1.
1917 in Norway
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Events in the year 1917 in Norway. Monarch - Haakon VII the Bratsberg Line began rail traffic between Eidanger and Notodden, the line was closed in 2001. 2 April - Lillestrøm SK football club is founded after the merger of two football clubs. 19 May - Rosenborg BK football club is founded,12 May – Johan Berg, military officer
2.
Norway
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The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered part of the Kingdom. Norway also lays claim to a section of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land, until 1814, the kingdom included the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland. It also included Isle of Man until 1266, Shetland and Orkney until 1468, Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres and a population of 5,258,317. The country shares a long border with Sweden. Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east, Norway has an extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea. King Harald V of the Dano-German House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway, erna Solberg became Prime Minister in 2013, replacing Jens Stoltenberg. A constitutional monarchy, Norway divides state power between the Parliament, the Cabinet and the Supreme Court, as determined by the 1814 Constitution, the kingdom is established as a merger of several petty kingdoms. By the traditional count from the year 872, the kingdom has existed continuously for 1,144 years, Norway has both administrative and political subdivisions on two levels, counties and municipalities. The Sámi people have an amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the Sámi Parliament. Norway maintains close ties with the European Union and the United States, the country maintains a combination of market economy and a Nordic welfare model with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system. Norway has extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood, the petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the countrys gross domestic product. On a per-capita basis, Norway is the worlds largest producer of oil, the country has the fourth-highest per capita income in the world on the World Bank and IMF lists. On the CIAs GDP per capita list which includes territories and some regions, from 2001 to 2006, and then again from 2009 to 2017, Norway had the highest Human Development Index ranking in the world. It also has the highest inequality-adjusted ranking, Norway ranks first on the World Happiness Report, the OECD Better Life Index, the Index of Public Integrity and the Democracy Index. Norway has two names, Noreg in Nynorsk and Norge in Bokmål. The name Norway comes from the Old English word Norðrveg mentioned in 880, meaning way or way leading to the north. In contrasting with suðrvegar southern way for Germany, and austrvegr eastern way for the Baltic, the Anglo-Saxon of Britain also referred to the kingdom of Norway in 880 as Norðmanna land. This was the area of Harald Fairhair, the first king of Norway, and because of him
3.
1920 in Norway
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Events in the year 1920 in Norway. Monarch - Haakon VII9 February – The League of Nations gives Spitsbergen to Norway, 17–19 June – The Centre Party was founded. Aalesund ship is discovered embedded in the south of Ålesund. 29 March – Hans Methlie Michelsen, judge 4 April – Dagfinn Grønoset, author 8 April – Kristian Asdahl, politician 9 April – Otto Nes,10 April - Jakob Aano, politician 12 April – Audun Hetland, illustrator. Platou, electrical engineer and politician 13 July – Jens Christian Magnus, military officer and politician
4.
1921 in Norway
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Events in the year 1921 in Norway. Monarch - Haakon VII6 May - A general strike begins in Norway,17 September - the Dovre Line was opened. 18 September - Nidareid train disaster on the Trondhjem-Størenbanen railway line, six people were killed in this, the first serious passenger train accident in Norway The 1921 Parliamentary election takes place. 30 June - Gunvor Hofmo, writer and poet 10 July – Eva Kløvstad,10 October - Gunnar Thoresen, bobsledder 17 October – Edel Hætta Eriksen, schoolteacher and politician. 11 November - Trygve Olsen, politician 27 November - Aud Alvær, politician 28 November - Olav Hagen, cross country skier, Gunnar S. Dvergsdal, politician Waldemar Hansteen, architect Gjert Holsen, politician
5.
