1.
1916 Cumberland vs. Georgia Tech football game
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Georgia Tech football game was the most lopsided in the history of college football, with Georgia Tech winning 222–0. The game was played on October 7,1916, between the Georgia Tech Engineers and Cumberland College Bulldogs at Grant Field in Atlanta, Georgia. Cumberland College, a Presbyterian school in Lebanon, Tennessee, had discontinued its program before the season but was not allowed to cancel its game against the Engineers. He insisted on the schools scheduling agreement, which required Cumberland to pay $3,000 to Tech if its football team failed to show, however, if this offer is refused. I shall be forced to demand that your school reimburse the Tech Athletic Dept. in the amount of $3,000 for losses from the projected net gate receipts. George E. Allen therefore put together a team of 12–16 players, most of whom were his fraternity brothers, another reason for Heismans plan to run up the score was the practice among the sportswriters of the time to rank teams based upon how many points they scored. Cumberland received the kickoff and failed to make a first down. After a punt, the Engineers scored on their first play, Cumberland then fumbled on their next play from the line of scrimmage, and a Georgia Tech player returned the fumble for a touchdown. The Bulldogs fumbled again on their play, and it took Georgia Tech two rushes to score its third touchdown. Cumberland lost nine yards on its possession, and Georgia Tech scored a fourth touchdown on another two-play drive. Georgia Tech led 63–0 after the first quarter and 126–0 at halftime, Georgia Tech added 54 more points in the third quarter and 42 in the final period. Georgia Tech scored a total of 32 touchdowns, and Georgia Techs left end James Preas kicked 18 extra points, Cumberlands only effective defense was an extra point blocked with a sort of human pyramid. Several myths have developed around the game, some have written that Cumberland did not have a single play that gained yards, in fact, its longest play was a 10-yard pass. However, neither made a first down that was not also a touchdown. Sportswriter Grantland Rice wrote, Cumberlands greatest individual play of the game occurred when fullback Allen circled right end for a 6-yard loss, at halftime, Heisman reportedly told his players, Youre doing all right, team, were ahead. But you just cant tell what those Cumberland players have up their sleeves, hit em clean, but hit em hard. However, even Heisman relented, and shortened the quarters in the half to 12 minutes each instead of 15. These statistics are based on the sources listed below and may be incomplete, since World War II, only a handful of schools have topped 100 points in a college football game
2.
George E. Allen
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George Edward Allen was an American political operative who was involved in a famous football game while in college. Allen was born in Booneville, Mississippi and he earned a law degree at Cumberland University in Tennessee. Allen was the football coach for Cumberland College Bulldogs in Lebanon, Tennessee. Cumberland University suffered the greatest loss in the history of football to Georgia Tech by a score of 222 to 0. Cumberland had actually discontinued its program before the season but was not allowed to cancel its game against the Engineers. Georgia Tech coach John Heisman insisted on the schools scheduling agreement, Cumberland would not play football again until 1920. Allen later practiced law in Mississippi and Indiana, afterwards engaging in business ventures. In the 1920s he managed properties in Washington, D. C. eventually drifting into politics and serving President Franklin D. Roosevelt. He served as a member of the Board of Commissioners for the District of Columbia and treasurer and then secretary of the Democratic National Committee. On behalf of the Red Cross, Allen made a number of trips to England and Europe where, in the 1940s, he, Allen also served as a director of the War Damage Corporation, a government effort to provide insurance against war-related damage. He was an advisor to President Harry S. Truman, serving as manager of his vice-presidential campaign and he was on the cover of Time magazine on August 12,1946. Based on his experiences as a White House intimate, he wrote Presidents Who Have Known Me in 1950, the public library in Allens home town of Booneville, Mississippi, is named the George E. Allen Library in his honor. Papers of George E. Allen, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
3.
John Heisman
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John William Heisman was a player and coach of American football, basketball, and baseball, as well as a sportswriter and actor. His 1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado were recognized as the national champion and he served as the athletic director at Georgia Tech from 1904 to 1919 and at Rice from 1924 to 1927. While at Georgia Tech, he also was president of the Atlanta Crackers baseball team, fuzzy Woodruff dubbed Heisman the pioneer of Southern football. Heisman was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1954 and his entry there notes that Heisman stands only behind Amos Alonzo Stagg, Pop Warner, and Walter Camp as a master innovator of the brand of football of his day. One writer says Heisman, Stagg, and Warner constitute the Football Trinity, the Heisman Trophy, awarded annually to the seasons most outstanding college football player, is named after him. Heisman was born in Cleveland, Ohio, the son of Bavarian German immigrants Sara and he grew up in northwestern Pennsylvania near Titusville, where he played varsity football for Titusville High School from 1884 to 1886, and was salutatorian of his graduating class. Although he was a student, he confessed he was football mad. Heismans father refused to him play at Titusville, calling football bestial. He went on to football as a lineman at Brown University and at the University of Pennsylvania. In constant dread that his immediate teammates—guards weighing 212 and 243—would fall on him and he graduated from the University of Pennsylvania Law School in 1892. In his book Principles of Football, Heisman described his strategy, The coach should be masterful and commanding. He has no time to say please or mister, at times he must be severe, arbitrary, and little short of a czar. Heisman always used a megaphone at practice, Heisman first coached at Oberlin College in 1892. Wrote The Oberlin Review in 1892, Mr. Heisman has entirely remade our football and he has taught us scientific football. Influenced by Yale and Pudge Heffelfinger, Heisman implemented seven-man interference and his best lineman at Oberlin was the half German, half Hawaiian John Henry Wise. Heisman also used a pass and a double pass. Heisman returned to Oberlin in 1894, in 1893 he moved to Buchtel College, where he helped make the first of many permanent alterations to the sport of football. It was then customary for the center to begin a play by rolling the ball backwards, under Heisman, the center began tossing the ball to Clark, a practice that evolved into the snap that today begins every play
4.
Bobby Dodd Stadium
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Bobby Dodd Stadium at Historic Grant Field is the football stadium located at the corner of North Avenue at Techwood Drive on the campus of the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta. It has been home to the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team, often referred to as the Ramblin Wreck, in form since 1905. The team participates in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference and it is the oldest stadium in the FBS and has been the site of more home wins than any other FBS stadium. The stadium is located on the east side of the Georgia Tech campus, across from freshman housing facilities and just a walk from the campus library. The facility is located in Midtown Atlanta, just off Interstate 75/85, the stadiums atmosphere is unique in its setting, with a picturesque view of the downtown and Midtown Atlanta skylines looming overhead during games. Grant Field is the oldest continuously used site for college football in the Southern United States. Football has been played at the current site since 1905, in 1913, permanent grandstands were built for the first time, mostly by Tech students. It was originally named for Hugh Inman Grant, son of John W. Grant, from 1913 to 1919, the stadium grew from a capacity of 7,000 to one of 25,000. In 1988, the stadium was renamed in honor of Bobby Dodd, the playing surface is still named Grant Field. The stadium bears little, if any, resemblance to its original form, the original facility, roughly corresponding to the lower level of the current stadiums west grandstands, seated 5,600. The terrain in the area slopes upward from north to south, due to that natural grade, much of the field itself is below street level. The houses observable in the background of photos were replaced by dormitory buildings in the 1930s. By 1925, the east and south stands were completed, making the stadium a 30, the west stands were rebuilt and a large press box was added in 1947, bringing capacity up to 44,000. In 1985 the South stands were razed to make room for the William C, Wardlaw Center, a modern field house and athletic office facility to replace the facilities in the old Heisman Gym, which was located just to the north of the stadium. The current, modern west grandstand covers the old concrete one, the high interstitial space is currently used for storage. The lighting was replaced in 1998, following the 2001 season, a major expansion and renovation project was started, which was done in two phases in order to play the 2002 season in the stadium. For the 2002 season, seating was returned to the South end in front of the Wardlaw Center, after the 2002 season, the expansion was completed by adding a massive free standing upper deck in the north end zone. This addition of an end zone upper deck brought Bobby Dodd Stadium to its current capacity
5.
Atlanta
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Atlanta is the capital of and the most populous city in the U. S. state of Georgia, with an estimated 2015 population of 463,878. Atlanta is the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area, home to 5,710,795 people, Atlanta is the county seat of Fulton County, and a small portion of the city extends eastward into DeKalb County. In 1837, Atlanta was founded at the intersection of two lines, and the city rose from the ashes of the American Civil War to become a national center of commerce. Atlantas economy is considered diverse, with dominant sectors that include logistics, professional and business services, media operations, Atlanta has topographic features that include rolling hills and dense tree coverage. Revitalization of Atlantas neighborhoods, initially spurred by the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, has intensified in the 21st century, altering the demographics, politics. Prior to the arrival of European settlers in north Georgia, Creek Indians inhabited the area, standing Peachtree, a Creek village located where Peachtree Creek flows into the Chattahoochee River, was the closest Indian settlement to what is now Atlanta. As part of the removal of Native Americans from northern Georgia from 1802 to 1825, the Creek ceded the area in 1821. In 1836, the Georgia General Assembly voted to build the Western, the initial route was to run southward from Chattanooga to a terminus east of the Chattahoochee River, which would then be linked to Savannah. After engineers surveyed various possible locations for the terminus, the zero milepost was driven into the ground in what is now Five Points. A year later, the area around the milepost had developed into a settlement, first known as Terminus, and later as Thrasherville after a merchant who built homes. By 1842, the town had six buildings and 30 residents and was renamed Marthasville to honor the Governors daughter, later, J. Edgar Thomson, Chief Engineer of the Georgia Railroad, suggested the town be renamed Atlantica-Pacifica, which was shortened to Atlanta. The residents approved, and the town was incorporated as Atlanta on December 29,1847, by 1860, Atlantas population had grown to 9,554. During the American Civil War, the nexus of multiple railroads in Atlanta made the city a hub for the distribution of military supplies, in 1864, the Union Army moved southward following the capture of Chattanooga and began its invasion of north Georgia. On the next day, Mayor James Calhoun surrendered Atlanta to the Union Army, on November 11,1864, Sherman prepared for the Union Armys March to the Sea by ordering Atlanta to be burned to the ground, sparing only the citys churches and hospitals. After the Civil War ended in 1865, Atlanta was gradually rebuilt, due to the citys superior rail transportation network, the state capital was moved from Milledgeville to Atlanta in 1868. In the 1880 Census, Atlanta surpassed Savannah as Georgias largest city, by 1885, the founding of the Georgia School of Technology and the citys black colleges had established Atlanta as a center for higher education. In 1895, Atlanta hosted the Cotton States and International Exposition, during the first decades of the 20th century, Atlanta experienced a period of unprecedented growth. In three decades time, Atlantas population tripled as the city expanded to include nearby streetcar suburbs
6.
