1.
1908 in literature
–
This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1908. March – Ezra Pound leaves America for Europe, in April, he moves to Venice, where in July he self-publishes his first collection of poems, A Lume Spento. In August he settles in London, where he will remain until 1920, june 18 – Mark Twain purchases a house in Redding, Connecticut. Summer – The Marlowe Society stages a production at the New Theatre, Cambridge, July – Katherine Mansfield moves to London, she will never return to her native New Zealand. September 30 – Maurice Maeterlincks The Blue Bird is premièred at Konstantin Stanislavskys Moscow Art Theatre, october 3 – The Avenida Theatre opens on Buenos Aires Avenida de Mayo with a production of Lope de Vegas El castigo sin venganza directed by María Guerrero. December – Ford Madox Hueffer begins publication of the literary magazine The English Review in London, yeats, produces its first publication, Poetry and Ireland, essays by W. B. Ethiopian linguist Afevork Ghevre Jesuss ልብ ፡ ወለድ ፡ ታሪክ ።, malay tale Hikayat Hang Tuah is first published, edited by Sulaiman bin Muhammed Nur and William Shellabear. Romanian writer Urmuz is known to be working on his manuscript stories, K. M. Forster – A Room with a View John Fox, Jr. Madero – La sucesión presidencial en 1910 Friedrich Nietzsche – Ecce homo, Wie man wird, was man ist Alfred R. M
2.
1909 in literature
–
This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1909. January – T. E. Hulmes poems Autumn and A City Sunset, january 15 – Opening night of Filippo Tommaso Marinettis drama La donna è mobile at the Teatro Alfieri, Turin. February 20 – Filippo Tommaso Marinettis Futurist Manifesto is first published, march 2 – Katherine Mansfield, at this time pregnant by another man, marries singing teacher George Bowden in London, leaving him the same evening to resume a lesbian relationship with Ida Baker. April The opening night of Filippo Tommaso Marinettis drama Le Roi bombance is heckled by the audience, the German periodical Die Tat is founded by Ernst Horneffer. April 24 – The Metropolitan Library in Beijing, predecessor of the National Library of China, is founded by the Qing government, september 6 – Israel Zangwills play The Melting Pot opens in New York City. September 23 – Gaston Lerouxs novel The Phantom of the Opera begins serialization in the Paris newspaper Le Gaulois. September 29 – Franz Kafkas short story The Aeroplanes at Brescia, based on an event, is published in the Prague newspaper Bohemia. November – E. M. Forsters science fiction short story The Machine Stops is published in The Oxford and Cambridge Review. G
3.
1911 in literature
–
This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1911. February–March – Antisemitic riots in Paris over the staging of Henri Bernsteins Après moi by the Comédie-Française, instigated by the far-right Action Française, in conjunction with the far-left Guerre Sociale. March – Filippo Tommaso Marinetti in Paris, announces planned Futurist conference, april – Hugo Gernsback begins to publish his pioneering science fiction novel Ralph 124C 41+ in his monthly magazine Modern Electrics in the United States. April 8 – English poet Lascelles Abercrombie and his move to live near Dymock in rural Gloucestershire. October 16 – New building for Mitchell Library opens in Glasgow, october 17 – Rudolf Wilhelm Friedrich Ditzen, the later novelist Hans Fallada, kills his best friend in a suicide pact staged as a duel. November The Kalem Company of New York agrees to pay the estate of author Lew Wallace $25,000 in legal settlement for having adapted Ben Hur from his novel without securing prior rights. Virginia Stephen begins to share a London house at 38 Brunswick Square with other members of the Bloomsbury Group, Leonard Woolf, Adrian Stephen, John Maynard Keynes, jaroslav Hašek begins publishing stories of The Good Soldier Švejk in the Prague newspaper Karikatura edited by the illustrator Josef Lada. Irish novelist George Moore publishes Ave, the first part of his 3-volume autobiographical Hail, french publishing house Éditions Gallimard founded in Paris by Gaston Gallimard as Les Éditions de la Nouvelle Revue Française. Its first publication is Paul Claudels play LOtage, D. Beresford – The Hampdenshire Wonder Ambrose Bierce – The Devils Dictionary Algernon Blackwood – The Centaur J. E. Casely-Hayford – Ethiopia Unbound G. K. E. B. Du Bois – The Quest of the Silver Fleece Edna Ferber – Dawn OHara Ford Madox Ford – Ladies Whose Bright Eyes E. M. Forster – The Celestial Omnibus R. H. E. W
4.
