 2–1 record in the inaugural year and he then stepped aside at the urging of the military cadets/students, who felt that he should concentrate on his scholastic duties rather than coach the team for free. William M. Williams coached the Tigers in 1897, guiding them to a 2–2 record, the team beat South Carolina for the first time and was state champion. In 1898, John Penton led the Tigers to a 3–1 record, Riggs overall record of 6–3 gives him a.667 winning percentage. He served until his death on January 22,1924 while on a trip to Washington. Riggs hired John Heisman to coach Clemson, Heisman stayed only four years at Clemson, where he compiled a record of 19–3–2, an.833 percentage, the best in Clemson football history. In four seasons, he had three SIAA titles, the season had various other firsts, including the schools first defeat of the Georgia Bulldogs and the Alabama Crimson Tide
2.
Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association
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The Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association was one of the first collegiate athletic conferences in the United States. Twenty-seven of the current Division I FBS football programs were members of this conference at some point, the SIAA was founded on December 21,1894, by Dr. William Dudley, a chemistry professor at Vanderbilt, at the Kimball House in Atlanta. Dudley was a member of the Vanderbilt Athletic Association, formed in 1886 with Dr. W. M. Baskerville as president, most students at Vanderbilt were members. The early sports played on the Vanderbilt campus were baseball, bicycling, Dudley was primarily responsible for the formation of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association. Sewanees opposition stopped it from occurring, the original members were Alabama, Auburn, Georgia, Johns Hopkins, North Carolina, Sewanee, Vanderbilt, and Virginia. Virginia and North Carolina soon dropped before the inaugural 1895 season, the conference was originally formed for the development and purification of college athletics throughout the South. In 1903, a single-game football playoff occurred, but it seems to have been coordinated more so by the two competing schools than the conference itself, several other efforts over the years by individual schools to hold a conference title game fell through. Most SIAA titles claimed by schools in sports were actually more mythical in nature than officially sanctioned by the league. In 1915, a disagreement arose within the conference regarding the eligibility of freshman athletes, generally, the larger universities opposed the eligibility of freshman players, while the smaller schools favored it. As a result, some of the universities formed the Southern Intercollegiate Conference. At the conferences annual meeting on December 10,1920, the SIAA rejected proposals to ban freshman athletes, in protest, some schools that had voted in favor of the propositions immediately announced they would seek to form a new conference. In 1922, the Southern Conference underwent an expansion and added six more members, all at the expense of the SIAA, Florida, Louisiana State, Mississippi, South Carolina, Tulane, and Vanderbilt. With the departure of most of the colleges, the SIAA became a de facto small college conference in 1923. In the 1920s and 1930s, the SIAA increased its membership with the addition of additional small universities. The conference eventually disbanded in 1942 with the onset of American involvement in World War II, original charter members are denoted in boldface. Invited charter members are denoted with an asterisk, in the era in which the SIAA operated, teams tended to join in December, therefore, the first year of conference play in a given sport was often the following calendar year. Conference affiliations reflect those for the 2016–17 school year
3.
Bob Williams (coach)
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Charles Robert Bob Williams was an American football coach and college athletics administrator. Williams coached at South Carolina, Davidson, Clemson, and Virginia Tech, a 1902 graduate of the University of Virginia, Williams served as the Gamecocks mentor for two seasons,1902 and 1903, achieving 6–1 and 8–2 records. In 1902, he oversaw an upset of the rival Clemson Tigers and this was the only game lost by the Tigers that year. From 1904 to 1905 he coached at Davidson, where he compiled a 9–4–1 record, Williams came to Clemson in 1906. The Tigers went undefeated with a 4–0–3 record, with wins over Georgia, Auburn, Tennessee, clemsons first forward pass took place on November 29,1906, during the game with Georgia Tech in Atlanta. Left End Powell Lykes, dropped back to kick, but lobbed a 30-yard pass to George Warren instead, Williams left for Virginia Tech for the 1907 season, leading them to a 7–2 record. Williams then returned to Clemson in 1909, the 1909 season was notable for the resumption of the Clemson-Carolina rivalry after a five-year gap, caused by a near riot in October 1903. The Tigers enjoyed a 6–3 season under Williams guidance and defeated the Gamecocks, 6–0, Williams was replaced by Frank Dobson in 1910 who had a three-year run at the school, the first coach to actually have a signed contract. With Dobsons departure after the 1912 season, Williams returned for the time to the Clemson head coaching position. He, too, would serve for three years, 1913–1915, the Tigers produced records of 4–4 in 1913, 5–3–1 in 1914, and 2–4–2 in 1915. In the 41 games that Williams coached in five seasons, he went 21–14–6, between the years of 1915 and 1926, Williams practiced law in Roanoke, Virginia, and was the citys mayor. He returned to coach Clemson for the final 5 games of 1926 and he died after a stroke in DeLand, Florida in 1957. Archived from the original on 24 May 2011, gaillard, Luther, Clemson Handbook, The Wichita Eagle and Beacon Publishing Co. Wichita, Kansas,1996, pages 9–10, ISBN 1-880652-84-6, sahadi, Lou, The Clemson Tigers - From 1896 to Glory, William Morrow and Company, Inc. New York,1983, page 17, ISBN 0-688-02164-6, Bob Williams at the College Football Data Warehouse
4.
