1.
1908 in poetry
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Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. March – Ezra Pound leaves America for Europe, in April, he moves to Venice, where in July he self-publishes his first collection of poems, A Lume Spento. In August he settles in London, where he will remain until 1920, summer – The Marlowe Society stages a production at the New Theatre, Cambridge, of Miltons masque Comus directed by Rupert Brooke. Renée Vivien attempts suicide by overdose of laudanum at the Savoy Hotel in London, founding in London of the Poets Club, a group comprised mainly amateurs which met monthly for most of the year. Late in the year – T. E. Hulme reads to the Poets Club his paper, A Lecture on Modern Poetry, William Wilfred Campbell, Poetical Tragedies including Mordred, Daulac, Morning and Hildebrand William Henry Drummond, The Great Fight, Poems and Sketches. O. Barnabooth Louis-Joseph Doucet, La Chanson du Passant, French language, Canada Albert Ferland, Le Canada Chante, French language, Canada C
2.
1913 in poetry
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— Joyce Kilmer, Trees, first published this year Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose. — Gertrude Stein, from Sacred Emily, written this year Nationality words link to articles with information on the poetry or literature. January 8 – Harold Monro founds the Poetry Bookshop in London, American poets Robert Frost and Ezra Pound will eventually meet there. Yeats poem September 1913 is published in The Irish Times during the Dublin Lock-out, Ezra Pound travels to London to meet W. B. The March 1913 issue of the magazine also contained Pounds A Few Donts by an Imagiste and this publication history means that this London-based movement has its first readership in the United States. The New Freewoman, a magazine, begins publication in June. Dora Marsden owns it, Rebecca West edits it at first, then Ezra Pound takes over as editor, it succeeds The Freewoman, founding of The Glebe a literary magazine edited by Alfred Kreymborg and Man Ray, it will cease publication in 1914 after 10 issues. Writing mostly after 1910, the group reinvigorates Spanish letters, revives literary myths, in politics, members of the movement often justify radicalism and rebellion. Wallace Stevens and his wife, Elsie, rent a New York City apartment from sculptor Adolph Weinman, november 14 – Rabindranath Tagore is awarded the Nobel prize in literature. December 15 – Ezra Pound writes to James Joyce requesting some of his recent poems for The Egoist, norbert von Hellingrath begins publishing Friedrich Hölderlins complete works, restoring his work to literary prominence. C. S. A. Indian, Malayalam-language James Boughton, American poet Flexmore Hudson, Australian V. R
3.
1914 in poetry
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They went with songs to the battle, they were young. Straight of limb, true of eyes, steady and aglow and they were staunch to the end against odds uncounted, They fell with their faces to the foe. They shall grow not old, as we that are left grow old, Age shall not weary them, at the going down of the sun and in the morning, We will remember them. — The Ode of Remembrance, an ode taken from Laurence Binyons For the Fallen, nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. Yeats, Ezra Pound, Thomas Sturge Moore, Victor Plarr, Richard Aldington, F. S. John Masefield writes the poem August,1914, September – J. R. R. Tolkien writes a poem about Eärendil, the first appearance of his mythopoeic Middle-earth legendarium. At this time Tolkien is an Oxford undergraduate staying at Phoenix Farm, September 22 – T. S. MacKenzie, In that New World Which is the Old Laura E. According to the literary critic Harold Bloom, no Western writer since Sophocles has had such a flowering of artistic genius. Christopher Brennan, Poems,1913, Australia Prafulla Ranjan Das, The Mother, one person would recite a line of poetry and the next person would try to recite the next, until the entire book was recited
4.
1917 in poetry
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Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. February — The Little Review moves from Chicago to New York City with the help of Ezra Pound. May 2 — English poet Marian Allen completes the poem To A. T. G. a few days after hearing of the death in action of her fiancé Arthur Greg, the first of several to his memory. May–June — T. S. Eliot takes over as editor of The Egoist, a London literary monthly, when Richard Aldington leaves for the British Army. With his encouragement, Owen writes Anthem for Doomed Youth and Dulce et Decorum est, like almost all Owens poetry, these remain unpublished until after his death in action next year. With the United States not yet fighting in World War I, Americans John Dos Passos, E. E. Cummings,60 of the Norton-Harjes Ambulance Corps. S. Eliot, Amy Lowell, Hilda Doolittle, Djuna Barnes, Man Ray, Skipwith Cannell and this becomes known as The Eisteddfodd of the Black Chair. Summer — The Siuru expressionistic and neo-romantic literary movement in Estonia is formed by a group of young poets, october 20 — 51-year-old poet W. B. November — Publication of The Muse in Arms, an anthology of British war poetry, listed alphabetically by first name, regardless of surname, Balawantrai Thakore, Bhanakar, Gujarati language Ci. Subrahamaniya Bharati, Kannan Pattu, Tamil language C. R. N. E
5.
1918 in poetry
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Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. January 23 — English poet Robert Graves marries the painter Nancy Nicholson in London, wedding guests include Wilfred Owen, who will be killed by the end of the year, and whose first nationally published poem appears 3 days later. June — English poet Basil Bunting is imprisoned as a conscientious objector, august 17 — English poets Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon meet for the last time, in London, and spend what Sassoon later describes as the whole of a hot cloudless afternoon together. November 4 — English war poet Wilfred Owen is killed in action, aged 25, news of his death reaches his parents in Oswestry a week later on Armistice Day. Marie Joussaye, Selections from Anglo-Saxon Songs, wilson MacDonald, The Song Of The Prairie Land and Other Poems. The Bengali Writers of English Verse, A Record and an Appreciation, Calcutta, Thacker, john Gogarty, The Ship, and Other Poems Helen Hamilton, Napoo. A. P. Herbert, The Bomber Gipsy, and Other Poems Gerard Manley Hopkins, Poems of Gerard Manley Hopkins C. H. C
6.
1919 in poetry
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—From A Prayer for My Daughter by W. B. Yeats, first published this year Nationality words link to articles with information on the poetry or literature. April 2 — Vladimir Nabokov, novelist and poet, leaves Russia with his family, yeats travels to the United States and begins a lecture tour lasting until May,1920. December — The Egoist, a London literary magazine founded by Dora Marsden which published early modernist works, including those of James Joyce, two paintings by E. E. Cummings appear in a show of the New York Society of Independent Artists. The journal Littérature founded in France by André Breton, Philippe Soupault, hilda Doolittle writes Notes on Thought and Vision, a prose work, published posthumously in 1982. Squire, The Birds and Other Poems W. B. B. R. D
7.
