1.
Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football
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The Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team represents the Georgia Institute of Technology in the sport of American football. The Yellow Jackets team competes in the Football Bowl Subdivision of the National Collegiate Athletic Association, Georgia Tech has fielded a football team since 1892 and has an all-time record of 700–471–43. The Yellow Jackets play in Bobby Dodd Stadium at Historic Grant Field in Atlanta, Georgia, the Yellow Jackets have won four Division I-A college football national championships and fifteen conference titles. A number of collegiate and professional football players once played for Tech. The school has 48 first-team All-Americans and over 150 alumni who have played in the NFL, among the most lauded and most notable players the school has produced are Calvin Johnson, Demaryius Thomas, Keith Brooking, Joe Hamilton, Joe Guyon, and Billy Shaw. In addition to its players, Techs football program has been noted for its coaches and its, in many cases bizarre traditions and game finishes. Among the teams coaches are John Heisman, for whom the Heisman Trophy is named, and Bobby Dodd, for whom the Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Award. Heisman led the team to the game in American football history. Dodd also led the Jackets on their longest winning streak against the University of Georgia, Tech began its football program with several students forming a loose-knit troop of footballers called the Blacksmiths. On November 5,1892, Tech played its first football game against Mercer University, the team lost to Mercer 12–6 in Macon, Georgia. Tech played two games during their first season and lost both of them for a season record of 0–3. Discouraged by these results, the Blacksmiths sought a coach to improve their record, leonard Wood, an Army officer and Atlantan, heard of Techs football struggles and volunteered to player-coach the team. Over the span of 1892–1903, Tech only won 8 games, tied in 5, in 1893, Tech played against the University of Georgia for the first time. Tech defeated Georgia 28–6 for the schools first-ever victory, the angry Georgia fans threw stones and other debris at the Tech players during and after the game. The poor treatment of the Blacksmiths by the Georgia faithful gave birth to the now known as Clean. In 1902, Jesse Thrash was the teams first All-Southern selection and he began the season as a sub and closed it as the undisputed star of the Tech team. Oliver Jones Huie was selected by Ga Techs athletic association to coach the team for the 1903 season when the team won 3. A professional coach was desperately needed if Tech wished to build a competitive football program
2.
Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association
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The Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association was one of the first collegiate athletic conferences in the United States. Twenty-seven of the current Division I FBS football programs were members of this conference at some point, the SIAA was founded on December 21,1894, by Dr. William Dudley, a chemistry professor at Vanderbilt, at the Kimball House in Atlanta. Dudley was a member of the Vanderbilt Athletic Association, formed in 1886 with Dr. W. M. Baskerville as president, most students at Vanderbilt were members. The early sports played on the Vanderbilt campus were baseball, bicycling, Dudley was primarily responsible for the formation of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association. Sewanees opposition stopped it from occurring, the original members were Alabama, Auburn, Georgia, Johns Hopkins, North Carolina, Sewanee, Vanderbilt, and Virginia. Virginia and North Carolina soon dropped before the inaugural 1895 season, the conference was originally formed for the development and purification of college athletics throughout the South. In 1903, a single-game football playoff occurred, but it seems to have been coordinated more so by the two competing schools than the conference itself, several other efforts over the years by individual schools to hold a conference title game fell through. Most SIAA titles claimed by schools in sports were actually more mythical in nature than officially sanctioned by the league. In 1915, a disagreement arose within the conference regarding the eligibility of freshman athletes, generally, the larger universities opposed the eligibility of freshman players, while the smaller schools favored it. As a result, some of the universities formed the Southern Intercollegiate Conference. At the conferences annual meeting on December 10,1920, the SIAA rejected proposals to ban freshman athletes, in protest, some schools that had voted in favor of the propositions immediately announced they would seek to form a new conference. In 1922, the Southern Conference underwent an expansion and added six more members, all at the expense of the SIAA, Florida, Louisiana State, Mississippi, South Carolina, Tulane, and Vanderbilt. With the departure of most of the colleges, the SIAA became a de facto small college conference in 1923. In the 1920s and 1930s, the SIAA increased its membership with the addition of additional small universities. The conference eventually disbanded in 1942 with the onset of American involvement in World War II, original charter members are denoted in boldface. Invited charter members are denoted with an asterisk, in the era in which the SIAA operated, teams tended to join in December, therefore, the first year of conference play in a given sport was often the following calendar year. Conference affiliations reflect those for the 2016–17 school year
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John Heisman
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John William Heisman was a player and coach of American football, basketball, and baseball, as well as a sportswriter and actor. His 1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado were recognized as the national champion and he served as the athletic director at Georgia Tech from 1904 to 1919 and at Rice from 1924 to 1927. While at Georgia Tech, he also was president of the Atlanta Crackers baseball team, fuzzy Woodruff dubbed Heisman the pioneer of Southern football. Heisman was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1954 and his entry there notes that Heisman stands only behind Amos Alonzo Stagg, Pop Warner, and Walter Camp as a master innovator of the brand of football of his day. One writer says Heisman, Stagg, and Warner constitute the Football Trinity, the Heisman Trophy, awarded annually to the seasons most outstanding college football player, is named after him. Heisman was born in Cleveland, Ohio, the son of Bavarian German immigrants Sara and he grew up in northwestern Pennsylvania near Titusville, where he played varsity football for Titusville High School from 1884 to 1886, and was salutatorian of his graduating class. Although he was a student, he confessed he was football mad. Heismans father refused to him play at Titusville, calling football bestial. He went on to football as a lineman at Brown University and at the University of Pennsylvania. In constant dread that his immediate teammates—guards weighing 212 and 243—would fall on him and he graduated from the University of Pennsylvania Law School in 1892. In his book Principles of Football, Heisman described his strategy, The coach should be masterful and commanding. He has no time to say please or mister, at times he must be severe, arbitrary, and little short of a czar. Heisman always used a megaphone at practice, Heisman first coached at Oberlin College in 1892. Wrote The Oberlin Review in 1892, Mr. Heisman has entirely remade our football and he has taught us scientific football. Influenced by Yale and Pudge Heffelfinger, Heisman implemented seven-man interference and his best lineman at Oberlin was the half German, half Hawaiian John Henry Wise. Heisman also used a pass and a double pass. Heisman returned to Oberlin in 1894, in 1893 he moved to Buchtel College, where he helped make the first of many permanent alterations to the sport of football. It was then customary for the center to begin a play by rolling the ball backwards, under Heisman, the center began tossing the ball to Clark, a practice that evolved into the snap that today begins every play
4.
Jump shift
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The jump shift or Heisman shift, was an American football shift maneuver in the backfield utilized by John Heisman. In this system, the quarterback, both halfbacks, and fullback would be in a line, as one would in an I-formation with a halfback at the hind end. Then the three players which were not to receive the ball from center would shift all to one side, a split second elapsed, then the ball was snapped and the wall of three blockers charged on. If needed, the center could also snap it to one of the other backs, the phalanx of blockers resembled the yet-to-be developed single wing. The Heisman shift was considered more complicated than its predecessors
5.