Riggs Field
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Riggs Field is a 6, 500-capacity soccer-specific stadium located in Clemson, South Carolina. The stadium is home to the Clemson Tigers mens and womens soccer teams and it has also hosted the NCAA Mens Soccer Championship in 1987. The stadium opened for soccer in 1980, and was renovated in 1987, previous to this, it hosted a variety of the schools athletic teams, including the football team from 1915 until 1941 and the baseball team from 1916 until 1969. It is named after Walter Riggs, the coach of the football team. Riggs Field is the fifth oldest collegiate athletic facility in the nation, a new baseball field was later laid out on an area of campus separate from the previous sports complex, and expanded tennis facilities replaced the former diamond. Riggs Field now generally refers to the eastern portion where the football team played until 1941. The cinder track was eliminated during the remodeling as a soccer venue and it is now referred to as Historic Riggs Field. On October 2,1915, The Gala Day was declared for the dedication of the new athletic grounds, Riggs Field was dedicated prior to the football game with Davidson College. A parade to the formed in front of the main building at 3 p. m. led, in this order, by the Cadet Band, speakers, Athletic Council, Alumni, faculty. Upon entering Riggs Field, the took a C formation and poured forth a thrilling volume of patriotic Tiger yells. Presentation of the field to the Corps of Cadets by Dr. Walter Merritt Riggs followed. Prof. J. W. Gantt, President of the Athletic Association, introduced Dr. Riggs as the man who has more for the athletics at Clemson. It is to be a place for the teaching of the principles of team work, on the crest of the hill stands the main Building which represents the intellectual side of life. In the immediate fore-ground we see the Textile Building, here the brain and hand are trained to work together. Just to our left is the magnificent new Y. M. C. A. Building, standing for the development of spirit, mind, in the immediate vicinity back of us are the churches, which are agents in the influencing of our spiritual natures. Prof. Gantt introduces Mr. H. C, Tillman, Class of 1903 and President of the Clemson Alumni Association, who then christens the new playing field. Stated Tillman, Students who have been and are to be, no matter how much we love other things, therefore, this field should be named for him who has done most for our athletics. Dr. Riggs is not only the father of athletics at Clemson but has coached our teams and it is not alone for gratitude, but for a sense of love and esteem that we name this field
5.
1915 Vanderbilt Commodores football team
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The 1915 Vanderbilt Commodores football team represented Vanderbilt University during the 1915 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. Dan McGugin served his 12th season as the Commodores head coach, Vanderbilt was a member of the SIAA. Several notable players featured on the team, McGugin built his 1915 squad around a 130-pound junior quarterback Irby Rabbit Curry. In the line was sophomore tackle Josh Cody, a tackler and dominating blocker. Cody was selected third-team All-America by Walter Camp, the teams captain was end Russ Cohen. The outlook for the upcoming 1915 Vanderbilt football season was not promising, the Commodores were coming off a losing record of 2–8, the first under head coach Dan McGugin, and the second in the schools 25 years of playing football. Additionally, only 10 experienced players from the year were returning to the team. Despite the one-platoon system with players featuring on offense, defense, and special teams used in 1915, coach McGugin was assisted by doctor and former Vanderbilt athlete Owsley Manier. Using conventional football, Vanderbilt opened the season with a win over Middle Tennessee Normal 51–0. Coach McGugin sent in his substitutes at the beginning of the fourth quarter, the starting lineup was Richardson, Cody, Reyer, Williams, Putnam, Lipscomb, Cohen, Curry, Zerfoss, Wiggs, and King. In the second week of play, Vanderbilt defeated Southwestern 47–0 on a slippery field, all points were scored in the first half. Vanderbilt beat the Georgetown Tigers 75–0, the Commodores racked up 11 touchdowns and 8 field goals, its largest score in three years. Dough Ray scored four times and Hubert Wiggs three times, the starting lineup was Williams, Cody, Hamilton, Reyer, Lipscomb, Putnam, Hayes, Curry, Friel, Zerfoss, and Wiggs. With four players out due to injury, the Commodores still managed to defeat the Cumberland Bulldogs 60–0 in a drizzling rain, Alf Adams stood out on defense. The starting lineup was Chester, Cody, Williams, Reyer, Hamilton, Lipscomb, Richardson, Roach, Floyd, Ray, the Rabbit Curry ran for a 40-yard touchdown with the game barely a minute old, and later had a 40-yard punt return for a touchdown. Sarah Turner had an 80-yard run, and a 60-yard end run for a score in the third quarter, tommy Ridley ran 60 yards on a fake punt. Catching Henderson-Brown exhausted, John Jarrett returned a kickoff 85 yards for a touchdown in the fourth quarter, Chester, Cody, Hamilton, Reyer, Williams, Lipscomb, Cohen, Curry, Floyd, Ray, and Wiggs. Against Mississippi, the team traveled by train from Nashville to Memphis, Tennessee, the train was halted near Dickson by a wreck ahead of it, and the players complained about the lack of food on the train
6.
1915 Auburn Tigers football team
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The 1915 Auburn Tigers football team represented Auburn University in the 1915 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. It was the Tigers 24th season and they competed as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association, the team was led by head coach Mike Donahue, in his 11th year, and played their home games at Drake Field in Auburn, Alabama. They finished with a record of six wins and two losses, Baby Taylor was the only regular left at the start of the 1915 season. Source,1915 Auburn football schedule The season starts with a big 78–0 victory over Marion Military Institute, florida played hard for three quarters, until Wren scored the winning touchdown in the final period. The starting lineup was Robinson, Sample, Taylor, Campbell, Fricks, Wynne, Bonner, Caughman, Steed, Prendergast, the Georgia Bulldogs fell to Auburn 12–0. Auburn beat Mercer 45–0, the sixth straight shutout. Vanderbilt coach Dan McGugin had been pointing to since before the season, Auburn had dominated Southern football for the past two seasons, without a single team crossing its line. Vanderbilt jumped out to a 17–0 lead on a rain-soaked field, a Curry pass to captain Russell Cohen opened the scoring. Cody personally took over from that point, in one of the greatest exhibitions of punt covering Cody smothered the receiver every time, recovering two fumbles, one across the goal line for a touchdown. Then, in the last ten seconds of play, Cody dropped kicked a three-pointer from the 33-yard line, currys generalship was superb, and late in the game the Vandy line rose as one to throw back three Auburn charges on the five-yard line. The starting lineup, Taylor, Sample, Ducote, Robinson, Frickey, Wynne, Bonner, Steed, Wren, Prendergast, Georgia Tech closed what was then the greatest season in its history with a 7–0 defeat of Auburn. To begin the quarter, Everett Strupper had two key plays, the last of which was the game-deciding touchdown. First he made 20 yards around with a pass from Morrison before being forced out of bounds, Strupper started around left end, then cut back into the center of the field, away from his blockers. He juked and eluded every man on the Auburn team, on the last move Strupper faked right and then dove left underneath the outstretched arms of Baby Taylor into the endzone. The starting lineup against Auburn, Taylor, Wynne, Campbell, Robinson, Frickey, Sample, Bonner, Caughman, Ducote, Prendergast, guard Baby Taylor was a unanimous All-Southern selection, and was selected third-team All-America by Walter Camp. Vanderbilt Football, Tales of Commodore Gridiron History
7.