1912 in literature
–
This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1912. January 5 – Konstantin Stanislavski and Edward Gordon Craigs seminal symbolist Moscow Art Theatre production of Hamlet opens, conrad continues to work on finishing the book while the first chapters are appearing weekly in the Herald, completing it on March 26. March 3 – Frieda Weekley meets D. H. Lawrence in Nottingham, april 14–15 – Sinking of the RMS Titanic, The ocean liner RMS Titanic strikes an iceberg and sinks on her maiden voyage from the United Kingdom to the United States. American mystery writer Jacques Futrelle, English journalist and publisher William Thomas Stead, a copy of the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam in a jewelled binding by Sangorski & Sutcliffe is also lost. The event leads to a flood of poems, including Thomas Hardys The Convergence of the Twain, may 6 – Lie Kim Hok dies of typhus in Batavia, Dutch East Indies, aged 58. Lauw Giok Lan completes his translations of Hugo Hartmanns Dolores, de Verkochte Vrouw as Prampoean jang Terdjoewal and of Geneviève de Vadans as De Juffrouw van Gezelschap. June – As I. G. Ofir, Romanian poet Benjamin Fondane has his debut in the magazine Floare Albastră. August 10 – Virginia Stephen marries Leonard Woolf at St. Pancras Town Hall in London and they honeymoon in Provence, Spain and Italy before returning to live in London. September 21 – Harley Granville-Barkers production of Shakespeares The Winters Tale opens at the Savoy Theatre, London, with simplified scenery, ensemble acting and it is replaced in November by his production of Twelfth Night. October Edgar Rice Burroughs character Tarzan first appears in Tarzan of the Apes in American pulp magazine The All-Story, sax Rohmers character Fu Manchu first appears in The Zayat Kiss in English pulp magazine Story-Teller, the first instalment of The Mystery of Dr. Fu-Manchu. October 12 – Arthur Schnitzlers play La Ronde is first performed, in Budapest, october 25 – First issue of Simbolul, put out in Bucharest by Marcel Janco, Tristan Tzara, and Ion Vinea. – A Slap in the Face of Public Taste, the text of Russian Futurism, is published as both a manifesto and a poetry almanac. Edited and authored by David Burliuk, Viktor Khlebnikov, Aleksei Kruchenykh, attacks the tradition of Russian Symbolism, in particular works by Leonid Andreyev, Konstantin Balmont, Alexander Blok, and Ivan Bunin, but also ridicules independents such as Maxim Gorky. Texts of 13 Sanskrit dramas, perhaps from the first centuries BCE, publication of the Loeb Classical Library, parallel text editions of the classics, begins by London publisher Heinemann. Moruzi – Pribegi în țară răpită John Muir – The Yosemite P. D. F. L. R. – Sesto Pals, Romanian Israeli poet, priestleys An Inspector Calls are set in this year
5.
1914 in literature
–
This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1914. January 18 – A party held in honour of English poet Wilfrid Scawen Blunt at his farm in West Sussex brings together W. B. Yeats, Ezra Pound, Thomas Sturge Moore, Victor Plarr, Richard Aldington, F. S. Flint and Frederic Manning, february–December – Publication of New Numbers, a quarterly collection of work by the Dymock poets in England edited by Lascelles Abercrombie. February 2 – James Joyces semi-autobiographical novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man commences serialization in The Egoist, february 4 – A staging of George A. Birminghams comedy General John Regan at Westport Town Hall in Ireland provokes a riot. February 10 – Thomas Hardy marries his wife, childrens author Florence Dugdale, at St Andrews. March The Times Literary Supplement is published separately for the first time, the Little Review is founded by Margaret Caroline Anderson as part of Chicagos literary renaissance. March 4 – Irish-born novelist George Moore publishes Vale, the final of his 3-volume autobiographical Hail, june – James Joyces Dubliners, a collection of fifteen short stories depicting the Irish middle classes in and around Dublin during the early 20th century, is published in London. June 20 – First issue of the Vorticist literary magazine BLAST edited by Wyndham Lewis is published and it includes Ford Madox Hueffers The Saddest Story, a preliminary version of The Good Soldier. June 24 – Edward Thomas makes the English railway journey which inspires his poem Adlestrop en route to meet Robert Frost, july E. M. Forster completes his novel Maurice, with its theme of male homosexual love, it is not published until 1971. Heinrich Mann completes his novel Der Untertan, with its critique of German nationalism, August The literature of World War I makes its first appearance. John Masefield writes the poem August,1914, the last he will produce before the peace, stanley Unwin purchases a controlling interest in the London publisher George Allen. August 25 – The library of the Catholic University of Leuven is set on fire by German troops during the Rape of Belgium, September – J. R. R. Tolkien writes a poem about Eärendil, the first appearance of his mythopoeic Middle-earth legendarium. Eärendil will much later appear in the The Silmarillion, at this time Tolkien is an Oxford undergraduate staying at Phoenix Farm, Gedling near Nottingham. September 2 – Charles Masterman invites 25 eminent literary men to Wellington House in London to form a secret British War Propaganda Bureau, kipling soon afterwards writes the poem For all we have and are. Yeats, however, refuses to sign a letter of support for the War signed by most of the participants, September 9 – Hilaire Belloc is contracted to write regular articles on the War in the new British weekly Land and Water. September 21 – Laurence Binyons poem For the Fallen, containing his Ode of Remembrance, is published in The Times, T. S. Eliot meets fellow American poet Ezra Pound for the first time, in London. September 29 – Arthur Machens short story The Bowmen, origin of the legend of the Angels of Mons, is published in The Evening News, november 7 – The first issue of The New Republic magazine is published in the United States. November 16 – M. P. Shiel is convicted and imprisoned for indecently assaulting, december 31 – T. S. Oxford is very pretty, but I dont like to be dead
6.