Walker Carpenter
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Walker Glenn Bill Big Six Carpenter was an American football tackle for John Heismans Georgia Tech Golden Tornado of the Georgia Institute of Technology. He and teammate Everett Strupper were the first players from the Deep South selected to an All-America team, Carpenter was inducted into the Georgia Tech Athletics Hall of Fame in 1965. He is also a member of the Georgia Sports Hall of Fame, walker was born June 3,1893 in Newnan, Georgia to Starling V. Carpenter and Glenn L. Camp. Carpenter entered The Georgia Institute of Technology in the fall of 1914 and he graduated from Tech with a degree in mechanical engineering. His coach John Heisman once said of Carpenter, On three of Georgia Techs greatest teams Bill Carpenter—Big Six—played right tackle in the manner that makes coaches believe that life is good. Even the coaches of the teams we walloped were given to saying that it was worth a beating to watch Bill and he was nominated though not selected for an Associated Press All-Time Southeast 1869-1919 era team. His first year on the team saw Carpenter suffer a serious injury during the Georgia game which caused him to have one of his kidneys removed. It was wondered if he would play football again. Carpenter defied the odds and stepped out on the field for the first game of 1915 against Mercer and he was responsible that year for training new recruits Si Bell, Bill Fincher, and Dan Whelchel. Walker Carpenter at Find a Grave
6.
Bobby Dodd Stadium
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Bobby Dodd Stadium at Historic Grant Field is the football stadium located at the corner of North Avenue at Techwood Drive on the campus of the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta. It has been home to the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team, often referred to as the Ramblin Wreck, in form since 1905. The team participates in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference and it is the oldest stadium in the FBS and has been the site of more home wins than any other FBS stadium. The stadium is located on the east side of the Georgia Tech campus, across from freshman housing facilities and just a walk from the campus library. The facility is located in Midtown Atlanta, just off Interstate 75/85, the stadiums atmosphere is unique in its setting, with a picturesque view of the downtown and Midtown Atlanta skylines looming overhead during games. Grant Field is the oldest continuously used site for college football in the Southern United States. Football has been played at the current site since 1905, in 1913, permanent grandstands were built for the first time, mostly by Tech students. It was originally named for Hugh Inman Grant, son of John W. Grant, from 1913 to 1919, the stadium grew from a capacity of 7,000 to one of 25,000. In 1988, the stadium was renamed in honor of Bobby Dodd, the playing surface is still named Grant Field. The stadium bears little, if any, resemblance to its original form, the original facility, roughly corresponding to the lower level of the current stadiums west grandstands, seated 5,600. The terrain in the area slopes upward from north to south, due to that natural grade, much of the field itself is below street level. The houses observable in the background of photos were replaced by dormitory buildings in the 1930s. By 1925, the east and south stands were completed, making the stadium a 30, the west stands were rebuilt and a large press box was added in 1947, bringing capacity up to 44,000. In 1985 the South stands were razed to make room for the William C, Wardlaw Center, a modern field house and athletic office facility to replace the facilities in the old Heisman Gym, which was located just to the north of the stadium. The current, modern west grandstand covers the old concrete one, the high interstitial space is currently used for storage. The lighting was replaced in 1998, following the 2001 season, a major expansion and renovation project was started, which was done in two phases in order to play the 2002 season in the stadium. For the 2002 season, seating was returned to the South end in front of the Wardlaw Center, after the 2002 season, the expansion was completed by adding a massive free standing upper deck in the north end zone. This addition of an end zone upper deck brought Bobby Dodd Stadium to its current capacity
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1918 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team
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The Tornado was coached by John Heisman in his 15th year as head coach, compiling a record of 6–1 and outscoring opponents 466 to 32. Georgia Tech played its games at Grant Field. Tech eclipsed 100 points three different times and its only road game was its only loss to national champion Pittsburgh at Forbes Field. Pittsburgh was the team to score on Tech during the 1918 season. The defeat ended Georgia Techs 33-game winning streak, center Bum Day was recognized as a consensus first-team All-American. He was a selection by Walter Camp. Days selection by Walter Camp as a first-team All-American was a historic first, Bill Fincher and Joe Guyon also made consensus All-America. Fincher and Buck Flowers made Camps second-team, because of Americas entry into World War I in April 1917, and the ongoing war effort, several SIAA schools did not field football teams in 1918. Coming off the Souths first national championship in 1917, Tech lost several players to the war effort and was reliant on freshmen. With captain-elect Everett Strupper lost to the war, tackle and placekicker Bill Fincher was left as captain, Fincher had a glass eye which he would covertly pull out after feigning an injury, turn to his opponents and say, So thats how you want to play. Coach John Heisman used the movement of his jump shift offense. Former end and Notre Dame alumnus Fay Wood assisted Heisman as line coach, Buck Flowers, a small back in his first year on the team, was in the backfield after transferring from Davidson a year before, where he had starred in a game against Tech. Flowers had grown to weigh 150 pounds and was a backup until Heisman discovered his ability as a runner on punt returns. On the first punt, Buck ran through the entire first team, Heisman had uncovered one of the greatest broken-field runners. The season opened with a 28–0 defeat of Clemson, the last score came on a 55-yard interception return by Joe Guyon. Red Barron once hurdled tacklers for a 40-yard gain, other scores came from Pug Allen and Wally Smith. Everett Strupper cheered from the sidelines, the starting lineup was, Fincher, Doyal, Nesbit, Davis, Dowling, Vandegrift, Staton, Barron, Ferst, Guyon, and Allen. Buck Flowers starred in the 118–0 victory over Furman, Joe Guyon played in the line and did well
8.