1915 Florida Gators football team
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The 1915 Florida Gators football team represented the University of Florida during the 1915 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. The season was C. J. McCoys second as the coach of the Florida Gators football team. Last year, first-year head coach Charles J. McCoy had churned out a Florida team in the top half of the SIAA, McCoy this year was also the schools first basketball coach. The teams captain was tackle A. A, at the guards were Ham Dowling, future Georgia Tech transfer, and Everett Yon, future Gator athletic director. Leading the backfield was Rammy Ramsdell, the Gators first quarterback of note, assisting the team was Z. J. Stanley, last year the coach of the Maryville Scots. Primary source,2015 Florida Gators Football Media Guide, the season opened with a 7–0 loss to Auburn. Florida played hard for three quarters, until Wren scored the touchdown in the final period. The starting lineup was Henderson, Lotspiech, Callen, Farrin, Yon, Goldsby, Roble, Ramsdell, Thompson, Fuller, Florida lost to coach Harris Copes Sewanee Tigers 7–0, continuing the losing streak against the Tigers. The Sewanee game was then the largest crowd to see a game in Jacksonville, after scoring one touchdown Sewanee was content to allow Florida to exhaust herself in vain attempts to find the weak spot in the Purple defense. Sewanees Ellerbe scored the only touchdown. The starting lineup was Henderson, Lotspeich, Dowling, Farrior, Yon, Goldsby, Robles, Ramsdell, Sparkman, Thompson, the Gators lengthened their winning streak against Florida Southern with an easy 45–0 victory. The Gators lost their game against coach Alex Cunninghams Georgia Bulldogs 0–37 in Jacksonville. The Gators carried the ball to Georgias 15-yard line in the first period, Georgia put across two touchdowns in the second quarter, and had a strong second half. The starting lineup was Henderson, Lotspeich, Dowling, Farrior, Robles, Goldsby, Lovell, Ramsdell, Sparkman, Thompson, Florida beat The Citadel 6–0 in a game marked by frequent fumbling. Florida scored when, in the quarter, Sparkman rushed for an 8-yard touchdown. In a torrential rain, Florida met Tulane for the first time and upset the Olive and Blue 14–7, Rammy Ramsdell scored the game-winning touchdown. The Gators defeated the Mercer Baptists 34–7, Rammy Ramsdell had a then-school record of four touchdowns. Head coach, Charles J. McCoy Assistant coach, Z. J. Stanley Manager, T. J. Swanson McEwen, the Gators, A Story of Florida Football
8.
Furman Paladins football
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The Furman Paladins football program is the intercollegiate American football team for the Furman University located in the state of South Carolina. The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision and are members of the Southern Conference, the schools first football team was fielded in 1889. The team plays its games at the 16,000 seat Paladin Stadium. They are coached by Clay Hendrix, the Furman Paladins have won 13 Southern Conference Championships,1978,1980,1981,1982,1983,1985,1988,1989,1990,1999,2001,2004, and 2013. They were National Champions in 1988 and National Runner–Up in 1985 and 2001
9.
Howard Bulldogs football
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The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision and are members of the Southern Conference. Samfords first football team was fielded in 1902, the team plays its home games at the 6,700 seat Seibert Stadium in Homewood, Alabama. The Bulldogs are coached by Chris Hatcher, bobby Bowden James Bradberry Cortland Finnegan Jimbo Fisher Jaquiski Tartt Fabian Truss Corey White Nick Williams Michael Pierce 2017 at Georgia Official website
10.
Wofford Terriers football
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The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision and are members of the Southern Conference. Woffords first football team was fielded in 1889, the team plays its home games at the 13,000 seat Gibbs Stadium in Spartanburg, South Carolina. The Terriers are coached by Mike Ayers, who is entering his 28th season with the team in 2015, Wofford moved from Division 2 to join the Division 1-AA Southern Conference in the 96-97 season. Since then, Wofford has won 4 Southern Conference Championships, Wofford is typically one of the strongest teams in the Southern Conference every year. Woffords best finish since moving from Division 2 was a trip to the National Semi-finals at Delaware in 2003, brenton Bersin - wide receiver for the Carolina Panthers Wofford has gone to the FCS Playoffs a total of 6 times. In 2003, Wofford appeared in the FCS Playoffs for the first time in school history, in the semi-finals, they lost to the would-be FCS Champions Delaware, and finished the season ranked #3 in the nation. The Terriers moved on to the quarterfinals in 2007 before losing to Richmond and they lost in the opening round to James Madison in 2008. In 2010, they advanced to the National Quarterfinals to face Southern Conference rival Georgia Southern and they were defeated in that game 20-23. Georgia Southern Fans taunted Wofford players, throwing bottles and trash at them. In 2011, they made it to the playoffs, losing to Northern Iowa 21-28 in the second round, in 2012, Wofford dominated visiting New Hampshire, to move on to the Quarterfinals to face would-be champions North Dakota St. Although they had chances to win, they fell 14-7. Woffords Football team has won 4 Southern Conference Championships, the first came in 2003, when Wofford finished 12-2, with a trip to face Delaware in the Division 1-AA Playoff Semifinals. The next championship came in 2007, sharing the championship with Appalachian State, Wofford would also win Conference titles in 2010 and 2012. The Terriers have appeared in the I-AA/FCS playoffs five times with an record of 6–5. The Terriers have appeared in the Division II playoffs two times with an record of 0–2
11.
