1.
1905 in art
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Summer – Henri Matisse and André Derain work together in the French Mediterranean village of Collioure. October – Salon dAutomne in Paris, the colors used by Matisse and others lead the critic Louis Vauxcelles to describe their works derisively as les Fauves. Die Brücke group of German expressionist artists formed in Dresden, léon Bonnat succeeds Paul Dubois as director of the Ecole des Beaux Arts. Alfred Stieglitz and Edward Steichen open the Little Galleries of the Photo-Secession photo art gallery on Fifth Avenue in New York City, opening of the Gibbes Museum of Art in Charleston, South Carolina. Jacob Epstein establishes his studio in London
2.
1906 in art
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September–October – First group exhibition by Die Brücke, in Dresden. Gwen John begins modelling for Auguste Rodin, paula Modersohn-Becker begins a series of nude portraits of herself and of other women and children in Paris. Juan Gris, Amedeo Modigliani and Gino Severini all arrive in Paris, walter Sickert paints music hall scenes in London and Paris. Ferdinand Preiss opens his workshop in Berlin
3.
1907 in art
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The year 1907 in art involved some significant events. February 7 – Vanessa Stephen marries Clive Bell, september – A cast of G. F. Watts sculpture Physical Energy is erected posthumously in Kensington Gardens in London. Henri Matisse begins to teach at the Académie Matisse in Paris, adolphe Valette joins the staff of Manchester Municipal School of Art. Kunsthalle Mannheim designed by Hermann Billing to serve an International Art Exhibition, the Chicago Plan is produced by Daniel Burnham and Edward H. Bennett, and illustrated by Jules Guerin. Bernard Berenson publishes North Italian Painters of the Renaissance, cadmium Red pigment first produced, in Germany. Georges Braque exhibited Viaduc à lEstaque, now at the Minneapolis Institute of Arts, simultaneously, there was a retrospective exhibition of 56 works by Paul Cézanne, as a tribute to the artist who died in 1906. W. W. Marie Z. Peto, American trompe-lœil painter November 27 – Paul Ritter, German architectural painter November 28 – Stanisław Wyspiański, Polish dramatist, painter and designer
4.
1908 in art
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February – The Ashcan School give their first and only exhibition, opening at the Macbeth Gallery in New York. March 20–May 2 – Salon des Indépendants in Paris gives rise to the term Cubism, may – Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky produces a color photographic portrait of Leo Tolstoy. July – Allied Artists Association holds its first exhibition, at the Royal Albert Hall in London, july 29 – The Whitworth Art Gallery building in Manchester is formally opened. November – Georges Braque exhibits at Daniel-Henry Kahnweilers Paris gallery, critic Louis Vauxcelles describes him as reducing everything, hugh Lane founds the Dublin City Gallery, the worlds first to display only modern art. Paul Ranson founds the Académie Ranson in Paris, the British Medical Association Building, London, designed by Charles Holden with eighteen controversial nude sculptures by Jacob Epstein, is completed. Wassily Kandinsky settles in the Bavarian town of Murnau am Staffelsee, the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna rejects Adolf Hitlers application to study painting. Australian painter Arthur Streeton marries violinist Nora Clench, W. M. W. February 28 – William Coldstream, English realist painter. July 22 – Claire Falkenstein, American sculptor and painter, august 22 – Henri Cartier-Bresson, French photographer. August 28 Edith Tudor Hart, born Edith Suschitzky, Austrian-born photojournalist and communist agent in Britain, roger Tory Peterson, American naturalist, ornithologist, artist and educator. August 30 – Leonor Fini, Argentine surrealist painter, september 6 – Korczak Ziolkowski, Polish American sculptor. September 14 – Peter Watson, English arts benefactor October 1 – Nicholas Marsicano, October 21 – Jorge Oteiza, Spanish sculptor, painter, designer and writer. October 27 – Lee Krasner, American abstract expressionist painter, november 4 – EQ Nicholson, born Elsie Q. Myers, English textile designer and painter, november 19 – Gisèle Freund, born Gisela Freund, German-born photographer. December 3 – Victor Pasmore, English artist and architect, december 23 – Yousuf Karsh, Armenian-Canadian photographer. Myron Stout, American abstract painter Umaña, Colombian artist
5.
1909 in art
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February 20 – Filippo Tommaso Marinettis Futurist Manifesto is first published, in the French newspaper Le Figaro. May–June – Claude Monets Water Lilies series of paintings are first exhibited, july 22 – Widowed Irish-born painter John Lavery marries Irish American painter Hazel Martyn. Guillaume Apollinaires first book of poetry is illustrated with woodcuts by André Derain, léon Bakst begins painting scenery for Sergei Diaghilevs Ballets Russes, beginning with Cleopatra. Robert Delaunay begins painting his Saint-Sévrin, City and Eiffel Tower series, lithuanian Jewish sculptor Jacques Lipchitz moves to Paris to study and work. Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque create the first works of analytical cubism, sonderbund westdeutscher Kunstfreunde und Künstler established in Düsseldorf. Kunsthalle Mannheim established as a permanent art gallery, reformation Wall created in Geneva by Swiss architects Charles Dubois, Alphonse Laverrière, Eugène Monod and Jean Taillens with figures by French sculptors Paul Landowski and Henri Bouchard. Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky is commissioned by Nicholas II of Russia to begin a record in color photography of his empire, Henri Gaudier meets Sophie Brzeska at the Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève in Paris. W. W. Waterhouse – Gather Ye Rosebuds While Ye May January 16 – Clement Greenberg, January 25 – Joseph Solman, American painter. February 7 – Wilhelm Freddie, Danish painter and sculptor, february 12 – Zoran Mušič, Slovenian- born painter. February 17 – Gertrude Abercrombie, American painter, february 19 – Enrico Donati, Italian- born American Surrealist painter and sculptor. February 26 – Michel Tapié, French artist, critic, curator, march 13 – Reynolds Stone, English wood engraver. March 22 – Milt Kahl, American animator, april 3 – Graham Stuart Thomas, English horticultural artist, author and garden designer. April 30 – F. E. McWilliam, Irish sculptor, may 17 – Giulio Carlo Argan, Italian art historian and politician. June 14 – Ettore DeGrazia, American impressionist, painter, sculptor, june 26 – Wolfgang Reitherman, German-American animator. July 13 – Marie-Thérèse Walter, mistress of Pablo Picasso, september 14 – Peter Scott, English ornithologist, conservationist, painter. September 28 – Al Capp, cartoonist, october 13 – Herblock, political cartoonist. October 28 – Francis Bacon, Irish-born British figurative painter, november 5 – Milena Pavlović-Barili, Serbian painter and poet. November 6 – Herman Rose painter, december 25 – Philip Zec, British political cartoonist
6.