American football
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The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs, or plays, or else they turn over the football to the opposing team, if they succeed, they are given a new set of four downs. Points are primarily scored by advancing the ball into the teams end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponents goalposts for a field goal. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins, American football evolved in the United States, originating from the sports of association football and rugby football. The first game of American football was played on November 6,1869, during the latter half of the 1870s, colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby Union code, which allowed carrying the ball. American football as a whole is the most popular sport in the United States, Professional football and college football are the most popular forms of the game, with the other major levels being high school and youth football. As of 2012, nearly 1.1 million high school athletes and 70,000 college athletes play the sport in the United States annually, almost all of them men, in the United States, American football is referred to as football. The term football was established in the rulebook for the 1876 college football season. The terms gridiron or American football are favored in English-speaking countries where other codes of football are popular, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, American football evolved from the sports of association football and rugby football. What is considered to be the first American football game was played on November 6,1869 between Rutgers and Princeton, two college teams, the game was played between two teams of 25 players each and used a round ball that could not be picked up or carried. It could, however, be kicked or batted with the feet, hands, head or sides, Rutgers won the game 6 goals to 4. Collegiate play continued for years in which matches were played using the rules of the host school. Representatives of Yale, Columbia, Princeton and Rutgers met on October 19,1873 to create a set of rules for all schools to adhere to. Teams were set at 20 players each, and fields of 400 by 250 feet were specified, Harvard abstained from the conference, as they favored a rugby-style game that allowed running with the ball. An 1875 Harvard-Yale game played under rugby-style rules was observed by two impressed Princeton athletes and these players introduced the sport to Princeton, a feat the Professional Football Researchers Association compared to selling refrigerators to Eskimos. Princeton, Harvard, Yale and Columbia then agreed to play using a form of rugby union rules with a modified scoring system. These schools formed the Intercollegiate Football Association, although Yale did not join until 1879, the introduction of the snap resulted in unexpected consequences. Prior to the snap, the strategy had been to punt if a scrum resulted in bad field position, however, a group of Princeton players realized that, as the snap was uncontested, they now could hold the ball indefinitely to prevent their opponent from scoring. In 1881, both teams in a game between Yale-Princeton used this strategy to maintain their undefeated records, each team held the ball, gaining no ground, for an entire half, resulting in a 0-0 tie
7.
Georgia Institute of Technology
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The Georgia Institute of Technology is a public research university in Atlanta, Georgia, in the United States. It is a part of the University System of Georgia and has campuses in Savannah, Georgia, Metz, France, Athlone, Ireland, Shenzhen, China. The educational institution was founded in 1885 as the Georgia School of Technology as part of Reconstruction plans to build an economy in the post-Civil War Southern United States. Initially, it offered only a degree in mechanical engineering, by 1901, its curriculum had expanded to include electrical, civil, and chemical engineering. In 1948, the changed its name to reflect its evolution from a trade school to a larger and more capable technical institute. Today, Georgia Tech is organized into six colleges and contains about 31 departments/units, with emphasis on science and it is well recognized for its degree programs in engineering, computing, business administration, the sciences, design, and liberal arts. Student athletics, both organized and intramural, are a part of student and alumni life, Georgia Tech fields eight mens and seven womens teams that compete in the NCAA Division I athletics and the Football Bowl Subdivision. Georgia Tech is a member of the Coastal Division in the Atlantic Coast Conference, the idea of a technology school in Georgia was introduced in 1865 during the Reconstruction period. However, because the American South of that era was mainly populated by workers and few technical developments were occurring. In 1882, the Georgia State Legislature authorized a committee, led by Harris and they were impressed by the polytechnic educational models developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Worcester County Free Institute of Industrial Science. On October 13,1885, Georgia Governor Henry D. McDaniel signed the bill to create, in 1887, Atlanta pioneer Richard Peters donated to the state 4 acres of the site of a failed garden suburb called Peters Park. The site was bounded on the south by North Avenue, and he then sold five adjoining acres of land to the state for US$10,000. This land was near Atlantas northern city limits at the time of its founding, the surrender of the city took place on the southwestern boundary of the modern Georgia Tech campus in 1864. The Georgia School of Technology opened in the fall of 1888 with two buildings, One building had classrooms to teach students, The second building featured a shop and had a foundry, forge, boiler room, and engine room. It was designed for students to work and produce goods to sell, on October 20,1905, U. S. President Theodore Roosevelt visited Georgia Tech. On the steps of Tech Tower, Roosevelt delivered a speech about the importance of technological education and he then shook hands with every student. Georgia Techs Evening School of Commerce began holding classes in 1912, the evening school admitted its first female student in 1917, although the state legislature did not officially authorize attendance by women until 1920. Annie T. Wise became the first female graduate in 1919 and was Georgia Techs first female faculty member the following year
8.
Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football
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The Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team represents the Georgia Institute of Technology in the sport of American football. The Yellow Jackets team competes in the Football Bowl Subdivision of the National Collegiate Athletic Association, Georgia Tech has fielded a football team since 1892 and has an all-time record of 700–471–43. The Yellow Jackets play in Bobby Dodd Stadium at Historic Grant Field in Atlanta, Georgia, the Yellow Jackets have won four Division I-A college football national championships and fifteen conference titles. A number of collegiate and professional football players once played for Tech. The school has 48 first-team All-Americans and over 150 alumni who have played in the NFL, among the most lauded and most notable players the school has produced are Calvin Johnson, Demaryius Thomas, Keith Brooking, Joe Hamilton, Joe Guyon, and Billy Shaw. In addition to its players, Techs football program has been noted for its coaches and its, in many cases bizarre traditions and game finishes. Among the teams coaches are John Heisman, for whom the Heisman Trophy is named, and Bobby Dodd, for whom the Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Award. Heisman led the team to the game in American football history. Dodd also led the Jackets on their longest winning streak against the University of Georgia, Tech began its football program with several students forming a loose-knit troop of footballers called the Blacksmiths. On November 5,1892, Tech played its first football game against Mercer University, the team lost to Mercer 12–6 in Macon, Georgia. Tech played two games during their first season and lost both of them for a season record of 0–3. Discouraged by these results, the Blacksmiths sought a coach to improve their record, leonard Wood, an Army officer and Atlantan, heard of Techs football struggles and volunteered to player-coach the team. Over the span of 1892–1903, Tech only won 8 games, tied in 5, in 1893, Tech played against the University of Georgia for the first time. Tech defeated Georgia 28–6 for the schools first-ever victory, the angry Georgia fans threw stones and other debris at the Tech players during and after the game. The poor treatment of the Blacksmiths by the Georgia faithful gave birth to the now known as Clean. In 1902, Jesse Thrash was the teams first All-Southern selection and he began the season as a sub and closed it as the undisputed star of the Tech team. Oliver Jones Huie was selected by Ga Techs athletic association to coach the team for the 1903 season when the team won 3. A professional coach was desperately needed if Tech wished to build a competitive football program
9.
Cumberland University
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For other institutions called Cumberland College, see Cumberland College. For the school in Williamsburg, Kentucky, see University of the Cumberlands, Cumberland University is a private university in Lebanon, Tennessee, United States. It was founded in 1842, though the current campus buildings were constructed between 1892 and 1896, the university was founded by the Cumberland Presbyterian Church in 1842 and received its Tennessee State charter in 1843. In 1847 Cumberland Presbyterian church leaders added a law school, the first in Tennessee and the first west of the Appalachian Mountains, the original building, designed by Philadelphia architect William Strickland, housed schools of art, law and theology. It was burned by the Union Army during the American Civil War, following the war, the universitys faculty included former Confederate general A. P. Stewart. He taught there during his post-Civil War Union parole, from its early years, Cumberland University maintained a reputation for high-quality education. The Cumberland School of Law at one time was said to have had more of its alumni elected to Congress than any other in the South, the American Civil War nearly destroyed Cumberland University. University Hall was burned to the ground by Confederate forces under the command of General Joseph Wheeler, a Cumberland student wrote on a ruined Corinthian column the Latin Resurgam. The university thereafter adopted the phoenix bird as its symbol. By 1866, just one year after the end, all departments were again operating in various locations in the town of Lebanon. Cumberland University moved to its present campus location in 1892, the university fell on hard times during the Great Depression, as did most small private colleges. After World War II, Cumberland experienced several changes in sponsorship, in 1946, The Tennessee Baptist Convention assumed control of the school, ending a century of operation by the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. In 1951, the Tennessee Baptists closed the College of Arts and Sciences, in 1956, the Board of Trust secured an amendment to the Charter and changed Cumberland to a private, independent corporation. The College of the Arts and Sciences was reopened as a junior college. In 1962, the assets of the School of Law were transferred to Howard College now known as Samford University in Birmingham, the Board of Trust expanded the academic programs of the junior college in 1982, returning Cumberland to a four-year, degree institution. It resumed the old name of Cumberland University, since then, Cumberland has expanded its academic program to include new majors and specialized student-learning opportunities. Cumberland University believes that an education, based in the liberal arts, is the best foundation for a lifetime of learning. Students from every state and from foreign countries now attend Cumberland
10.