Louisville Cardinals football
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The Louisville Cardinals Football team represents the University of Louisville in the sport of American football. The Cardinals compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision of the National Collegiate Athletic Association, the team is currently coached by Bobby Petrino. The University of Louisville began playing football in 1912 where the Cardinals went 3–1, Louisville had played several years at club level and teams were mostly composed with medical students. Beginning in 1914 the Cardinals joined the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association, due to financial difficulty Louisville did not participate in the 1917–1921 seasons. When the Cardinals did rejoin football they came back into the SIAA which was going through reorganization losing most major state schools, Tom King was the first coach to attempt to build a program at Louisville. King played college football at Notre Dame under Coach Palmer and Knute Rockne, King was an undersized end for the Irish and was known for his athleticism and speed. Before he came to the team for punt returns he was on the track team and basketball team. His experience at Notre Dame gave him ideas on developing a spread wing offense so his undersized players could be better utilized and he often recruited players like him, that had the ability to outrun their opponent. His first standout was Fred Koster, at only 160 pounds he was not big enough to play at Male High School, Koster drew national attention to Louisville in 1926 by racking up 68 points in his first 2 games of the season. In six games, Koster scored 18 touchdowns,10 extra points, Koster was an all-around athlete and was a letterman 16 times,4 times in each baseball, basketball, football, and track. Koster was a forward for the basketball team, leading the team in scoring two years. In baseball, Koster played professionally for 10 years for the Philadelphia Phillies as well as the league teams Louisville Colonels. Tom King had the program going in the direction until he decided to play Detroit for $10,000. Rockne who was coach at Notre Dame, and a fellow graduate called King. When King asked what was in it for Louisville Rockne replied $10,000, King served as head football coach for two more years but he also served as track, baseball, basketball and athletic director during his tenure at Louisville. Louisville athletics took a step back when Dr. Raymond Kent was announced as the new president of Louisville and he was outwardly opposed to collegiate sports. King on the advice of his friend Rockne moved on and in 1933 became assistant coach at Michigan State, Louisville fell quickly back into the Dark Ages of football and posted one winning season until World War II. With the onset of World War II, Louisville, like many college athletic programs around the country, was put on suspension until 1946, during that time Louisville played mostly within KIAC and posted a 73–118–8 record with a.378 winning percentage
12.
Clemson University
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Clemson University /ˈklɛmsən/ is an American public, coeducational, land-grant and sea-grant research university in Clemson, South Carolina. As of 2016, Clemson University enrolled a total of 18,599 undergraduate students for the semester and 4,807 graduate students. The cost of tuition and fees is about $14,882 and out-of-state tuition. U. S. News & World Report ranks Clemson University 23rd among all public universities. Clemson University is classified as a highest research activity university, thomas Green Clemson, the universitys founder, came to the foothills of South Carolina in 1838, when he married Anna Maria Calhoun, daughter of John C. Calhoun, a South Carolina statesman and seventh U. S and his decision was largely influenced by future South Carolina Governor Benjamin Tillman. Tillman lobbied the South Carolina General Assembly to create the school as an institution for the state. In November 1889, South Carolina Governor John Peter Richardson III signed the bill, as a result, federal funds for agricultural education from the Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act and the Hatch Act of 1887 were transferred from South Carolina College to Clemson. Construction of the college began with Hardin Hall in 1890 and then main classroom buildings in 1891, henry Aubrey Strode became the first president of Clemson from 1890 to 1893. Edwin Craighead succeeded Strode in 1893, Clemson Agricultural College formally opened in July 1893 with an initial enrollment of 446. The common curriculum of the first incoming students was English, history, botany, mathematics, physics, until 1955, the college was also an all-white male military school. On May 22,1894 Tillman Hall, the building on campus, was destroyed by a fire. The fire of 1894 consumed the library, classrooms and offices, Tillman Hall was rebuilt in 1894 and still stands today. The first graduating class of Clemson was in 1896 with degrees in mechanical-electrical engineering, Clemsons first football team began in 1896 with trainer Walter Riggs. Henry Hartzog, graduate of The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Hartzog created a textile department in 1898. Clemson became the first Southern school to train textile specialists, Hartzog expanded the curriculum with more industrialization skills such as foundry work, agriculture studies and mechanics. In 1902 a large student walkout over the use of military discipline escalated tensions between students and faculty forcing Hartzog to resign. Patrick Mell succeeded Hartzog from 1902 to 1910, following the resignation of Mell in 1910 former Clemson Tigers football coach Walter Riggs became president of Clemson from 1910 to 1924
13.
Memorial Stadium (Clemson)
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Frank Howard Field at Clemson Memorial Stadium, popularly known as Death Valley, is home to the Clemson Tigers, an NCAA Division I FBS football team, located in Clemson, South Carolina. Built in 1941–1942, the stadium has seen throughout the years, with the most recent being the WestZone. Prior to the completion of Bank of America Stadium, in Charlotte, Memorial Stadium served as the venue for games of the Carolina Panthers NFL team. Currently, the stadium is the largest in the Atlantic Coast Conference, the stadium was constructed against the wishes of the late and former Clemson Head Coach Jess Neely. Just before leaving for Rice University after the 1939 season, he told Frank Howard, put about 10,000 seats behind the YMCA. Despite this, the University decided it was time to build a stadium and they chose to build in the valley in the western part of campus. On April 3,1941, the South Carolina General Assembly ratified an act authorizing a $150,000 bond issue for the new stadium, and the bill went to Governor Burnet R. Maybank for signature. The original 20,500 seat stadium—the lower half of the current facilitys south grandstand—was constructed for $125,000 or $6.25 a seat. The stadium was designed by Carl Lee of Charlotte, N. C. a Clemson graduate, Class of 1908, on September 19,1942, Memorial Stadium was opened with a 32-13 victory over Presbyterian College. Much of the construction of the stadium was done by scholarship athletes. In fact, the first staking out of the stadium was done by A. N. Cameron and Hugh Webb, in 1958,18,000 sideline seats were added and in 1960,5,658 west end zone seats were added in response to increasing attendance. The original cedar wood seating was replaced in 1972 by aluminum seats, as attendance continued to skyrocket, an upper deck was added to each side of the stadium. The south upper deck was added in 1978 and the upper deck in 1983. This put the capacity over 80,000, which made it one of the largest on campus stadiums in the United States. The most recent expansion started in 2004 and continued through 2009, the first phase of the WestZone project closed in the west endzone of Death Valley, added new luxury box and club seating, and completely renovated the locker rooms. The stadiums maximum capacity is 81,500 but has seated crowds as large as 86,092, on January 14,2011, Clemson announced a new $50 million athletic building plan. Facility improvements for football will include building a practice facility. The indoor practice facility, which will be located where the current practice fields are, will feature an artificial turf football field
14.