1917 Auburn Tigers football team
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The 1917 Auburn Tigers football team represented Auburn University in the 1917 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. It was the Tigers 26th season and they competed as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association, the team was led by head coach Mike Donahue, in his 13th year, and played their home games at Drake Field in Auburn, Alabama. They finished with a record of six wins, two losses and one tie, led by Walter Camp All-America Honorable Mention Moon Ducote, Auburn lost its two games to Davidson and Georgia Tech, widely regarded as the two best teams in the south. Georgia Tech was the souths first national champion, Auburn held undefeated Big Ten champion Ohio State to a scoreless tie. Source,1917 Auburn football schedule The season opened with a 53–0 defeat of Howard, in the second week of play, the Tigers beat Camp Sheridan 13–0. Auburn beat Clemson on Riggs Field 7–0, in a close game, Ducote starred for Auburn and Stumpy Banks starred for Clemson. Auburns starting lineup was Ducote, Caton, Samford, Rogers, Warren, Bonner, Styles, Robinson, Donahue, Creel, Auburn won a tough game with the Mississippi Aggies, winning 13–6. The Aggies score when their tackle, Horton, picked up a fumble, Auburns starting lineup was Styles, Caton, Sizemore, Rogers, Warren, Bonner, Gibson, Ducote, Donahue, Trapp, Revington. Auburns biggest win was 68–0 over Florida, Auburns starting lineup was Creel, Styles, Sizemore, Caton, Warren, Bonner, Gibson, Ducote, Donahue, Trapp, Revington. Davidson, led by Buck Flowers, beat the Tigers 21–7 in an upset and he also prevented Auburn from scoring with a tackle at the goal line. Auburns starting lineup was Esslinger, Styles, Sizemore, Caton, Warren, Bonner, Gibson, Robinson, Donahue, Ducote, the Tigers defeated Dan McGugins Vanderbilt Commodores 31–7. Auburns starting lineup was Gibson, Styles, Sizemore, Caton, Warren, Bonner, Creel, Robinson, Donahue, Ducote, Auburn held undefeated Big Ten champion Ohio State to a scoreless tie less than a week before the Tech game. Ohio State, led by Chic Harley, had been favored 4 or 5 to 1, coach John Heisman and his players were at the game, rooting for the Tigers. Auburn stopped Ohio State inside its 10-yard line five times, Auburns starting lineup was Creel, Styles, Sizemore, Caton, Warren, Bonner, Gibson, Robinson, Donahue, Ducote, Revington. In the seasons final game, Georgia Tech, for years considered the Souths greatest, Tech piled up 472 yards on the ground in 84 rushes and 145 yards in the air. Joe Guyon scored four touchdowns, and Everett Strupper had a 65-yard touchdown run, according to the Atlanta Journal, It was not the length of the run that featured it was the brilliance of it. Without checking his speed Everett knifed the two men completely, running between them and dashing on to a touchdown, in the second quarter, Moon Ducote broke through the line toward the goal with blocking by Pete Bonner and William Donahue. After Guyon dove at Ducote and missed, Guyon gave chase, for Auburns only score Ducote circled around end for 17 yards and lateraled to Donahue, who ran down the sideline for a six-yard touchdown
9.
1917 Clemson Tigers football team
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The 1917 Clemson Tigers football team represented the Clemson Tigers of Clemson Agricultural College during the 1917 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. Under first year head coach Edward Donahue, the posted a 6–2 record. F. L. Witsel was the captain, stumpy Banks scored five touchdowns against Furman for a school record. John Heisman ranked Clemson fourth in the south, or third in the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association
10.
1917 Vanderbilt Commodores football team
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The 1917 Vanderbilt Commodores football team represented Vanderbilt University in the 1917 college football season. The 1917 season was Dan McGugins 14th year as head coach, the souths first national champion Georgia Tech gave Vanderbilt its biggest loss in school history,83 to 0. Vandy captain Alf Adams praised the Tech team, Techs magnificent machine won easily over Vanderbilt and it was simply the matter of a splendid eleven winning over an unseasoned, inexperienced team. Tech played hard, clean football, and we were surprised to meet such a fair, aggressive team. I think that Vanderbilt could have broken that Tech shift if we had had last years eleven, being outweighed, Vanderbilt could not check the heavy forwards, or open up the line
11.
Wofford Terriers football
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The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision and are members of the Southern Conference. Woffords first football team was fielded in 1889, the team plays its home games at the 13,000 seat Gibbs Stadium in Spartanburg, South Carolina. The Terriers are coached by Mike Ayers, who is entering his 28th season with the team in 2015, Wofford moved from Division 2 to join the Division 1-AA Southern Conference in the 96-97 season. Since then, Wofford has won 4 Southern Conference Championships, Wofford is typically one of the strongest teams in the Southern Conference every year. Woffords best finish since moving from Division 2 was a trip to the National Semi-finals at Delaware in 2003, brenton Bersin - wide receiver for the Carolina Panthers Wofford has gone to the FCS Playoffs a total of 6 times. In 2003, Wofford appeared in the FCS Playoffs for the first time in school history, in the semi-finals, they lost to the would-be FCS Champions Delaware, and finished the season ranked #3 in the nation. The Terriers moved on to the quarterfinals in 2007 before losing to Richmond and they lost in the opening round to James Madison in 2008. In 2010, they advanced to the National Quarterfinals to face Southern Conference rival Georgia Southern and they were defeated in that game 20-23. Georgia Southern Fans taunted Wofford players, throwing bottles and trash at them. In 2011, they made it to the playoffs, losing to Northern Iowa 21-28 in the second round, in 2012, Wofford dominated visiting New Hampshire, to move on to the Quarterfinals to face would-be champions North Dakota St. Although they had chances to win, they fell 14-7. Woffords Football team has won 4 Southern Conference Championships, the first came in 2003, when Wofford finished 12-2, with a trip to face Delaware in the Division 1-AA Playoff Semifinals. The next championship came in 2007, sharing the championship with Appalachian State, Wofford would also win Conference titles in 2010 and 2012. The Terriers have appeared in the I-AA/FCS playoffs five times with an record of 6–5. The Terriers have appeared in the Division II playoffs two times with an record of 0–2
12.
1917 Florida Gators football team
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The 1917 Florida Gators football team represented the University of Florida during the 1917 college football season. The season was Alfred L. Al Busers first of three as the coach of the Florida Gators football team. The 1917 season was a disappointment, Busers 1917 Florida Gators completed their football season with an SIAA conference record of 1–3 and an overall record of 2–4. Coach Buser was a former All-American lineman for the Wisconsin Badgers, captain Rowdy Bill Wilkinson was the teams only returning letterman. Primary source,2015 Florida Gators Football Media Guide, on opening day, Florida came from behind with three touchdowns in the third quarter to beat South Carolina 21–13, the seasons only Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association victory. The starting lineup was Clemmons, Wurtrich, Connell, Wells, Swink, Brannon, Thomas, Fuller, Wilkinson, Ball, tulane overwhelmed the Gators 52–0, several times skirting the ends for long gains. The Gators were frequently penalized for offsides and hurdling, the starting lineup was Clemmons, Wurtrich, Connell, Wells, Otto, Brannon, Thomas, Fuller, Wilkinson, Ball, Lightsey. The Gators extended their winning streak over the Florida Southern Moccasins to four games, after the first ten minutes, Florida replaced its backfield with second-string men. The starting lineup was Clemmons, Wutrich, Swink, Dye, Cornell, Brannon, Thomas, Fuller, Marshall, Leifeste, Florida endured its sixth-straight loss to coach Mike Donahues Auburn team. The Plainsmen had their biggest win on the season over Florida, the starting lineup was Clemmons, Wutrich, Connell, Dye, Otto, Brannon, Thomas, Fuller, Wilkinson, Ball, Fernald. Floridas only score came on a pass, Loomis to Thomas. The starting lineup was Clemmons, Wutrich, Connell, Dye, Otto, Brannon, Thomas, Loomis, Wilkinson, Ball, on Thanksgiving, in the schools first-ever game against the Kentucky Wildcats, Florida lost 52–0. Kentucky used its substitutes by the second half, the starting lineup was Clemmons, Wuthrich, Connell, Dye, Gunn, Brannon, Thomas, Loomis, Wilkinson, Ball, Fernald. Head coach, Al Buser Manager, W. E. Stone Assistant managers, casler, J. W. Dalton University of Florida
13.