Monarchy of Norway
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The Norwegian monarch is the monarchical head of state of Norway, which is a constitutional and hereditary monarchy with a parliamentary system. The present monarch is King Harald V, who has reigned since 17 January 1991, succeeding his father, the heir apparent is his only son, Crown Prince Haakon. The crown prince undertakes various public functions, as does the kings wife. The crown prince also acts as regent in the kings absence, there are several other members of the Royal Family, including the kings daughter, grandchildren and siblings. Whilst the Constitution of Norway grants important executive powers to the King, formally the King appoints the government according to his own judgement, but parliamentary practice has been in place since 1884. Constitutional practice has replaced the meaning of the word King in most articles of the constitution from the king personally to the elected government. The powers vested in the monarch are significant, but are treated only as reserve powers, the King does not, by convention, have direct participation in government. He ratifies laws and royal resolutions, receives and sends envoys from and to foreign countries and he has a more tangible influence as the symbol of national unity. The annual New Years Eve speech is one occasion when the King traditionally raises negative issues, the King is also Supreme Commander of the Norwegian Armed Forces and Grand Master of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav and of the Royal Norwegian Order of Merit. The King has no role in the Church of Norway. The position of King of Norway has been in existence since the unification of Norway in 872. In recent years members of the Socialist Left party have proposed the abolition of the monarchy during each new session of parliament and this gives the Norwegian monarchy the unique status of being a popularly elected royal family and receiving regular formal confirmations of support from the Storting. Prior to and in the phase of the Viking Age Norway was divided into several smaller kingdoms. Harald Fairhair was the first king of Norway, the boundaries of Fairhairs kingdom were not identical to those of present-day Norway, and upon his death the kingship was shared among his sons. Some historians emphasise the actual control over the country and assert that Olaf II, alias Saint Olaf. Olaf is generally held to have been the force behind Norways final conversion to Christianity. In the 12th and 13th centuries the Norwegian kingdom was at its geographical and cultural peak, the kingdom included Norway, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Greenland, Shetland, Orkney and other smaller areas in the British Isles. The king had diplomatic relations with most of the European kingdoms and formed alliances with Scotland and Castile, large castles such as Haakons Hall and cathedrals, the foremost being Nidaros Cathedral, were built
6.
Haakon VII of Norway
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Haakon VII, known as Prince Carl of Denmark until 1905, was a Danish prince who became the first king of Norway after the 1905 dissolution of the union with Sweden. He reigned from November 1905 until his death in September 1957, as one of the few elected monarchs, Haakon quickly won the respect and affection of his people. He played a role in uniting the Norwegian nation in its resistance to the Nazi invasion. He became King of Norway before his father and older brother became kings of Denmark, during his reign, he saw his father, his brother and his nephew, Frederick IX, ascend the throne of Denmark, respectively in 1906,1912 and 1947. He died at the age of 85 on 21 September 1957 and he was succeeded by his only son, Olav V. Prince Carl of Denmark was the son of King Frederik VIII of Denmark. Furthermore, he was a brother of Christian X, a paternal grandson of King Christian IX of Denmark. Prince Carl was born at Charlottenlund Palace near Copenhagen and he belonged to the Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg branch of the House of Oldenburg. The House of Oldenburg had been the Danish royal family since 1448, the house was originally from northern Germany, where the Glucksburg branch held their small fief. The family had permanent links with Norway beginning from the late Middle Ages, several of his paternal ancestors had been kings of independent Norway. Christian Frederick, who was King of Norway briefly in 1814, Prince Carl was raised in the royal household in Copenhagen and educated at the Royal Danish Naval Academy. Their son, Prince Alexander, the future Crown Prince Olav, was born on 2 July 1903, gradually, Prince Carl became the leading candidate, largely because he was descended from independent Norwegian kings. The new royal family of Norway left Denmark on the Danish royal yacht Dannebrog, at Oscarsborg Fortress, they boarded the Norwegian naval ship Heimdal. After a three-day journey, they arrived in Kristiania early on the morning of 25 November 1905, two days later, Haakon took the oath as Norways first independent king in 518 years. The coronation of Haakon and Maud took place in Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim on 22 June 1906, King Haakon gained much sympathy from the Norwegian people. Although the Constitution of Norway vests the King with considerable executive powers, Haakon confined himself to non-partisan roles without interfering in politics, a practice continued by his son and grandson. However, his long rule gave him moral authority as a symbol of the countrys unity. Haakon, Maud and Crown Prince Olav became interested in skiing and this sport is often viewed as typically Norwegian
7.