1920 in poetry
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— Wilfred Owen, concluding lines of Dulce et Decorum est, written 1917, published posthumously this year Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. Yeats concludes a lecture tour in the United States and crosses the Atlantic to settle in Oxford, Ezra Pound moves from London to Paris where he moves among a circle of artists, musicians and writers who are revolutionising modern art. E. Cummings, Charles Demuth, Kahlil Gibran, Gaston Lachaise, Amy Lowell, Marianne Moore, Ezra Pound, Odilon Redon, Bertrand Russell, Carl Sandburg, Van Wyck Brooks and this is his first real step towards recognition as a poet. Du Bois, Darkwater Robert Frost, Miscellaneous Poems William Ellery Leonard, The Lynching Bee Edgar Lee Masters, Domesday Book Edna St. Pithawalla, Sacred Sparks, Karachi, M. B. Moore, the Sweet Singer of Michigan,72, American poetaster, famed for her notoriously bad poetry July 3 – Charles E
8.
1922 in poetry
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— Opening lines from The Waste Land by T. S. Eliot, first published this year Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. February 2 Who Goes with Fergus. by W. B, yeats is the song that haunts James Joyces autobiographical character Stephen Dedalus in the novel Ulysses, first published complete in book form today. Stephen sings it to his mother as she lies dying, the poem is Joyces favorite lyric, and he has composed his own musical setting. In a savage creative storm of less than three weeks beginning today at the Château de Muzot in Switzerland, Rainer Maria Rilke writes his Sonnets to Orpheus and completes his Duino Elegies. April – The Fugitive is established in Nashville, Tennessee, by John Crowe Ransom, june – Over a single night at his home in Shaftsbury, Vermont, Robert Frost completes the long poem New Hampshire and at sunrise writes Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening. His poem Bidrohi is first collected this year in his first anthology, october 15 – T. S. Eliot establishes The Criterion magazine, containing the first publication of his poem The Waste Land. This first appears in the United States later this month in The Dial and is first published complete with notes in book form by Boni, november – Robert Bridges publishes his essay on free verse, Humdrum and Harum-Scarum. Yeats becomes a member of the Seanad Éireann in the Irish Free State. William Wilfred Campbell, The Poetical Works of Wilfred Campbell, W. J. Sykes ed. posthumously published William Douw Lighthall, Marjorie Pickthall, The Woodcarver’s Wife, and Later Poems]. Squire, Poems, Second Series Muriel Stuart, Poems W. B. B. V. de L. B, yeats April 19 - Marjorie Pickthall, English-born Canadian writer. May 13 – Sir Walter Raleigh, Scottish scholar, poet and author July 8 – Mori Ōgai 森 鷗外 / 森 鴎外, Japanese physician, translator, novelist and poet August 2 – M
9.
1923 in poetry
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In Paris, Basil Bunting meets Ezra Pound, whose poems will have a strong influence on Bunting throughout his career. McFarlane and others found the Jamaican Poetry League, xu Zhimo founds the Crescent Moon Society in China. D. H. Stevens first book, it was published by Knopf when he was in middle age, yet by 1960 the cottage industry of Stevens studies was becoming a multinational conglomerate. Vincent Millay, The Ballad of the Harp-Weaver, A Few Figs from Thistles, Eight Sonnets in American Poetry,1922
10.
1912 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1912. January 5 – Konstantin Stanislavski and Edward Gordon Craigs seminal symbolist Moscow Art Theatre production of Hamlet opens, conrad continues to work on finishing the book while the first chapters are appearing weekly in the Herald, completing it on March 26. March 3 – Frieda Weekley meets D. H. Lawrence in Nottingham, april 14–15 – Sinking of the RMS Titanic, The ocean liner RMS Titanic strikes an iceberg and sinks on her maiden voyage from the United Kingdom to the United States. American mystery writer Jacques Futrelle, English journalist and publisher William Thomas Stead, a copy of the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam in a jewelled binding by Sangorski & Sutcliffe is also lost. The event leads to a flood of poems, including Thomas Hardys The Convergence of the Twain, may 6 – Lie Kim Hok dies of typhus in Batavia, Dutch East Indies, aged 58. Lauw Giok Lan completes his translations of Hugo Hartmanns Dolores, de Verkochte Vrouw as Prampoean jang Terdjoewal and of Geneviève de Vadans as De Juffrouw van Gezelschap. June – As I. G. Ofir, Romanian poet Benjamin Fondane has his debut in the magazine Floare Albastră. August 10 – Virginia Stephen marries Leonard Woolf at St. Pancras Town Hall in London and they honeymoon in Provence, Spain and Italy before returning to live in London. September 21 – Harley Granville-Barkers production of Shakespeares The Winters Tale opens at the Savoy Theatre, London, with simplified scenery, ensemble acting and it is replaced in November by his production of Twelfth Night. October Edgar Rice Burroughs character Tarzan first appears in Tarzan of the Apes in American pulp magazine The All-Story, sax Rohmers character Fu Manchu first appears in The Zayat Kiss in English pulp magazine Story-Teller, the first instalment of The Mystery of Dr. Fu-Manchu. October 12 – Arthur Schnitzlers play La Ronde is first performed, in Budapest, october 25 – First issue of Simbolul, put out in Bucharest by Marcel Janco, Tristan Tzara, and Ion Vinea. – A Slap in the Face of Public Taste, the text of Russian Futurism, is published as both a manifesto and a poetry almanac. Edited and authored by David Burliuk, Viktor Khlebnikov, Aleksei Kruchenykh, attacks the tradition of Russian Symbolism, in particular works by Leonid Andreyev, Konstantin Balmont, Alexander Blok, and Ivan Bunin, but also ridicules independents such as Maxim Gorky. Texts of 13 Sanskrit dramas, perhaps from the first centuries BCE, publication of the Loeb Classical Library, parallel text editions of the classics, begins by London publisher Heinemann. Moruzi – Pribegi în țară răpită John Muir – The Yosemite P. D. F. L. R. – Sesto Pals, Romanian Israeli poet, priestleys An Inspector Calls are set in this year
11.