Greenville, South Carolina
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Greenville is the county seat of Greenville County in the upstate region of South Carolina, in the United States. The citys mayor is Knox White, who has served in that position since December 1995, with an estimated population of 64,579 as of 2015, it is the sixth-largest city in the state. The population of the area was 400,492 as of 2010. Greenville is the largest city in the Greenville-Anderson-Mauldin Metropolitan Statistical Area, the MSA had a population of 874,869 in 2015, making it the largest in South Carolina and the third largest in the Carolinas. Greenville is the largest city in the Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson Combined Statistical Area, according to United States Census Bureau, the CSA had a population of 1,426,625 as of 2015, making it the largest CSA in the state. The CSA, a 10-county region of northwestern South Carolina, is known as The Upstate, Greenville is located approximately halfway between Atlanta and Charlotte, North Carolina, along Interstate 85, and its metropolitan area also includes Interstates 185 and 385. The land of present-day Greenville was once the ground of the Cherokee which was forbidden to colonists. A wealthy settler from Virginia named Richard Pearis arrived in South Carolina around 1754 trading with Cherokee, Pearis had a child with a Cherokee woman and received about 100,000 acres from the Cherokee around 1770. Pearis established a plantation on the Reedy River called the Great Plains in present-day downtown Greenville, the American Revolution divided the South Carolina country between the Loyalists and Patriots. Pearis supported the Loyalists and together with their allies the Cherokee attacked the Patriots, the Patriots retaliated by burning down Pearis plantation and jailing him in Charleston. Pearis never returned to his plantation but Paris Mountain is named after him, the Treaty of Dewitts Corner in 1777 ceded almost all Cherokee land, including present-day Greenville, to South Carolina. Greenville County was created in 1786 and was named for its physical appearance, however, other sources say Greenville is named after General Nathanael Greene in honor of his service in the American Revolutionary War. Lemuel J. Alston came to Greenville County in 1788 and bought 400 acres, in 1797 Alston used his land holdings to establish a village called Pleasantburg where he also built a stately mansion. Vardry McBee purchased Alstons land in 1816 who then leased the Alston mansion for a summer resort, McBee decided to make the mansion his home in 1835 until his death in 1864. Considered to be the father of Greenville, McBee donated land for many such as churches, academies. Furman University was funded by McBee who helped bring the university to Pleasantburg from Winnsboro, in 1853 McBee and other Greenville County leaders funded a new railroad called the Greenville and Columbia Railroad. Pleasantburg boomed to around 1,000 in the 1850s due to the growth of McBees donations, in 1831 Pleasantburg was incorporated as Greenville. In December 1860 Greenville supported a convention to debate the issue of secession for South Carolina, the Greenville District sent James Furman, William K. Easley, Perry E. Duncan, William H. Campbell, and James P. Harrison as delegates for the convention
15.
Davidson Wildcats football
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The Davidson Wildcats football program is the intercollegiate American football team for Davidson College located in the U. S. state of North Carolina. The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision and are members of the Pioneer Football League, davidsons first football team was fielded in 1897. The team plays its games at the 6,000 seat Richardson Stadium in Davidson. The Wildcats are coached by Paul Nichols, Football at Davidson began during the late 1880s in the form of club ball. The rules for the game of football were still being standardized, the first uniforms for the club were dark sweaters or canvas jackets with DC chalked on the front. The team may not have looked good and been very organized, in 1897, the school organized a schedule of games against other area club teams, and the team played well considering how little experience it had. The original colors were pink and blue. In September 1889, the created a Rugby Football Association. Goal posts were set up, a field was chosen and marked, the students true love, however, was still real football. Before any collegiate level football was even mentioned, the students would participate in incredibly vicious inter-class football games. All four classes would play each other in these intense games, one game, future professor James M. Douglas broke his arm. In that same game, future president Walter Lingle was knocked unconscious, eventually, these rivalries transformed into an uncontrollable desire of the student body to begin an intercollegiate football program. Finally, in October 1898, the faculty allowed Davidson students to participate in football games. The first intercollegiate game was played on November 5,1898 against the University of North Carolina, the game was so big that a special train was chartered to take the entire school into Charlotte to cheer the team on. Luckily for the players, the colors were changed by the student body in 1895 from pink and blue to red. The team lost 11–0, but the editorial in the Davidson College Magazine was entitled Victory in Defeat, the team became both successful and popular over the next twenty years. With a record of 20–12–1 in the programs first seven seasons, in 1906, the Davidson football team made history. Prior to a game against Georgia, the Davidson coaching staff took note of the new rule that made a pass a legal play
16.