Howard Bulldogs football
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The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision and are members of the Southern Conference. Samfords first football team was fielded in 1902, the team plays its home games at the 6,700 seat Seibert Stadium in Homewood, Alabama. The Bulldogs are coached by Chris Hatcher, bobby Bowden James Bradberry Cortland Finnegan Jimbo Fisher Jaquiski Tartt Fabian Truss Corey White Nick Williams Michael Pierce 2017 at Georgia Official website
14.
Mississippi College Choctaws football
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The Mississippi College Choctaws football team represents Mississippi College. The schools teams are known as the Choctaws and its major rival is Millsaps College in nearby Jackson. After a more than 40-year hiatus, the two teams meeting on the football field again in 2000. The rivalry is dubbed the Backyard Brawl, the first year of the team was in 1907. The 1921 team was led by Hall of Famer Edwin Goat Hale, official record against all current GSC opponents
15.
Georgia Institute of Technology
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The Georgia Institute of Technology is a public research university in Atlanta, Georgia, in the United States. It is a part of the University System of Georgia and has campuses in Savannah, Georgia, Metz, France, Athlone, Ireland, Shenzhen, China. The educational institution was founded in 1885 as the Georgia School of Technology as part of Reconstruction plans to build an economy in the post-Civil War Southern United States. Initially, it offered only a degree in mechanical engineering, by 1901, its curriculum had expanded to include electrical, civil, and chemical engineering. In 1948, the changed its name to reflect its evolution from a trade school to a larger and more capable technical institute. Today, Georgia Tech is organized into six colleges and contains about 31 departments/units, with emphasis on science and it is well recognized for its degree programs in engineering, computing, business administration, the sciences, design, and liberal arts. Student athletics, both organized and intramural, are a part of student and alumni life, Georgia Tech fields eight mens and seven womens teams that compete in the NCAA Division I athletics and the Football Bowl Subdivision. Georgia Tech is a member of the Coastal Division in the Atlantic Coast Conference, the idea of a technology school in Georgia was introduced in 1865 during the Reconstruction period. However, because the American South of that era was mainly populated by workers and few technical developments were occurring. In 1882, the Georgia State Legislature authorized a committee, led by Harris and they were impressed by the polytechnic educational models developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Worcester County Free Institute of Industrial Science. On October 13,1885, Georgia Governor Henry D. McDaniel signed the bill to create, in 1887, Atlanta pioneer Richard Peters donated to the state 4 acres of the site of a failed garden suburb called Peters Park. The site was bounded on the south by North Avenue, and he then sold five adjoining acres of land to the state for US$10,000. This land was near Atlantas northern city limits at the time of its founding, the surrender of the city took place on the southwestern boundary of the modern Georgia Tech campus in 1864. The Georgia School of Technology opened in the fall of 1888 with two buildings, One building had classrooms to teach students, The second building featured a shop and had a foundry, forge, boiler room, and engine room. It was designed for students to work and produce goods to sell, on October 20,1905, U. S. President Theodore Roosevelt visited Georgia Tech. On the steps of Tech Tower, Roosevelt delivered a speech about the importance of technological education and he then shook hands with every student. Georgia Techs Evening School of Commerce began holding classes in 1912, the evening school admitted its first female student in 1917, although the state legislature did not officially authorize attendance by women until 1920. Annie T. Wise became the first female graduate in 1919 and was Georgia Techs first female faculty member the following year
16.
American football
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The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs, or plays, or else they turn over the football to the opposing team, if they succeed, they are given a new set of four downs. Points are primarily scored by advancing the ball into the teams end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponents goalposts for a field goal. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins, American football evolved in the United States, originating from the sports of association football and rugby football. The first game of American football was played on November 6,1869, during the latter half of the 1870s, colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby Union code, which allowed carrying the ball. American football as a whole is the most popular sport in the United States, Professional football and college football are the most popular forms of the game, with the other major levels being high school and youth football. As of 2012, nearly 1.1 million high school athletes and 70,000 college athletes play the sport in the United States annually, almost all of them men, in the United States, American football is referred to as football. The term football was established in the rulebook for the 1876 college football season. The terms gridiron or American football are favored in English-speaking countries where other codes of football are popular, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, American football evolved from the sports of association football and rugby football. What is considered to be the first American football game was played on November 6,1869 between Rutgers and Princeton, two college teams, the game was played between two teams of 25 players each and used a round ball that could not be picked up or carried. It could, however, be kicked or batted with the feet, hands, head or sides, Rutgers won the game 6 goals to 4. Collegiate play continued for years in which matches were played using the rules of the host school. Representatives of Yale, Columbia, Princeton and Rutgers met on October 19,1873 to create a set of rules for all schools to adhere to. Teams were set at 20 players each, and fields of 400 by 250 feet were specified, Harvard abstained from the conference, as they favored a rugby-style game that allowed running with the ball. An 1875 Harvard-Yale game played under rugby-style rules was observed by two impressed Princeton athletes and these players introduced the sport to Princeton, a feat the Professional Football Researchers Association compared to selling refrigerators to Eskimos. Princeton, Harvard, Yale and Columbia then agreed to play using a form of rugby union rules with a modified scoring system. These schools formed the Intercollegiate Football Association, although Yale did not join until 1879, the introduction of the snap resulted in unexpected consequences. Prior to the snap, the strategy had been to punt if a scrum resulted in bad field position, however, a group of Princeton players realized that, as the snap was uncontested, they now could hold the ball indefinitely to prevent their opponent from scoring. In 1881, both teams in a game between Yale-Princeton used this strategy to maintain their undefeated records, each team held the ball, gaining no ground, for an entire half, resulting in a 0-0 tie
17.