1914 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1914. January 18 – A party held in honour of English poet Wilfrid Scawen Blunt at his farm in West Sussex brings together W. B. Yeats, Ezra Pound, Thomas Sturge Moore, Victor Plarr, Richard Aldington, F. S. Flint and Frederic Manning, february–December – Publication of New Numbers, a quarterly collection of work by the Dymock poets in England edited by Lascelles Abercrombie. February 2 – James Joyces semi-autobiographical novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man commences serialization in The Egoist, february 4 – A staging of George A. Birminghams comedy General John Regan at Westport Town Hall in Ireland provokes a riot. February 10 – Thomas Hardy marries his wife, childrens author Florence Dugdale, at St Andrews. March The Times Literary Supplement is published separately for the first time, the Little Review is founded by Margaret Caroline Anderson as part of Chicagos literary renaissance. March 4 – Irish-born novelist George Moore publishes Vale, the final of his 3-volume autobiographical Hail, june – James Joyces Dubliners, a collection of fifteen short stories depicting the Irish middle classes in and around Dublin during the early 20th century, is published in London. June 20 – First issue of the Vorticist literary magazine BLAST edited by Wyndham Lewis is published and it includes Ford Madox Hueffers The Saddest Story, a preliminary version of The Good Soldier. June 24 – Edward Thomas makes the English railway journey which inspires his poem Adlestrop en route to meet Robert Frost, july E. M. Forster completes his novel Maurice, with its theme of male homosexual love, it is not published until 1971. Heinrich Mann completes his novel Der Untertan, with its critique of German nationalism, August The literature of World War I makes its first appearance. John Masefield writes the poem August,1914, the last he will produce before the peace, stanley Unwin purchases a controlling interest in the London publisher George Allen. August 25 – The library of the Catholic University of Leuven is set on fire by German troops during the Rape of Belgium, September – J. R. R. Tolkien writes a poem about Eärendil, the first appearance of his mythopoeic Middle-earth legendarium. Eärendil will much later appear in the The Silmarillion, at this time Tolkien is an Oxford undergraduate staying at Phoenix Farm, Gedling near Nottingham. September 2 – Charles Masterman invites 25 eminent literary men to Wellington House in London to form a secret British War Propaganda Bureau, kipling soon afterwards writes the poem For all we have and are. Yeats, however, refuses to sign a letter of support for the War signed by most of the participants, September 9 – Hilaire Belloc is contracted to write regular articles on the War in the new British weekly Land and Water. September 21 – Laurence Binyons poem For the Fallen, containing his Ode of Remembrance, is published in The Times, T. S. Eliot meets fellow American poet Ezra Pound for the first time, in London. September 29 – Arthur Machens short story The Bowmen, origin of the legend of the Angels of Mons, is published in The Evening News, november 7 – The first issue of The New Republic magazine is published in the United States. November 16 – M. P. Shiel is convicted and imprisoned for indecently assaulting, december 31 – T. S. Oxford is very pretty, but I dont like to be dead
12.
1916 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1916. January – The Journal of Negro History is founded by Carter G. Woodson, march 1 – Transfer of the National Library of Wales at Aberystwyth into its purpose-built premises is completed. March 22 – Marriage of J. R. R. Tolkien and Edith Bratt at St. Mary Immaculate Roman Catholic Church, Warwick and they will serve as the inspiration for the fictional characters Beren and Lúthien. Tolkien leaves for military service in France at the beginning of June, april–June – Katherine Mansfield and John Middleton Murry live as neighbours to D. H. and Frieda Lawrence at Higher Tregerthen, near Zennor in Cornwall. Of the seven leaders of the Rising, Thomas MacDonagh, Patrick Pearse and Joseph Plunkett are all poets and James Connolly a balladeer, the event is the theme of W. B. Yeats poem Easter,1916, first published this September, may 16 – Natsume Sōsekis novel Light and Darkness begins serialization in the Tokyo and Osaka editions of the newspaper Asahi Shimbun but will remain unfinished at the authors death on December 9. Future Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Harold Macmillan, wounded in Septembers Battle of Flers–Courcelette and sheltering in a slit trench, yeats makes his fifth and final proposal of marriage to the newly widowed Maud Gonne in France. Summer – In the United States 15-year-old Margaret Mitchell writes the manuscript of a novella called Lost Laysen in two notebooks and she will later give the manuscript to a boyfriend and the book remains lost until rediscovered in the mid-1990s and published in 1996. Meanwhile, Mitchell will go on to write Gone with the Wind, September – Joseph Conrads novella The Shadow Line commences serialization in both The English Review and the Metropolitan Magazine. October 19 – New building for the German National Library opens in Leipzig, December 29 – James Joyces semi-autobiographical novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is first published complete in book form in New York. July 1–12 – Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916, partial inspiration for Peter Benchleys novel Jaws, November – Aleksandr Solzhenitsyns novel November 1916 is set in the lead-up to the Russian Revolution
13.
1917 in literature
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This article presents lists of literary events and publications in 1917. January Francis Picabia produces the first issue of the Dada periodical 391 in Barcelona, J. R. R. February 4/5 – English writer Hugh Kingsmill is taken prisoner while fighting in France. February 16 – The publishing house of Boni & Liveright is established in New York City by Horace Liveright with Albert Boni, and establishes the Modern Library imprint. April – Leonard and Virginia Woolf take delivery of the printing press they require in order to establish the Hogarth Press at their home. Their first publication is Two Stories, june 4 – The first Pulitzer Prizes are awarded, Laura E. Richards, Maude H. Swope receives the first Pulitzer for journalism for his work for the New York World. June 18 – Luigi Pirandellos drama Right You Are is premièred in Milan, summer – The Siuru expressionistic and neo-romantic literary movement in Estonia is formed by a group of young poets and writers. October 20 – 51-year-old poet W. B, yeats marries 25-year-old Georgie Hyde-Lees at Harrow Road register office in London a couple of months after having had a proposal of marriage to his ex-mistresss daughter, Iseult Gonne, rejected. December 25 – Jesse Lynch Williams Why Marry, the first dramatic play to win a Pulitzer Prize, opens at the Astor Theatre. The colonial government of the Dutch East Indies establishes the Kantoor voor de Volklectuur, the Marc Chagall illustrated version of The Magician by I. L. Peretz is published in Vilnius. This is the background to Aleksandr Solzhenitsyns novels in The Red Wheel sequence March 1917, august 18 – First meeting between Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon, the basis of Stephen MacDonalds drama Not About Heroes and Pat Barkers novel Regeneration
14.