Lebanon, Tennessee
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Lebanon /ˈlɛbnən/ is the county seat of Wilson County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 26,190 at the 2010 census and 28,608 in 2013, Lebanon is located in Middle Tennessee, approximately 25 miles east of downtown Nashville. Lebanon is part of the Nashville Metropolitan Statistical Area, the city was incorporated in 1801, and was named after the biblical cedars of Lebanon. Local residents have called Lebanon Cedar City, mostly a reference to the abundance of trees in the area. The city is home to Cumberland University, a small, private liberal arts institution. Lebanon is located at 36°12′29″N 86°19′35″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 38.63 square miles, of which 38.5 square miles is land and 0. 03% is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 20,235 people,7,987 households, the population density was 692.0 people per square mile. There were 8,693 housing units at a density of 297.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 82. 89% White,13. 78% African American,0. 33% Native American,0. 82% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,1. 00% from other races, and 1. 15% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 26% of the population,28. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the family size was 2.94. In the city, the population was out with 23. 9% under the age of 18,11. 2% from 18 to 24,29. 0% from 25 to 44,21. 7% from 45 to 64. The median age was 35 years, for every 100 females there were 90.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.1 males, the median income for a household in the city was $35,118, and the median income for a family was $45,094. Males had an income of $31,207 versus $24,420 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,366, about 9. 3% of families and 13. 0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16. 0% of those under age 18 and 16. 4% of those age 65 or over. Cracker Barrel was founded in Lebanon by Dan Evins in 1969, PFG Customized / Kenneth O. Lester company is based in Lebanon, and has both a corporate office and a distribution center there, where they service Cracker Barrel and many other restaurant companies. Lochinvar Corporation, a water products manufacturer, is based in Lebanon, the city threatened to sue Dell Inc. for eliminating 700 of the 1,000 jobs the company proferred as part of a tax deal on which the company later reneged
11.
Running up the score
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In the United States and Canada it is considered poor sportsmanship to run up the score in most circumstances. Sporting alternatives include pulling out most of the teams first string players, the term and the concept is not common elsewhere in the world. Mercy rules are used in amateur sports, which ends the game when the score reaches a certain point. Running up the score is considered poor sportsmanship by many fans, players, allegations of poor sportsmanship are often brought up soon after a team scores multiple times near the end of a one-sided match. However, Florida State coach Bobby Bowden contended that it was not his job to call plays that are inconsistent with his regular offense and he felt that the prevention of further scoring was the responsibility of the opposing teams defense. Certain coaches are notorious for running up the score to impress coaches and it is a common allegation that some poll voters simply look at box scores before punching in their votes. When the Bowl Championship Series existed in college football, the votes had a impact on who went to BCS games. The BCS computers originally included margin of victory as a component, from the 2014 season, the BCS was replaced by the College Football Playoff. Polls do not play a role in determining CFP participants, instead, some fans of teams whose coaches frequently run up the score may also note that running up the score has its advantages. When they are not allowed to make passing and running plays that the first- and second-stringers get to make, their skills may not develop as quickly. The argument most frequently used in favor of running up the score is the belief that it is not the coachs or winning teams fault if a team is unable to stop a high-powered offensive juggernaut. Also, some coaches advocate running up the score to make another point, such as showing disapproval of comments made by opposing players, coaches and it is also argued that it can be used as a preventative measure to prevent a huge comeback. In 2006, Penn State lost to Notre Dame 41–17, Notre Dame justified running up the score because Penn State was known for late comebacks. Running up the score in professional leagues generally generates significantly less controversy, while there are numerous reasons to run out the clock, there is no reason not to score more points if the situation allows. As all teams are professionals, even perceived underdogs have the potential to score points if they are given the chance. Even teams with a dominant lead have a strong interest in maintaining possession to run down the clock, at all levels of play, it is generally accepted that players or teams close to breaking significant records can run up the score without it being seen as overtly disrespectful. With Alltel Stadium still under construction in 1995, Florida visited Georgia in Athens and his team succeeded with a final score of 52–17. That record still stands today as the most points scored by an opposing team at Sanford Stadium
12.
Kickoff (gridiron football)
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A kickoff is a method of starting a drive in American football and Canadian football. Typically, a kickoff consists of one team – the kicking team – kicking the ball to the opposing team – the receiving team, kickoffs take place at the start of each half of play, the beginning of overtime in some overtime formats, and after some scoring plays. Additionally, penalties exist for various such as a player violating his position restrictions prior to the kick. A kickoff occurs at the start of each half and before each overtime and it is also traditionally decided by a coin toss at the beginning of each game carried out by the referee. The visiting team captain calls heads or tails. The winner of the coin toss elects whether to take first choice in the first half or the second half, the captain with first choice then picks either a team to kick off or an end of the field to defend. The other captain chooses the remaining option, at the beginning of the second half, the two captains choose in the reverse order. If an overtime is required, another coin toss takes place to decide who gets first possession during the overtime, after a touchdown the scoring team kicks the ball off to the opposing team. The NFL has a rule for after a team scores safety that is not in place in any other form of gridiron football. The team that scored the safety is awarded possession of the ball. The team that gave up the safety is required to kick the ball off from its own line, referred to as a free kick. Although this is not a requirement, most teams choose to punt the ball on the free kick, the same rules apply as on a normal kickoff, whereas the ball is a live ball if it travels at least ten yards without the receiving team fielding it. The line where the ball is placed for kickoff varies among the rule books, for the 2016 season only, the Ivy League will place the ball on the 40-yard line in conference games. All players on the team except the kicker must not cross the line at which the ball is placed until the ball is kicked. The receiving team must stay behind the line that is 10 yards from where the ball is placed. The ball can be fielded by the team at any point after it has been kicked. In American football touchback and fair catch rules apply to the kicked ball, if it is fielded by the kicking team, it is called an onside kick. A low, bouncing kick is called a squib kick and it is usually done when a team takes the lead in the final seconds, and is done to safely run out the remainder of the clock
13.
Down (gridiron football)
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A down is a period in which a play transpires in American and Canadian football. The down is a characteristic of the game compared to other codes of football. The team in possession of the football has a number of downs to advance ten yards or more towards their opponents goal line. If they fail to advance far, possession of the ball is turned over to the other team. The player with possession of the ball after he has been tackled or is unable to advance the ball further on account of the play having ended is down. Down may also refer to the ball after it is dead in one manner or another. The line of scrimmage for the play will be determined by the position of the ball when it is down. Each possession begins with first down, the line to gain is marked 10 yards downfield from the start of this possession, and the situation is described as 1st and 10. If the offensive team moves the ball past the line to gain, if a penalty against the defensive team moves the ball past the line to gain, the offensive team gets a new first down. Some defensive penalties give the offense an automatic first down regardless of the distance, downing the player with possession of the ball is one way to end a play. Usually a player is made down when he is tackled by the defense, in the NFL, if the offensive player is touching the ground with some part of his body other than his hands or feet, then he is down if any defensive player touches him. In the NCAA, a player touching the ground in the same manner is down. If recovering the ball in ones opponents end zone, a player may down the ball by dropping to one knee, a player in possession of the ball will down the ball if he fumbles it out of bounds. In the NFL, the quarterback is the player for whom falling down in this way automatically stops play. 1st &10, First down with 10 yards to go for a new first down and this is the usual starting point for a possession. On occasion the yards to go may be an other than 10, due to a penalty. If 1st and 10 would result in a line to gain at or beyond the goal line, the referee signals a first down by facing the goal the team in possession of the ball is advancing toward and extending his forearm toward the goal with palm usually open. Sometimes a referee will indicate a first down when the offensive team recovers its own fumble
14.
Punt (gridiron football)
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In American and Canadian football, a punt is a drop kick performed by dropping the ball from the hands and then kicking the ball before it hits the ground. The result of a punt, barring any penalties or extraordinary circumstances, is a first down for the receiving team. The type of punt leads to different motion of the football, alex Moffat invented the now-common spiral punt, as opposed end-over-end. A punt in football is a drop kick performed by dropping the ball from the hands. In football, the offense has a number of downs, or plays. A punt play involves the kicking team lining up at the line of scrimmage with the kicker, or punter, the receiving team lines up with one or two players downfield to catch the ball. The center makes a snap to the kicker who then drops the ball. The player who catches the ball is then entitled to attempt to advance the ball, other possible results include the punt being blocked behind the line of scrimmage, and the ball being touched, but not caught or possessed, downfield by the receiving team. In both cases the ball is free and live and will belong to whichever team recovers it. If the kicked ball is blocked and fails to cross the line of scrimmage, it may be picked up, the official rules regulate when and how the receiving team may hit the kicker before, during, and after the kick. If the receiving team drops the ball or touches the ball beyond the line of scrimmage without catching it then it is considered a live ball, if the receiving team never had full possession, it is considered to be a muffed punt rather than a fumble. However, the player must be actively pursuing the ball. If the receiving player is blocked into the ball, it is not considered touching the ball, a field goal cannot be scored on a punt kick. The player attempting to catch the ball may attempt a fair catch. If caught, the ball dead and the receiving team gets the ball at the spot of the catch. The receiving team gets the ball at its own 20-yard line, since there is no further yardage penalty awarded, the kicking team is often said to have downed the ball when this occurs. The net punting yardage is taken by calculating the total punting yardage and subtracting any yardage earned by the team on returns. Under no circumstance can the kicking team score points as the result of a punt
15.