Norsk Hydro
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Norsk Hydro ASA is a Norwegian aluminium and renewable energy company, headquartered in Oslo. Hydro is one of the largest aluminium companies worldwide and it has operations in some 50 countries around the world and is active on all continents. The Norwegian state owns 43. 8% of the company through the Ministry of Trade, a further 6. 5% is owned by Folketrygdfond, which administers the Government Pension Fund of Norway. Norsk Hydro employs approximately 12,500 people, Svein Richard Brandtzæg has been the CEO since 2009. The company had a significant presence in the oil and gas industry until October 2007, the technology had been developed by the Norwegian scientist Kristian Birkeland. The method is known as the Birkeland–Eyde process. The process required large amounts of energy, and for this. Later also Rjukan Falls was developed and its power harnessed, in the establishing the city of Rjukan. Hydros first factory was built at Notodden followed up another at Rjukan. Then in 1912 production is established at Glomfjord in Nordland, in 1930 Norsk Hydro opened a plant at Herøya outside Porsgrunn. To begin with it was to function as a port for the fertilizer as well as a point to import limestone. From 1936 Hydro also started producing fertilizer at Herøya, there was also opened a railway, Rjukanbanen, connecting Rjukan with Hærøy. The railway opened in 1909 and consisted of a ferry across Lake Tinn, railway again with the Tinnoset Line. The canal was superseded by the Bratsberg Line in 1916, by 1945, IG Farben had become a majority shareholder in Norsk Hydro. The plant at Herøya was a result of no longer being dependent on immediate proximity to the power sources. This provided the advantage of being able to have the plants, the first steps towards light metal production came in 1940 when Hydro started construction of a magnesium carbonate plant at Herøya, but the German invasion of Norway stopped the plans. In 1941 the Oslo Consortium invested money equivalent to year 2014 Norwegian kroner 172 million, collaboration with the Nazi-German regime, did not result in any company employees being convicted after the war. During the Second World War Norsk Hydro collaborated with IG Farben, the construction was however ended on July 24,1943 when an allied bombardment completely destroyed the facilities, killing 55 construction workers
8.
Fertilizer
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A fertilizer or fertiliser is any material of natural or synthetic origin that is applied to soils or to plant tissues to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants. Fertilizers enhance the growth of plants and this goal is met in two ways, the traditional one being additives that provide nutrients. The second mode by which some fertilizers act is to enhance the effectiveness of the soil by modifying its water retention and aeration and this article, like many on fertilizers, emphasises the nutritional aspect. The nutrients required for plant life are classified according to the elements. Instead compounds containing these elements are the basis of fertilizers, the macronutrients are consumed in larger quantities and are present in plant tissue in quantities from 0. 15% to 6. 0% on a dry matter basis. Plants are made up of four elements, hydrogen, oxygen, carbon. Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are widely available as water and carbon dioxide, although nitrogen makes up most of the atmosphere, it is in a form that is unavailable to plants. Nitrogen is the most important fertilizer since nitrogen is present in proteins, DNA, to be nutritious to plants, nitrogen must be made available in a fixed form. Only some bacteria and their host plants can fix atmospheric nitrogen by converting it to ammonia, phosphate is required for the production of DNA and ATP, the main energy carrier in cells, as well as certain lipids. Micronutrients are consumed in quantities and are present in plant tissue on the order of parts-per-million, ranging from 0.15 to 400 ppm DM. These elements are present at the active sites of enzymes that carry out the plants metabolism. Because these elements enable catalysts their impact far exceeds their weight percentage, Fertilizers are classified in several ways. They are classified according to whether they provide a single nutrient, multinutrient fertilizers provide two or more nutrients, for example N and P. Fertilizers are also sometimes classified as inorganic versus organic. Inorganic fertilizers exclude carbon-containing materials except ureas, organic fertilizers are usually plant- or animal-derived matter. Inorganic are sometimes called synthetic fertilizers since various chemical treatments are required for their manufacture, the main nitrogen-based straight fertilizer is ammonia or its solutions. Ammonium nitrate is widely used. Urea is another source of nitrogen, having the advantage that it is solid and non-explosive, unlike ammonia and ammonium nitrate. A few percent of the fertilizer market has been met by calcium ammonium nitrate
9.