1910 in art
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April 27 – Futurist poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti issues the manifesto Contro Venezia passatista in the Piazza San Marco. Bronze sculptor Robert Kionsek joins the Berlin workshop of Ferdinand Preiss to form the PK firm, czech art historian Antonin Matějček uses the term Expressionism, in opposition to impressionism. Russian composer Alexander Scriabin writes Prometheus, The Poem of Fire, Op.60, a work for piano, orchestra, optional choir. March 18 – May 1 – Salon des Indépendants, Jean Metzinger, Henri Le Fauconnier, Metzinger exhibits Portrait de Guillaume Apollinaire, considered by Apollinaire to be the first cubist portrait. July 15 – October 9 – First International Art Exhibition in Düsseldorf, October 1 – November 8 – Salon dAutomne, Jean Metzinger, Henri Le Fauconnier and Fernand Léger exhibit in Room VIII. This is the Cubist concept of perspective that would tend towards the representation of the total image. November 8 – January 15,1911 – Manet and the Post-Impressionists at the Grafton Galleries in London, organized by Roger Fry, January 29 – Colin Middleton, Irish artist. February 20 – Julian Trevelyan, English printmaker March 10 – David Rose, June 6 – Hélène de Beauvoir, French painter. Beck, American cartoonist and comic book artist, Fernand Fonssagrives, French photographer June 17 – Raymond Poïvet, French cartoonist 14 July – William Hanna, American cartoonist. 22 July – Antonio Rodríguez Luna, Spanish painter,30 July – Edgar de Evia, Mexican-born American photographer. 1 August James Henry Govier, English painter, gerda Taro, born Gerta Pohorylle, German-born war photographer. 19 August – Quentin Bell, English art historian and author,25 August – Dorothea Tanning, American painter. 28 August – Morris Graves, American painter and printmaker,3 September – Kitty Carlisle Hart, American singer, actress and New York State Council on the Arts member. 7 October – Henry Plumer McIlhenny, American, art collector, philanthropist,29 October – Aurélie Nemours, French painter. 28 November – Garrett Eckbo, American landscape architect,2 December – Russell Lynes, American art historian, photographer and author. February 14 – John Macallan Swan, English painter and sculptor March 11 – Willis E
7.
1911 in art
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February 2 – First issue of Franz Pfemferts Die Aktion. June 10 – Rembrandt House Museum opened in Amsterdam, poet and art critic Guillaume Apollinaire and his friend Pablo Picasso are questioned over the theft. Creation of Der Blaue Reiter Group, creation of the Camden Town Group. Wassily Kandinsky publishes Über das Geistige in der Kunst, Insbesondere in der Malerei, rayonism developed in Russia by Mikhail Larionov and Natalia Goncharova. English wood engraver Gwen Darwin marries French painter Jacques Raverat, the term Cubism is first used in English. May 11 – A Futurist exhibition in Milan is the first of efforts by the group to make its theories concrete, one-man show by Eugeniusz Żak at Galerie Druet. Lydia Field Emmet – Olivia Albert Gleizes Portrait de Jacques Nayral La Chasse Le Chemin, Paysage à Meudon J. W. February 10 – Mallica Reynolds, Jamaican painter, sculptor, march 4 – Ilona Harima, Finnish painter. March 17 – David Park, American painter, march 23 – Roger Hilton, English painter. May 14 – Carl Abrahams, Jamaican painter, may 25 – Will Barnet, American painter, printmaker. July 15 – Juliet Pannett, English portrait artist, august 10 – Bruce Ariss, American artist. September 2 – Romare Bearden, American painter, printmaker, october 9 – Joe Rosenthal, American Pulitzer Prize-winning photographer. November 11 – Roberto Matta, Chilean painter, november 25 – Roelof Frankot, Dutch painter. December 25 – Louise Bourgeois, French-born painter and sculptor
8.
1912 in art
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January 5 – Moscow Art Theatre production of Hamlet, designed by Edward Gordon Craig, opens. December 24 – William Zorach marries Marguerite Thompson, in Paris, Albert Gleizes and Jean Metzinger publish the first major treatise on Cubism, Du Cubisme, followed by André Salmons La jeune peinture française including Histoire anecdotique du cubisme. Ludwig Meidner begins producing his Apocalyptic Landscapes, march – Exhibition of Italian Futurism transfers from Paris to the Sackville Gallery in London, organised by Robert René Meyer-Sée. Second Post-Impressionist Exhibition organized by Roger Fry in London, René Lalique and Maurice Marinot independently stage the first exhibitions of their glasswares. Fernand Léger Grade Crossing La Fumée Woman in Blue Wyndham Lewis – Smiling Woman Ascending a Stair J. B, george With Riding Crop Pablo Picasso Still Life with Chair Caning Violon et raisins Violon, verre, pipe et encrier Charles A
9.
1913 in art
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January 19 – Lovis Corinths retrospective opens at the Munich Secession galleries. This year the New Munich Secession splits from the Munich Secession, end of January – Franz Marcs Collection II opens at the Moderne Galerie Heinrich Thannhauser in Munich. This is followed at the gallery in February by the first major retrospective of Picassos work, february–March – English painter Olive Hockin is implicated in suffragette attacks. February 17 – The Armory Show opens in New York City and it displays works of artists who are to become some of the most influential painters of the early 20th century. March 10 – French sculptor Camille Claudel is committed by her family to a hospital where she will remain until her death in 1943. May – The Paul Émile Chabas painting September Morn provokes a charge of indency when displayed in the window of a Chicago art gallery, may 27 – Die Brücke dissolved. The audience includes Gabriele DAnnunzio, Coco Chanel, Marcel Duchamp, Harry Graf Kessler, august–September – Ernst Ludwig Kirchner spends the summer painting on the island of Fehmarn, returning to Berlin he begins his series of street scenes from around the Potsdamer Platz. Autumn – The Neue Galerie in Berlin reopens with displays of the work of Picasso, October – August Macke paints at Hilterfingen. October 18 – Monument to the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig, designed by Bruno Schmitz incorporating sculptures by Christian Behrens, December 12 – Leonardo da Vincis Mona Lisa, stolen from the Louvre in 1911, is located in Florence when Vincenzo Peruggia attempts to sell it. It is returned to Paris on December 30, generación del 13 established in Chile. The London Group is formed by merger of the Camden Town Group, target, the first exhibition of Rayonism. Maurice Utrillo has his first solo exhibition, at the Galerie Blot in Paris, omega Workshops established in London by Roger Fry and other members of the Bloomsbury Group to produce artist-designed furniture and textiles. Wyndham Lewis and others secede in October, first observation of a chimpanzee drawing. Guillaume Apollinaires The Cubist Painters, Aesthetic Meditations is published in Paris
10.
1914 in art
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January 31 – The Art Gallery of Hamilton is founded. March – The London Group hold their first exhibition, at the Goupil Gallery, march–June – Rebel Art Centre run in London by Wyndham Lewis and others. March 10 – Suffragette Mary Richardson damages the Velázquez painting Rokeby Venus in the National Gallery, London, april Umberto Boccioni publishes Manifesto tecnico della scultura futurista, later this year he also publishes the book Pittura e scultura futuriste. August Macke, Louis Moilliet and Paul Klee travel in Tunisia, april 20 – English artist Dorothy Shakespear marries American poet Ezra Pound at St Mary Abbots church, Kensington, London. May 4 – Suffragette Mary Wood attacks John Singer Sargents portrait of Henry James at the Royal Academy Summer Exhibition in London with a meat cleaver, june – First issue published of the Vorticist literary magazine BLAST edited by Wyndham Lewis. July 17 – Suffragette Annie Hunt damages Sir John Millais portrait of Thomas Carlyle in the National Portrait Gallery, London, august – Fernand Léger is mobilised for service in the French Army, he serves in the Forest of Argonne. September 5 – The cover of magazine London Opinion first carries the iconic drawing by Alfred Leete of Lord Kitchener with the recruiting slogan Your Country Needs You, november 16 – The Baltimore Museum of Art is founded at Johns Hopkins University. The Bilbao Fine Arts Museum is established in Bilbao, futurist exhibition at the Doré Gallery in London. Clive Bell publishes his formalist study Art, publication of Vincent van Goghs letters to his brother Theo. Nina Hamnett and Amedeo Modigliani meet for the first time in Montparnasse
11.