1918 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1918. January 1 – Popular British novelist and wartime propagandist Hall Caine is made a KBE, january 2 – Popular British novelist Marie Corelli is convicted under wartime legislation for hoarding food. January 23 – Robert Graves marries the painter Nancy Nicholson in London, wedding guests include Wilfred Owen, whose first nationally published poem appears 3 days later and who will be killed by the end of the year. March The Telemachus episode of James Joyces Ulysses is published in the American journal The Little Review, English novelist Alec Waugh is made a prisoner of war, he will be incarcerated in Mainz Citadel with monologuist J. Milton Hayes and Hugh Kingsmill. English writer May Sinclair first uses the term Stream of consciousness to describe a narrative mode, may 3 – Katherine Mansfield marries her long-time partner John Middleton Murry at Kensington register office in London. June – English poet Basil Bunting is imprisoned as a conscientious objector, august 17 – Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon meet for the last time, in London, and spend what Sassoon later describes as the whole of a hot cloudless afternoon together. October 3 – Siegfried Sassoon visits his mentor Robbie Ross for the last time, Sassoon later writes that Ross, in saying goodbye, gave him a presentiment of final farewell. November 4 – Wilfred Owen is killed in action, aged 25, news of his death reaches his parents in Shrewsbury a week later on Armistice Day. He is awarded a posthumous Military Cross a year later, december 28 – Emperor Khải Định of Vietnam declares the traditional Chữ nôm script for writing the Vietnamese language to be abolished in favour of the Latin script Vietnamese alphabet. Winter – Parisian farceur Georges Feydeau contracts tertiary syphilis, the 2nd annual Pulitzer Prizes are awarded in the United States, including the first award for a novel
15.
1915 in art
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May – Ambrose Heal and others found the Design and Industries Association in London. May – Publication of the first modern book illustrated with wood engravings, june 10 – The only Vorticist exhibition staged opens at the Doré Gallery in London. October 24 – Giovanni Battista Tiepolos frescos, Translation of the House of Loreto, december 19 – Kasimir Malevich stages the 0.10 Exhibition and originates Suprematism. Harpers Bazaar hires Erté to design its covers, edward McKnight Kauffer is given his first commission to design a poster for the Underground Electric Railways Company of London. Shōzaburō Watanabe originates shin-hanga collaborative woodblock printing in Japan, the first of the Etruscan terracotta warriors, forged by sculptor Alfredo Fioravanti with the Riccardi family, is purchased by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. 14-year-old Alice Prin is posing for sculptors in Paris, W. R. W. L. February 11 – Mervyn Levy, Welsh artist and critic. March 10 – Harry Bertoia, Italian-born American artist and furniture designer, april 4 – Louis Archambault, Canadian sculptor
16.
1915 in architecture
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The year 1915 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. April - The Hiroshima Prefectural Commercial Exhibition, designed by Jan Letzel, is opened, april 21 - Theatre Circo, Braga, Portugal. November 6 - Tunkhannock Viaduct, Nicholson, Pennsylvania, designed by Abraham Burton Cohen, prince of Wales Museum of Western India, Bombay. Yosemite Lodge at the Falls, Yosemite Village, California, well Hall Estate for arsenal workers at Woolwich in south-east London. Royal Gold Medal - Frank Darling, grand Prix de Rome, architecture, not held
17.
1915 in music
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This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1915. March–December - The ukulele becomes popular as a result of its appearance in the Hawaiian Pavilion at the Panama–Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco, may 15 - Tom Browns band from New Orleans begin performing in Chicago, Illinois and start advertising themselves as a Jass Band. April 21 - Sibelius sees sixteen swans over Lake Tuusula which immediately inspires him to write the theme becomes the finalé to his Symphony No.5. Summer - Claude Debussy composes at Pourville on the French Channel coast, october 28 - Richard Strausss symphonic poem An Alpine Symphony is premiered by the orchestra of the Dresden Hofkapelle in Berlin under the composers baton. November 13 - First concert devoted to the work of Brazilian composer Heitor Villa-Lobos, December 8 - Jean Sibeliuss Symphony No.5 is premiered by the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra at a birthday concert for him. December - Claude Debussy becomes one of the first people to receive a colostomy, composer Alban Berg enters service with the Austro-Hungarian Army. Composer Herbert Howells is given six months to live, and becomes the first person in the UK to receive radium treatment, William Penfro Rowlandss hymn tune Blaenwern is first published in Henry H. Jones Cân a Moliant. Jack Yellen & George L. Cobb All For You w. Henry Blossom m, victor Herbert Along The Rocky Road To Dublin w. Joe Young m. Bert Grant America, I Love You w. Edgar Leslie m, irving Berlin Are You From Dixie. Jack Yellen & George L. Cobb Are You The OReilly, rooney, Emmett The Army Of Todays All Right w. m. Kenneth Lyle & Fred W. Leigh Auf Wiedersehen w. Herbert Reynolds m, Sigmund Romberg, from the musical The Blue Paradise Babes In The Wood w. Schuyler Greene & Jerome Kern m. Jerome Kern Baby Shoes w. Joe Goodwin & Ed Rose m. Al Piantadosi Beatrice Fairfax, Tell Me What To Do w. m, Grant Clarke, Joseph McCarthy, & James V. Monaco Belgium Put the Kibosh on the Kaiser w. m. Mark Sheridan Blame It On The Blues Doc Cooke Canadian Capers w. Earl Burnett m, Gus Chandler, Bert White & Henry Cohan Close To My Heart by A. B. Harold Atteridge & Sigmund Romberg Gasoline Gus And His Jitney Bus Gay, spencer Williams The Girl On The Magazine Cover w. m. Hirsch Hello, Hawaii, How Are You, W. Bert Kalmar & Edgar Leslie m. Jean Schwartz The Hesitating Blues w. m, handy I Can Beat You Doing What Youre Doing Me w. m. Clarence Williams & Armand J. Piron I Didnt Raise My Boy To Be A Soldier w. Alfred Bryan m. Al Piantadosi I Love a Piano w. m, irving Berlin I Wish I Was An Island In An Ocean Of Girls w. Henry Blossom m. Jean Schwartz In a Monastery Garden m. Albert William Ketèlbey Ireland Is Ireland To Me w. Fiske OHara & J. Keirn Brennan m. Ernest R. Ball Its Tulip Time In Holland w. Dave Radford m
18.