Glomfjord
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Glomfjord is a village in the municipality of Meløy in Nordland county, Norway. The industrial community is located along Norwegian County Road 17 at the head of the Glomfjorden, the 1. 13-square-kilometre village has a population of 1,120. The population density is 991 inhabitants per square kilometre, the village is based around the Glomfjord hydroelectric power plant, which was the target of the 1942 commando raid entitled Operation Musketoon. Norsk Hydro, Norways greatest industry, established fertilizer production here in 1912, the facilities were bought by the state in 1918, but leased to Hydro in 1947. Today a conglomerate of industries are found in Glomfjord Industry Park, the Forså and Sundsfjord hydroelectric power stations were also built to supply power to industry in Glomfjord in 1963. Although located north of the Arctic Circle and not far from Norways second largest glacier Svartisen, average annual rainfall in Glomfjord is about 2,069 millimetres, with mean annual temperature 5 °C. The temperature is seldom below −10 °C during winter time, during summer time the sun does not set. The midnight sun also makes the plants grow faster, Glomfjord has a hotel, a bistro, a WaterLand, and some beautiful mountains for skiing and snowboarding in the winter. There is touring with fishing, climbing, and other relaxing activities in the mountains during summer, Svartisen and the lake Storglomvatnet are tourist destinations also
10.
Politics of Norway
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Politics in Norway take place in the framework of a parliamentary representative democratic constitutional monarchy. Executive power is exercised by the Kings council, the cabinet, legislative power is vested in both the government and the Storting, elected within a multi-party system. The Judiciary is independent of the branch and the legislature. The Norwegian constitution, signed by the Eidsvoll assembly on 17 May 1814, the 1814 constitution granted rights such as freedom of speech and rule of law. This parliamentary rule has the status of constitutional custom, all new laws are passed and all new governments are therefore formed de jure by the King, although not de facto. Changes to the Court of Impeachment, parliamentary system now part of the Constitution Norway is a constitutional monarchy, where the King has a mainly symbolic power. The Royal House is a branch of the family of Glücksburg. The functions of the King, Harald V, are mainly ceremonial, although the constitution of 1814 grants important executive powers to the King, these are always exercised by the Council of State in the name of the King. The King is also High Protector of the Church of Norway, Grand Master of The Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav, the Council of State is formally convened by the reigning monarch. The Council of State consists of a Prime Minister and his/her council, parliamentarism has evolved since 1884 and entails that the cabinet must not have the parliament against it, and that the appointment by the King is a formality. The council must have the confidence of the Norwegian legislative body, in practice, the monarch will ask the leader of a parliamentary block that has a majority in the Storting to form a government. After elections resulting in no clear majority to any party or coalition, since World War II, most non-Socialist governments have been coalitions, and Labour Party governments have often relied on the support of other parties to retain the necessary parliamentary votes. Labour formed their first brief minority government in 1928 which lasted for 18 days only, after the 1936 election the Labour Party formed a new minority government, which had to go into exile 1940–45 because of the German occupation of Norway. After a brief trans-party government following the German capitulation in 1945, Norway was ruled by Labour governments from 1945 to 1981, except for three periods. The Labour Party had a party majority in the Storting from 1945 to 1961. Since then no party has formed a majority government, hence minority. From 1981 to 1997, governments alternated between minority Labour governments and Conservative-led centre-right governments, the centre-right governments gained power in 3 out of 4 elections during this period, whereas Labour toppled those governments twice between elections and stayed in power after one election. Elections take place in September and governments change in October of election years, Conservative leader Kåre Willoch formed a minority government after the election of 1981
11.
Yara International
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Yara International ASA is a Norwegian chemical company. Its largest business area is the production of fertilizer, however it also encompasses the production of nitrates, ammonia, urea. The company was established in 1905 as Norsk Hydro – the world’s first producer of nitrogen fertilizers –. Yara is listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange and has its headquarters in Oslo, the company has around 13,000 employees, production sites on six continents, operations in more than 50 countries and sales to about 150 countries. The Norwegian government owns more than a third of Yara and is its largest shareholder, the company has three primary areas of activity, - Industrial products, a wide range of nitrogen and specialty chemicals and civil explosive solutions. - Environmental solutions, solutions for NOx abatement, odor control, water treatment, - Agricultural products, complete portfolio of fertilizers and solutions, covering all necessary nutrients for any crop. Crop Nutrition, Sales, marketing and distribution activities around the globe, Industrial, development and processing of environmental solutions and industrial activities. Supply Chain, optimization of energy, raw materials, sourcing, logistics, the history of Yara dates back to the founding of modern Norwegian industry. Norsk Hydro was founded by Sam Eyde, who ”brought the vision”, Kristian Birkeland, who ”brought the science”, and Marcus Wallenberg, Norsk Hydro used Norway’s large hydroelectric-energy resources to produce its first product. The company pioneered direct nitrogen fixation, called the Birkeland-Eyde process and this contribution to the fertilizer market attracted global attention as the product enabled farmers to boost their yields. Hydrolectric power was, as mentioned, essential in order to produce the nitrogen fertilizer, as a consequence, the company built two major power plants – one at Notodden, and one in Rjukan. The company adopted an international perspective early, sending its first shipment to China in 1913, Norsk Hydro was founded on advanced research and driven by a need to diversify and develop new industries. The production of fertilizer was successful, and the company expanded into other businesses such as oil. In 1969, Norsk Hydro entered into its first joint venture, with access to a competitive source of gas and a strategic location in the Middle East, the joint venture opened up a global market for the company. Norsk Hydro in the 1970s was shaped under the leadership of Johan Berthin Holte, by the 1970s, the company was established in Asia, the Middle East and North America. The late 1970s to the mid-1980s was a period of growth, through the acquisition of major fertilizer companies in France, Germany, the Netherlands. At the end of the 1990s, the company was established in Brazil. In 2004, Hydro Agri de-merged from Norsk Hydro and became an independent company called Yara International ASA, the company was listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange on March 25,2004 and is a leading producer of ammonia, nitrates, nitrogen products, and NPK specialty fertilizers
12.