1916 in literature
–
This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1916. January – The Journal of Negro History is founded by Carter G. Woodson, march 1 – Transfer of the National Library of Wales at Aberystwyth into its purpose-built premises is completed. March 22 – Marriage of J. R. R. Tolkien and Edith Bratt at St. Mary Immaculate Roman Catholic Church, Warwick and they will serve as the inspiration for the fictional characters Beren and Lúthien. Tolkien leaves for military service in France at the beginning of June, april–June – Katherine Mansfield and John Middleton Murry live as neighbours to D. H. and Frieda Lawrence at Higher Tregerthen, near Zennor in Cornwall. Of the seven leaders of the Rising, Thomas MacDonagh, Patrick Pearse and Joseph Plunkett are all poets and James Connolly a balladeer, the event is the theme of W. B. Yeats poem Easter,1916, first published this September, may 16 – Natsume Sōsekis novel Light and Darkness begins serialization in the Tokyo and Osaka editions of the newspaper Asahi Shimbun but will remain unfinished at the authors death on December 9. Future Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Harold Macmillan, wounded in Septembers Battle of Flers–Courcelette and sheltering in a slit trench, yeats makes his fifth and final proposal of marriage to the newly widowed Maud Gonne in France. Summer – In the United States 15-year-old Margaret Mitchell writes the manuscript of a novella called Lost Laysen in two notebooks and she will later give the manuscript to a boyfriend and the book remains lost until rediscovered in the mid-1990s and published in 1996. Meanwhile, Mitchell will go on to write Gone with the Wind, September – Joseph Conrads novella The Shadow Line commences serialization in both The English Review and the Metropolitan Magazine. October 19 – New building for the German National Library opens in Leipzig, December 29 – James Joyces semi-autobiographical novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is first published complete in book form in New York. July 1–12 – Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916, partial inspiration for Peter Benchleys novel Jaws, November – Aleksandr Solzhenitsyns novel November 1916 is set in the lead-up to the Russian Revolution
7.
1917 in literature
–
This article presents lists of literary events and publications in 1917. January Francis Picabia produces the first issue of the Dada periodical 391 in Barcelona, J. R. R. February 4/5 – English writer Hugh Kingsmill is taken prisoner while fighting in France. February 16 – The publishing house of Boni & Liveright is established in New York City by Horace Liveright with Albert Boni, and establishes the Modern Library imprint. April – Leonard and Virginia Woolf take delivery of the printing press they require in order to establish the Hogarth Press at their home. Their first publication is Two Stories, june 4 – The first Pulitzer Prizes are awarded, Laura E. Richards, Maude H. Swope receives the first Pulitzer for journalism for his work for the New York World. June 18 – Luigi Pirandellos drama Right You Are is premièred in Milan, summer – The Siuru expressionistic and neo-romantic literary movement in Estonia is formed by a group of young poets and writers. October 20 – 51-year-old poet W. B, yeats marries 25-year-old Georgie Hyde-Lees at Harrow Road register office in London a couple of months after having had a proposal of marriage to his ex-mistresss daughter, Iseult Gonne, rejected. December 25 – Jesse Lynch Williams Why Marry, the first dramatic play to win a Pulitzer Prize, opens at the Astor Theatre. The colonial government of the Dutch East Indies establishes the Kantoor voor de Volklectuur, the Marc Chagall illustrated version of The Magician by I. L. Peretz is published in Vilnius. This is the background to Aleksandr Solzhenitsyns novels in The Red Wheel sequence March 1917, august 18 – First meeting between Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon, the basis of Stephen MacDonalds drama Not About Heroes and Pat Barkers novel Regeneration
8.