Southern United States
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The Southern United States, commonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South, is a region of the United States of America. The South does not fully match the geographic south of the United States, arizona and New Mexico, which are geographically in the southern part of the country, are rarely considered part, while West Virginia, which separated from Virginia in 1863, commonly is. Some scholars have proposed definitions of the South that do not coincide neatly with state boundaries, while the states of Delaware and Maryland, as well as the District of Columbia permitted slavery prior to the start of the Civil War, they remained with the Union. However, the United States Census Bureau puts them in the South, usually, the South is defined as including the southeastern and south-central United States. The region is known for its culture and history, having developed its own customs, musical styles, and cuisines, the Southern ethnic heritage is diverse and includes strong European, African, and some Native American components. Since the late 1960s, black people have many offices in Southern states, especially in the coastal states of Virginia. Historically, the South relied heavily on agriculture, and was rural until after 1945. It has since become more industrialized and urban and has attracted national and international migrants, the American South is now among the fastest-growing areas in the United States. Houston is the largest city in the Southern United States, sociological research indicates that Southern collective identity stems from political, demographic, and cultural distinctiveness from the rest of the United States. The region contains almost all of the Bible Belt, an area of high Protestant church attendance and predominantly conservative, indeed, studies have shown that Southerners are more conservative than non-Southerners in several areas, including religion, morality, international relations and race relations. Apart from its climate, the experience in the South increasingly resembles the rest of the nation. The arrival of millions of Northerners and millions of Hispanics meant the introduction of cultural values, the process has worked both ways, however, with aspects of Southern culture spreading throughout a greater portion of the rest of the United States in a process termed Southernization. The question of how to define the subregions in the South has been the focus of research for nearly a century, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, the Southern region of the United States includes sixteen states. As of 2010, an estimated 114,555,744 people, or thirty-seven percent of all U. S. residents, lived in the South, the nations most populous region. Other terms related to the South include, The Old South, the New South, usually including the South Atlantic States. The Solid South, region largely controlled by the Democratic Party from 1877 to 1964, before that, blacks were elected to national office and many to local office through the 1880s, Populist-Republican coalitions gained victories for Fusionist candidates for governors in the 1890s. Includes at least all the 11 former Confederate States, Southeastern United States, usually including the Carolinas, the Virginias, Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida. The Deep South, various definitions, usually including Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, occasionally, parts of adjoining states are included
18.
Albert Hill (American football)
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Albert Barnett Buster Hill was a college football player. Albert Barnett Hill was born on August 12,1896 in Washington, Georgia to William Meriwether Hill, Hill entered the Georgia Institute of Technology in 1913. He was a prominent player for John Heismans Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football teams, Hill was elected to the Georgia Tech Athletics Hall of Fame in 1966. Hill was the quarterback for Georgia Techs first national team in 1917. That year he received the most carries while leading one of the greatest ever backfields alongside Everett Strupper, Joe Guyon, Hill led the nation in touchdowns. Heisman considered the 1917 team the best one he ever coached, and for many years the team was considered the greatest football team the South ever produced
19.
Everett Strupper
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George Everett Strupper, Jr. known variously as Ev or Strup or Stroop was an American football player. He played halfback for Georgia Tech from 1915 to 1917, Strupper overcame deafness resulting from a childhood illness and was selected as an All-American in 1917. During Struppers three years playing for Georgia Tech, the compiled a record of 24–0–2 and outscored its opponents by a combined score of 1,135 to 61. In Georgia Techs record-setting 222–0 win over Cumberland College in 1916, for many years,1917 Georgia Tech was considered the greatest football team the South ever produced. Strupper starred as part of a renowned backfield including also Joe Guyon, Judy Harlan, Strupper and teammate Walker Carpenter were the first players from the Deep South selected for an All-America first team. Sportswriter Morgan Blake called Strupper probably the greatest running half-back the South has known, bernie McCarty writes Strupper ranks among the greatest broken-field gallopers in Southern football history. And he caught and threw passes, returned kicks, blocked well and he was posthumously inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1972 and the Georgia Sports Hall of Fame in 1974. Strupper was born in Columbus, Georgia, in 1896 and his parents, G. Everett Strupper, Sr. and Bessie H. Strupper, were both Georgia natives. As of 1910, his father was employed as a manager at an oil company. Stupper attended Riverside Military Academy in Gainesville, Georgia and he was the star of the schools football team in 1913, and is a member of the schools sports hall of fame. Strupper enrolled at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta in 1914, during his freshman year, Strupper became a member of the Georgia Phi chapter of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon Fraternity. He was an athlete competing for Georgia Tech in basketball, football. In 1914, Strupper played for the football team at Georgia Tech. He then played halfback for Georgia Techs varsity football teams head coach John Heisman from 1915 to 1917. Strupper was deaf, and because of his deafness, he called the signals instead of the teams quarterback, Strupper was a small man, with his height being stated in varying accounts to be between five-feet seven inches and five-feet, ten inches. His coach John Heisman later wrote that Strupper was but 5 feet 7 inches in height and he was sometimes known as little Everett Strupper. Georgia Tech never lost a game in which Strupper played, compiling three consecutive undefeated seasons from 1915 to 1917, during Struppers three years playing for Georgia Tech, the team compiled a record of 24–0–2. Only two teams managed a tie – the University of Georgia in 1915 and Washington & Lee in 1916, in those 26 games, Georgia Tech outscored its opponents by a combined score of 1,135 to 61
20.
Judy Harlan
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Julian Washington Judy Harlan, Jr. was an American college football player for the Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football of the Georgia Institute of Technology. He was the fullback in Georgia Techs famous backfield of 1917, playing in the days before two platoons, Harlan was also one of the best defensive backs in the country. Coming from old Tech High, Harlan was a fullback on the schools famous backfield of 1917, alongside halfbacks Everett Strupper and Joe Guyon, Harlan often blocked for Strupper or Guyon, performing notably as a freshman having to fill the void left by Tommy Spence. The 1917 team won Georgia Techs first national championship and outscored opponents 491 to 17, Harlan was a member of the schools ANAK Society. Thats when Guyon would give out the blood curdling war whoops, due to the First World War, Harlan was also a teammate of Auburn great Moon Ducote on the 1918 Cleveland Naval Reserves which upset national champion Pittsburgh by a 10 to 9 score. Pittsburgh had beaten Georgia Tech 32 to 0 after declining an offer to play the year before, Ducote kicked the winning field goal. Harlan stated, I intercepted a pass and returned it to midfield in the fourth quarter, I felt I at least had evened up some of the losses we had at Tech. Harlan came into his own upon returning to Tech for the 1919 season, Harlan was captain of the Tech team in 1921. Former Tech fullback Sam Murray, who played behind Doug Wycoff, was asked about a strong runner in the 1930s. But if I were playing again, I would have one wish – never to see bearing down upon me a more fearsome picture of power than Judy Harlan blocking for Red Barron, Harlan was inducted into the Georgia Tech Athletics Hall of Fame in 1960
21.
1917 Davidson Wildcats football team
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The 1917 Davidson Wildcats football team represented Davidson University in the 1917 college football season. Led by third year coach Bill Fetzer, the Wildcats competed as a member of the South Atlantic Intercollegiate Athletic Association, despite a record of 6–4, some would call Davidson the second best southern team that year. Following the Auburn game the Davidson team was first referred to as the Wildcats, the team included a 17-year-old Buck Flowers, and two other All-Southerns in Wooly Grey and captain Georgie King. The backfield consisted of Flowers, quarterback Henry Spann, halfback Jack Black, Davidson scored the most on the souths first national champion – Georgia Tech, for many years considered the greatest football team the South ever produced, in a 32 to 10 loss. This was the only game none of Techs backs gained 100 yards rushing, Tech only led 6 to 3 until Everett Strupper broke open the game in the second half. Davidson got desperate and tried the pass, getting to within the 15-yard line, walker Carpenter broke through the line and got a 10-yard loss. Davidson captain Georgie King said “I consider Georgia Tech the best football team I have ever played against or ever expect to play against. ”Auburn was involved in of the great upsets in Southern football history as the Wildcats bested the Auburn Tigers 21–7. Davidson beat Clemson 21–9 on a soggy field, tackle Douglas Elliott broke his leg below the knee in the second quarter. King scored two touchdowns and Flowers another, clemsons score followed a kick return by Stumpy Banks to the 4-yard line. The starting lineup was King, Shaw, Gray, D. Crouch, McMaster, Elliott, Roberts, Spann, McAlester, Thomas, Burns
22.