Fumble
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A fumble in American and Canadian football occurs when a player who has possession and control of the ball loses it before being downed or scoring. By rule, it is any act other than passing, kicking, punting, a fumble may be forced by a defensive player who either grabs or punches the ball or butts the ball with his helmet. A fumbled ball may be recovered and advanced by either team and it is one of three events that can cause a turnover, where possession of the ball can change during play. Under American rules a fumble may be confused with a muff, a muff occurs where a player drops a ball that he does not have possession of, such as while attempting to catch a lateral pass or improperly fielding a kicking play such as a punt. Ball security is the ability of a player to control over the football during play. If the ball is fumbled the defensive team may recover the ball, the same is true for the offense, but usually when the offense recovers the ball it simply tries to down it. In American football the offense cannot advance the ball if it recovers its own fumble on fourth down, in American football, there is no separate signal to indicate a fumble recovery. If the offense recovers its own fumble, the official will indicate the recovery by a signal showing the next down. If the defense recovers the fumble, the official will indicate with a first down signal in the direction the team is driving the ball. Some officials have used a first down signal when the offense recovers its own fumble. This is not the thing as when a forward pass is attempted and is not caught. In this latter case, it is simply an incomplete pass, however, if the receiver catches the ball, but then drops it after gaining control of the ball, that is considered a fumble. Any number of fumbles can be committed during a play, including fumbles by the team originally on defense, Most famously, Dallas Cowboys defender Leon Lett fumbled during Super Bowl XXVII while celebrating during his own fumble return. A sometimes controversial rule is referred to as the ground cannot cause a fumble. If a player is tackled and loses control of the ball at or after the time he makes contact with the ground, the player is treated as down and the ball is not in play. However, in the NFL and CFL, if a ball carrier falls without an opponent contacting him and this is because in those leagues the ball carrier is not down unless an opponent first makes contact, or the runner is out of bounds. If a player fumbles in most other leagues, as soon as the knee or elbow touches the ground and it is also possible for the ground to cause a fumble in college football if the ball hits the ground before any part of the ball carriers body touches the ground. An example was the fumble by Arkansas quarterback Clint Stoerner vs. Tennessee in 1998, the effects of fumbles vary when the ball goes out of bounds without being recovered, A fumble going out-of-bounds between the end zones is retained by the last team with possession
16.
Line of scrimmage
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In American and Canadian football, a line of scrimmage is an imaginary transverse line beyond which a team cannot cross until the next play has begun. Its location is based on the spot where the ball is placed after the end of the most recent play, a line of scrimmage is parallel to the goal lines and touches one edge of the ball where it sits on the ground prior to the snap. Under NFL, NCAA, and NFHS rules, there are two lines of scrimmage at the outset of each play, one restricts the offense. The area between the two lines is called the neutral zone, only the center, the offensive player who snaps the ball, is allowed to have any part of his body in the neutral zone. In Canadian football, the team on defense must line up no nearer than a yard to the line of scrimmage, in American football, they must only be beyond the line. Many fans and commentators refer colloquially to the neutral zone as the line of scrimmage. Others use the term to refer specifically to the defensive line of scrimmage. Referees, when explaining a penalty, will refer to the spot instead of the line of scrimmage in order to avoid confusion. Modern video techniques enable broadcasts of American football to display a visible line on the screen representing the line of scrimmage, the line is tapered according to camera angle and gets occluded by players and other objects as if the line were painted on the field. The line may represent the line of scrimmage or the distance that the ball must be moved for the offensive team to achieve a first down. Scrummage Glossary of American football Walter Camp, formal creator of the line of scrimmage in 1880 Comparison of Canadian and American football
17.
Touchdown
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A touchdown is a means of scoring in both American and Canadian football. Whether running, passing, returning a kickoff or punt, or recovering a turnover, to score a touchdown, one team must take the football into the opposite end zone. The touchdown is scored the instant the ball crosses the plane of the line while in possession of a player whose team is trying to score in that end zone. The play is dead and the scores the moment the ball crosses the goal line in possession of a player. The slightest part of the ball being over the line is sufficient for a touchdown to score. However, only the ball counts, not a players helmet, foot, touching one of the pylons at either end of the goal line with the ball constitutes breaking the plane as well. Touchdowns are usually scored by the offense by running or passing the ball, however, the defense can also score a touchdown if they have recovered a fumble or made an interception and return it to the opposing end zone. Special teams can score a touchdown on a kickoff or punt return, in short, any play in which a player legally carries the ball across the goal line scores a touchdown, and the manner in which he gained possession is inconsequential. A touchdown is worth six points, the scoring team is also awarded the opportunity for an extra point or a two-point conversion. Afterwards, the team scored the touchdown kicks off to the opposing team. This rule was changed to the iteration in 1889. If the teammate could fair catch the ball, he could follow with a try for goal from the spot of the catch, the governing rule at the time read, A match shall be decided by a majority of touchdowns. A goal shall be equal to four touchdowns, but in the case of a tie, in 1881, the rules were modified so that a goal kicked from a touchdown took precedence over a goal kicked from the field in breaking ties. In 1882, four touchdowns were determined to take precedence over a goal kicked from the field, two safeties were equivalent to a touchdown. In 1883, points were introduced to football, and a touchdown counted as four points, a goal after a touchdown also counted as four points. In 1889, the provision requiring the ball to actually be touched to the ground was removed, a touchdown was now scored by possessing the ball beyond the goal line. In 1897, the touchdown scored five points, and the goal after touchdown added another point, in 1900, the definition of touchdown was changed to include situations where the ball becomes dead on or above the goal line. In 1912, the value of a touchdown was increased to six points, the end zone was also added
18.
Rush (gridiron football)
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Rushing has two different meanings in gridiron football. The first is a taken by the offense that means to advance the ball by running with it, as opposed to passing. The other is a taken by the defense that means to charge towards the quarterback. When players on the defense are collectively rushing the passer, it is called the pass rush, in both offense and defense, any rushing player is called a rusher. Rushing, on offense, is running with the ball starting from behind the line of scrimmage. While this usually means a play, any offensive play that does not involve a forward pass is a rush - also called a run. It is usually done by the back after a handoff from the quarterback, although quarterbacks. The quarterback will run when a passing play has broken down - such as when there is no receiver open to catch the ball -. A team with a quarterback who is fast and skilled at running may regularly call intentional running plays for that quarterback, but this is rare due to the increased risk of injury. A wide receiver can act as a rusher on several kinds of plays, such as on a reverse, on an end-around, or on a pass behind the line of scrimmage. However, a wide receiver screen play is intended to be a forward pass so that if the receiver drops the ball it is an incomplete pass instead of a fumble. A rushing attempt may also be referred to as a carry, with any yards gained referred to as rushing yards, as in the running back had 20 carries for 100 rushing yards
19.
Conversion (gridiron football)
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Attempts at a try or convert are scrimmage plays, with the ball initially placed at any point between the hash marks, at the option of the team making the attempt. The yard line that attempts are made from depends on the league, if the try or convert is scored by kicking the ball through the uprights, the team gets an additional one point for their touchdown, bringing their total for that score from six points to seven. If two points are needed or desired, a two-point conversion may be attempted by running or passing from scrimmage, a successful touchdown conversion brings the scores total to eight. Exceptions, including cases where the forces a turnover during a conversion attempt. One thing that sets the try apart from other plays in the NFL is that, apart from the actual points, ordinary statistics are not recorded on the try as they would be on a regular scrimmage play. For example, on December 4,2016, Eric Berry of the Kansas City Chiefs made an interception on a try, however, because it occurred on a try, Berry did not get statistical credit for the 99 yards of return yardage. Nor would a player ever be credited with passing, rushing, the try/convert is among the oldest parts of the game of gridiron football and dates to its rugby roots. The related term conversion is used in both rugby union and rugby league to refer to extra points scored by kicking the ball through the posts after a try has been scored. By the start of the 20th century, touchdowns had become more important, by this time the point value for the after-touchdown kick had reduced to its current one-point value while the touchdown was now worth five. Although a successful kick is worth one point, missed or blocked attempts can decide the outcome of the game. On November 11,1979, the New York Jets lost to the Buffalo Bills 14-12 – the difference coming from two missed extra points by place kicker Toni Linhart. Linhart, who had been cut earlier in the 1979 season by the Baltimore Colts and was signed by the Jets to fill in for the injured Pat Leahy, never played another game in the NFL. In the 2016 AFC Championship Game, New England Patriots placekicker Stephen Gostkowski missed a point in the first quarter. The Patriots were forced to go for two when they scored a late in the fourth quarter. The two-point try was intercepted, putting the Broncos in Super Bowl 50 with a 20–18 victory, in American high school football, the play is over once the ball becomes dead or the defense takes possession. In many other levels of football, including the CFL, NFL, and American college football and this allows the defense to return the ball to the opponents end zone for two points and also allows for a one-point safety. Two states, Texas and Massachusetts, play high school football under NCAA rules, in American high school and college football, the line of scrimmage is the three-yard line. In Canadian football, the runs during a conversion attempt except during the last three minutes of each half
20.