1920 in literature
–
This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1920. Reviewers hail the play and ONeill becomes famous, february 27 – Inaugural meeting of the Bloomsbury Groups Memoir Club arranged by Mary MacCarthy in London. March 26 – This Side of Paradise by F. Scott Fitzgerald is published and it is a sensation, immediately establishing Fitzgerald as a writer and celebrity, the initial print run of 3,000 copies sells out in 3 days. Though the books reputation will dim in later years, Dorothy Parker will recall that it was regarded as a work when it first appeared. April Hart Crane publishes his poem My Grandmothers Love Letters in The Dial, april 3 – F. Scott Fitzgerald marries Zelda Sayre in the rectory of St. Patricks Cathedral. K. November 1 – Eugene ONeills play, The Emperor Jones, is staged at the Playwrights Theater in New York City with Charles Sidney Gilpin in the title role. November 9 – D. H. Lawrences novel Women in Love is first published, december 23 – Arthur Schnitzlers play Reigen first receives an authorized performance, in Berlin, receiving strong criticism on moral and antisemitic grounds. Publication in Prague of Karel Čapeks drama R. U. R, Rossums Universal Robots, publication in Paris of the first volume of the Collection Budé, providing editions of Classical texts with parallel French translation, Platos Hippias Minor. Van Wyck Brooks publishes The Ordeal of Mark Twain, arguing that Twains genius was perverted by the conditions and this is the beginning of the reassessment of Mark Twain, who until this point had been regarded primarily as a humorous entertainer. The 1920s will force a reconsideration of many 19th-century writers, most importantly Herman Melville, goodyear – Forge of Foxenby Hugh Lofting – The Story of Doctor Dolittle Olive Beaupré Miller – In the Nursery S. Ansky – The Dybbuk Karel Čapek – R. U. R
9.
1922 in literature
–
This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1922. Hence books published in 1922 or earlier entered the domain in the U. S. in 1998. The U. K. customs will also seize copies entering the country, T. S. Eliot founds The Criterion magazine containing the first publication of his poem The Waste Land. This is first published complete in book form by Boni & Liveright in New York in December, jacobs Room by Virginia Woolf is published by the Hogarth Press of Richmond upon Thames with jacket design by the authors sister Vanessa Bell. Also this summer Virginia writes the short story Mrs Dalloway in Bond Street, january – Ryūnosuke Akutagawas modernist short story In a Grove is published in the Japanese magazine Shinchō. January 24 – Façade – An Entertainment, poems by Edith Sitwell recited over an instrumental accompaniment by William Walton, first performed, january 27 – Franz Kafka begins intensive work on his novel The Castle at the mountain resort of Spindlermühle, ceasing around early September in mid-sentence. March – F. Scott Fitzgeralds novel The Beautiful and Damned is published in form by Charles Scribners Sons in New York. – The Czech playwrights Karel and Josef Čapeks play Pictures from the Insects Life is first performed at the National Theatre Brno and it is also first performed in English translation, in the United States, this year. April – Marcel Prousts Sodome et Gomorrhe II is published in Paris, may 27 – F. Scott Fitzgeralds short story The Curious Case of Benjamin Button is published in The Smart Set magazine. June F. Scott Fitzgeralds short story The Diamond as Big as the Ritz is published in Colliers magazine, over a single night at his home in Shaftsbury, Vermont, Robert Frost completes the long poem New Hampshire and at sunrise writes Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening. Summer – F. Scott Fitzgeralds novel The Great Gatsby is set on Long Island at this time, partly inspired by Scott, September 14 – Sinclair Lewiss satirical novel on American life, Babbitt, is published by Harcourt, Brace & Company. His poem Bidrohi is first collected this year in his first anthology, F. Scott Fitzgeralds short story collection Tales of the Jazz Age is published by Charles Scribners Sons in New York. September 29 – Drums in the Night becomes the first play by Bertolt Brecht to be staged, December – A valise containing all Ernest Hemingways manuscripts from the past years writing is stolen at Paris-Gare de Lyon. Yeats becomes a member of the Seanad Éireann in the Irish Free State. December 10 – The National Library of Albania is inaugurated in Tirana, génica Athanasiou plays the title rôle with Charles Dullin as Créon and Antonin Artaud as Tiresias. There are some protests by Dadaists, the first Newbery Medal for authors of distinguished books for children is awarded by the American Library Association to Hendrik Willem van Loon for The Story of Mankind
10.
1926 in literature
–
This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1926. February 8 – Seán OCaseys play The Plough and the Stars opens at the Abbey Theatre, on February 11, the performance is marred by ugly scenes in the audience, one man strikes an actress. February 12 – The Irish Free State minister for Justice, Kevin OHiggins, February 26 – The future English novelist Graham Greene is received into the Catholic Church. April 1 – Hugo Gernsback launches his pioneering science fiction magazine Amazing Stories in the United States, may 11 – C. S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkien meet for the first time in Oxford. October 14 – The childrens book Winnie-the-Pooh, by A. A. Milne, is first published by Methuen in London. December 3 – English detective story writer Agatha Christie disappears from her home in Surrey, December – Thomas Mann begins writing Die Geschichten Jaakobs in Munich, first of the tetralogy Joseph and His Brothers on which he will work until January 1943. Antonin Artaud and Roger Vitrac establish the Théatre Alfred-Jarry in Paris for the production of surrealist drama, bread Loaf Writers Conference is founded in Middlebury, Vermont. Ford Madox Ford publishes A Man Could Stand Up --, the book of a four-volume work titled Parades End published between 1924 and 1928. Vsevolod Meyerhold stages a landmark production of Gogols satirical comedy The Government Inspector in Moscow. Margaret Mitchell begins writing the novel Gone with the Wind, the remains of English poet Isaac Rosenberg are re-interred at Bailleul Road East Cemetery, Plot V, St. Laurent-Blangy, Pas de Calais, France. S. S. Van Dine publishes the first Philo Vance mystery novel, Peter Llewelyn Davies establishes the London publishing house Peter Davies Ltd. Yeats – Autobiographies Paul Zarifopol – Din registrul ideilor gingașe Alfred Eckhard Zimmern – The Third British Empire January 5 – W. D
11.