Buck Flowers
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A triple threat, Flowers also handled punting and drop kicks. Coach William Alexander said Flowers was the best punter Tech ever had, as a safety on defense, no player ever got past Flowers for a touchdown. In 1955, he became the first Georgia Tech football player to be inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame, Flowers was also selected as a halfback on an Associated Press Southeast Area All-Time football team 1869–1919 era. Flowers was born in Sumter, South Carolina, in 1899, as a senior in 1916, Flowers played for a Sumter team that lost only one game. He later recalled, I only weighed 115 pounds when I was in high school, I did all of the kicking but didnt run very much because I was so small. He is considered the greatest athlete to come out of Sumter, Flowers enrolled at Davidson College in Davidson, North Carolina on a scholarship arranged by his Presbyterian minister. At just 17 years of age he played for the Davidson Wildcats football team, in 1917 Flowers participated in one of the great upsets in Southern football history as the Wildcats bested the Auburn Tigers 21–7. He also prevented Auburn from scoring with a tackle at the goal line, Flowers also had a 68-yard run against Navy in 1917. Davidson scored the most on the 1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado, for years considered the greatest football team the South ever produced. Flowers made a goal that game. Some would call Davidson the second best southern team that year, techs renowned backfield of Albert Hill, Everett Strupper, Joe Guyon, and freshman Judy Harlan, had all but Harlan make the composite All-Southern team. The spot remaining went to Flowers, in 1918, Flowers enrolled at Georgia Tech where he played for the 1918,1919, and 1920 teams coached by John Heisman and Bill Alexander. On the first punt, Buck ran through the entire first team, Heisman had uncovered one of the greatest broken-field runners. Tech went on to win the SIAA in 1918, Heisman resigned after the 1919 season. Flowers had a 78-yard touchdown against Vanderbilt in the mud, records conflict as to Flowers rushing totals during the 1920 season. According to one account, which acknowledged it was based on incomplete records, according to another account, published by the United Press in 1958, Flowers rushed for 1,425 yards in 1920. Flowers also handled punting for Georgia Tech and led the country with an average of 49.4 yards per punt in 1920 and his longest punts were 82 yards against Georgetown and 85 yards against Davidson. Flowers also had an 80-yard touchdown run against Georgetown, Georgia Tech dominated in a week 4 win over Vanderbilt
23.
Washington and Lee Generals football
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The Washington and Lee Generals football team represents Washington and Lee University in Lexington, Virginia. The Generals compete at NCAA Division III level as members of the Old Dominion Athletic Conference, Washington and Lee football dates back to 1873 with a one-game season, featuring a 4–2 win over the VMI Keydets. No player or coaching records are known from that game, UVA historians also remark on a game played between Virginia and Washington and Lee in 1871 with no records. The Generals would not have another team until 1890. The first golden era of W&L football began in 1905, between 1905 and 1917 the Generals reeled off 13 straight winning seasons. From 1912 to 1915, W&L went 32–3–1 and won the South Atlantic Intercollegiate Athletic Association championship in 1914, the 1914 team, coached by Jogger Elcock, was the first team in school history to go undefeated. Members of that team include All-Southern lineman Ted Shultz and College Football Hall of Fame running back Harry Young and it secured a share of the title when it finished the season with a victory over North Carolina A & M. The school temporarily gave up football in 1954
24.
American entry into World War I
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The American entry into World War I came in April 1917, after two and a half years of efforts by President Woodrow Wilson to keep the United States neutral. Apart from an Anglophile element supporting the British, American public opinion went along with neutrality at first, the sentiment for neutrality was strong among Irish Americans, German Americans and Scandinavian Americans, as well as among church leaders and women. On the other hand, even before World War I broke out, the citizenry increasingly came to see the German Empire as the villain after news of atrocities in Belgium in 1914, and the sinking of the passenger liner RMS Lusitania in May 1915. Wilson made all the key decisions and kept the economy on a basis, while allowing banks to make large-scale loans to Britain. However, he did enlarge the United States Navy, in early 1917, Germany decided to resume all-out submarine warfare on every commercial ship headed toward Britain, realizing that this decision would almost certainly mean war with the U. S. Germany also offered to help Mexico regain territories lost in the Mexican–American War in the Zimmermann Telegram, publication of that offer outraged Americans just as German U-boats started sinking American ships in the North Atlantic. Wilson asked Congress for a war to end all wars that would make the safe for democracy. On December 7,1917, the U. S. declared war on Austria-Hungary, United States insisted on maintaining the traditional rights of neutrals, protested strongly against violations by Britain and especially by Germany. The British seized American ships for supposed violations, the Germans sank them without warning, in violation of international law that said sailors must be allowed an opportunity to reach their lifeboats. A critical indirect strategy used by both sides was the blockade, the British Royal Navy successfully stopped the shipment of most war supplies and food to Germany. Neutral American ships that tried to trade with Germany were seized or turned back by the Royal Navy who viewed such trade as in conflict with the Allies war efforts. The strangulation came about slowly, because Germany and the Central Powers controlled extensive farmlands. It was eventually successful because Germany and Austria-Hungary had decimated their agricultural production by taking so many farmers into their armies, by 1918, German cities were on the verge of starvation, the front-line soldiers were on short rations and were running out of essential supplies. England wants to starve us, said Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz, the man who built the German fleet and we can play the same game. We can bottle her up and destroy every ship that endeavors to break the blockade, unable to challenge the more powerful Royal Navy on the surface, Tirpitz wanted to scare off merchant and passenger ships en route to Britain. While Germany had only nine long-range U-boats at the start of the war, furthermore, Americans insisted that the drowning of innocent civilians was barbaric and grounds for a declaration of war. The British frequently violated Americas neutral rights by seizing ships, Wilsons top advisor, Colonel Edward M. House commented that, The British have gone as far as they possibly could in violating neutral rights, though they have done it in the most courteous way. When Wilson protested British violations of American neutrality, the British backed down, German submarines torpedoed ships without warning, causing sailors and passengers to drown
25.