Gunnar Andersen
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Gunnar Andersen was a Norwegian footballer and ski jumper. In 1918 he became the first to receive the Egebergs Ærespris, Andersen was a member of Lyn, and was capped 46 times for Norway, the national record at the time. He participated in two Summer Olympics, Stockholm 1912 and Antwerpen 1920, captaining the Norwegian football team in 1920, they sensationally beat Great Britain and Ireland. As a ski jumper Gunnar Andersen set a record when he jumped 47 metres in Gustadbakken. He represented Lyn here as well
13.
Olav Duun
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Olav Duun was a noteworthy author of Norwegian fiction. He is generally recognized to be one of the outstanding writers in Norwegian literature. He once lacked only one vote to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, Duun was born in the traditional district Ytre Namdal, on Jøa an island in the Namsen Fjord in Fosnes municipality, Nord-Trøndelag county, Norway. His parents were Johannes Antonius Duun and Ellen Duun, Olav Duun was born Ole Johannesen Raaby. Duun was the oldest in a family of eight siblings, during his years as a boy his family lived at several farms on the island, the last one being Duun. He adopted the last name Duun when he left the island to start his training as a teacher and he attended the state school at Trøndelag. In 1901, Duun took a position as a teacher at Levanger in Nord-Trøndelag county. He completed the graduate teacher examination in 1904, in 1908, he was hired by the Ramberg school at Botne in Vestfold, where he combined teaching profession with writing poetry. He worked as a teacher in Holmestrand until 1927, at the age of fifty, he retired in order to devote his time to writing. Duun was known as one of the writers of 20th-century Norwegian fiction. He stands as a synthesis of the Norwegian folk spirit. Duun wrote in Landsmål, an amalgam of peasant dialects that developed into Nynorsk, in the period 1907-38 he published 25 novels, four short story collections and two childrens books. Many of his books incorporate the dialects of his subjects, peasants, fishermen and his novels analyze the psychological and spiritual characteristics of rural, peasant life. The most notable works are his six volume, The People of Juvik and this work was translated into English and published as, The Trough of the Waves, The Blind Man, The Big Wedding, Odin in Fairyland, Odin Grows Up and Storm. Olav and Emma Duuns House is the residence of Olav Duun and his wife Emma. There is a library containing manuscripts, letters, and other related to the writing career of Olav Duun. The first floor is at the disposal of recipients of the Duun Scholarship, in the garden, a memorial park has been constructed containing commemorative rocks with lyrical quotes from Olav Duun’s poems. The address is 20 Olav Duun Street
14.