1928 in literature
–
This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1928. January Mikhail Sholokhovs novel And Quiet Flows the Don begins serialization in the Soviet magazine Oktyabr, Ford Madox Ford publishes Last Post in the U. K. last in his World War I tetralogy Parades End published since 1924. March 31 – Stockholm Public Library, designed by Gunnar Asplund, is opened, april 19 – Publication of the Oxford English Dictionary is completed. Spring – George Orwell moves from London to Paris, his first articles as a writer are published later in the year. June – The literary magazine Contemporáneos is first published in Mexico by Jaime Torres Bodet, in September the authors first completed novel, the satire Decline and Fall, is published by Chapman & Hall, it reaches its 3rd printing by the end of the year. The marriage lasts until the following September, july – D. H. Lawrences Lady Chatterleys Lover is published in Florence, it will not be published in an unexpurgated edition in Britain until 1960. September S. S. Van Dine publishes Twenty Rules for Writing Detective Stories in The American Magazine, leslie Charteris publishes Meet the Tiger in the U. K. the first adventure of Simon Templar, alias The Saint. Charteris will write dozens of novels and short stories featuring the character on a regular basis between 1928 and 1963, and others continue the series until 1983. September 21 – The Gorseth Kernow is set up at Boscawen-Un in Cornwall by Henry Jenner, october – Publication of Siburapha s Luk Phu Chai, perhaps the first substantial original Thai novel. Autumn – W. H. Auden goes to Berlin, where he is joined by Christopher Isherwood. November–December – Erich Maria Remarques antiwar novel All Quiet on the Western Front is first published in the German newspaper Vossische Zeitung, hans Herbert Grimms Schlump is published by Kurt Wolff in Berlin this year also. November 6 – Xu Zhimo writes his poem 再別康橋, sherriffs drama Journeys End, set on the Western Front, is premièred by the Incorporated Stage Society at the Apollo Theatre in London with Laurence Olivier in a principal rôle. December 19 – Italo Svevo, returning from an Alpine health resort to Trieste, is involved in an automobile accident, bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyays novel Pather Panchali first appears as a serial in a Calcutta periodical. The clerihew, the comic pseudo-biographical verse form associated with Edmund Clerihew Bentley, is mentioned in print for the first time and it is estimated that one in four of all secular books printed and sold in England is written by Edgar Wallace. Dixon – Hunting for Hidden Gold W. E. B
12.
1915 in poetry
–
In Flanders fields the poppies blowBetween the crosses, row on row, That mark our place, and in the skyThe larks, still bravely singing, flyScarce heard amid the guns below. Short days agoWe lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow, Loved, and were loved, and now we lieIn Flanders fields. Take up our quarrel with the foe, To you from failing hands we throwThe torch, be yours to hold it high. If ye break faith with us who dieWe shall not sleep, nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. April 6 – Publication in London of the American Ezra Pounds poetry collection Cathay, for the most part of the Chinese of Rihaku, from the notes of the late Ernest Fenollosa, and the decipherings of the Professors Mori and Ariga, by Elkin Mathews. April 24 – Deportation of Armenian notables from Istanbul begins, among deported poets killed as part of the Armenian Genocide are Ardashes Harutiunian, Jacques Sayabalian, Ruben Sevak and Siamanto. May – Publication of the first modern book illustrated with wood engravings, july – Others, A Magazine of the New Verse is founded by Alfred Kreymborg, it will run until 1917, publishing poetry, other writing and visual art. August–December – Ezra Pound is completing the first sections of his poem The Cantos. See also Deaths in World War I in the Deaths section, below May 13 – While Julian Grenfell stands talking with other officers, a shell lands a few yards away and he is taken to a hospital in Boulogne, where he dies 13 days later. His poem Into Battle is published in The Times the day after his death and his younger brother Gerald William Grenfell is killed in action 2 months later September 11 – Publication of Lucy Whitmells poem Christ in Flanders in The Spectator. Elliott, ed. Lest We Forget, A War Anthology Poems of Today Ezra Pound, ed. D
13.