1916 in art
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February 9 –6.00 p. m. – Tristan Tzara founds Dadaism. March 1 – Liljevalchs konsthall inaugurated in Stockholm, may 20 – Boy with Baby Carriage is Norman Rockwells first cover for The Saturday Evening Post. May – Muirhead Bone recruited as a war artist by the British War Propaganda Bureau, at the end of the year, his album of drawings The Western Front begins publication. June 16 – Cleveland Museum of Art opens, august 31 – Kestnergesellschaft founded in Hanover, Germany. September 19 – Edvard Munchs paintings for the Aula of Det Kongelige Frederiks Universitet, september 26 – C. R. W. Nevinsons first major single-artist exhibition opens in London. November – John Nash arrives with the Artists Rifles in France, vanessa Bells first single-artist exhibition is staged at Omega Workshops in London. Provincial Fine Arts Museum completed in Córdoba, Argentina, ezra Pound publishes Gaudier-Brzeska, A Memoir. W. R. W. Nevinson Archies The Doctor Dog-Tired French Troops Resting Matthew Smith – Fitzroy Street Nude No
12.
1917 in art
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January – A drunken Amedeo Modigliani is ejected from a party for Georges Braque, by the hostess, Marie Vassilieff. January 29 – Rodin marries his mistress, Rose Beuret, she dies two weeks later, eric Kennington, William Orpen, C. R. W. Nevinson, Paul Nash and William Rothenstein are sent as war artists to the Western Front from England. De Stijl artistic movement is established by Theo van Doesburg, the Allen Memorial Art Museum is established at Oberlin College in Ohio. The Marc Chagall illustrated version of The Magician by I. L. Peretz is published in Vilnius. Max Beckmann – Deposition Lovis Corinth – Portrait of Julius Meier-Graefe Marcel Duchamp – Fountain Jacob Epstein – An American Soldier Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven – God J. W. S. R. W. T. C
13.
1918 in art
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February – British War Memorials Committee formed to commission artworks to create a memorial to the World War I. February 16 – Joan Mirós first solo exhibition opens at the Dalmau Gallery, March – C. R. W. Nevinson has an exhibition at the Leicester Galleries in London. May – Stanley Spencer, a serving British Army soldier, is appointed as a war artist. A similar appointment is made this year for Australian soldier Frank R. Crozier, may 3 – William Orpens exhibition War opens in London, the paintings are donated to the British government. May 11 – Paul Nashs exhibition The Void of War opens at the Leicester Galleries in London, june 18 – Pablo Picasso marries Olga Khoklova. June – Alfred Stieglitz begins nude photography of Georgia OKeeffe, October 15 – Kunsthalle Bern opened. November 3 – The Robespierre Monument, designed by Beatrice Yuryevna Sandomierz, is unveiled, December 3 – Founding of the November Group of expressionist artists in Germany. Denver Art Museum opens its first galleries, frans Masereels wordless novel 25 Images of a Mans Passion is published. 12 March – Elaine de Kooning, American abstract expressionist painter,10 April – Cornell Capa, Hungarian-American photographer and photo curator. 9 May – Kyffin Williams, Welsh landscape painter,10 May – Desmond MacNamara, Irish painter, sculptor, and author 11 July – Roy Krenkel, American illustrator. 25 July – Jane Frank, American painter, sculptor, mixed media artist,8 August – Brian Stonehouse, English painter and Special Operations Executive agent during World War II. 22 September – Cleve Gray, American Abstract expressionist painter,7 October – Mimmo Rotella, Italian artist and poet. 8 November – Hermann Zapf, German typeface designer,14 December – Jack Cole, American comic book artist. 18 December – Kali, born Hanna Gordziałkowska, Polish-born portrait painter and Resistance agent during World War II
14.
1919 in art
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April 25 – The Bauhaus architectural and design movement is founded in Weimar, Germany, by Walter Gropius. December – The National War Paintings and Other Records exhibition staged at the Royal Academy of Arts in London, seven and Five Society established in London. Piet Mondrian, in Paris, begins painting his grid-based compositions, musée Rodin opens in Paris at the Hôtel Biron and Villa des Brillants, Meudon. Chaim Soutine first visits Céret in the Pyrenees where he begins a series of landscapes, les Champs Magnétiques, the first book produced using the techniques of surrealist automatism, is written by André Breton and Philippe Soupault. Publication in England of W. Somerset Maughams novel The Moon and Sixpence, aleksandra Ekster – City at Night Jacob Epstein – Sergeanat D. F. R. W. 1859) date unknown Edmund Elisha Case, American painter
15.
1920 in art
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February 1 – National Art Gallery opens in Tblisi. November 7 – The mass action The Storming of the Winter Palace, the Cologne Dadaist group is formed by Jean Arp, Max Ernst and Alfred Grünwald. Katherine Dreier, Man Ray and Marcel Duchamp form Société Anonyme, bernard Leach and Shoji Hamada set up the Leach Pottery in St Ives, Cornwall. Heckscher Museum of Art established in Huntington, New York, latvian Museum of Foreign Art established in Riga. Art historian Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler publishes Der Weg Zum Kubismus, W. January 17 – Georges Pichard, French comics artist. January 30 – Patrick Heron, English painter, writer and designer, march 3 – Ronald Searle, English cartoonist. March 14 – Hank Ketcham, American cartoonist, march 27 – Robin Jacques, English illustrator. April 8 – Hans Coper, German-born studio potter, april 24 – Paul Wonner, American painter. May – Hans Josephsohn, German-born sculptor, may 8 Saul Bass, American graphic designer and filmmaker. Tom of Finland, Finnish fetish artist, may 10 - Erna Viitol, Estonian sculptor June 4 – Alejandro Obregón, Colombian painter, muralist, sculptor and engraver. June 24 John Coplans, painter, photographer Jimmy Ernst, American painter born in Germany, June 29 – Ray Harryhausen, stop-motion animator, sculptor. July 20 – Arthur Boyd, Australian painter and sculptor, july 21 – Constant Nieuwenhuys, Dutch painter, one of the innovators of Unitary Urbanism. August 5 – George Tooker, painter, august 15 – Judy Cassab, born Judit Kaszab, Austrian-born Australian portrait painter. August 22 – Gene Davis, American painter, august 26 Mauri Favén, Finnish painter. October 31 – Helmut Newton, photographer, november 23 – Wayne Thiebaud, American painter. December 18 – Enrique Grau, Colombian painter and sculptor, december 21 – Bob Bindig, American illustrator Elaine Hamilton, American painter
16.