Clemson, South Carolina
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Clemson is a city in Pickens and Anderson counties in the U. S. state of South Carolina. Clemson is home to Clemson University, in 2015 the Princeton Review cited the town of Clemson as ranking #1 in the United States for town-and-gown relations with its resident university, the population of the city was 13,905 at the 2010 census. Clemson is part of the Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson, South Carolina Combined Statistical Area, most of the city is in Pickens County, which is part of the Greenville-Mauldin-Easley Metropolitan Statistical Area. A small portion is in Anderson County, which is part of the Anderson Metropolitan Statistical Area, the city of Clemsons character is largely defined by Clemson University, a large public university that dates to 1889. The university is the center of the city, even though a small multi-block downtown with housing, retail. The community was originally named Calhoun and was renamed Clemson in 1943, although the university provides housing for students, many students live off campus in a wide variety of apartment complexes. Save for the downtown, sidewalks are largely absent, but some streets have bike paths, U. S. Route 123 on the northern end of the city exhibits typical suburban-style shopping center developments. The citys comprehensive plan has a historic preservation component which will become more important as 1950s and 60s buildings acquire historic status. The Clemson Depot, built in 1893, was rehabilitated in 2001 and now houses the chamber of commerce. A road project has closed the station as of 2016, with no completion date. Clemson University was built on Fort Hill Plantation in 1889 and this was home to John C. Calhoun and eventually became the home of Clemson University. Clemson University was built due to the influence of the women in succession of the Fort Hill Plantation and it all began with Floride, Calhoun’s wife, whose mother had originally purchased the estate. Floride became the owner of Fort Hill when her died in 1836. In the meantime, Floride and John C. Calhoun had a daughter named Anna Maria, Anna Maria eventually married Thomas Green Clemson at the age of 21. After their marriage, John C. Calhoun died in 1850, because Anna Maria was the only living child, she inherited a part of Fort Hill when Floride died in 1866. Anna Maria gave Thomas G. Clemson a portion of the property in her will, when she died in 1875, he inherited the plantation. It was Anna Maria who wished to use the land to build a college, so when Thomas Green died in 1888. Clemson is located at 34°41′6″N 82°48′53″W approximately 27 miles west of downtown Greenville and 15 miles north of Anderson, the city is situated near the northwestern corner of South Carolina in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains while also on the shores of Lake Hartwell
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Knoxville, Tennessee
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Knoxville is a city in the U. S. state of Tennessee, and the county seat of Knox County. The city had an population of 185,291 in 2015. Knoxville is the city of the Knoxville Metropolitan Statistical Area. The KMSA is, in turn, the component of the Knoxville-Sevierville-La Follette Combined Statistical Area. First settled in 1786, Knoxville was the first capital of Tennessee, the city struggled with geographic isolation throughout the early 19th century. The arrival of the railroad in 1855 led to an economic boom, during the Civil War, the city was bitterly divided over the secession issue, and was occupied alternately by both Confederate and Union armies. Following the war, Knoxville grew rapidly as a wholesaling and manufacturing center. The citys economy stagnated after the 1920s as the manufacturing sector collapsed, Knoxville is the home of the flagship campus of the University of Tennessee, whose sports teams, called the Volunteers or Vols, are extremely popular in the surrounding area. The first people to form settlements in what is now Knoxville arrived during the Woodland period. One of the oldest artificial structures in Knoxville is a burial mound constructed during the early Mississippian culture period, the earthwork mound is now surrounded by the University of Tennessee campus. By the 18th century, the Cherokee had become the dominant tribe in the East Tennessee region, although they were consistently at war with the Creek, the Cherokee people called the Knoxville area kuwandatalunyi, which means Mulberry Place. Most Cherokee habitation in the area was concentrated in the Overhill settlements along the Little Tennessee River, the first Euro-American traders and explorers were recorded as arriving in the Tennessee Valley in the late 17th century. There is significant evidence that Hernando de Soto visited Bussell Island in 1540, the end of the French and Indian War and confusion brought about by the American Revolution led to a drastic increase in Euro-American settlement west of the Appalachians. By the 1780s, Euro-American settlers were established in the Holston. The U. S. Congress ordered all illegal settlers out of the valley in 1785, as settlers continued to trickle into Cherokee lands, tensions between the settlers and the Cherokee rose steadily. In 1786, James White, a Revolutionary War officer, and his friend James Connor built Whites Fort near the mouth of First Creek, on land White had purchased three years earlier. In 1790, Whites son-in-law, Charles McClung—who had arrived from Pennsylvania the previous year—surveyed Whites holdings between First Creek and Second Creek for the establishment of a town, mcClung drew up 640. 5-acre lots. The waterfront was set aside for a town common, two lots were set aside for a church and graveyard
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Anderson, South Carolina
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Anderson is a city in and the county seat of Anderson County, South Carolina, United States. The population was 26,686 at the 2010 census, and it is one of the principal cities in the Greenville-Mauldin-Anderson Metropolitan Statistical Area, contiguous with Anderson County, which had a population of 187,126 at the 2010 census. It is further included in the larger Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson, South Carolina Combined Statistical Area, with a population of 1,266,995. Anderson is just off Interstate 85 and is 120 miles from Atlanta and 140 miles from Charlotte, Anderson is the smallest of the three primary cities that makes up the Upstate region and is nicknamed The Electric City and The Friendliest City in South Carolina. Andersons spirit and quality of life have earned recognition as Anderson County was named an All-America City in 2000. Anderson is the home of Anderson University, a private comprehensive university of approximately 3,400 undergraduate and graduate students. Cherokee first settled the area of what is today the city of Anderson, during the American Revolution the Cherokee sided with the British. After the American Revolutionary War the Cherokee surrendered their land, in 1791 the South Carolina legislature created the Washington District which comprised Greenville, Anderson, Oconee and Pickens counties. The Washington District was then divided into Greenville and Pendleton districts, Anderson, Pickens and Oconee comprised the newly created Pendleton district. Anderson was settled in 1826 and incorporated in 1828 as Anderson Court House separating from the Pendleton district, the name Anderson is in honor of Robert Anderson who fought in the American Revolutionary War and also explored the Anderson region in the mid-17th century. Anderson County was also established in 1826 out of the Pendleton district, in 1851 the Johnson Female Seminary was established in Anderson as the first college of the town and was named after William Bullein Johnson. One year later the seminary was renamed Johnson University, during the American Civil War Johnson University was closed and converted into a Confederate treasury. On May 1,1865 Union forces invaded Anderson looking for the Confederate treasury, the treasury office of Anderson was ransacked by Union forces and the main building of Johnson University was used as a Union headquarters. A minor skirmish erupted at the Battle of Anderson leading to two Union casualties, after the war a Union garrison was stationed in Anderson. Anderson became one of the first cities in the Southeastern United States to have electricity, electricity to Anderson was established by William C. Whitner in 1895 at a plant on the Rocky River giving the city the name The Electric City. Anderson also became the first city in the world to supply a cotton gin by electricity, in 1895 Anderson Court House was renamed to Anderson. In 1897 Whitners plant was upgraded with a 10,000 volt generating station at Portman Shoals, Whitners power plant at Portman Shoals became the first hydroelectric plant to generate high voltage without step-up transformers in the United States