1917 in poetry
–
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. February — The Little Review moves from Chicago to New York City with the help of Ezra Pound. May 2 — English poet Marian Allen completes the poem To A. T. G. a few days after hearing of the death in action of her fiancé Arthur Greg, the first of several to his memory. May–June — T. S. Eliot takes over as editor of The Egoist, a London literary monthly, when Richard Aldington leaves for the British Army. With his encouragement, Owen writes Anthem for Doomed Youth and Dulce et Decorum est, like almost all Owens poetry, these remain unpublished until after his death in action next year. With the United States not yet fighting in World War I, Americans John Dos Passos, E. E. Cummings,60 of the Norton-Harjes Ambulance Corps. S. Eliot, Amy Lowell, Hilda Doolittle, Djuna Barnes, Man Ray, Skipwith Cannell and this becomes known as The Eisteddfodd of the Black Chair. Summer — The Siuru expressionistic and neo-romantic literary movement in Estonia is formed by a group of young poets, october 20 — 51-year-old poet W. B. November — Publication of The Muse in Arms, an anthology of British war poetry, listed alphabetically by first name, regardless of surname, Balawantrai Thakore, Bhanakar, Gujarati language Ci. Subrahamaniya Bharati, Kannan Pattu, Tamil language C. R. N. E
14.
1918 in poetry
–
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. January 23 — English poet Robert Graves marries the painter Nancy Nicholson in London, wedding guests include Wilfred Owen, who will be killed by the end of the year, and whose first nationally published poem appears 3 days later. June — English poet Basil Bunting is imprisoned as a conscientious objector, august 17 — English poets Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon meet for the last time, in London, and spend what Sassoon later describes as the whole of a hot cloudless afternoon together. November 4 — English war poet Wilfred Owen is killed in action, aged 25, news of his death reaches his parents in Oswestry a week later on Armistice Day. Marie Joussaye, Selections from Anglo-Saxon Songs, wilson MacDonald, The Song Of The Prairie Land and Other Poems. The Bengali Writers of English Verse, A Record and an Appreciation, Calcutta, Thacker, john Gogarty, The Ship, and Other Poems Helen Hamilton, Napoo. A. P. Herbert, The Bomber Gipsy, and Other Poems Gerard Manley Hopkins, Poems of Gerard Manley Hopkins C. H. C
15.
1919 in poetry
–
—From A Prayer for My Daughter by W. B. Yeats, first published this year Nationality words link to articles with information on the poetry or literature. April 2 — Vladimir Nabokov, novelist and poet, leaves Russia with his family, yeats travels to the United States and begins a lecture tour lasting until May,1920. December — The Egoist, a London literary magazine founded by Dora Marsden which published early modernist works, including those of James Joyce, two paintings by E. E. Cummings appear in a show of the New York Society of Independent Artists. The journal Littérature founded in France by André Breton, Philippe Soupault, hilda Doolittle writes Notes on Thought and Vision, a prose work, published posthumously in 1982. Squire, The Birds and Other Poems W. B. B. R. D
16.
1920 in poetry
–
— Wilfred Owen, concluding lines of Dulce et Decorum est, written 1917, published posthumously this year Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. Yeats concludes a lecture tour in the United States and crosses the Atlantic to settle in Oxford, Ezra Pound moves from London to Paris where he moves among a circle of artists, musicians and writers who are revolutionising modern art. E. Cummings, Charles Demuth, Kahlil Gibran, Gaston Lachaise, Amy Lowell, Marianne Moore, Ezra Pound, Odilon Redon, Bertrand Russell, Carl Sandburg, Van Wyck Brooks and this is his first real step towards recognition as a poet. Du Bois, Darkwater Robert Frost, Miscellaneous Poems William Ellery Leonard, The Lynching Bee Edgar Lee Masters, Domesday Book Edna St. Pithawalla, Sacred Sparks, Karachi, M. B. Moore, the Sweet Singer of Michigan,72, American poetaster, famed for her notoriously bad poetry July 3 – Charles E
17.
1918 in art
–
February – British War Memorials Committee formed to commission artworks to create a memorial to the World War I. February 16 – Joan Mirós first solo exhibition opens at the Dalmau Gallery, March – C. R. W. Nevinson has an exhibition at the Leicester Galleries in London. May – Stanley Spencer, a serving British Army soldier, is appointed as a war artist. A similar appointment is made this year for Australian soldier Frank R. Crozier, may 3 – William Orpens exhibition War opens in London, the paintings are donated to the British government. May 11 – Paul Nashs exhibition The Void of War opens at the Leicester Galleries in London, june 18 – Pablo Picasso marries Olga Khoklova. June – Alfred Stieglitz begins nude photography of Georgia OKeeffe, October 15 – Kunsthalle Bern opened. November 3 – The Robespierre Monument, designed by Beatrice Yuryevna Sandomierz, is unveiled, December 3 – Founding of the November Group of expressionist artists in Germany. Denver Art Museum opens its first galleries, frans Masereels wordless novel 25 Images of a Mans Passion is published. 12 March – Elaine de Kooning, American abstract expressionist painter,10 April – Cornell Capa, Hungarian-American photographer and photo curator. 9 May – Kyffin Williams, Welsh landscape painter,10 May – Desmond MacNamara, Irish painter, sculptor, and author 11 July – Roy Krenkel, American illustrator. 25 July – Jane Frank, American painter, sculptor, mixed media artist,8 August – Brian Stonehouse, English painter and Special Operations Executive agent during World War II. 22 September – Cleve Gray, American Abstract expressionist painter,7 October – Mimmo Rotella, Italian artist and poet. 8 November – Hermann Zapf, German typeface designer,14 December – Jack Cole, American comic book artist. 18 December – Kali, born Hanna Gordziałkowska, Polish-born portrait painter and Resistance agent during World War II
18.