John McCrae
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Lieutenant Colonel John McCrae, MD was a Canadian poet, physician, author, artist and soldier during World War I, and a surgeon during the Second Battle of Ypres, in Belgium. He is best known for writing the war memorial poem In Flanders Fields. McCrae died of pneumonia near the end of the war, McCrae was born in McCrae House in Guelph, Ontario to Lieutenant-Colonel David McCrae and Janet Simpson Eckford, he was the grandson of Scottish immigrants. His brother, Dr. Thomas McCrae, became professor of medicine at Johns Hopkins Medical School in Baltimore and his sister, Geills married a lawyer, Kilgour, and moved to Winnipeg. He attended the Guelph Collegiate Vocational Institute and he took a year off his studies at the university due to recurring problems with asthma. Quite a nobby place it is, in fact and my windows look right out across the bay, and are just near the water’s edge, there is a good deal of shipping at present in the port, and the river looks very pretty. He was a resident master in English and Mathematics in 1894 at the Ontario Agricultural College in Guelph and he returned to the University of Toronto and completed his B. A. McCrae returned again to study medicine on a scholarship. While attending the university he joined the Zeta Psi Fraternity and published his first poems, while in medical school, he tutored other students to help pay his tuition. Two of his students were among the first female doctors in Ontario and he graduated in 1898, and was first a resident house-officer at Toronto General Hospital, and then in 1899, at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland. In 1902, he was appointed resident pathologist at Montreal General Hospital, in 1900 John McCrae arrived in South Africa were he served as a Lieutenant in the Canadian Field Artillery during the Boer War. In 1904, he was appointed an associate in medicine at the Royal Victoria Hospital, later that year, he went to England where he studied for several months and became a member of the Royal College of Physicians. In 1905, he set up his own although he continued to work. The same year, he was appointed pathologist to the Montreal Foundling, in 1908, he was appointed physician to the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Infectious Diseases. In 1910, he accompanied Lord Grey, the Governor General of Canada, McCrae was the co-author, with J. G. Adami, of a medical textbook, A Text-Book of Pathology for Students of Medicine. When Britain declared war on Germany at the start of World War I, Canada, McCrae was appointed as Medical Officer and Major of the 1st Brigade CFA. He treated wounded during the Second Battle of Ypres in 1915, from June 1,1915, McCrae was ordered away from the artillery to set up No.3 Canadian General Hospital at Dannes-Camiers near Boulogne-sur-Mer, northern France. Allinson reported that McCrae most unmilitarily told what he thought of being transferred to the medicals and his last words to me were, Allinson, all the goddamn doctors in the world will not win this bloody war, what we need is more and more fighting men. In Flanders Fields appeared anonymously in Punch on December 8,1915, the verses swiftly became one of the most popular poems of the war, used in countless fund-raising campaigns and frequently translated
19.
In Flanders Fields
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In Flanders Fields is a war poem in the form of a rondeau, written during the First World War by Canadian physician Lieutenant-Colonel John McCrae. He was inspired to write it on May 3,1915, after presiding over the funeral of friend and fellow soldier Lieutenant Alexis Helmer, according to legend, fellow soldiers retrieved the poem after McCrae, initially dissatisfied with his work, discarded it. In Flanders Fields was first published on December 8 of that year in the London-based magazine Punch and it is one of the most popular and most quoted poems from the war. As a result of its popularity, parts of the poem were used in propaganda efforts and appeals to recruit soldiers. The poem and poppy are prominent Remembrance Day symbols throughout the Commonwealth of Nations, particularly in Canada, the poem also has wide exposure in the United States, where it is associated with Memorial Day. John McCrae was a poet and physician from Guelph, Ontario and he developed an interest in poetry at a young age and wrote throughout his life. His earliest works were published in the mid-1890s in Canadian magazines, McCraes poetry often focused on death and the peace that followed. At the age of 41, McCrae enrolled with the Canadian Expeditionary Force following the outbreak of the First World War. He had the option of joining the corps because of his training and age. It was his tour of duty in the Canadian military. He had previously fought with a force in the Second Boer War. He considered himself a soldier first, his father was a leader in Guelph and McCrae grew up believing in the duty of fighting for his country. McCrae fought in the battle of Ypres in the Flanders region of Belgium where the German army launched one of the first chemical attacks in the history of war. They attacked the Canadian position with chlorine gas on April 22,1915, but were unable to break through the Canadian line, which held for over two weeks. In a letter written to his mother, McCrae described the battle as a nightmare, For seventeen days and seventeen nights none of us have had our clothes off, nor our boots even, except occasionally. In all that time while I was awake, gunfire and rifle fire never ceased for sixty seconds, and behind it all was the constant background of the sights of the dead, the wounded, the maimed, and a terrible anxiety lest the line should give way. Alexis Helmer, a friend, was killed during the battle on May 2. McCrae performed the service himself, at which time he noted how poppies quickly grew around the graves of those who died at Ypres
20.
T. S. Eliot
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Thomas Stearns Eliot OM was a British essayist, publisher, playwright, literary and social critic, and one of the twentieth centurys major poets. He moved from his native United States to England in 1914 at the age of 25, settling, working and he eventually became a British subject in 1927 at the age of 39, renouncing his American citizenship. Eliot attracted widespread attention for his poem The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock and it was followed by some of the best-known poems in the English language, including The Waste Land, The Hollow Men, Ash Wednesday, and Four Quartets. He was also known for his seven plays, particularly Murder in the Cathedral and he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1948, for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry. The Eliots were a Boston family with roots in Old and New England, Thomas Eliots paternal grandfather, William Greenleaf Eliot, had moved to St. Louis, Missouri to establish a Unitarian Christian church there. Eliot was the last of six surviving children, his parents were both 44 years old when he was born, Eliot was born at 2635 Locust St. property owned by his grandfather, William Greenleaf Eliot. His four sisters were between 11 and 19 years older, his brother was eight years older, known to family and friends as Tom, he was the namesake of his maternal grandfather, Thomas Stearns. Eliots childhood infatuation with literature can be ascribed to several factors, firstly, he had to overcome physical limitations as a child. Struggling from a congenital double inguinal hernia, he could not participate in physical activities. As he was isolated, his love for literature developed. Once he learned to read, the boy immediately became obsessed with books and was absorbed in tales depicting savages. In his memoir of Eliot, his friend Robert Sencourt comments that the young Eliot would often curl up in the window-seat behind an enormous book, setting the drug of dreams against the pain of living. Secondly, Eliot credited his hometown with fuelling his literary vision, I feel that there is something in having passed ones childhood beside the big river, which is incommunicable to those people who have not. I consider myself fortunate to have been here, rather than in Boston, or New York. From 1898 to 1905, Eliot attended Smith Academy, where his studies included Latin, Ancient Greek, French and he began to write poetry when he was fourteen under the influence of Edward Fitzgeralds Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, a translation of the poetry of Omar Khayyam. He said the results were gloomy and despairing and he destroyed them and his first published poem, A Fable For Feasters, was written as a school exercise and was published in the Smith Academy Record in February 1905. Also published there in April 1905 was his oldest surviving poem in manuscript and he also published three short stories in 1905, Birds of Prey, A Tale of a Whale and The Man Who Was King. The last mentioned story significantly reflects his exploration of Igorot Village while visiting the 1904 Worlds Fair of St. Louis, such a link with primitive people importantly antedates his anthropological studies at Harvard