1922 in art
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February 1 – Akron Art Institute opens in Ohio. February 11–18 – Modern Art Week at the Theatro Municipal, São Paulo, lady Lever Art Gallery opens in Port Sunlight, England. There are some protests by Dadaists, max Beerbohms collection of caricatures, Rossetti and His Circle, is published in London. Fernando Álvarez de Sotomayor y Zaragoza, court painter to Alfonso XIII of Spain, is appointed director of the Museo del Prado in Madrid, german psychiatrist Hans Prinzhorn publishes Bildnerei der Geisteskranken. W. Godward Contemplation Nu Sur la Plage Juan Gris – Le Pierrot Paul Klee – Twittering Machine George Washington Lambert – Anzac, january 17 – Robert De Niro, Sr. January 23 – Leon Golub, American painter March 3 – Louis Maratier, French post-impressionist artist, March 10 – Kiyoshi Yamashita, Japanese outsider artist March 27 – Jules Olitski, American abstract painter, printmaker, and sculptor. March 28 – Grace Hartigan, American Abstract Expressionist painter April 22 – Richard Diebenkorn, April 24 – Richard Hamilton, English painter and collage artist. May 7 – Joe ODonnell, American photographer, june 22 – Bill Blass, American fashion designer. July 3 – Guillaume Cornelis van Beverloo, Corneille, painter July 25 – Fred Yates, august 8 – Rudi Gernreich, Austrian American fashion designer. September 3 – Steffan Danielsen, Faroese painter, october 3 – John Craxton, English painter. September 9 – Pauline Baynes, English book illustrator, December 8 – Lucian Freud, German-born British painter and printmaker December 17 – Aart van den IJssel, Dutch sculptor. December 31 – Theodoros Stamos, Greek American abstract expressionist painter, ljubinka Jovanović, Serbian painter living and working in Paris and Belgrade
17.
1925 in art
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Le Corbusiers Pavillon dEsprit Nouveau is so disliked by the organizers that they erect a six-meter-high fence around it. First Surrealist exhibition at the Galerie Pierre, Paris, the Bauhaus moves from Weimar to Dessau. Alfred Stieglitz begins taking his Equivalents series of abstract cloud photographs, franz Rohs Nach Expressionismus – Magischer Realismus, Probleme der neuesten europäischen Malerei is published, introducing the term magic realism into cultural criticism. 17 January – Duane Hanson, American sculptor,23 January – James Bingham, Northern Irish painter. 12 February – Joan Mitchell, American Abstract Expressionist painter,22 February – Edward Gorey, American illustrator. 10 March – Ed van der Elsken, Dutch photographer,13 March – Jane Bown, English portrait photographer. 29 March – Sava Stojkov, Serbian painter,4 April – Emmett Williams, American poet and Fluxus artist. 29 April – Iwao Takamoto, Japanese American animator, television producer,16 May – Hannes Hegen, German cartoonist and illustrator. 22 May – Jean Tinguely, Swiss painter and sculptor,23 July – Burt Glinn, American photographer. 26 August – Robert Colescott, American artist,22 October – Robert Rauschenberg, American artist. 28 October – Ian Hamilton Finlay, Scottish poet, writer, artist,18 December – John Szarkowski, American photographer, curator, historian and critic. Date unknown – Panayiotis Tetsis, Greek painter,1925 in fine arts of the Soviet Union
18.
1915 in architecture
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The year 1915 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. April - The Hiroshima Prefectural Commercial Exhibition, designed by Jan Letzel, is opened, april 21 - Theatre Circo, Braga, Portugal. November 6 - Tunkhannock Viaduct, Nicholson, Pennsylvania, designed by Abraham Burton Cohen, prince of Wales Museum of Western India, Bombay. Yosemite Lodge at the Falls, Yosemite Village, California, well Hall Estate for arsenal workers at Woolwich in south-east London. Royal Gold Medal - Frank Darling, grand Prix de Rome, architecture, not held
19.
1915 in music
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This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1915. March–December - The ukulele becomes popular as a result of its appearance in the Hawaiian Pavilion at the Panama–Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco, may 15 - Tom Browns band from New Orleans begin performing in Chicago, Illinois and start advertising themselves as a Jass Band. April 21 - Sibelius sees sixteen swans over Lake Tuusula which immediately inspires him to write the theme becomes the finalé to his Symphony No.5. Summer - Claude Debussy composes at Pourville on the French Channel coast, october 28 - Richard Strausss symphonic poem An Alpine Symphony is premiered by the orchestra of the Dresden Hofkapelle in Berlin under the composers baton. November 13 - First concert devoted to the work of Brazilian composer Heitor Villa-Lobos, December 8 - Jean Sibeliuss Symphony No.5 is premiered by the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra at a birthday concert for him. December - Claude Debussy becomes one of the first people to receive a colostomy, composer Alban Berg enters service with the Austro-Hungarian Army. Composer Herbert Howells is given six months to live, and becomes the first person in the UK to receive radium treatment, William Penfro Rowlandss hymn tune Blaenwern is first published in Henry H. Jones Cân a Moliant. Jack Yellen & George L. Cobb All For You w. Henry Blossom m, victor Herbert Along The Rocky Road To Dublin w. Joe Young m. Bert Grant America, I Love You w. Edgar Leslie m, irving Berlin Are You From Dixie. Jack Yellen & George L. Cobb Are You The OReilly, rooney, Emmett The Army Of Todays All Right w. m. Kenneth Lyle & Fred W. Leigh Auf Wiedersehen w. Herbert Reynolds m, Sigmund Romberg, from the musical The Blue Paradise Babes In The Wood w. Schuyler Greene & Jerome Kern m. Jerome Kern Baby Shoes w. Joe Goodwin & Ed Rose m. Al Piantadosi Beatrice Fairfax, Tell Me What To Do w. m, Grant Clarke, Joseph McCarthy, & James V. Monaco Belgium Put the Kibosh on the Kaiser w. m. Mark Sheridan Blame It On The Blues Doc Cooke Canadian Capers w. Earl Burnett m, Gus Chandler, Bert White & Henry Cohan Close To My Heart by A. B. Harold Atteridge & Sigmund Romberg Gasoline Gus And His Jitney Bus Gay, spencer Williams The Girl On The Magazine Cover w. m. Hirsch Hello, Hawaii, How Are You, W. Bert Kalmar & Edgar Leslie m. Jean Schwartz The Hesitating Blues w. m, handy I Can Beat You Doing What Youre Doing Me w. m. Clarence Williams & Armand J. Piron I Didnt Raise My Boy To Be A Soldier w. Alfred Bryan m. Al Piantadosi I Love a Piano w. m, irving Berlin I Wish I Was An Island In An Ocean Of Girls w. Henry Blossom m. Jean Schwartz In a Monastery Garden m. Albert William Ketèlbey Ireland Is Ireland To Me w. Fiske OHara & J. Keirn Brennan m. Ernest R. Ball Its Tulip Time In Holland w. Dave Radford m
20.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
21.
Wood engraving
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Wood engraving is a printmaking and letterpress printing technique, in which an artist works an image or matrix of images into a block of wood. Functionally a variety of woodcut, it uses relief printing, where the artist applies ink to the face of the block and prints using relatively low pressure. By contrast, ordinary engraving, like etching, uses a metal plate for the matrix, and is printed by the method, where the ink fills the valleys. As a result, wood engravings deteriorate less quickly than copper-plate engravings, Thomas Bewick developed the wood engraving technique at the end of the 18th century. His work differed from earlier woodcuts in two key ways, first, rather than using woodcarving tools such as knives, Bewick used an engravers burin. With this, he could create thin delicate lines, often creating large areas in the composition. Second, wood engraving traditionally uses the woods end grain—while the older technique used the side grain. The resulting increased hardness and durability facilitated more detailed images, wood-engraved blocks could be used on conventional printing presses, which were going through rapid mechanical improvements during the first quarter of the 19th century. The blocks were made the same height as, and composited alongside, the combination of this new wood engraving method and mechanized printing drove a rapid expansion of illustrations in the 19th century. Further, advances in stereotype let wood-engravings be reproduced onto metal, by the mid-19th century, many wood engravings rivaled copperplate engravings. In 15th and 16th-century Europe, woodcuts were a technique in printmaking and printing. They were still made for printing press work such as newspapers or almanacs. The beginnings of modern wood engraving techniques developed at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th century, Bewick generally engraved harder woods, such as boxwood, rather than the woods used in woodcuts, and he engraved the ends of blocks instead of the side. Finding a woodcutting knife not suitable for working against the grain in harder woods, Bewick used a burin, from the beginning of the nineteenth century Bewicks techniques gradually came into wider use, especially in Britain and the United States. Alexander Anderson introduced the technique to the United States, Bewicks work impressed him, so he reverse engineered and imitated Bewicks technique—using metal until he learned that Bewick used wood. This was, in ways a unnatural application, since engravers had to cut away almost all the surface of the block to produce the printable lines of the artists drawing. Nonetheless, it became the most common use of wood engraving, in the United States, wood-engraved publications also began to take hold, such as Harpers Weekly. A single design was divided into a grid, and each worked on a square
22.