Forward pass
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In several forms of football a forward pass is a throwing of the ball in the direction that the offensive team is trying to move, towards the defensive teams goal line. In some football codes, such as football, the kicked forward pass is used so ubiquitously that it is not thought of as a distinct kind of play at all. In these sports, the concept of offside is used to regulate who can be in front of the play or be nearest to the goal, however, this has not always been the case. Some earlier incarnations of football allowed unlimited forward passing, while others had strict offside rules similar to rugby, the development of the forward pass in American football shows how the game has evolved from its rugby roots into the distinctive game it is today. Illegal and experimental forward passes had been attempted as early as 1876, another change in rules occurred on January 18,1951, which established that no center, tackle, or guard could receive a forward pass. Today, the only linemen who can receive a forward pass are the ends, current rules regulate who may throw and who may receive a forward pass, and under what circumstances, as well as how the defensive team may try to prevent a pass from being completed. In American and Canadian football, a pass, usually referred to simply as a pass. This is permitted only once during a scrimmage down by the team before team possession has changed, provided the pass is thrown from in or behind the neutral zone. An illegal forward pass can incur a penalty and the loss of a down, although it may be legally intercepted by the opponents. If an eligible receiver on the passing team legally catches the ball, the pass is completed, if an opposing player legally catches the ball it is an interception. That players team immediately gains possession of the ball and he may attempt to advance the ball toward his opponents goal, if no player is able to legally catch the ball it is an incomplete pass and the ball becomes dead the moment it touches the ground. It will then be returned to the line of scrimmage for the next down. If any player interferes with an eligible receivers ability to catch the ball it is pass interference which draws a penalty of varying degree. The person passing the ball must be a member of the team. The moment that a forward pass begins is important to the game, the pass begins the moment the passers arm begins to move forward. If the passer drops the ball before this moment it is a fumble, in this case anybody can gain possession of the ball before or after it touches the ground. If the passer drops the ball while his arm is moving forward it is a pass, regardless of where the ball lands or is first touched. The quarterback generally either starts a few paces behind the line of scrimmage or drops back a few paces after the ball is snapped
21.
The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
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The Atlanta Journal-Constitution is the only major daily newspaper in the metropolitan area of Atlanta, Georgia, United States. It is the publication of Cox Enterprises. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution is the result of the merger between The Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution, the staff was combined in 1982. Separate publication of the morning Constitution and afternoon Journal ended in 2001, the AJC has its headquarters in the Atlanta suburb of Dunwoody, Georgia. It is also co-owned with television flagship WSB-TV and six radio stations, subsequent to the staff consolidation of 1982, the afternoon Journal maintained a conservative editorial stance, while the editorials and op-eds in the morning Constitution were center-left. When the editions combined in 2001, the editorial page staffs also merged, the editorials and op-eds have attempted to strike a more balanced tone. Most of the editorial stances have been closer to those of the old Constitution center-left viewpoint. The Atlanta Journal was established in 1883, founder E. F. Hoge sold the paper to Atlanta lawyer Hoke Smith in 1887. After the Journal supported Presidential candidate Grover Cleveland in the 1892 election, Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist Margaret Mitchell worked for the Journal from 1922 to 1926. In 1922, the Journal founded the Souths first radio station, the radio station and the newspaper were sold in 1939 to James Middleton Cox, founder of what would become Cox Enterprises. The Journal carried the motto Covers Dixie like the Dew, the Constitution, as it was originally known, was first published on June 16,1868. Its name changed to The Atlanta Constitution in October 1869 and it was such a force that by 1871 it had killed off the Daily Intelligencer, the only Atlanta paper to survive the American Civil War. In August 1875 its name changed to The Atlanta Daily Constitution for two weeks, then to The Constitution again for about a year, in 1876 Captain Evan Howell purchased a controlling interest from E. Y. Clarke Sr. and became its editor-in-chief. That same year, Joel Chandler Harris began writing for the paper and he soon invented the character of Uncle Remus, a black storyteller, as a way of recounting stories from African-American culture. In October 1876 the newspaper became The Daily Constitution, before settling on the name The Atlanta Constitution in September 1881, during the 1880s, editor Henry W. Grady was a spokesman for the New South, and encouraged industrial development. The Constitution started the radio station, WGM AM710, having received its Federal Radio Commission broadcast license in March 1922. It is now succeeded by WGST AM640, though its original facility is now WGKA AM920, the station folded after just over a year, and was donated to the Georgia School of Technology. Ralph McGill, editor for the Constitution in the 1940s, was one of the few southern newspaper editors to support the American Civil Rights Movement, in 1946, reporter David Snell wrote that Japan had developed its own atomic bomb prior to Hiroshima and Nagasaki
22.
Grantland Rice
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Henry Grantland Rice was an early 20th-century American sportswriter known for his elegant prose. His writing was published in newspapers around the country and broadcast on the radio, Grantland Rice was born in Murfreesboro, Tennessee, the son of Bolling Hendon Rice, a cotton dealer, and his wife, Mary Beulah Rice. His grandfather Major H. W. Rice was a Confederate veteran of the Civil War, on the football team, he lettered in the year of 1899 as an end and averaged two injuries a year. On the baseball team, he was captain in 1901, Vanderbilt coach Dan McGugin in Spaldings Football Guides summation of the season in the SIAA wrote, The standing. First, Vanderbilt, second, Sewanee, a mighty good second, Rice coached the 1908 Vanderbilt baseball team. After taking early jobs with the Atlanta Journal and the Cleveland News, the job at the Tennessean was given to him by former Sewanee Tigers coach Billy Suter, who coached baseball teams against which Rice played while at Vanderbilt. Afterwards he obtained a series of jobs with major newspapers in the Northeastern United States. In 1914 he began his Sportlight column in the New York Tribune and he also provided monthly Grantland Rice Sportlights as part of Paramount newsreels from 1925–1954. In dramatic lore they are known as famine, pestilence, destruction and their real names are, Stuhldreher, Miller, Crowley and Layden. The passage added great import to the event described and elevated it to a level far beyond that of a football game. He became even better known after his columns were nationally syndicated beginning in 1930 and he and his writing are among the reasons that the 1920s in the United States are sometimes referred to as the Golden Age of Sports. Rices all-time All-America backfield was Jim Thorpe, Red Grange, Ken Strong and his sense of honor can be seen in his own actions. Before leaving for service in World War I, he entrusted his entire fortune, about $75,000, on his return from the war, Rice discovered that his friend had lost all the money in bad investments, and then had committed suicide. Rice accepted the blame for putting “that much temptation” in his friends way, Rice then made monthly contributions to the man’s widow throughout his life. Appleton and Company of New York, Rice married Fannie Katherine Hollis on April 11,1906, they had one child, the actress Florence Rice. Rice died at the age 73 on July 13,1954 and he is interred at Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York City. For when the One Great Scorer comes To mark against your name, He writes – not that you won or lost – But how you played the Game. The loafer has no come-back and the quitter no reply, When the Anvil Chorus echoes, as it will, against the sky, But there’s one quick answer ready that will wrap them in a hood, Make good
23.
Fort Valley State University
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Fort Valley State University is a historically black university located in Fort Valley, Georgia. It is a unit of the University System of Georgia and a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund, Fort Valley is approximately 100 miles south of Atlanta,25 miles south of Macon,18 miles west of Warner Robins, and 15 miles north of Perry. As the only 1890 land-grant university in Georgia, Fort Valley State University is an institution that provides an education to over 4,000 students. Approximately 91% of the current student body is of African-American descent, the average age of undergraduates is 24 and the average age of graduate students is 33. Roughly one-third of the students live on-campus, and 85 percent of the student body are full-time students, the university is located in the town of Fort Valley in Peach County, the original site of the states peach industry. Its 1, 365-acre campus is the second-largest in area for a university in the state. Fort Valley State University began with the 1939 consolidation of the Fort Valley High and Industrial School, the Fort Valley High and Industrial School, previously affiliated with the American Church Institute of the Protestant Episcopal Church, was transferred to state control and operation. In 1947 the state Board of Regents adopted a resolution moving the land grant designation from Savannah State College to Fort Valley State College. In response to the Regents resolution, in 1949 the Georgia General Assembly officially designated the Fort Valley State College as the Land-Grant College for Negroes in Georgia, public education was segregated at that time. The school became Fort Valley State University, a state and land-grant university, the university offers bachelors degrees in more than 50 majors, as well as masters degrees in education and counseling. FVSU is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to award associate, baccalaureate, masters, accredited degree programs include, Teacher Education degree programs which are accredited by the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education. The Veterinary Technology Program, accredited by the American Veterinary Medical Association, the Family and Consumer Sciences Program, accredited by the American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences. The Didactic Program in Dietetics, accredited by the Commission on Accreditation for Dietetics Education of the American Dietetic Association, the Child Development programs, accredited by the National Academy of Early Childhood Development Programs of the National Association for the Education of Young Children. Rehabilitation Counseling and Case Management accredited by the Council on Rehabilitation Education, the university also offers the Cooperative Developmental Energy Program. In an effort to graduate and non-traditional students, external degree program courses are also being offered at off-campus sites in Macon, Cochran, Warner Robins. The Department of Business Administration and Economics is the largest academic department in the College of Arts, the School of Business Administration and Economics is an accredited member of the Accreditation Council for Business Schools and Programs. The college has laboratories in the state, and scientists are securing grant funds and this faculty is often used for outreach programs for members of Fort Valley State University and by personnel throughout the region. The Anderson House is Fort Valley State Universitys oldest building and houses the Biggs Collection, the Museum and Welcome Center is located on the corner of University Drive and Wright Street, across from Saint Luke Episcopal Church
24.