Knut Hamsun
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Knut Hamsun was a major Norwegian writer, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1920. Hamsuns work spans more than 70 years and shows variation with regard to the subject, perspective and he published more than 20 novels, a collection of poetry, some short stories and plays, a travelogue, and some essays. The young Hamsun objected to realism and naturalism and he argued that the main object of modernist literature should be the intricacies of the human mind, that writers should describe the whisper of blood, and the pleading of bone marrow. Hamsun is considered the leader of the Neo-Romantic revolt at the turn of the 20th century, with such as Hunger, Mysteries, Pan. His later works—in particular his Nordland novels—were influenced by the Norwegian new realism, portraying life in rural Norway and often employing local dialect, irony. Hamsun is considered to be one of the most influential and innovative literary stylists of the past hundred years, isaac Bashevis Singer called Hamsun the father of the modern school of literature in his every aspect—his subjectiveness, his fragmentariness, his use of flashbacks, his lyricism. The whole modern school of fiction in the twentieth century stems from Hamsun, on August 4,2009, the Knut Hamsun Centre was opened in Hamarøy. Since 1916, several of Hamsuns works have been adapted into motion pictures, Knut Hamsun was born as Knud Pedersen in Lom in the Gudbrandsdal valley of Norway. He was the son of Tora Olsdatter and Peder Pedersen. When he was three, the moved to Hamsund, Hamarøy in Nordland. They were poor and an uncle had invited them to farm his land for him, at nine Knut was separated from his family and lived with his uncle Hans Olsen, who needed help with the post office he ran. Olsen used to beat and starve his nephew, and Hamsun later stated that his chronic nervous difficulties were due to the way his uncle treated him. In 1874 he finally escaped back to Lom, for the five years he did any job for money, he was a store clerk, peddler, shoemakers apprentice, sheriffs assistant. At 17 he became an apprentice, at about the same time he started to write. He asked businessman Erasmus Zahl to give him significant monetary support, Hamsun later used Zahl as a model for the character Mack appearing in his novels Pan, Dreamers, and Benoni and Rosa. He spent several years in America, traveling and working at various jobs, working all those odd jobs paid off, and he published his first book about it, Den Gaadefulde, En Kjærlighedshistorie fra Nordland. In his second novel Bjørger, he attempted to imitate Bjørnstjerne Bjørnsons writing style of the Icelandic saga narrative, the melodramatic story follows a poet Bjørger and his love for Laura. This book was published under the pseudonym Knud Pedersen Hamsund and this book later served as the basis for Victoria, En Kærligheds Historie
15.
Anne Stine Ingstad
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Dr. Anne Stine Moe was born and raised in Lillehammer, in Oppland county, Norway. Her parents were attorney Eilif Moe and Louise Augusta Bauck Lindeman, Ingstad was the sister of Norwegian art historian and pianist, Ole Henrik Moe and the aunt of his son composer Ole-Henrik Moe. She married Helge Ingstad in 1941, after which she became his scientific collaborator and she studied archaeology at the University of Oslo in the 1950s. In 1960 her husband discovered settlement traces at LAnse aux Meadows on the island of Newfoundland, between 1961 and 1968, Anne Stine Ingstad led an excavation of the settlement with an international team of archaeologists from Sweden, Iceland, Canada, U. S. and Norway. The excavation revealed the remains of an early 11th century Norse settlement and these remains included sod houses, a forge, cooking pits and boathouses. The settlement is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a National Historic Site of Canada, in the 1970s, Anne Stine Ingstad worked on the textiles from the Kaupang and Oseberg excavation sites. Anne Stine Ingstad died in 1997 at the age of 79, leaving behind her 98-year-old husband Helge and their daughter Benedicte Ingstad, for her efforts, in 1969 Anne Stine Ingstad was awarded an Honorary Doctorate by Memorial University of Newfoundland. In 1992 she was awarded an Honorary Doctorate at the University of Bergen. She was a commander of the Order of St. Olav and was made a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and she appeared with her husband in the 1984 National Film Board of Canada documentary The Vinland Mystery. The Viking Discovery of America, The Excavation of a Norse Settlement in LAnse Aux Meadows, l’Anse au Meadows National Historic Site of Canada
16.
Eva Kolstad
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Eva Lundegaard Kolstad was a Norwegian politician and government minister for the Liberal Party, and a central figure in the history of gender equality in Norway and internationally. She contributed significantly to the development of the United Nations gender equality policies, eva Kolstad was born in 1918 in Halder, Norway. She worked as a teacher before becoming active in the cause of womens rights. Kolstad was the leader of the Liberal Party from 1974 to 1976 and she was also the first ombudsman for gender equality in Norway, and in extent the world. Outside politics she worked as an accountant and she was a minor ballot candidate in the 1953 election, and was not elected. She served as a deputy representative to the Parliament of Norway from Oslo during the terms 1957–1961, in between she was runner-up behind Helge Seip on the Liberal ballot in the 1961 election, but the Liberals had no MPs elected. She was the Minister of Administration and Consumer Affairs in 1972–1973 during the cabinet Korvald, on the local level she was member of the executive committee of Oslo city council from 1960 to 1975. Kolstad was a Commander of the Order of St. Olav and she was married to the lawyer and Assistant Director General in the Ministry of Justice, Ragnar Kolstad. Her father-in-law was Prime Minister Peder Kolstad
17.