1918 in architecture
–
The year 1918 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. November 3 – A Baroque Marian column in Prague, the Czech Republic, is destroyed by nationalists, december 3 - The Novembergruppe is formed in Germany, and shortly afterwards merges with the Arbeitsrat für Kunst. Hallidie Building is built in San Francisco, credited as the first glass curtain wall building. D. L. James House is built in Carmel Highlands, designed by Greene and Greene in an Arts and Crafts style. Police Headquarters are built in Copenhagen, Denmark, designed by Hack Kampmann in a Neoclassical style. Our Lady of the Victories Basilica in Melbourne, Australia is completed, newman College in Melbourne, Australia designed by Walter Burley Griffin, is completed. The Chapel of St. James, of the Archbishop Quigley Preparatory Seminary in Chicago, designed by Zachary Taylor Davis, Stockholm Library, designed by Erik Gunnar Asplund is built in Stockholm, Sweden in a Mannerist early modern style. The Woodland Chapel is built in Stockholm, Sweden, royal Gold Medal - Ernest Newton. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, not held, march 16 - Aldo van Eyck, Dutch architect April 10 - Jørn Utzon, Danish architect best known for Sydney Opera House July 3 - Benjamin C
19.
1918 in music
–
This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1918. January 18 - The Historic Concert for the Benefit of Widows and Orphans of Austrian and Hungarian Soldiers at the Konzerthaus, Vienna. February 13 - May Mukle and Rebecca Clarke give a recital at the Aeolian Hall in New York City, accompanied by Marjorie Hayward, performing works by Hubert Parry, Frank Bridge and it includes the premiėre of Morpheus, written by Clarke under the pen-name Anthony Trent. March 3 - Béla Bartóks String Quartet No.2 is premièred in Budapest, april 30-May 1 - Composer Toivo Kuula is mortally wounded in the Finnish Civil War. May 24 - Béla Bartóks opera Duke Bluebeards Castle is premiered in Budapest, september 28 - First performance of Igor Stravinskys Histoire du Soldat, conducted by Ernest Ansermet, in Lausanne, Switzerland. September 29 - First performance of Gustav Holsts orchestral suite The Planets, before an audience at the Queens Hall in London. November 15 - Rosa Ponselle makes her Metropolitan Opera début as Leonora in Verdis La forza del destino, november 30 - Ernest Ansermet conducts the first concert by the Orchestre de la Suisse Romande. Ralph Vaughan Williams is appointed Director of Music, First Army, First documented racially integrated jazz recording session. Worldwide sales of phonograph/gramophone records estimated at 100 million records this year, Goldman Band founded by Edwin Franko Goldman After Youve Gone w. Henry Creamer m. Turner Layton At The Jazz Band Ball w. m. Edwin B. Edwards, Nick LaRocca, Tony Spargo & Larry Shields Bagdad w. Harold Atteridge m. Al Jolson Beautiful Ohio w. Ballard MacDonald m. Mary Earl Clarinet Marmalade m. Edwin B. Edwards, Nick LaRocca, Tony Spargo & Larry Shields Dallas Blues w. Lloyd Garrett m. Hart A. Wand Dancing neath the Dixie moon w, dark Grows The Sky w. Harry Graham m. Harold Fraser-Simson The Daughter Of Rosie OGrady w. Monty C, brice m. Walter Donaldson Dear Little Boy of Mine w. J. Keirn Brennan m. Ernest R. Ball Dear Old Pal of Mine w. Harold Robe m. Lt. Gitz Rice Ding Dong w. m, Irving Berlin Every Day by Shelton Brooks Evrybodys Crazy bout the Doggone Blues, But Im Happy by Henry Creamer and Turner Layton Everything Is Peaches Down In Georgia w. Grant Clarke m. Milton Ager Fidgety Feet m. Edwin B, edwards, Nick La Rocca, Tony Spargo & Larry Shields A Good Man Is Hard To Find w. m. Eddie Green Good Morning Mr. Zip-Zip-Zip. w. m, give Me No Mans Land w. Sam M. Lewis & Joe Young m. Oliver G. Wallace & Harold Weeks Hike, nat Vincent Hinky Dinky Parlay Voo by Edward Rowland How Can You Tell by Ned Wayburn How Ya Gonna Keep em Down on the Farm. W. Sam M. Lewis & Joe Young m. Walter Donaldson I Found The End Of The Rainbow w. m, john Mears, Harry Tierney & Joseph McCarthy I Want To Shimmy by Shelton Brooks If He Can Fight Like He Can Love, Good Night Germany. W. Grant Clarke & Howard Johnson m. George W. Meyer Ill Be There, Laddie Boy, B. G. DeSylva, Gus Kahn & Al Jolson In The Land Of Beginning Again w. Grant Clarke m. George W. Meyer Ja-Da w. m
20.