Georgia (U.S. state)
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Georgia is a state in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1733, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies, named after King George II of Great Britain, Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2,1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 19,1861 and it was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15,1870. Georgia is the 24th largest and the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, from 2007 to 2008,14 of Georgias counties ranked among the nations 100 fastest-growing, second only to Texas. Georgia is known as the Peach State and the Empire State of the South, Atlanta is the states capital, its most populous city and has been named a global city. Georgia is bordered to the south by Florida, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina, to the west by Alabama, the states northern part is in the Blue Ridge Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountains system. Georgias highest point is Brasstown Bald at 4,784 feet above sea level, Georgia is the largest state entirely east of the Mississippi River in land area. Before settlement by Europeans, Georgia was inhabited by the mound building cultures, the British colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe on February 12,1733. The colony was administered by the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America under a charter issued by King George II. The Trustees implemented a plan for the colonys settlement, known as the Oglethorpe Plan. In 1742 the colony was invaded by the Spanish during the War of Jenkins Ear, in 1752, after the government failed to renew subsidies that had helped support the colony, the Trustees turned over control to the crown. Georgia became a colony, with a governor appointed by the king. The Province of Georgia was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution by signing the 1776 Declaration of Independence, the State of Georgias first constitution was ratified in February 1777. Georgia was the 10th state to ratify the Articles of Confederation on July 24,1778, in 1829, gold was discovered in the North Georgia mountains, which led to the Georgia Gold Rush and an established federal mint in Dahlonega, which continued its operation until 1861. The subsequent influx of white settlers put pressure on the government to land from the Cherokee Nation. In 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act into law, sending many eastern Native American nations to reservations in present-day Oklahoma, including all of Georgias tribes. Despite the Supreme Courts ruling in Worcester v. Georgia that ruled U. S. states were not permitted to redraw the Indian boundaries, President Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the ruling. In 1838, his successor, Martin Van Buren, dispatched troops to gather the Cherokee
25.
Knoxville College
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Knoxville College is a historically black liberal arts college in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States, which was founded in 1875 by the United Presbyterian Church of North America. It is a United Negro College Fund member school, a slow period of decline began in the 1970s, and by 2015, the school had an enrollment of just 11 students. In May 2015, the College suspended classes until Fall 2016 term in hopes of reorganizing, however the school did not reopen and remains indefinitely closed. Knoxville College is rooted in a school established in Knoxville in 1864 by R. J. Creswell of the United Presbyterian Church to educate the citys free blacks. This school initially met in the First Baptist Church building before moving to a permanent facility in East Knoxville in 1866, in spite of general apathy from the citys leaders and threats from poor whites, the schools enrollment gradually grew to over 100. In addition to students, the school also had many white students until 1901. In 1875, the church sold its East Knoxville property and purchased its current property, the schools first building, McKee Hall, named for the Reverend O. S. McKee, was completed in 1876, and the school opened in December of that year, former governor William G. Brownlow and gubernatorial candidate William F. Yardley spoke at the opening ceremonies. The Reverend J. S. McCulloch was named the schools first principal, the new school was primarily a normal school, which trained teachers, but also operated an academy for the education of local children. In 1877, the school was designated a college by the state, to the surprise of McCulloch, in 1890, the state designated the school the recipient of its Morrill Act funds for blacks, with which the school established mechanical and agricultural departments. In 1901, Knoxville College finally received a charter from the State of Tennessee, six years later, the school established the Eliza B. Wallace Hospital, which served a dual purpose of training nurses and tending to the health needs of the local black community. This proved invaluable during the citys Influenza outbreak of 1918, in 1913, John Henry Michael, the head of the schools mechanical department, designed the Negro Building for the National Conservation Exposition, which was held across town at Chilhowee Park. The building, which is no standing, was constructed with the help of Knoxville College students. During World War I, Knoxville College students helped raise money for liberty bonds, in the aftermath of the Riot of 1919, one of the citys worst racial episodes, the schools administration staunchly defended the citys African American community, and praised its students restraint. Telford agreed to some rules, and allowed the creation of a student council. In 1957, Knoxville College became one of the first group of black institutions admitted to full membership in the Southern Association of Colleges. The schools charter was amended in 1962 to allow the admission of white students, beginning in the 1970s, Knoxville College began to struggle financially, leading to a gradual decline. In 1997, the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools withdrew Knoxville Colleges accreditation, enrollment dropped precipitously, as enrollment plummeted, the schools debt skyrocketed and it was soon unable to pay its faculty or electric bills
26.
Houston Cougars
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Houston Cougars is the name given to the sports teams of the University of Houston. Informally, the Houston Cougars have also referred to as the Coogs, UH. The teams compete in the NCAAs Division I and the Football Bowl Subdivision as members of the American Athletic Conference, the official school colors of the University of Houston are scarlet red and albino white, and the mascot is a cougar named Shasta. Houstons traditional rival has been Rice with whom the Cougars shared a conference for thirty-three non-consecutive years, Houston has had notable sports teams in its history, including Phi Slama Jama and the sixteen-time national champion mens golf team. The universitys campus is home to many athletic facilities including TDECU Stadium, Hofheinz Pavilion. Prior to 1960, Houston was a member of athletic conferences including the Lone Star Conference, Gulf Coast Conference. From 1960 until 1971, Houston competed as an independent, from 1971 until 1996, Houstons sports teams were a part of the Southwest Conference. After the dissolution of conference in 1996, the Cougars became charter members of Conference USA. Houston remained a member of Conference USA until 2013, when they joined their current conference, the University of Houston competes with teams in the following sports, The most recently added sport was womens golf. Two players represented UH as individuals in the 2014 season, UH fielded its first varsity intercollegiate football team in 1946. The Houston Cougars football team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision. After completing 18 seasons in C-USA in 2012, the Cougars joined the American Athletic Conference in 2013, the team played its home games at Robertson Stadium before it was closed and demolished after the 2012 season. The Cougars divided their home schedule in their first AAC season between Reliant Stadium and BBVA Compass Stadium, the new TDECU Stadium opened on the Robertson Stadium site in 2014. The Cougars are coached by Major Applewhite, who was named Head Coach after the departure of Tom Herman for the University of Texas at Austin, the Houston Cougars mens basketball team represents the University of Houston in NCAA Division I mens basketball competition. The Cougars Mens basketball team plays in the American Athletic Conference, the team last played in the NCAA Division I Mens Basketball Tournament in 2010. The Cougars are currently coached by Kelvin Sampson and play in Hofheinz Pavilion, each of these players has had their number retired. Notable coaches for the Cougars are Guy Lewis and Clyde Drexler, notable games for the Cougars include the first nationally syndicated NCAA basketball game, the Game of the Century. Along with the other athletic teams, the baseball team is a member of the American Athletic Conference as a Division I team
27.
Tulsa Golden Hurricane
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Tulsa Golden Hurricane athletics programs include the extramural and intramural sports team of the University of Tulsa. These teams are referred to as the Tulsa Golden Hurricane, the name Golden Tornadoes was chosen by TU football coach H. M. Archer based on new gold and black uniforms and a remark made during practice of the team roaring through opponents. However, it was discovered that the same name had been chosen in 1917 by Georgia Tech. Archer then substituted the term hurricane for tornado and a team prior to leaving for the game against Texas A&M confirmed the official nickname as Golden Hurricane. The Tulsa Golden Hurricane is a member of the American Athletic Conference, the Golden Hurricane were members of Conference USA from 2005 to 2014, winning 40 conference championships, including 16 postseason titles and nine regular season crowns. Its the most C-USA titles since the league re-aligned in 2005–06 and it was a member of the Western Athletic Conference from 1996–2004 and the Missouri Valley Conference from 1935 to 1996. In 1985, the MVC dropped football so Tulsa participated as an Independent in football, prior to 1935, Tulsa was a member of several conferences. On April 2,2013, Tulsa announced that in July 2014 it would leave C-USA for the Big East Conference, Tulsa has won six national championships, four in womens golf and two in mens basketball. The University of Tulsa currently fields a varsity team in eight mens sports and they are, Tulsa has the smallest undergraduate enrollment of all schools that participate in NCAA Bowl Sub-Division football. The football team is coached by Philip Montgomery, who was the Offensive Coordinator at Baylor for 7 years and this is his inaugural year as Head Coach of the University football team. Graham, a former Tulsa defensive coordinator, returned to the team serving as the head coach at Rice University for one season. Tulsa has appeared in five games between the 2003 and 2008 seasons, including four straight, the 2005 Liberty Bowl,2006 Armed Forces Bowl,2008 GMAC Bowl. Tulsa football finished the 1991 season ranked 21st in the nation by the Associated Press, during the 2008 season Tulsa football was ranked as high as 19th nationally by the AP poll, and 18th in both the BCS rankings and USA Today/Coaches poll. Tulsa also led all Division I FBS schools in total offense in 2008, Tulsa football finished the 2010 season ranked 24th in the Associated Press poll and finished the 2012 season ranked 25th in the USA Today/Coaches poll. The University of Tulsa has three Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees, Steve Largent and the late Jim Finks were members of the 1995 class, while Bob St. Clair was a 1990 inductee. TU shares the lead for the most NFL Hall of Famers among the Division I FBS football schools in the state of Oklahoma, the University of Tulsa can also take much of the credit for developing the passing game in collegiate football in the 1960s. Tulsa led the nation in passing in 1962,1963,1964,1965 and 1966, quarterbacks Jerry Rhome and Billy Guy Anderson and receiver Howard Twilley set most of the NCAA passing and receiving records, some of which still stand today. The Golden Hurricane have a basketball rivalry with Oral Roberts Golden Eagles
28.