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The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
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The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, commonly known as Prufrock, is the first professionally published poem by American-British poet T. S. Eliot. Eliot began writing Prufrock in February 1910, and it was first published in the June 1915 issue of Poetry and it was later printed as part of a twelve-poem pamphlet titled Prufrock and Other Observations in 1917. At the time of its publication, Prufrock was considered outlandish, Eliot narrates the experience of Prufrock using the stream of consciousness technique developed by his fellow Modernist writers. Prufrock laments his physical and intellectual inertia, the lost opportunities in his life and lack of spiritual progress, Eliot wrote The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock between February 1910 and July or August 1911. Pound claimed that Eliot has actually trained himself AND modernized himself ON HIS OWN, the rest of the promising young have done one or the other, but never both. The poem was first published by the magazine in its June 1915 issue, in November 1915 The Love Song of J. In June 1917 The Egoist, a publishing firm run by Dora Marsden, published a pamphlet entitled Prufrock and Other Observations. The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock was the first in the volume, also Eliot was appointed assistant editor of the Egoist in June 1917. According to the notebooks, now in the collection of the New York Public Library, Eliot finished the poem that was published sometime in July. In 1912, Eliot revised the poem and included a 38-line section now called Prufrocks Pervigilium which was inserted on those blank pages, however, Eliot removed this section soon after seeking the advice of his fellow Harvard acquaintance and poet Conrad Aiken. Its reception in London can be gauged from a review in The Times Literary Supplement on 21 June 1917. The fact that things occurred to the mind of Mr. Eliot is surely of the very smallest importance to anyone. They certainly have no relation to poetry, the Harvard Vocarium at Harvard College recorded Eliots reading of Prufrock and other poems in 1947, as part of their ongoing series of poetry readings by their authors. In his early drafts, Eliot gave the poem the subtitle Prufrock among the Women and this subtitle was apparently discarded before publication. Eliot called the poem a love song in reference to Rudyard Kiplings poem The Love Song of Har Dyal, first published in Kiplings collection Plain Tales from the Hills. However, the origin of the name Prufrock is not certain, stearns Eliot, very similar in form to that of J. Alfred Prufrock. The draft version of the poems epigraph comes from Dantes Purgatorio, He finally decided not to use this, the quotation that Eliot did choose comes from Dante also. This encounter follows Dantes meeting with Ulysses, who himself is condemned to the circle of the Fraudulent
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Irish poetry
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Irish poetry includes poetry in two languages, Irish and English. The earliest surviving poems in Irish date back to the 6th century and this culminated in the work of the poets of the Irish Literary Revival in the late 19th and early 20th century. Poetry in Irish represents the oldest vernacular poetry in Europe, the earliest examples date from the 6th century, and are generally short lyrics on themes from religion or the world of nature. They were frequently written by their authors in the margins of the illuminated manuscripts that they were copying. The best known example is Pangur Bán and it was practical for poems to be short because the Irish recognized that it was necessary to use any means necessary to make the poems lasting in their oral culture. To accomplish such a feat as well as they have, they used complicated rhyme schemes that would render a poem nonsensical if any of the key words were changed from the original version, in an oral culture, Irish poetry had many uses. A poem could be used to both the poet and the subject of the poem, oftentimes kings would commission poets to create a piece about them. Such poems would be passed on to descendants so they would remember the deeds of past generations. Kings would also commission poets to write poems of advertisement, speaking of the greatness and worthiness. Oral poetry, because it was in the vernacular, was used for entertainment. Poems that were entertaining could also be informative, teaching people lessons or offering them wisdom of experience for dealing with situations they would encounter in their everyday lives. Finally, poems, especially those featured in the sagas, were thought to be an instrument of the supernatural, Another source of early Irish poetry is the poems in the tales and sagas, such as the Táin Bó Cúailnge. Unlike many other European epic cycles, the Irish sagas were written in prose, Irish bards formed a professional hereditary caste of highly trained, learned poets. As officials of the court of king or chieftain, they performed a number of official roles and they were chroniclers and satirists whose job it was to praise their employers and damn those who crossed them. It was believed that a well-aimed bardic satire, glam dicin, the Metrical Dindshenchas, or Lore of Places, is probably the major surviving monument of Irish bardic verse. It is a great onomastic anthology of naming legends of significant places in the Irish landscape, the earliest of these date from the 11th century, and were probably originally compiled on a provincial basis. As a national compilation, the Metrical Dindshenchas has come down to us in two different recensions. Knowledge of the real or putative history of local places formed an important part of the education of the elite in ancient Ireland, verse tales of Fionn and the Fianna, sometimes known as Ossianic poetry, were extremely common in Ireland and Scotland throughout this period
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Colombian literature
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Colombian literature, as an expression of the culture of Colombia, is heterogeneous due to the coexistence of Spanish, African and Native American heritages in an extremely diverse geography. Colombia produced one of the richest literatures of Latin America, as much for its abundance as for its variety, Colombian intellectuals who forged the literature of this period also contributed decisively to the consolidation of Latin American literature. Under the Spanish Empire, major literary topics included conquest narratives, chronicles, religious devotion and his work was influenced by the Spanish poet Luis de Góngora, in a cultural trend known as the Indias Baroque. During the process of independence, Colombian literature was influenced by the political motivations of the moment. The main literary movements were close to Romanticism, during the nineteenth century, political writing was led by Simón Bolívar. Local journalism was initiated by Antonio Nariño, the Colombian government established the first Academy of Spanish language in the American continent, in 1871. Other relevant authors were, Camilo Torres Tenorio Francisco Antonio Zea, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the main topic in Colombian literature was the colourful depiction of peasant life, tied to strong criticism of society and government. This type of literature was called costumbrista literature, modernisms main topics are ugliness and mystery. Nadaísmo included elements of existentialism and nihilism, an incorporation of city life. Some writers like Cristian Valencia, Alberto Salcedo Ramos and Jorge Enrique Botero, have written literary journalism, in recent decades, in Colombia there has been a significant number of poets of importance, who deal with urban issues and anti-poetry. Among them are Antonieta Villamil, Andrea Cote, Lucia Estrada, Felipe García Quintero, recent picture book voices include the work of Ivar da Coll, Claudia Rueda, Jairo Buitrago and Rafael Yockteng List of Colombian writers