Fredrik Kayser
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Fredrik Thorbjørn Kayser, MM was a Norwegian resistance member during World War II. He was especially noted for his role in the Norwegian heavy water sabotage, Kayser grew up at Paradis in Bergen. Among his youth experiences was a period as a Boy Scout, when drafted for compulsory military service after finishing school, he enrolled in the His Majesty The Kings Guard, finishing his eight months of service in 1938. In 1939, reportedly after attending a performance of the symphonic poem Finlandia, in 1998 he stated that he wanted to defeat the Communist system. He also stated that he never fired a gunshot. Norway was invaded by Germany on 9 April 1940, coincidentally, Kayser returned to Norway from Finland on this date, crying as he found the capital city Oslo invaded. He became involved in the fighting that ensued elsewhere in Norway, on 25 April he fought in the Battle of Skjervet in Granvin. The Norwegian forces lost, and retreated to Gudvangen, from there Kayser travelled to Bergen, where he involved himself in the illegal press. After some time he decided to part in secret military. He escaped to England in September 1941, and enrolled in the Norwegian Independent Company 1 led by Martin Linge, Kayser was recruited from the regular training to the so-called Finishing School, where the emphasis was on secret agent skills. His first mission was the Operation Anklet in December 1941, in 1942 he planned Operation Woodcock together with Kasper Idland and Kjell Endresen, two other Norwegian Independent Company 1 soldiers. They were to parachute onto the Nevlandsheia plateau in Gjesdal and from there carry out an operation against the strategically important Sola Air Station in Western Norway. The teams first attempt to out the operation failed due to fog obscuring the drop zone. Further attempts were called off after a French sabotage team was intercepted by the Germans, in 1942 the British Operation Freshman, directed against the heavy water production facility at Vemork, failed miserably. In 1943 another attempt was made, codenamed Operation Gunnerside, following an aborted attempt in January, Kayser was a part of the team that successfully parachuted onto the Hardangervidda plateau on 16 February 1943. Kayser was one of the first two saboteurs to enter the Vemork facility on 27 February, crawling through a cable shaft and they surprised the person who guarded the heavy water cylinders in the factory—in retrospect the guard was described as a good Norwegian. Kayser, at the time a sergeant, and Rønneberg went on to place explosive charges on the water cylinders in the factory. Two more members of the Gunnerside team later joined Kayser and Rønneberg by climbing through a window, during the operation a Norwegian watchman was temporarily detained, and guarded by Kayser, being released 30 seconds before the explosives went off
18.
Kasper Idland
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Kasper Idland MM, was a Norwegian resistance member during World War II. He was born in Figgjo, the child of Karsten og Gudrun Berg Idland. He graduated as an sergeant in 1937, after 3½ years at Hærens underoffisersskole at Gimlemoen. He then attended the school for officers, later working at the Post Office in Stavanger. As Norway was invaded by Germany, Idland joined the Norwegian military forces at Sviland on 9 and 10 April 1940 and he was held as a prisoner of war by the Germans at Madla, but was later released. In September 1941 Idland travelled by boat from Egersund to Peterhead in Scotland and he participated in the Commando raid Operation Anklet to Reine and Moskenes in December 1941. Idland was noted for his role in the Norwegian heavy water sabotage in 1943, as a member of the Gunnerside team he was parachuted onto the Hardangervidda plateau on 16 February 1943. He was one of the four saboteurs who entered the Vemork facility right after midnight 27/28 February, after the mission at Vemork he escaped by ski to Sweden, together with four other members of the group. From 1944 to 1945 Idland was active in Egersund, as a member of the resistance group Vestige 4, the primary aim of the Vestige operations was shipping sabotage, but the Vestige 4 group never carried out ship sabotage. As a member of this group he participated in burning down the AT camp in Bjerkreim in January 1945, from March 1945 Idland was working to establish the base area Varg in the Setesdal area. Idland was leading one of the Varg resistance groups, located at the mountain cabin Langelona, the group received supplies from parachuted containers delivered from allied aircraft. The Langelona group was small when the war ended in May 1945. Idland lived in Stavanger until 1955, when he moved to the United States and settled in Huntington, a memorial of Idland was unveiled in his home village Figgjo in 1995. St. Olavs Medal With Oak Branch War Medal Defence Medal 1940–1945 with Rosette Haakon VIIs 70-Medal Military Medal Legion of Honour Croix de guerre 1939–1945 Medal of Freedom
19.