Georgia (U.S. state)
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Georgia is a state in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1733, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies, named after King George II of Great Britain, Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2,1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 19,1861 and it was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15,1870. Georgia is the 24th largest and the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, from 2007 to 2008,14 of Georgias counties ranked among the nations 100 fastest-growing, second only to Texas. Georgia is known as the Peach State and the Empire State of the South, Atlanta is the states capital, its most populous city and has been named a global city. Georgia is bordered to the south by Florida, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina, to the west by Alabama, the states northern part is in the Blue Ridge Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountains system. Georgias highest point is Brasstown Bald at 4,784 feet above sea level, Georgia is the largest state entirely east of the Mississippi River in land area. Before settlement by Europeans, Georgia was inhabited by the mound building cultures, the British colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe on February 12,1733. The colony was administered by the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America under a charter issued by King George II. The Trustees implemented a plan for the colonys settlement, known as the Oglethorpe Plan. In 1742 the colony was invaded by the Spanish during the War of Jenkins Ear, in 1752, after the government failed to renew subsidies that had helped support the colony, the Trustees turned over control to the crown. Georgia became a colony, with a governor appointed by the king. The Province of Georgia was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution by signing the 1776 Declaration of Independence, the State of Georgias first constitution was ratified in February 1777. Georgia was the 10th state to ratify the Articles of Confederation on July 24,1778, in 1829, gold was discovered in the North Georgia mountains, which led to the Georgia Gold Rush and an established federal mint in Dahlonega, which continued its operation until 1861. The subsequent influx of white settlers put pressure on the government to land from the Cherokee Nation. In 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act into law, sending many eastern Native American nations to reservations in present-day Oklahoma, including all of Georgias tribes. Despite the Supreme Courts ruling in Worcester v. Georgia that ruled U. S. states were not permitted to redraw the Indian boundaries, President Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the ruling. In 1838, his successor, Martin Van Buren, dispatched troops to gather the Cherokee
26.
Secondary school
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A secondary school is both an organization that delivers level 2 junior secondary education or level 3 secondary education phases of the ISCED scale, and the building where this takes place. Level 2 junior secondary education is considered to be the second, Secondary schools typically follow on from primary schools and lead into vocational and tertiary education. Attendance is compulsory in most countries for students between the ages 11 and 16, the systems and terminology remain unique to each country. School building design does not happen in isolation, schools need to accommodate students, staff, storage, mechanical and electrical systems, storage, support staff, ancillary staff and administration. The number of rooms required can be determined from the roll of the school. A general classroom for 30 students needs to be 55m2, or more generously 62m2, a general art room for 30 students needs to be 83m2, but 104 m2 for 3D textile work. A drama studio or a specialist science laboratory for 30 needs to be 90 m2, examples are given on how this can be configured for a 1,200 place secondary. The building providing the education has to fulfil the needs of, The students, the teachers, the support staff, the adminstrators. It has to should meet health requirements, minimal functional requirements- such as classrooms, toilets and showers, electricity, textbooks, Government accountants having read the advice then publish minimum guidelines on schools. These enable environmental modelling and establish building costs. Future plans are audited to ensure that standards are not exceeded. The UK government published this downwardly revised space formula in 2014 and it said the floor area should be 1050m² +6. 3m²/pupil place for 11- to 16-year-olds + 7m²/pupil place for post-16s. The external finishes were to be downgraded to meet a build cost of £1113/m², a secondary school, locally may be called high school, junior high school, senior high school. Sweden, gymnasium Switzerland, gymnasium, secondary school, collège or lycée Taiwan, Junior High School, Senior High School, Vocational High School, Military School, in Nigeria, secondary school starts from JSS1 until SSS3. Most students start at the age of 10 or 11 and finish at 16 or 17, Students are required to sit for the West African Senior Secondary Certificate Examination. To progress to university students must obtain at least a credit in Maths, English, in Somalia, secondary school starts from 9th grade until 12th. Students start it when they are around 14 to 15 years of age, Students are required to study Somali and Arabic, with the option of either English or Italian depending on the type of school. Religion, chemistry, physics, biology, physical education, textile, art, design, when secondary school has been completed, students are sent to national training camp before going to either college, or military training. In South Africa, high school begins at grade 8, Students study for five years, at the end of which they write a Matriculation examination
27.
Captain (sports)
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In team sports, captain is a title given to a member of the team. The title is frequently honorary, but in cases the captain may have significant responsibility for strategy. In either case, it is a position that indicates honor, in association football and cricket, a captain is also known as a skipper. Depending on the sport, team captains may be given the responsibility of interacting with game officials regarding application and interpretation of the rules, in many team sports, the captains represent their respective teams when the match official does the coin toss at the beginning of the game. Various sports have differing roles and responsibilities for team captains, in martial arts, the class lead instructor, acting under the direction and authority of the Master or a senior belt, may be called the captain
28.
Forward pass
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In several forms of football a forward pass is a throwing of the ball in the direction that the offensive team is trying to move, towards the defensive teams goal line. In some football codes, such as football, the kicked forward pass is used so ubiquitously that it is not thought of as a distinct kind of play at all. In these sports, the concept of offside is used to regulate who can be in front of the play or be nearest to the goal, however, this has not always been the case. Some earlier incarnations of football allowed unlimited forward passing, while others had strict offside rules similar to rugby, the development of the forward pass in American football shows how the game has evolved from its rugby roots into the distinctive game it is today. Illegal and experimental forward passes had been attempted as early as 1876, another change in rules occurred on January 18,1951, which established that no center, tackle, or guard could receive a forward pass. Today, the only linemen who can receive a forward pass are the ends, current rules regulate who may throw and who may receive a forward pass, and under what circumstances, as well as how the defensive team may try to prevent a pass from being completed. In American and Canadian football, a pass, usually referred to simply as a pass. This is permitted only once during a scrimmage down by the team before team possession has changed, provided the pass is thrown from in or behind the neutral zone. An illegal forward pass can incur a penalty and the loss of a down, although it may be legally intercepted by the opponents. If an eligible receiver on the passing team legally catches the ball, the pass is completed, if an opposing player legally catches the ball it is an interception. That players team immediately gains possession of the ball and he may attempt to advance the ball toward his opponents goal, if no player is able to legally catch the ball it is an incomplete pass and the ball becomes dead the moment it touches the ground. It will then be returned to the line of scrimmage for the next down. If any player interferes with an eligible receivers ability to catch the ball it is pass interference which draws a penalty of varying degree. The person passing the ball must be a member of the team. The moment that a forward pass begins is important to the game, the pass begins the moment the passers arm begins to move forward. If the passer drops the ball before this moment it is a fumble, in this case anybody can gain possession of the ball before or after it touches the ground. If the passer drops the ball while his arm is moving forward it is a pass, regardless of where the ball lands or is first touched. The quarterback generally either starts a few paces behind the line of scrimmage or drops back a few paces after the ball is snapped
29.