Gwen Raverat
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Gwen Mary Raverat, née Darwin, was an English wood engraver, who was a founder member of the Society of Wood Engravers. Her memoir Period Piece was published in 1952, Gwen Mary Darwin was born in Cambridge in 1885, she was the daughter of Sir George Howard Darwin and his wife Lady Maud Darwin, née Maud du Puy. She was the granddaughter of the naturalist Charles Darwin and first cousin of the poet Frances Cornford and she married the French painter Jacques Raverat in 1911. They had two daughters, Elisabeth, who married the Norwegian politician Edvard Hambro, and Sophie Jane, Raverat is buried in the Trumpington Extension Cemetery, Cambridge with her father. Her mother Lady Maud Darwin was cremated at Cambridge Crematorium on 10 February 1947, there is a memorial to Raverat in Harlton Church, Cambridgeshire, where her family and friends donated towards the restoration of the church in her memory. Cambridge and the associated with it remained very much the centre of her life. Darwin College, Cambridge, occupies both her home, Newnham Grange, and the neighbouring Old Granary where she lived for the last years of her life. The college has named one of its student accommodation houses after her, Raverat was one of the very first wood engravers recognised as modern. She was influenced by the Impressionists and Post-Impressionists and developed her own style of engraving. One of her first wood engravings to appear in a book was Lord Thomas and Fair Annet in The Open Window, balston credits her with having produced one of the first two books illustrated with modern wood engravings. This was Spring Morning by her cousin Frances Cornford, published by the Poetry Bookshop in 1915, much of Raverats work was for friends from Cambridge and appeared in books with small editions. She found a public with the London Mercury which reproduced many of her engravings. The most famous are perhaps the engravings Six Rivers Round London which were produced for the London General Omnibus Company, most of Raverats commissions for book illustrations date from the 1930s. The first was for a set of engravings for Kenneth Grahames classic anthology The Cambridge Book of Poetry for Children and this was published by the Cambridge University Press and printed at the press by Walter Lewis. The Cambridge University Press took almost as much care with their printing as a private press, four Tales and The Bird Talisman were illustrated with colour wood engravings. Brooke Crutchley, Lewiss successor at the press, was responsible for printing the collection of Raverats work by Reynolds Stone and her experience of a real private press, St John Hornbys Ashendene Press, was rather more mixed. Raverat spent a year producing 29 wood engravings for an edition of Les Amours de Daphne et Chloe by Longus and it appeared in 1933, five years after the project started. The first edition had printed on Japanese vellum, but was scrapped when the ink failed to dry properly
23.
Vorticism
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Vorticism was a short-lived modernist movement in British art and poetry of the early 20th century, partly inspired by Cubism. Ultimately, it was their witnessing of unfolding human disaster in World War I that drained these artists of their Vorticist zeal, Vorticism was based in London but was international in make-up and ambition. Lewis himself saw Vorticism as an independent alternative to Cubism, Futurism and Expressionism, though the style grew out of Cubism, it is more closely related to Futurism in its embrace of dynamism, the machine age and all things modern. However, Vorticism diverged from Futurism in the way it tried to capture movement in an image, in a Vorticist painting modern life is shown as an array of bold lines and harsh colours drawing the viewers eye into the centre of the canvas. The Vorticists published two issues of the literary magazine BLAST, edited by Lewis, in June 1914 and July 1915 and it contained work by Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot as well as by the Vorticists themselves. Its typographical adventurousness was cited by El Lissitzky as one of the forerunners of the revolution in graphic design in the 1920s and 1930s. This work was contemporary with and comparable to abstraction by European artists such as Wassily Kandinsky, František Kupka, the Vorticists held only one exhibition, in 1915, at the Doré Gallery in London. The main section of the exhibition included work by Jessica Dismorr, Frederick Etchells, Lewis, Gaudier-Brzeska, William Roberts, Helen Saunders, there was a smaller section area titled Those Invited To Show that included several other artists. Jacob Epstein was notably not represented, although did have his drawings reproduced in BLAST, after this, the movement broke up, largely due to the onset of World War I and public apathy towards the work. Gaudier-Brzeska was killed in service, while leading figures such as Epstein distanced themselves stylistically from Lewis. A brief attempt by Lewis to revive the movement in 1920 under the name Group X proved unsuccessful, Pound, however, through his correspondence with Lewis, was understood to hold a commitment to the goals of the movement as much as forty years after its demise. A1956 exhibition at the Tate Gallery was called Wyndham Lewis and Vorticism and this angered other members of the group. Bomberg and Roberts both protested strongly the assertion of Lewis, which was printed in the catalogue, Vorticism, in fact, was what I, personally, did. Vorticism and Abstract Art in the First Machine Age, a Crisis of Brilliance, Five Young British Artists and the Great War. Vorticism in Fortnightly Review 96, no
24.
Giovanni Battista Tiepolo
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Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, also known as Gianbattista or Giambattista Tiepolo, was an Italian painter and printmaker from the Republic of Venice. He was prolific, and worked not only in Italy, but also in Germany, Giovan Battista Tiepolo, together with Giambattista Pittoni, Canaletto, Giovan Battista Piazzetta, Giuseppe Maria Crespi and Francesco Guardi forms the traditional great Old Masters of that period. Successful from the beginning of his career, he has described by Michael Levey as the greatest decorative painter of eighteenth-century Europe. Born in Venice, he was the youngest of six children of Domenico and his father was a small shipping merchant who belonged to a family that bore the prestigious patrician name of Tiepolo without claiming any noble descent. Some of the children acquired noble godparents, and Giambattista was originally named after his godfather and he was baptised on 16 April 1696 in the local church, San Pietro di Castello. His father died about a later, leaving his mother to bring up a family of young children. In 1710 he became a pupil of Gregorio Lazzarini, a painter with an eclectic style. A biography of his teacher, published in 1732, says that Tiepolo departed from studied manner of painting and his earliest known works are depictions of the apostles, painted in spandrels as part of the decoration of the church of the Ospedoletto in Venice in 1715–6. He painted his first fresco in 1716, on the ceiling of a church at Biadene and he probably left Lazzarinis studio in 1717, the year he was received into the Fraglia or guild of painters. In around 1719–20 he painted a scheme of frescoes for the wealthy, Tiepolo depicted the Triumph of Aurora on the ceiling, and the Myth of Phaethon on the walls, creating the kind of fluid spatial illusion which was to become a recurring theme in his work. In 1722 he was one of twelve artists commissioned to contribute a painting on canvas of one of the apostles as part of a scheme for the nave of San Stae in Venice. The other artists involved included Ricci, Piazetta, and Pellegrini, in 1719, Tiepolo married noblewoman Maria Cecilia Guardi, sister of two contemporary Venetian painters Francesco and Giovanni Antonio Guardi. Together, Tiepolo and his wife had nine children, four daughters and three sons survived childhood. Two of his sons, Domenico and Lorenzo, painted with him as his assistants and his children painted figures with a design similar to that of their father, but with distinctive, including genre, styles. His third son became a priest, fabio Canal, Francesco Lorenzi, Domenico Pasquini were among his pupils. Some major commissions came from the patrician Dolfin family, Tiepolo used a much cooler palette than previous Venetian painters, in order to create a convincing effect of daylight. These early masterpieces, innovative amongst Venetian frescoes for their luminosity, dominic Instituting the Rosary, Palazzo Clerici, Milan, decorations for Villa Cordellini at Montecchio Maggiore and for the ballroom of the Palazzo Labia in Venice, showing the Story of Cleopatra. Tiepolo produced two sets of etchings, the Capricci and the Scherzi di fantasia, the ten capricci were first published by Anton Maria Zanetti, incorporated into the third edition of a compilation of woodcuts after Parmigiano
25.