Gunvald Tomstad
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Gunvald Jørg Tomstad was a major agent of the British SIS, and a Norwegian resistance member during World War II. From 1941 to 1943, he was a mole or double agent while also operating a radio transmitter in the Flekkefjord area. These were two of the most dangerous roles in that war, Tomstad was born in Nes, Vest-Agder as a son of a young farmer and journalist. His father died in the pandemic of 1918, so he. In addition to working as a farmer, he was a typographer in the newspaper Agder and he was recruited for the British SIS by a group of agents, led by Odd Starheim and despatched by Winston Churchill before he became Prime Minister. The Norwegian agents recruited by this team had two main tasks and they were to set up a group of coast watchers to monitor German naval activity, and establish liaison with Scandinavian nuclear physicists, potentially associated with a German atom bomb project. Gunvald Tomstad already possessed an unregistered home-made ham radio transmitter, and was selected to act as the primary contact with SIS operations in the United Kingdom. The operation was sponsored by the SIS, but was required to assist the newly formed Special Operations Executive. SIS leaders were opposed to cooperation with SOE, which they believed would compromise their mission of gathering intelligence. This fear was realized in an abortive SOE operation that led to the loss of their prime double-agent in occupied Norway, tomstads personal radio codename was Tom. However, he had also required to join and penetrate the fascist party Nasjonal Samling. Since NS members were allowed to own a radio, he circumvented that confiscation, for two years he operated a clandestine transmitter, supplying the SIS with intelligence about German warship movements, troop movements, supply lines and military construction projects. Tomstad had several helpers, including the courier Sofie Rørvik, whom he married in September 1945, as an NS member, Tomstad was the subject of considerable public animosity, but actually rose to become a leading party member and ideologue in the Flekkefjord district—until being discovered in 1943. Acting with German counterintelligence, he participated in efforts to find and capture illegal radio transmitters. He was also required to participate in the German torture of a captured friend and he narrowly escaped capture, and fled on foot through the mountains in winter, suffering hypothermia and near death illness, but eventually travelled overland to Sweden. He was then airlifted via Mosquito flight to the United Kingdom and he underwent further training in the United Kingdom for a potential return to Norway, but as a result of the illness and injuries he had suffered as a double agent, his health was not good enough. He was decorated for his espionage and resistance efforts and received a certificate of commendation from the British and he was weary of war and espionage in general and bitter by the loss of several friends. In addition, most of the populace had been unaware of his resistance role
20.
Per Hafslund
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Per Hafslund was a Norwegian biologist, educator and broadcasting person. He graduated in zoology from the University of Oslo in 1946, working for the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation, he produced more than 35 programs for Skolekringkastingen between 1952 and 1959, and thereafter 64 programs for television. Among his books are Naturens eventyr from 1962 and Dyr i kameraøyet from 1964
21.
Halfdan Hegtun
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Halfdan Hegtun was a Norwegian radio personality, comedian and writer, former politician for the Liberal Party and later the Liberal Peoples Party. Hegtun was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Akershus in 1965, during his second term, in December 1972, Hegtun joined the Liberal Peoples Party which split from the Liberal Party over disagreements of Norways proposed entry to the European Economic Community. Like most of the Liberal Peoples Party representatives, he was not re-elected in 1973, Hegtun was a member of Akershus county council during the terms 1983–1987 and 1987–1991, and was later involved in local politics in Bærum. He had rejoined the Liberal Party in 1988, Hegtun worked for BBC in London 1946–1948, and later for NRK. He was director for NRK Radio from 1973 to 1981, Hegtun became known for the popular figure Even Brattbakken, through vocal performances and writings. The two books Slik je ser det, and I kvældssola are both signed Even Brattbakken
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