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American poetry
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Unsurprisingly, most of the early colonists work relied on contemporary British models of poetic form, diction, and theme. However, in the 19th century, a distinctive American idiom began to emerge, the history of American poetry is not easy to know. The received narrative of Modernism proposes that Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot were perhaps the most influential modernist English-language poets in the period during World War I. But this narrative leaves out African American and women poets who were published, by the 1960s, the young poets of the British Poetry Revival looked to their American contemporaries and predecessors as models for the kind of poetry they wanted to write. There are 14 such writers whom we might on that basis call American poets, early examples include a 1616 testimonial poem on the sterling warlike character of Captain John Smith and Rev. One of the first recorded poets of the British colonies was Anne Bradstreet, the poems she published during her lifetime address religious and political themes. She also wrote tender evocations of home, family life and of her love for her husband, edward Taylor wrote poems expounding Puritan virtues in a highly wrought metaphysical style that can be seen as typical of the early colonial period. This narrow focus on the Puritan ethic was, understandably, the dominant note of most of the written in the colonies during the 17th. Of course, being a Puritan minister as well as a poet, a distinctly American lyric voice of the colonial period was Phillis Wheatley, a slave whose book Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral, was published in 1773. She was one of the poets of her day, at least in the colonies. The 18th century saw an emphasis on America itself as fit subject matter for its poets. The work of Rebecca Hammond Lard, although old, still apply to life in todays world. She writes about nature, not only the nature of environment, on the whole, the development of poetry in the American colonies mirrors the development of the colonies themselves. The early poetry is dominated by the need to preserve the integrity of the Puritan ideals that created the settlement in the first place, as the colonists grew in confidence, the poetry they wrote increasingly reflected their drive towards independence. This shift in subject matter was not reflected in the mode of writing which tended to be conservative and this can be seen as a product of the physical remove at which American poets operated from the center of English-language poetic developments in London. The first significant poet of the independent United States was William Cullen Bryant, whose contribution was to write rhapsodic poems on the grandeur of prairies. Formed the Fireside Poets were a group of 19th-century American poets from New England, the poets primary subjects were the domestic life, mythology, and politics of the United States, in which several of the poets were directly involved. Other notable poets to emerge in the early and middle 19th century include Ralph Waldo Emerson, Edgar Allan Poe, Henry David Thoreau, Sidney Lanier, and James Whitcomb Riley
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Ezra Pound
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Ezra Weston Loomis Pound was an expatriate American poet and critic, and a major figure in the early modernist movement. His contribution to poetry began with his development of Imagism, a movement derived from classical Chinese and Japanese poetry, stressing clarity, precision and his best-known works include Ripostes, Hugh Selwyn Mauberley and the unfinished 120-section epic, The Cantos. This included arranging for the publication in 1915 of Eliots The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, angered by the carnage of World War I, Pound lost faith in England and blamed the war on usury and international capitalism. Deemed unfit to stand trial, he was incarcerated in St. Elizabeths psychiatric hospital in Washington, while in custody in Italy, Pound had begun work on sections of The Cantos. These were published as The Pisan Cantos, for which he was awarded the Bollingen Prize in 1949 by the Library of Congress, triggering enormous controversy. Largely due to a campaign by his writers, he was released from St. Elizabeths in 1958. Hemingway wrote, The best of Pounds writing—and it is in the Cantos—will last as long as there is any literature, Pound was born in a small, two-story house in Hailey, Idaho Territory, the only child of Homer Loomis Pound and Isabel Weston. His father had worked in Hailey since 1883 as registrar of the General Land Office, both parents ancestors had emigrated from England in the 17th century. On his mothers side, Pound was descended from William Wadsworth, the Wadsworths married into the Westons of New York. Harding Weston and Mary Parker were the parents of Isabel Weston, harding apparently spent most of his life without work, with his brother, Ezra Weston, and his brothers wife, Frances, looking after Mary and Isabels needs. On his fathers side, the immigrant ancestor was John Pound, a Quaker, Ezras grandfather, Thaddeus Coleman Pound, was a Republican Congressman from northwest Wisconsin who had made and lost a fortune in the lumber business. Thaddeuss son Homer, Pounds father, worked for Thaddeus in the lumber business, Homer and Isabel married the following year, and Homer built a home in Hailey. Isabel was unhappy in Hailey and took Ezra with her to New York in 1887, Homer followed them, and in 1889 he found a job as an assayer at the Philadelphia Mint. The family moved to Jenkintown, Pennsylvania, and in 1893 bought a house in Wyncote. Between 1897 and 1900 Pound attended Cheltenham Military Academy, sometimes as a boarder, the boys wore Civil War-style uniforms and besides Latin were taught English, history, arithmetic, marksmanship, military drilling and the importance of submitting to authority. After the academy he may have attended Cheltenham Township High School for one year and it was at Pennsylvania in 1901 that Pound met Hilda Doolittle, his first serious romance, according to Pound scholar Ira Nadel. In 1911 she followed Pound to London and became involved in developing the Imagism movement, Pound was seeing two other women at the same time—Viola Baxter and Mary Moore—later dedicating a book of poetry, Personae, to the latter. He asked Moore to marry him too, but she turned him down and his parents and Frances Weston took Pound on another three-month European tour in 1902, after which he transferred, in 1903, to Hamilton College in Clinton, New York, possibly because of poor grades
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Cathay (poetry collection)