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Columbia, South Carolina
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Columbia is the capital and largest city of the U. S. state of South Carolina, with a population of 133,803 as of 2015. The city serves as the county seat of Richland County, the name Columbia is a poetic term used for the United States, originating from the name of Christopher Columbus. The city is located approximately 13 miles northwest of the center of South Carolina. It lies at the confluence of the Saluda River and the Broad River, in 1860, the city was the location of the South Carolina Secession Convention, which marked the departure of the first state from the Union in the events leading up to the Civil War. At the time of European encounter, the inhabitants of the area that became Columbia were a people called the Congaree, in May 1540, a Spanish expedition led by Hernando de Soto traversed what is now Columbia while moving northward. The expedition produced the earliest written records of the area. From the creation of Columbia by the South Carolina General Assembly in 1786, the Congarees, a frontier fort on the west bank of the Congaree River, was the head of navigation in the Santee River system. A ferry was established by the government in 1754 to connect the fort with the growing settlements on the higher ground on the east bank. Like many other significant early settlements in colonial America, Columbia is on the line from the Piedmont region. The fall line is the spot where a river becomes unnavigable when sailing upstream, State Senator John Lewis Gervais of the town of Ninety Six introduced a bill that was approved by the legislature on March 22,1786, to create a new state capital. There was considerable argument over the name for the new city, according to published accounts, Senator Gervais said he hoped that in this town we should find refuge under the wings of COLUMBIA, for that was the name which he wished it to be called. One legislator insisted on the name Washington, but Columbia won by a vote of 11–7 in the state senate, the site was chosen as the new state capital in 1786, due to its central location in the state. The State Legislature first met there in 1790, after remaining under the direct government of the legislature for the first two decades of its existence, Columbia was incorporated as a village in 1805 and then as a city in 1854. Columbia received a stimulus to development when it was connected in a direct water route to Charleston by the Santee Canal. This canal connected the Santee and Cooper rivers in a 22-mile-long section and it was first chartered in 1786 and completed in 1800, making it one of the earliest canals in the United States. With increased railroad traffic, it ceased operation around 1850, the commissioners designed a town of 400 blocks in a 2-mile square along the river. The blocks were divided into lots of 0.5 acres and sold to speculators, buyers had to build a house at least 30 feet long and 18 feet wide within three years or face an annual 5% penalty. The perimeter streets and two streets were 150 feet wide
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Richmond, Virginia
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Richmond is the capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. It is the center of the Richmond Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Greater Richmond Region and it was incorporated in 1742, and has been an independent city since 1871. As of the 2010 census, the population was 204,214, in 2015, the population was estimated to be 220,289, the Richmond Metropolitan Area has a population of 1,260,029, the third-most populous metro in the state. Richmond is located at the line of the James River,44 miles west of Williamsburg,66 miles east of Charlottesville. Surrounded by Henrico and Chesterfield counties, the city is located at the intersections of Interstate 95 and Interstate 64, Major suburbs include Midlothian to the southwest, Glen Allen to the north and west, Short Pump to the west and Mechanicsville to the northeast. The site of Richmond had been an important village of the Powhatan Confederacy, and was settled by English colonists from Jamestown in 1609. The present city of Richmond was founded in 1737 and it became the capital of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia in 1780. During the American Civil War, Richmond served as the capital of the Confederate States of America, the city entered the 20th century with one of the worlds first successful electric streetcar systems. The Jackson Ward neighborhood is a hub of African-American commerce. Richmonds economy is driven by law, finance, and government, with federal, state. Dominion Resources and MeadWestvaco, Fortune 500 companies, are headquartered in the city, in 1737, planter William Byrd II commissioned Major William Mayo to lay out the original town grid. The settlement was laid out in April 1737, and was incorporated as a town in 1742, Richmond recovered quickly from the war, and by 1782 was once again a thriving city. A permanent home for the new government, the Virginia State Capitol building, was designed by Thomas Jefferson with the assistance of Charles-Louis Clérisseau, after the American Revolutionary War, Richmond emerged as an important industrial center. The legacy of the canal boatmen is represented by the figure in the center of the city flag, on April 17,1861, five days after the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter, the legislature voted to secede from the United States and joined the Confederacy. Official action came in May, after the Confederacy promised to move its capital to Richmond. It became the target of Union armies, especially in the campaigns of 1862. The Seven Days Battles followed in late June and early July 1862, during which Union General McClellan threatened to take Richmond, three years later, as March 1865 ended, the Confederate capitol became indefensible. On March 25, Confederate General John B, gordons desperate attack on Fort Stedman east of Petersburg failed
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Athens, Georgia