National Collegiate Athletic Association
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The National Collegiate Athletic Association is a non-profit association which regulates athletes of 1,281 institutions, conferences, organizations, and individuals. It also organizes the programs of many colleges and universities in the United States and Canada. The organization is headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana, in 2014, the NCAA generated almost a billion dollars in revenue. 80 to 90% of this revenue was due to the Division I Mens Basketball Tournament and this revenue is then distributed back into various organizations and institutions across the United States. In August 1973, the current three-division setup of Division I, Division II, under NCAA rules, Division I and Division II schools can offer scholarships to athletes for playing a sport. Division III schools may not offer any athletic scholarships, generally, larger schools compete in Division I and smaller schools in II and III. Division I football was divided into I-A and I-AA in 1978. Subsequently, the term Division I-AAA was briefly added to delineate Division I schools which do not field a football program at all, in 2006, Divisions I-A and I-AA were respectively renamed the Football Bowl Subdivision and Football Championship Subdivision. Inter-collegiate sports began in the US in 1852 when crews from Harvard University, as other sports emerged, notably football and basketball, many of these same concepts and standards were adopted. Football, in particular, began to emerge as a marquee sport, the IAAUS was officially established on March 31,1906, and took its present name, the NCAA, in 1910. For several years, the NCAA was a group and rules-making body, but in 1921, the first NCAA national championship was conducted. Gradually, more rules committees were formed and more championships were created, a series of crises brought the NCAA to a crossroads after World War II. The Sanity Code – adopted to establish guidelines for recruiting and financial aid – failed to curb abuses, postseason football games were multiplying with little control, and member schools were increasingly concerned about how the new medium of television would affect football attendance. The complexity of problems and the growth in membership and championships demonstrated the need for full-time professional leadership. Walter Byers, previously an executive assistant, was named executive director in 1951. Byers wasted no time placing his stamp on the Association, as college athletics grew, the scope of the nations athletics programs diverged, forcing the NCAA to create a structure that recognized varying levels of emphasis. In 1973, the Associations membership was divided into three legislative and competitive divisions – I, II, and III, five years later in 1978, Division I members voted to create subdivisions I-A and I-AA in football. Until the 1980s, the association did not offer womens athletics, instead, the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women, with nearly 1000 member schools, governed womens collegiate sports in the United States
29.
University of Wyoming
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It is known as UW to people close to the university. The university was founded in March 1886, four years before the territory was admitted as the 44th state, the University of Wyoming is unusual in that its location within the state is written into the states constitution. The university also offers education in communities throughout Wyoming and online. The University of Wyoming consists of seven colleges, agriculture and natural resources, arts and sciences, business, education, engineering and applied sciences, health sciences, the university offers over 190 undergraduate, graduate and certificate programs including Doctor of Pharmacy and Juris Doctor. The University of Wyoming was featured in the 2011 Princeton Review Best 373 Colleges, in addition to on-campus classes in Laramie, the university’s Outreach School offers more than 41 degree, certificate and endorsement programs to distance learners across the state and beyond. These programs are delivered through the use of technology, such as online, the Outreach School has nine regional centers across the state, with several on community college campuses, to give Wyoming residents access to a university education without relocating to Laramie. On September 27,1886, the cornerstone of Old Main was laid marking the beginning of the University of Wyoming, the stone is inscribed Domi Habuit Unde Disceret, which is often translated, He need not go away from home for instruction. The following year, the first class of 42 men and women began their college education, for the next decade the building housed classrooms, a library and administration offices. The style of Old Main set a precedent for all future University buildings, the main stone used is rough-cut sandstone from a quarry east of Laramie and the trim stone is smooth Potsdam Sandstone from a quarry near Rawlins. Old Main was designed to be a structure and was designed to be a symmetrical building with a prominent central spire as the focal point. The building was designed to reflect the character of Wyoming. The design of Old Main had an effect on university structures. In 1916, the spire was removed due to structural concerns. In 1949, the building was thoroughly remodeled—the auditorium and exterior stairs were completely removed and it also became officially known as Old Main and the name was carved above the east entrance. Currently, Old Main houses university administration including the Presidents Office, Prexys Pasture is a large grassy area located within a ring of classroom and administrative buildings and serves as the center mall of the campus. The name is attributed to a rule that the university president. During the administration of Arthur G. Crane the name, Prexys Pasture, was formally declared, Prexys, as it is often called today, is also known for the unique pattern formed by concrete pathways that students and faculty use to cross the pasture. When the University of Wyoming first opened its doors in 1887, the football team played their games on the pasture until 1922, when Corbett Field opened at the southeast corner of campus
30.
University of Northern Colorado
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The University of Northern Colorado is a public baccalaureate and graduate research university with approximately 12,000 students and six colleges. Founded in 1889, the main campus is located in Greeley, Colorado, about an hour north of Denver, with extended campus locations in Loveland, Denver. Established as the State Normal School of Colorado, the university has a history in teacher education. In addition to awards and rankings, UNC claims nationally ranked programs in business, performing and visual arts, nursing. UNC’s 19 athletic teams compete in NCAA Division I athletics, the history of The University of Northern Colorado begins in the late 1880s, when citizens of Greeley petitioned the Colorado government to create a school to educate teachers in their community. In April 1889 Governor Cooper signed a bill establishing the Colorado State Normal School, classes began in October of the next year. The university opened on October 6,1890, as the Colorado State Normal School to train qualified teachers for the public schools. Greeleys citizens raised the money for the first building, the school continues to grow, and in 1957 the name was shortened to Colorado State College to reflect the wider range of programs and degrees. Finally, in 1970 the name was changed to the current University of Northern Colorado, Dr. Zachariah Xenophon Snyder arrived at the fledgling university in 1891. He studied and implemented the principles of American philosopher and psychologist John Dewey by advancing the ideals of a child-centered education and he established Colorado’s first kindergarten, and Laura Tefft, from the famous Foebel-Pestalozzo Kindergarten School in Berlin, organized the innovative school. An early photograph shows young children playing on a playground located on campus, while playgrounds are now an everyday sight at primary schools, they were considered an innovation at the time. One of the Normal School’s first master’s theses explored the national playground movement, in 1913, President Snyder established a graduate school at CSCE. After his death in 1915, President John Grant Crabbe saw the university through World War I and he met financial challenges by contracting with the War Department to initiate the Student Army Training Corps, housing and educating active service men. No lives were lost on campus and he remained at the university until his death in 1924 at the age of 58. George W. Frasier was the president from 1924 to 1948. The Graduate School was created in 1930, Frasier emphasized teachers who are also scholars, which is still a hallmark of the university. During World War II, the university operated an air force clerical training school for more than 4,000 men. Frasier consulted for the Civil Aeronautics Administration and the college conducted an operation to provide meat for students
31.
North Park University
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North Park University is a liberal arts university in Chicago, Illinois, United States. The school, the university of the Evangelical Covenant Church. The university enrolls more than 3,000 undergraduate and graduate students from around the the world, the campus is located in the North Park and Albany Park neighborhoods of Chicago. In the later part of the 19th century, thousands of Swedish immigrants left Sweden, as the communities, concentrated in the Midwest with hubs in Chicago and Minneapolis, began to settle and develop, many things began to happen that would pave the way for North Park University. E. August Skogsbergh, sometimes called the Swedish Moody for his association with the famous Chicago Evangelist D. L, Moody, started a school in Minneapolis in 1884 that would serve as a forerunner to North Park in many ways. By 1891, the Covenant was in agreement that they should establish a school of their own. Skogsbergh offered his school, which served as the official Covenant school for three years, from 1891 until 1893, in 1894, the school was moved to Chicago, a move that upset some, including Skogsbergh. It moved to its present location at the corner of Foster and Kedzie and it was sited close to then existing Swedish-American villages and the newly established Swedish Covenant Hospital. Old Main, the oldest building on campus, was erected and dedicated on June 16,1894 and it is at this time that the name North Park was first used to describe the school. The early years of North Park were marked with struggles and successes. Both enrollment and funding fluctuated greatly in the early years, an interesting source of both money and headache came from P. H. Anderson, who at the time was serving as a Covenant missionary in Alaska, taking part in the gold rush of the time, Anderson made a massive find. And though he donated a portion of the findings, questionable circumstances surrounded the claim that created tension among the leadership of North Park, an early leader at that time was David Nyvall. Nyvall served as president and teacher in the Seminary for many years, the current seminary building, Nyvall Hall, is named after him. Since the early days, the school has developed and changed in many ways, in 1958, North Park Junior College expanded from a two-year college into a four-year program, becoming North Park College. In 1997, the decision was made to again change the name of the school. Though North Park still holds on to its Swedish American past and close ties with the Evangelical Covenant Church, North Park describes itself as a Liberal Arts University that is intentionally urban, distinctively Christian, and purposefully multicultural. North Park University is accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools, the seminary is additionally accredited by the Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada
32.