Fresco
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Fresco is a technique of mural painting executed upon freshly-laid, or wet lime plaster. Water is used as the vehicle for the pigment to merge with the plaster, and with the setting of the plaster, the fresco technique has been employed since antiquity and is closely associated with Italian Renaissance painting. Buon fresco pigment mixed with water of temperature on a thin layer of wet, fresh plaster, for which the Italian word for plaster. Because of the makeup of the plaster, a binder is not required, as the pigment mixed solely with the water will sink into the intonaco. The pigment is absorbed by the wet plaster, after a number of hours, many artists sketched their compositions on this underlayer, which would never be seen, in a red pigment called sinopia, a name also used to refer to these under-paintings. Later, new techniques for transferring paper drawings to the wall were developed. The main lines of a drawing made on paper were pricked over with a point, the paper held against the wall, if the painting was to be done over an existing fresco, the surface would be roughened to provide better adhesion. This area is called the giornata, and the different day stages can usually be seen in a large fresco, buon frescoes are difficult to create because of the deadline associated with the drying plaster. Once a giornata is dried, no more buon fresco can be done, if mistakes have been made, it may also be necessary to remove the whole intonaco for that area—or to change them later, a secco. An indispensable component of this process is the carbonatation of the lime, the eyes of the people of the School of Athens are sunken-in using this technique which causes the eyes to seem deeper and more pensive. Michelangelo used this technique as part of his trademark outlining of his central figures within his frescoes, in a wall-sized fresco, there may be ten to twenty or even more giornate, or separate areas of plaster. After five centuries, the giornate, which were nearly invisible, have sometimes become visible, and in many large-scale frescoes. Additionally, the border between giornate was often covered by an a secco painting, which has fallen off. One of the first painters in the period to use this technique was the Isaac Master in the Upper Basilica of Saint Francis in Assisi. A person who creates fresco is called a frescoist, a secco or fresco-secco painting is done on dry plaster. The pigments thus require a medium, such as egg. Blue was a problem, and skies and blue robes were often added a secco, because neither azurite blue nor lapis lazuli. By the end of the century this had largely displaced buon fresco
26.
Scalzi, Venice
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Santa Maria di Nazareth is a Roman Catholic Carmelite church in Venice, northern Italy. It is also called Church of the Scalzi being the seat in the city of the Discalced Carmelites religious order, the facade in Venetian Late Baroque style, was financed by the aristocrat Gerolamo Cavazza, and erected by Giuseppe Sardi, from 1672 to 1680. The four statues in the first order, the statue of the Virgin and Child, the first chapel to the right has a statue of St John of the Cross, attributed to Falconi. The statues of Faith, Hope, and Charity are by Tommaso Rues, the third chapel on the left has a statue of St Sebastian with bronze bas-reliefs also attributed to Falconi. The vault of the nave once housed a major fresco by Giambattista Tiepolo depicting the Translation of the House of Loreto. Tiepolo had previously worked in the church, decorating the vaults of the chapel of St Teresa in 1727-1730 and he had also painted a Virgin of Mount Carmel for the Carmelite church of St Aponal, thus was well known to the order. The frescoes were destroyed by an Austrian bombardment from the mainland during October 24,1915, from 1929 to 1933, Ettore Tito painted canvases and frescoes to repair the damage. The remains of the fragments of Tiepolos work are now in the Gallerie dellAccademia, above the door, organ with carved and gilded decorations and reliefs. Above the organ, lunette Santa Teresa crowned by the Savior by G. Lazzarini, the altar was completed by Giuseppe Pozzo. Choir ceiling by Giuseppe and Domenico Valeriani, chapel Mora Attributed to the Mora family. The altarpiece with four columns of black jasper shows a statue of Saint John the Baptist in Carrara marble by Melchior Barthel, a ceiling fresco depicts the eternal Father in glory by Pietro Liberi. Giambattista Mora is buried at the foot of the altar, chapel Ruzzini Attributed to the Ruzzini family. The altar was built and designed by Giuseppe Pozzo, the altarpiece, Ecstasy of Santa Teresa by Heinrich Meyring. On the vault a fresco The Gloria of St. Teresa by Giovanni Batista Tiepolo, chapel Manin Here is buried the last doge of Venice, Ludovico Manin, died on 23 October 1802. The chapel was built by brother Giuseppe Pozzo, the altarpiece shows a sculpture of The Virgin and Child and St. Joseph in the Clouds by Giuseppe Torretto, the author of the two angels. On the side walls of the chapel, statues, Archangel Michael and Archangel Gabriel, the two blue glass candelabras are Murano glassworks. Chapel Venier Built by Sebastiano Venier, abbot and apostolic protonotary, the altarpiece shows a statue of St. Sebastian by Bernardo Falconi. The main altar is enriched with bronze bas-reliefs with episodes from the life of St. Sebastian of the same Bernardo Falconi, other works of art include a St Theresa in Extasis by Heinrich Meyring and a Crucifixion by Giovanni Maria Morlaiter
27.
Austria-Hungary
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The union was a result of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and came into existence on 30 March 1867. Austria-Hungary consisted of two monarchies, and one region, the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia under the Hungarian crown. It was ruled by the House of Habsburg, and constituted the last phase in the evolution of the Habsburg Monarchy. Following the 1867 reforms, the Austrian and the Hungarian states were co-equal, Foreign affairs and the military came under joint oversight, but all other governmental faculties were divided between respective states. Austria-Hungary was a state and one of the worlds great powers at the time. Austria-Hungary was geographically the second-largest country in Europe after the Russian Empire, at 621,538 km2, the Empire built up the fourth-largest machine building industry of the world, after the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom. After 1878, Bosnia and Herzegovina was under Austro-Hungarian military and civilian rule until it was annexed in 1908. The annexation of Bosnia also led to Islam being recognized as a state religion due to Bosnias Muslim population. Austria-Hungary was one of the Central Powers in World War I and it was already effectively dissolved by the time the military authorities signed the armistice of Villa Giusti on 3 November 1918. The realms full, official name was The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council, each enjoyed considerable sovereignty with only a few joint affairs. Certain regions, such as Polish Galicia within Cisleithania and Croatia within Transleithania, enjoyed autonomous status, the division between Austria and Hungary was so marked that there was no common citizenship, one was either an Austrian citizen or a Hungarian citizen, never both. This also meant that there were always separate Austrian and Hungarian passports, however, neither Austrian nor Hungarian passports were used in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia-Dalmatia. Instead, the Kingdom issued its own passports which were written in Croatian and French and it is not known what kind of passports were used in Bosnia-Herzegovina, which was under the control of both Austria and Hungary. The Kingdom of Hungary had always maintained a separate parliament, the Diet of Hungary, the administration and government of the Kingdom of Hungary remained largely untouched by the government structure of the overarching Austrian Empire. Hungarys central government structures remained well separated from the Austrian imperial government, the country was governed by the Council of Lieutenancy of Hungary – located in Pressburg and later in Pest – and by the Hungarian Royal Court Chancellery in Vienna. The Hungarian government and Hungarian parliament were suspended after the Hungarian revolution of 1848, despite Austria and Hungary sharing a common currency, they were fiscally sovereign and independent entities. Since the beginnings of the union, the government of the Kingdom of Hungary could preserve its separated. After the revolution of 1848–1849, the Hungarian budget was amalgamated with the Austrian, from 1527 to 1851, the Kingdom of Hungary maintained its own customs controls, which separated her from the other parts of the Habsburg-ruled territories
28.