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Athens is a consolidated city–county in the U. S. state of Georgia, in the northeastern part of the state, comprising the former city of Athens proper and Clarke County. The University of Georgia, the flagship public research university, is located in this college town. In 1991, after a vote the preceding year, the city abandoned its charter to form a unified government with Clarke County. As of the 2010 census, the consolidated city-county had a population of 115,452. Athens is the sixth-largest city in Georgia, and the city of the Athens-Clarke County, Georgia Metropolitan Statistical Area. Athens-Clarke County has the smallest geographical area of a county in Georgia, in the late 18th century, a trading settlement on the banks of the Oconee River called Cedar Shoals stood where Athens is located today. On January 27,1785, the Georgia General Assembly granted a charter by Abraham Baldwin for the University of Georgia as the first state-supported university. Sixteen years later, in 1801, a committee from the board of trustees selected a site for the university on a hill above Cedar Shoals in what was then Jackson County. On July 25, John Milledge, one of the trustees and later governor of Georgia, bought 633 acres from Daniel Easley, Milledge named the surrounding area Athens after the city that was home to the academy of Plato and Aristotle in Greece. The first buildings on the University of Georgia campus were made from logs, the town grew as lots adjacent to the college were sold to raise money for the additional construction of the school. By the time the first class graduated from the university in 1804, completed in 1806 and named in honor of Benjamin Franklin, Franklin College was the University of Georgias and the City of Athens first permanent structure. This brick building is now known as Old College, Athens officially became a town in December 1806 with a government made up of a three-member commission. The university continued to grow, as did the town, with cotton mills fueling the industrial and commercial development, Athens became known as the Manchester of the South after the city in England known for its mills. The university essentially created a reaction of growth in the community which developed on its doorstep. During the American Civil War, Athens became a significant supply center when the New Orleans armory was relocated to what is now called the Chicopee building, fortifications can still be found along parts of the North Oconee River between College and Oconee St. In addition, Athens played a part in the ill-fated Stoneman Raid when a skirmish was fought on a site overlooking the Middle Oconee River near what is now the old Macon Highway. As in many towns, there is a Confederate memorial. It is located on Broad Street, near the University of Georgia Arch, during Reconstruction, Athens continued to grow
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Ancestry.com
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Ancestry. com LLC is a privately held Internet company based in Lehi, Utah, United States. The largest for-profit genealogy company in the world, it operates a network of genealogical and historical record websites focused on the United States, as of June 2014, the company provided access to approximately 16 billion historical records and had over 2 million paying subscribers. User-generated content tallies to more than 70 million family trees, and subscribers have added more than 200 million photographs, scanned documents, and written stories. Ancestrys brands include Ancestry, AncestryDNA, AncestryHealth, AncestryProGenealogists, Archives. com, Family Tree Maker, Find a Grave, Fold3, Newspapers. com, and Rootsweb. Under its subsidiaries, Ancestry. com operates foreign sites that provide access to services and these include Australia, Canada, China, Japan, Brazil, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and several other countries in Europe and Asia. In 1990, Paul B. Allen and Dan Taggart, two Brigham Young University graduates, founded Infobases and began offering Latter-day Saints publications on floppy disks, in 1988, Allen had worked at Folio Corporation, founded by his brother Curt and his brother-in-law Brad Pelo. Infobases chose to use the Folio infobase technology, which Allen was familiar with, Infobases first products were floppy disks and compact disks sold from the back seat of the founders car. In 1994, Infobases was named among Inc. magazines 500 fastest-growing companies and their first offering on CD was the LDS Collectors Edition, released in April 1995, selling for $299.95, which was offered in an online version in August 1995. Ancestry officially went online with the launched Ancestry. com in 1996, with its roots as a genealogy newsletter started in 1983 by John Sittner, and became an established publishing company in 1984. Ancestry was relaunched as a magazine in January 1994, and went online in 1996, on January 1,1997, Infobases parent company, Western Standard Publishing, purchased Ancestry, Inc. publisher of Ancestry magazine and genealogy books. Western Standard Publishings CEO was Joe Cannon, one of the owners of Geneva Steel. In July 1997, Allen and Taggart purchased Western Standards interest in Ancestry, at the time, Brad Pelo was president and CEO of Infobases, and president of Western Standard. Less than six months earlier, he had been president of Folio Corporation, in March 1997, Folio was sold to Open Market for $45 million. The first public evidence of the change in ownership of Ancestry Magazine came with the July/August 1997 issue and that issues masthead also included the first use of the Ancestry. com web address. More growth for Infobases occurred in July 1997, when Ancestry, Inc. purchased Bookcraft, Infobases had published many of Bookcrafts books as part of its LDS Collectors Library. Pelo also announced that Ancestrys product line would be expanded in both CDs and online. Alan Ashton, an investor in Infobases and founder of WordPerfect, was its chairman of the board. Allen and Taggart began running Ancestry, Inc. independently from Infobases in July 1997, included in the sale were the rights to Infobases LDS Collectors Library on CD
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Open access
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Open access refers to online research outputs that are free of all restrictions on access and free of many restrictions on use. These additional usage rights are granted through the use of various specific Creative Commons licenses. There are multiple ways authors can provide access to their work. One way is to publish it and then self-archive it in a repository where it can be accessed for free, such as their institutional repository and this is known as green open access. Some publishers require delays, or an embargo, on when an output in a repository may be made open access. Several initiatives provide an alternative to the American and English language dominance of existing publication indexing systems, including Index Copernicus, SciELO and Redalyc. A second way authors can make their work open access is by publishing it in such a way that makes their research output immediately available from the publisher. This is known as open access, and within the sciences this often takes the form of publishing an article in either an open access journal. Pure open access journals do not charge fees, and may have one of a variety of business models. Many, however, do charge an article processing fee, widespread public access to the World Wide Web in the late 1990s and early 2000s fueled the open access movement, and prompted both the green open access way and the creation of open access journals. Conventional non-open access journals cover publishing costs through access tolls such as subscriptions, some non-open access journals provide open access after an embargo period of 6–12 months or longer. The Budapest statement defined open access as follows, There are many degrees, despite these statements emerging in the 2000s, the idea and practise of providing free online access to journal articles began at least a decade before the term open access was formally coined. Computer scientists had been self-archiving in anonymous ftp archives since the 1970s, the Subversive Proposal to generalize the practice was posted in 1994. Gratis OA refers to online access, and libre OA refers to free online access plus some additional re-use rights. The Budapest, Bethesda, and Berlin definitions had corresponded only to libre OA, the re-use rights of libre OA are often specified by various specific Creative Commons licenses, these almost all require attribution of authorship to the original authors. Open access itself began to be sought and provided worldwide by researchers when the possibility itself was opened by the advent of Internet, the momentum was further increased by a growing movement for academic journal publishing reform, and with it gold and libre OA. Electronic publishing created new benefits as compared to paper publishing but beyond that, rather than applying traditional notions of copyright to academic publications, they could be libre or free to build upon. The intended audience of research articles is usually other researchers, Open access helps researchers as readers by opening up access to articles that their libraries do not subscribe to
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