Ojibwe
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The Ojibwe, Ojibwa, or Chippewa are an Anishinaabeg group of indigenous peoples in North America. They live in Canada and the United States and are one of the largest Indigenous ethnic groups north of the Rio Grande, in Canada, they are the second-largest First Nations population, surpassed only by the Cree. In the United States, they have the fourth-largest population among Native American tribes, surpassed only by the Navajo, Cherokee, the Ojibwe people traditionally have spoken the Ojibwe language, a branch of the Algonquian language family. They are part of the Council of Three Fires and the Anishinaabeg, which include the Algonquin, Nipissing, Oji-Cree, Odawa, the majority of the Ojibwe people live in Canada. There are 77,940 mainline Ojibwe,76,760 Saulteaux and 8,770 Mississaugas, organized in 125 bands, as of 2010, Ojibwe in the US census population is 170,742. Ojibwe are known for their bark canoes, birch bark scrolls, mining and trade in copper. Their Midewiwin Society is well respected as the keeper of detailed and complex scrolls of events, oral history, songs, maps, memories, stories, geometry, and mathematics. The Ojibwe people set the agenda with European-Canadian leaders by signing detailed treaties before they allowed many European settlers into their western areas, in 1745, they adopted guns from the British to defeat the Dakota people in the Lake Superior area, pushing them to the south and west. The exonym for this Anishinaabeg group is Ojibwe and this name is commonly anglicized as Ojibwa or Ojibway. The name Chippewa is an alternative anglicization, although many variations exist in literature, Chippewa is more common in the United States, and Ojibway predominates in Canada, but both terms are used in each country. In many Ojibwe communities throughout Canada and the U. S. since the late 20th century, some 19th-century sources say this name described a method of ritual torture that the Ojibwe applied to enemies. Because many Ojibwe were formerly located around the outlet of Lake Superior, marie for its rapids, the early Canadian settlers referred to the Ojibwe as Saulteurs. Ojibwe who subsequently moved to the provinces of Canada have retained the name Saulteaux. This is disputed since some scholars believe that only the name migrated west, Ojibwe who were originally located along the Mississagi River and made their way to southern Ontario are known as the Mississaugas. The Ojibwe language is known as Anishinaabemowin or Ojibwemowin, and is widely spoken. Today, most of the languages fluent speakers are elders, since the early 21st century, there is a growing movement to revitalize the language, and restore its strength as a central part of Ojibwe culture. The language belongs to the Algonquian linguistic group, and is descended from Proto-Algonquian and its sister languages include Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Cree, Fox, Menominee, Potawatomi, and Shawnee among the northern Plains tribes. Anishinaabemowin is frequently referred to as a Central Algonquian language, however, Ojibwemowin is the fourth-most spoken Native language in North America after Navajo, Cree, and Inuktitut
30.
White Earth Indian Reservation
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The White Earth Indian Reservation is the home to the White Earth Band, located in northwestern Minnesota. It is the largest Indian reservation in that state by land area, the reservation includes all of Mahnomen County, plus parts of Becker and Clearwater counties in the northwest part of the state, along the Wild Rice and White Earth rivers. It is about 225 miles from Minneapolis-St. Paul and roughly 65 miles from Fargo-Moorhead, community members often prefer to identify as Anishinaabe or Ojibwe rather than Chippewa, a corruption of Ojibwe that came to be used by European settlers to refer to them. The reservations land area is 1,093 sq mi, the White Earth Indian Reservation is one of six bands that make up the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe, their governing body for major administrative needs. The Band issues its own license plates to vehicles. The White Earth Reservation was created on March 19,1867, during a treaty signing in Washington, ten Chippewa Indian chiefs met with President Andrew Johnson at the White House to negotiate the treaty. The chiefs Wabanquot, a Gull Lake Mississippi Chippewa, and Fine Day, the reservation originally covered 1,300 square miles. Much of the land was improperly sold or seized by outside interests, including the U. S. federal government, in the late 19th century. According to the Dawes Act of 1887, the land was to be allotted to individual households recorded in tribal rolls. Under the act, the remainder was declared surplus and available for sale to non-Native Americans, the Nelson Act of 1889 was a corollary law that enabled the land to be divided and sold to non-Natives. In the latter half of the 20th century, the government arranged for the transfer of state. In 1989, Winona LaDuke formed the White Earth Land Recovery Project, at that time, less than 10% of the land within the reservation boundaries was owned by tribal members. The White Earth Band government operates the Shooting Star Casino, Hotel and Event center in Mahnomen, the entertainment and gambling complex employs over 1000 tribal and non-tribal staff, with plans for expansion into the Bagley market. Originally, the United States wanted to relocate all Anishinaabe people from Michigan, Wisconsin and it planned to open the land of the vacated reservations to sale and settlement by European Americans. The US continued to promote this policy until 1898, before the Nelson Act of 1889 took effect, groups of Anishinaabe and Dakota peoples began to relocate to the White Earth Reservation from other Minnesota Chippewa and Dakota reservations. The 1920 census details provide data on the origins of the Anishinabe people living on the White Earth Reservation, as they indicated their original bands. There were 4,856 from the Mississippi Band of Chippewa, the Pillagers numbered 1,218, the Pembina Band were 472, and 113 were from the Fond du Lac and Superior Chippewa bands. On July 8,1889, the United States broke treaty promises, it told the Minnesota Chippewa that Red Lake Reservation and White Earth Reservation would remain and it also told them the Chippewa from the other Reservations would be relocated to White Earth Reservation
31.
Pop Warner
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Glenn Scobey Warner, most commonly known as Pop Warner, was an American football coach at various institutions who is responsible for several key aspects of the modern game. Included among his innovations are the single and double wing formations, fellow pioneer coach Amos Alonzo Stagg called Warner one of the excellent creators. He was inducted as a coach into the College Football Hall of Fame as part of its class in 1951. He also contributed to a football program which became known as Pop Warner Little Scholars. In the early 1900s, he created a football program at the Carlisle Indian Industrial School—a federally-funded. He also coached teams to four championships, Pittsburgh in 1915,1916. Predating Bear Bryant and Bobby Bowden, he once had the most wins of any coach in football history. Warner was born April 5,1871 on a farm in Springville and he was the son of William Warner, a cavalry officer in the American Civil War, and schoolteacher Adaline Scobey. In 1878 a railroad came to Springville, and four years later the moved to a house on East Main Street. Plump as a child, Warner was sometimes known as Butter and he began playing baseball at an early age, and was a skilled pitcher. Nobody in town owned a football, his exposure to the new sport at a young age was with an inflated cows bladder, and as few knew the rules. Warners East Main Street house attracted a number of friends, when a neighbor told his mother that the play would damage her lawn, she replied, Im raising boys. Aside from ranching, Warner got a job assisting a tinsmith and he was already interested in art as a kid — learning how to paint watercolor landscapes, and as a tinsmith he learned how to use tools to make cups, teapots, baking pans as well as lanterns. In 1892, Warner returned to Springville and began to use his experience to gamble on horse races. Although he had no interest in college, soon after coming back he was forced to attend Cornell Universitys law school. Later Warner wrote I dare not write to my father and tell him I was broke — he felt that the way to get funds was to inform his father that he decided to study law. His father, who had wanted him to be a lawyer. Eventually, Warner became known as Pop because he was one of the oldest students at Cornell, at the end of 1894, Warner left Cornell and began working as an attorney in Buffalo, New York
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