Kazimir Malevich
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Kazimir Severinovich Malevich was a Russian painter and art theoretician. He was a pioneer of abstract art and the originator of the avant-garde Suprematist movement. He was a devout Christian mystic who believed the central task of an artist was that of rendering spiritual feeling, Kazimir Malevich was born Kazimierz Malewicz to a Polish family, who settled near Kiev in Kiev Governorate of the Russian Empire during the partitions of Poland. His parents, Ludwika and Seweryn Malewicz, were Roman Catholic like most ethnic Poles and they both had fled from the former eastern territories of the Commonwealth to Kiev in the aftermath of the failed Polish January Uprising of 1863 against the tsarist army. His native language was Polish though he spoke Ukrainian in public, subsequently, Malevich even wrote a series of articles about art in Ukrainian. Kazimirs father managed a sugar factory, Kazimir was the first of fourteen children, only nine of whom survived into adulthood. His family moved often and he spent most of his childhood in the villages of Ukraine, amidst sugar-beet plantations, until age twelve he knew nothing of professional artists, although art had surrounded him in childhood. He delighted in peasant embroidery, and in decorated walls and stoves and he was able to paint in the peasant style. He studied drawing in Kiev from 1895 to 1896, from 1896 to 1904 Kazimir Malevich lived in Kursk. In 1904, after the death of his father, he moved to Moscow and he studied at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture from 1904 to 1910 and in the studio of Fedor Rerberg in Moscow. In the same year he participated in an exhibition by the collective, by that time his works were influenced by Natalia Goncharova and Mikhail Larionov, Russian avant-garde painters, who were particularly interested in Russian folk art called lubok. Malevich described himself as painting in a Cubo-Futuristic style in 1912, in March 1913 a major exhibition of Aristarkh Lentulovs paintings opened in Moscow. Already in the year the Cubo-Futurist opera, Victory Over the Sun, with Malevichs stage-set. In 1914 Malevich exhibited his works in the Salon des Indépendants in Paris together with Alexander Archipenko, Sonia Delaunay, Aleksandra Ekster, Malevich also co-illustrated, with Pavel Filonov, Selected Poems with Postscript, 1907–1914 by Velimir Khlebnikov and another work by Khlebnikov in 1914 titled Roar. In 1915, Malevich laid down the foundations of Suprematism when he published his manifesto, in 1915–1916 he worked with other Suprematist artists in a peasant/artisan co-operative in Skoptsi and Verbovka village. In 1916–1917 he participated in exhibitions of the Jack of Diamonds group in Moscow together with Nathan Altman, David Burliuk, Aleksandra Ekster, famous examples of his Suprematist works include Black Square and White On White. Malevich exhibited his first Black Square, now at the Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow, a black square placed against the sun appeared for the first time in the 1913 scenery designs for the Futurist opera Victory over the Sun. The second Black Square was painted around 1923, some believe that the third Black Square was painted in 1929 for Malevichs solo exhibition, because of the poor condition of the 1915 square
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0,10 Exhibition
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The Last Futurist Exhibition of Paintings 0,10 was presented by the Dobychina Art Bureau at Marsovo Pole, Petrograd, from 19 December 1915 to 17 January 1916. The exhibition inaugurated a form of art called Suprematism, introducing a daring visual vernacular composed of geometric forms of varying colour. This sort of geometric abstraction was distinct in the apparent kinetic motion, in fact, there were fourteen artists who had participated in the exhibition. Suprematism Russian avant-garde Vkhutemas References Sources Malevich, Journey to Infinity,2008, author, Gerry Souter,255 pages in English language, publisher, Parkstone International, ISBN 978-1-85995-684-7 Farewell to an Idea, Episodes from a History of Modernism,2001. Clark,451 pages, Publisher, Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-08910-4 Museum of Modern Art, Art Terms, Suprematism
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Suprematism
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Suprematism is an art movement, focused on basic geometric forms, such as circles, squares, lines, and rectangles, painted in a limited range of colors. The term suprematism refers to an art based upon the supremacy of pure artistic feeling rather than on visual depiction of objects. In Suprematism, Malevich clearly stated the concept of Suprematism. He created a suprematist grammar based on geometric forms, in particular, the square. In the 0.10 Exhibition in 1915, Malevich exhibited his early experiments in suprematist painting, the centerpiece of his show was the Black Square, placed in what is called the red/beautiful corner in Russian Orthodox tradition, the place of the main icon in a house. Black Square was painted in 1915 and was presented as a breakthrough in his career, Malevich also painted White on White which was also heralded as a milestone. White on White marked a shift from polychrome to monochrome Suprematism, Malevichs Suprematism is fundamentally opposed to the postrevolutionary positions of Constructivism and materialism. Constructivism, with its cult of the object, is concerned with utilitarian strategies of adapting art to the principles of functional organization, under Constructivism, the traditional easel painter is transformed into the artist-as-engineer in charge of organizing life in all of its aspects. Suprematism, in sharp contrast to Constructivism, embodies a profoundly anti-materialist, Suprematism does not embrace a humanist philosophy which places man at the center of the universe. Malevich also credited the birth of suprematism to Victory Over the Sun, Kruchenykhs Futurist opera production for which he designed the sets, the aim of the artists involved was to break with the usual theater of the past and to use a clear, pure, logical Russian language. Malevich put this to practice by creating costumes from simple materials, flashing headlights illuminated the figures in such a way that alternating hands, legs or heads disappeared into the darkness. The stage curtain was a black square, one of the drawings for the backcloth shows a black square divided diagonally into a black and a white triangle. Because of the simplicity of basic forms they were able to signify a new beginning. These give some indications towards an understanding of the Suprematic compositions produced between 1915 and 1918, Malevich conceived of the journal as the contextual foundation in which he could base his art, and originally planned to call the journal Nul. In a letter to a colleague, he explained, We are planning to put out a journal and have begun to discuss the how, since in it we intend to reduce everything to zero, we have decided to call it Nul. Afterward we ourselves will go beyond zero, Malevich conceived of the journal as a space for experimentation that would test his theory of nonobjective art. However, despite a year spent planning and writing articles for the journal, the most important artist who took the art form and ideas developed by Malevich and popularized them abroad was the painter El Lissitzky. Lissitzky worked intensively with Suprematism particularly in the years 1919 to 1923 and he was deeply impressed by Malevichs Suprematist works as he saw it as the theoretical and visual equivalent of the social upheavals taking place in Russia at the time
31.