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Cathay is a collection of classical Chinese poetry translated into English by modernist poet Ezra Pound based on Ernest Fenollosas notes that came into Pounds possession in 1913. At first Pound used the notes to translate Noh plays and then to translate Chinese poetry to English, in 1909 Pound was living in London working as secretary to W. B. Interested in Asian art and literature, the two often visited the Asian exhibits at the British Museum. Pound had previously become acquainted with Laurence Binyon, a curator of Asian art at the museum and author of Flight of the Dragons, An Essay on the Theory and Practice of Art in China and Japan. Binyon and Pound shared a view of Asian art, seeing in it a respect for tradition coupled with innovative ideas, soon after Pound read Herbert Giless A History of Modern Literature from which he took inspiration to try his hand at translating Chinese poetry. Late in 1913, Pound met the widowed wife of Ernest Fenollosa, Mary McNeil Fenollosa. She had read his poems, had an opinion of him. Fenollosa had died two years earlier, leaving behind a collection of disorganized notes and unpublished manuscripts based on two decades spent living, teaching, and studying in Asia. The papers were sent to Pound in London and upon examining them his first task was to rewrite Fenollosas basic translations of Noh plays and these were to become the basis for Pounds translations of Noh plays and Asian poetry. The notes included translations of Chinese Taoist poetry, Pound quickly saw that the poetry was terse, the translations Pound made of the 15 poems collected in Cathay were directly derived from Fenollosas notes. The volume was published by Elkin Mathews in London, with a print-run of 1,000, Pound worked on the poems in Cathay during the period he made a move from imagism to vorticism. Pound critic Zhaoming Qian calls The River Merchants Wife, The Jewell Stairs Grievance, the opening poem, Song of the Bowmen of Shu, shows the dominant themes of separation and loneliness, especially the loneliness of the soldier. This is evident also in Lament of the Frontier Guard, and is suggestive of Pounds great distress at the loss life during World War One. Pound used imagery to convey emotions in the poems. For example in The Jewel Stairs Grievance a woman waits impatiently, eventually Pound would use Fenollosas work as a starting point for what he called the ideogrammic method. Neither Pound nor Fenollosa spoke or read Chinese proficiently, and Pound was working from the notes of an American who had studied Chinese under a Japanese teacher. The volume was published during a period when Pound felt despondent about his work, nonetheless upon the publication of the volume W. B. Cathay on the Internet Archive Cathay at Project Gutenberg Cathay public domain audiobook at LibriVox
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Li Bai
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Li Bai, also known as Li Bo, was a Chinese poet acclaimed from his own day to the present as a genius and a romantic figure who took traditional poetic forms to new heights. He and his friend Du Fu were the two most prominent figures in the flourishing of Chinese poetry in the Tang dynasty, which is called the Golden Age of Chinese Poetry. The expression Three Wonders referred to Li Bais poetry, Pei Mins swordplay, around a thousand poems attributed to him are extant. In the same century, translations of his poems began to appear in Europe, the poems were models for celebrating the pleasures of friendship, the depth of nature, solitude, and the joys of drinking wine. Among the most famous are Waking from Drunkenness on a Spring Day, The Hard Road to Shu, and Quiet Night Thought, in the West, multi-lingual translations of Lis poems continue to be made. However, of importance are the changes in the times through which he lived. This all changed suddenly and shockingly, beginning with the rebellion of the general An Lushan, Lis poetry as well takes on new tones and qualities. Unlike his younger friend Du Fu, Li was not to live to see the quelling of these disorders, however, much of Lis poetry has survived and it has retained enduring popularity in China and elsewhere. Li is the name, or surname. Li Bai, Li Po, Li Bo, Ri Haku, all of these variants and more, Li Bai generally referred to himself as 白. His given name is written with a Chinese character, which is romanized by variants such as Po, Bo, Bai, Pai. In Hanyu Pinyin, reflecting modern Mandarin Chinese, the main, colloquial equivalent for this character is Bái, however Bó is the correct literary variant and a common pronunciation for his name. The P in Wade–Giles Po indicates a lack of aspiration in the consonant, thus closer to /b/ than /p/, which would be written p, the Cantonese version is baak6, with a final /k/. The reconstructed version of how he and others during the Tang dynasty would have pronounced this is Bhæk and his courtesy name was Taibai, literally Great White, literally meaning Venus. Thus, combining the name with the courtesy name, his name appears in variants such as Li Taibo, Li Taibai, Li Tai-po. When the English transliteration is derived through Japanese, his name may be given as Ri Hakuor Ri Taihaku, the two Books of Tang, The Old Book of Tang and The New Book of Tang, remain the primary sources of bibliographical material on Li Bai. Other sources include internal evidence from poems by or about Li Bai, Li Bai is generally considered to have been born in 701, in Suyab of ancient Chinese Central Asia, where his family had prospered in business at the frontier. Afterwards, the family under the leadership of his father, Li Ke, moved to Jiangyou, near modern Chengdu, in Sichuan province, however, despite much speculation, the facts are scant
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Ernest Fenollosa
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Ernest Francisco Fenollosa was an American art historian of Japanese art, professor of philosophy and political economy at Tokyo Imperial University. An important educator during the modernization of Japan during the Meiji Era, morse to teach political economy and philosophy at the Imperial University at Tokyo. There he studied ancient temples, shrines and art treasures with his assistant, during his time in Japan, Fenollosa helped create the nihonga style of painting with Japanese artists Kanō Hōgai and Hashimoto Gahō. In May 1882 he delivered a lecture on An Explanation of the Truth of Art, after eight years at the University, he helped found the Tokyo School of Fine Arts and the Tokyo Imperial Museum, and subsequently acted as its director in 1888. In this period, he helped to draft the text of a law for the preservation of temples and shrines, Fenollosa converted to Buddhism and was given the name Teishin. He was also granted the name Kano Eitan Masanobu, placing him in the lineage of the Kanō school, for these achievements, the Emperor Meiji of Japan decorated him with the Order of the Rising Sun and the Order of the Sacred Treasures. Fenollosa was able to amass a collection of Japanese art during his stay in Japan. There Fenollosa was asked to choose Japanese art for display at the 1893 World Columbian Exposition in Chicago and he also organized Bostons first exhibition of Chinese painting in 1894. In 1896, he published Masters of Ukiyoe, an account of Japanese paintings. However, his divorce and immediate remarriage in 1895 to the writer Mary McNeill Scott outraged Boston society. He returned to Japan in 1897 to accept a position as Professor of English Literature at the Tokyo Higher Normal School at Tokyo, Lafcadio Hearn considered Fenollosa a friend, and Hearn almost believed that he visited the professors home too often. In 1900, he returned to the United States to write and he has been called the Dickens of Japan. Pound subsequently finished Fenollosas work with the aid of Arthur Waley, Fenollosas body was cremated in London, and his ashes returned to the Hōmyō-in chapel of Mii-dera high above Lake Biwa, for burial. His tombstone was paid for by the Tokyo School of Fine Arts, according to Elman, Fenollosas perception was influenced by the political and military defeats of the Qing empire. 1916 The Chinese Written Character as a Medium for Poetry, composed by the Ernest Fenollosa, the Life and Letters of Lafcadio Hearn. New York, Houghton, Mifflin and Company, Epochs of Chinese and Japanese Art, an Outline History of East Asiatic Design, New York, Frederick A. Stokes,1912. ISBN 4-925080-29-6 Kurihara Shinichi, Fuenorosa to Meiji bunka, Tokyo, Rikugei Shobo, Showa 43,1968 Marra, Japanese hermeneutics, Current Debates on Aesthetics and Interpretation. ISBN9780824824570, OCLC237578040 Tepfer, Diane, Enest Fenollosa, in The Dictionary of Art,10,887 Warner, Langdon, Ernest Francisco Fenollosa, in the Dictionary of American Biography, vol