North Central College
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North Central College is a coeducational, liberal arts college located in downtown Naperville, Illinois, US. It is part of the College Conference of Illinois and Wisconsin and it has nearly 70 areas of study, including majors, minors, pre-professional and graduate programs, weaving together the arts and sciences. Currently it has 2,800 undergraduates and 260 graduate students, unlike most colleges, it utilizes a trimester-based academic calendar. North Central College was founded in 1861 as Plainfield College in Plainfield, classes were first held on November 11 of that year. On February 15,1864, the Board of Trustees changed the name of the school to North-Western College, the college moved to Naperville in 1870. The name was changed in 1926 to North Central College. The school is just 28 miles from the Chicago Loop, which students to have internships, jobs. The college is located on a 65-acre campus in downtown Naperville on Chicago Avenue, in the early 1900s College President Herman J. Kiekhoefer and Judge John S. Goodwin initiated contact with philanthropist Andrew Carnegie to seek out funds for new facilities on campus. Carnegie agreed to donate $25,000 to then North-Western College for a new library building, Carnegie Library, as it was formerly called, was one of only a few academic libraries in Illinois that received funding from Carnegie. The building still exists on campus today and is now known as Carnegie Hall, Pfeiffer Hall is North Central Colleges oldest fine arts building. The 4, 500-square-foot building was built in 1926 and seats 1,057 and this structure has been historically used by the college to screen films and host lectures, debates, and theatrical productions. Today Pfeiffer Hall continues to host events such as these along with performances by popular music artists. In 2008, North Central College dedicated the $30 million Wentz Concert Hall, the concert hall is named in honor of Myron Wentz, Class of 1963. Nearly $10 million in gifts from Wentz — a scientist, entrepreneur, plans for a new fine arts center were put on hold a decade ago when a devastating flood in Naperville forced the college to turn its attention to its damaged athletic complex instead. The center also houses a spacious lobby, a kitchen facility, the re-dedication of Meiley-Swallow Hall, the old Grace Evangelical Church at Ellsworth Street and Van Buren Avenue, was a highlight during the 2007 Homecoming weekend. In 2005, the college embraced the opportunity to preserve a part of Naperville, the 95-year-old structure was erected by the same denomination that founded North Central College and an addition to the colleges art and theatre programs. Special features of building include nearly 23,000 square feet of space, much-needed art display area, a 225-seat thrust stage theatre. There are 12 residence halls at North Central College, eight of which are traditional while four are apartments, Geiger Hall is a co-ed residence hall housing 75 first-year students, with men and women on alternate floors
33.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
34.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
35.
1903 Cumberland Bulldogs football team
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The 1903 Cumberland Bulldogs football team represented Cumberland University in the 1903 college football season. The team was a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association, the Bulldogs notably beat Vanderbilt and tied John Heismans Clemson at years end in a game billed as the SIAA Championship Game. They also beat Alabama, LSU, and Tulane in five days, the school claims a share of the SIAA title. It has been called the best football team in the history of Cumberland, for the 1903 season, point values were different from those used in contemporary games. In 1903 a touchdown was worth five points, a goal was worth five points. Games with Kentucky State College and Kentucky University were cancelled, Cumberland upset the Vanderbilt Commodores 6–0. Four minutes after the game started, Waterhouse had the decisive touchdown, M. O. Bridges had his right collarbone broken. The starting lineup was Waterhouse, M. L. Bridges, James, Smith, Cragwall, Suddarth, Spencer, Smiser, Head, Newton, Cumberland suffered the seasons only loss to the Sewanee Tigers. Henry D. Phillips plowed through the line for the deciding score, the starting lineup was Waterhouse, M. L. Bridges, James, Smith, Cragwall, Suddarth, Spencer, Smiser, Head, Anderson, Minton. Cumberland defeated Tennessee Medical College 86–0, Cumberland then walloped Grant University of Athens 92–0. To close the season, Cumberland beat Alabama, LSU. Red Smith and Head starred in the 44–0 defeat of Alabama, Cumberland outweighed Alabama by an average of nearly 30 pounds. The starting lineup was Waterhouse, M. L. Bridges, M. O. Bridges, Smith, Cragwall, Suddarth, Spencer, Smiser, Head, just two days later, Cumberland beat W. S. Borlands LSU Tigers 41–0. The starting lineup was Ashley, M. O. Bridges, Lieper, Smith, Cragwall, Suddarth, Sanders, Smiser, Head, two days later still, Cumberland defeated Tulane 28–0. Cumberland tied John Heismans Clemson Tigers in a game billed as the SIAA championship, Cumberland rushed out to an early 11 to 0 lead. Wiley Lee Umphlett in Creating the Big Game, John W. Clemson had been outweighed before, a contemporary account reads The Clemson players seemed mere dwarfs as they lined up for the kickoff. To the crowd on the sidelines it didnt seem that Heismans charges could possibly do more than give a gallant account of themselves in a losing battle, a touchdown was scored by fullback E. L. Minton. Guard M. O. Bridges kicked the extra point, Head made another touchdown, but Bridges missed the try
36.
Piedmont Park
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Piedmont Park is an urban park in Atlanta, Georgia, located about 1 mile northeast of Downtown, between the Midtown and Virginia Highland neighborhoods. Originally the land was owned by Dr. Benjamin Walker, who used it as his out-of-town gentlemans farm and he sold the land in 1887 to the Gentlemens Driving Club, who wanted to establish an exclusive club and racing ground for horse enthusiasts. The Driving Club entered an agreement with the Piedmont Exposition Company, headed by prominent Atlantan Charles A. Collier, to use the land for fairs and expositions and later gave the park its name. The park was designed by Joseph Forsyth Johnson to host the first of two major expositions held in the park in the late 19th century. The Piedmont Exposition opened in October 1887 to great fanfare, the event was a success and set the stage for the Cotton States and International Exposition which was held in the park seven years later in 1895. Both exhibitions showcased the prosperity of the region that had occurred during, in the early 20th century, a redesign plan called the Olmsted plan, was begun by the sons of New York Central Park architect, Frederick Law Olmsted. The effort led to the addition of scenic paths in the park, over the years, the park has also served as an athletic center for the city. Atlantas first professional team, the Atlanta Crackers, played in the park from 1902 to 1904. Several important intercollegiate rivalries were also forged in the including the University of Georgia vs. Georgia Tech baseball rivalry and Georgia versus Auburn football which has called the Deep Souths Oldest Rivalry. In 2008, a ceremony was held for a 53-acre extension to the park. On April 12,2011, Mayor Kasim Reed cut the ribbon to open the first phase of an expansion into the northern third of the park. Additional areas at the far north of the park are to be developed next, Atlanta was a rapidly growing city in the years before Piedmont Park. From 1860 to 1890, the population jumped from 9,554 to 65,533 residents and those years saw the opening of many education institutions such as Morehouse College, Clark College, Spelman College, Morris Brown College, Georgia School of Technology, and Agnes Scott College. Gordon, a distinguished Confederate general, was Governor of Georgia, the area soon to be known as Piedmont Park was owned by Benjamin Walker, who purchased the 189 acres in the 1830s from a man who had won the land in the land lottery. The driving club entered into an agreement with the Piedmont Exposition Company to use the grounds around the track as exposition space, Charles A. Collier, a prominent Atlanta businessman and former lawyer, was president of the company. Soon after, a building, grandstands, and club house were built for the track. The first exposition ever held in Piedmont Park, the Piedmont Exposition of 1887, the main building constructed for the Exposition was 570 feet long,126 feet wide, and two stories high
37.
Ponce de Leon Park
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The Crackers played here in the Southern Association and the International League. It was also home of the Atlanta Black Crackers who captured the second championship of the Negro American League in 1938. The ballpark was located at 650 Ponce de Leon Avenue, the street ran along the side of the park i. e. along its first base side. Across the street was the Ponce de Leon Amusement Park until 1926, the original ballpark on the site opened in 1907. The structure was destroyed by fire in 1923 and it was rebuilt in 1924 and was named for club owner Rell J. Spiller. It reverted to its name in 1933. The seating capacity of the park was about 20,000, the park was known for a magnolia tree in deep center field. Balls landing in the tree remained in play, until Earl Mann took over the team in 1947 and had the wall moved in about 50 feet. During exhibition games, Babe Ruth and Eddie Mathews both hit home runs that became stuck in the distant tree. After the Crackers moved to Atlanta Stadium in 1965, Ponce de Leon Park was demolished in favor of a center and today a strip mall, Midtown Place. The famous magnolia tree is standing at the rear of the shopping center along the BeltLine trail. College football games were also hosted at Ponce de Leon Park. The Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets played all their games there from 1908 to 1911. The Georgia Bulldogs have also played games at Poncey, on July 1,1940, the park hosted an exhibition fight between a 45-year-old Jack Dempsey and wrestler Clarence Luttrell which Dempsey won. The park also hosted regular Friday night high school football games between Tech High Smithies and Boys High Purple Hurricanes during the 1940s which sometimes outdrew the college games, ballparks of North America, by Michael Benson, McFarland Press,1989. Ernie Harwells Audio Scrapbook, by Ernie Harwell and Bob Harris, AudioBook Publications,2006