Martinique
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Like Guadeloupe, it is an overseas region of France, consisting of a single overseas department. One of the Windward Islands, it is north of Saint Lucia, southeast of Puerto Rico, northwest of Barbados. As with the overseas departments, Martinique is one of the eighteen regions of France. As part of France, Martinique is part of the European Union, the official language is French, and virtually the entire population also speak Antillean Creole. Martinique owes its name to Christopher Columbus, who sighted the island in 1493, the island was then called Jouanacaëra-Matinino, which came from a mythical island described by the Tainos of Hispaniola. According to historian Sydney Daney, the island was called Jouanacaëra by the Caribs, when Columbus returned to the island in 1502, he rechristened the island as Martinica. The name then evolved into Madinina, Madiana, and Matinite, finally, through the influence of the neighboring island of Dominica, it came to be known as Martinique. The island was occupied first by Arawaks, then by Caribs, the Carib people had migrated from the mainland to the islands about 1201 CE, according to carbon dating of artifacts. They were largely displaced, exterminated and assimilated by the Taino, Martinique was charted by Columbus in 1493, but Spain had little interest in the territory. On 15 September 1635, Pierre Belain dEsnambuc, French governor of the island of St. Kitts, dEsnambuc claimed Martinique for the French King Louis XIII and the French Compagnie des Îles de lAmérique, and established the first European settlement at Fort Saint-Pierre. DEsnambuc died in 1636, leaving the company and Martinique in the hands of his nephew, in 1637, his nephew Jacques Dyel du Parquet became governor of the island. In 1636, the indigenous Caribs rose against the settlers to drive them off the island in the first of many skirmishes. The French successfully repelled the natives and forced them to retreat to the part of the island. When the Carib revolted against French rule in 1658, the Governor Charles Houël du Petit Pré retaliated with war against them, many were killed, those who survived were taken captive and expelled from the island. Some Carib had fled to Dominica or St. Vincent, where the French agreed to them at peace. They were quite industrious and became quite prosperous, from September 1686 to early 1688, the French crown used Martinique as a threat and a dumping ground for mainland Huguenots who refused to reconvert to Catholicism. Over 1,000 Huguenots were transported to Martinique during this period, usually under miserable and those that survived the trip were distributed to the island planters as Engagés under the system of serf peonage that prevailed in the French Antilles at the time. Many of them were encouraged by their Catholic brethren who looked forward to the departure of the heretics, by 1688, nearly all of Martiniques French Protestant population had escaped to the British American colonies or Protestant countries back home
32.
Harper's Bazaar
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Harpers Bazaar is an American womens fashion magazine, first published in 1867. Harpers Bazaar is published by Hearst and, as a magazine, considers itself to be the resource for women who are the first to buy the best. Writers Alice Meynell, Daisy Fellowes, Gloria Guinness, and Eleanor Hoyt Brainerd, when Harpers Bazaar began publication, it was a weekly magazine catering to women in the middle and upper classes. It showcased fashion from Germany and Paris in a newspaper-design format and it was not until 1901 that Harpers moved to a monthly issued magazine which it maintains today. Now Harpers Bazaar is owned and operated by the Hearst Corporation in the U. S. harper & Brothers founded the magazine. This company also gave birth to Harpers Magazine and HarperCollins Publishing, glenda Bailey is the editor-in-chief of U. S. edition of Harpers Bazaar. As the turn-of-the-century began in America, Harpers Bazaar began featuring both illustrations and photographs for its covers and inside features of society and increasingly of fashion. During the late Victorian period, as the suffrage movement was gaining momentum. Bazaar also began profiling prominent socialites, such as the Astors, in 1933, editor-in-chief Carmel Snow brought photojournalist Martin Munkacsi to a windswept beach to shoot a swimwear spread. As the model ran toward the camera, Munkacsi took the picture that made fashion-magazine history, until that moment, nearly all fashion was carefully staged on mannequin-like models in a studio. Snows buoyant spirit and wicked sense of adventure brought life to the pages of Bazaar, Snows genius came from cultivating the best people. Her first big find was art director Alexey Brodovitch, who innovated Bazaars iconic Didot logo, Snow also unleashed the force of nature known as Diana Vreeland, whom she brought on as fashion editor in 1936. The collaboration of these four visionaries resulted in some of the germane fashion shoots of the 20th century and ended only with Snows retirement, at the age of 70, throughout his career at the magazine, Brodovitch, a Russian émigré, revolutionized magazine design. With his directive Astonish me, he inspired some of the greatest visual artists of the 20th century, one of his assistants was future Rolling Stone art director Tony Lane. Sadly, Brodovitchs personal life was less triumphant, plagued by alcoholism, he left Bazaar in 1958 and eventually moved to the south of France, where he died in 1971. Diana, who is said to have invented the word pizzazz, before long, she became fashion editor, collaborating with photographers Louise Dahl-Wolfe and Richard Avedon and, later, art director Henry Wolf. Her eccentricity, perception and wit, as well as her sharp wit and sweeping pronouncements, were memorialized in the movie Funny Face, making her, for many, Richard Avedon began creating fashion portfolios for Harpers Bazaar at the age of 22. His distinctive photographs showed both chic insouciance and boundless vitality, avedons women leapt off curbs, roller-skated on the Place de la Concorde, and were seen in nightclubs, enjoying the freedom and fashions of the postwar era
33.
Edward McKnight Kauffer
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Edward McKnight Kauffer was an American-born artist noted for his avant garde graphic design and poster art, especially in Britain. Edward Kauffer was born on December 14,1890, in Great Falls, by 1910 he had moved to San Francisco working as a bookseller and studying art at the California School of Design from 1910 to 1912. At around this time Professor Joseph McKnight of the University of Utah became aware of Kauffers work, sponsored him, in gratitude Kauffer took his sponsors name as a middle name. Kauffer stopped in Chicago for six months in 1912/1913 and studied at the Art Institute of Chicago, while there he witnessed the Armory Show, one of the first major exhibitions to introduce the styles of modernism to American viewers. This likely had a impact on Kauffer, who would work in many of the same styles throughout his career. He arrived in Paris in 1913 and studied at the Académie Moderne until 1914, in Paris in 1923 he met the textile designer Marion Dorn, and subsequently resided with her in London, from late 1923 to July 1940. They married in 1950 and moved to New York until his death in 1954, Kauffer moved to London upon the start of the First World War, and remained there for most of his career. He was briefly associated with Robert Bevans Cumberland Market Group and had a show at the Omega Workshops. In Brighton on the south coast, he designed a novel mural for the lobby of Embassy Court, the mural consisted of monochrome photographs. Printed directly on to a cellulose coating. Kauffer may be best known for the 140 posters that he produced for London Underground, the posters span many styles, many show abstract influences, including futurism, cubism, and vorticism, others evoke impressionist influences such as Japanese woodcuts. He created posters for Shell Oil and other clients, and also illustrated books. Later he also became interested in textiles, interior design and theatrical design and he returned to New York City in 1940 at the beginning of the Second World War, and tried to find work in advertising. He struggled in the competitive atmosphere until he was approached to do a series of posters for American Airlines in 1947. American Airlines remained his primary client until his death in 1954, E. McKnight Kauffer, a designer and his public. London, V & A. ISBN1851774661, works by or about Edward McKnight Kauffer at Internet Archive
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