Hall Caine
–
Sir Thomas Henry Hall Caine CH KBE, usually known as Hall Caine, was a British author. He is best known as a novelist and playwright of the late Victorian, in his time, he was exceedingly popular, and, at the peak of his success, his novels outsold those of his contemporaries. Many of his novels were made into films. His novels were romances, involving love triangles, but also addressed some of the more serious political and social issues of the day. Caine acted as secretary to Dante Gabriel Rossetti and at one time he aspired to become a man of letters, to this end he published a number of serious works, but these had little success. He was a lover of the Isle of Man and Manx culture, for a time he was a Member of the House of Keys, but he declined to become more deeply involved in Manx politics. A man of striking appearance, he travelled widely and used his travels to provide the settings for some of his novels to good effect. He came into contact with, and was influenced by, many of the personalities of the day. Caines novels are considered outdated by creators of English literature curricula today, however, some of his more popular novels have been published as paperbacks in recent years, predominantly for the Manx market catering for tourists to the Isle of Man. Thomas Henry Hall Caine was born on 14 May 1853 at 29 Bridgewater Street, Runcorn, Cheshire, England, Sarah was born in Whitehaven, Cumbria, and descended from an old Quaker family of Ralph Halls, china manufacturer. After living for years in Cumbria the Hall family moved to Liverpool where Sarah. As her husband was a member of the Anglican Church and not a Quaker she lost her connection with the Society of Friends, throughout her life she retained the Quaker simplicity of life and dress. John Caine, a blacksmith, came from the Isle of Man, in the absence of work he emigrated to Liverpool, where he trained as a shipsmith. At the time of Caines birth, he was working temporarily in Runcorn docks, within a few months the family were back in Liverpool, where Caine spent his childhood and youth. They rented rooms at 14 Rhyl Street, Toxteth, convenient for Liverpool Docks, by 1858 they had moved to number 21. Early in 1862 they moved to 5 Brougham Street, during his childhood Caine was occasionally sent to stay with his grandmother, Isabella, and uncle, William, a butcher-farmer, in their thatched cottage at Ballaugh on the Isle of Man. His grandmother nicknamed him Hommy-Beg, Manx for Little Tommy, the island has a long history of folklore and superstition, passed from generation to generation. When Caine was nine he lost two of his sisters within a year
21.
Order of the British Empire
–
There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order. Recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire were at first made on the nomination of the United Kingdom, the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, nominations continue today from Commonwealth countries that participate in recommending British honours. Most members are citizens of the United Kingdom or the Commonwealth realms that use the Imperial system of honours and awards. Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where the Queen is not head of state, occasionally, honorary appointees are, incorrectly, referred to as Sir or Dame – Bill Gates or Bob Geldof, for example. In particular, King George V wished to create an Order to honour many thousands of those who had served in a variety of non-combatant roles during the First World War, when first established, the Order had only one division. However, in 1918, soon after its foundation, it was divided into Military. The Orders motto is For God and the Empire, at the foundation of the Order, the Medal of the Order of the British Empire was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed the British Empire Medal, in addition, the BEM is awarded by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations. The British monarch is Sovereign of the Order, and appoints all members of the Order. The next most senior member is the Grand Master, of whom there have been three, Prince Edward, the Prince of Wales, Queen Mary, and the current Grand Master, the Duke of Edinburgh. The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross,845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the number of members of the fourth and fifth classes. Foreign recipients, as members, do not contribute to the numbers restricted to the Order as full members do. Though men can be knighted separately from an order of chivalry, women cannot, and so the rank of Knight/Dame Commander of the Order is the lowest rank of damehood, and second-lowest of knighthood. Because of this, Dame Commander is awarded in circumstances in which a man would be created a Knight Bachelor, for example, by convention, female judges of the High Court of Justice are created Dames Commander after appointment, while male judges become Knights Bachelor. The Order has six officials, the Prelate, the Dean, the Secretary, the Registrar, the King of Arms, the Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England, serves as the Orders Prelate. The Dean of St Pauls is ex officio the Dean of the Order, the Orders King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, as are many other heraldic officers. From time to time, individuals are appointed to a higher grade within the Order, thereby ceasing usage of the junior post-nominal letters
22.
Marie Corelli
–
Marie Corelli was a British novelist. She enjoyed a period of literary success from the publication of her first novel in 1886 until World War I. Mary Mackay was born in London to Elizabeth Mills, a servant of the Scottish poet and songwriter Dr. Charles Mackay, in 1866, eleven-year-old Mary was sent to a Parisian convent to further her education. She returned to Britain four years later in 1870, Mackay began her career as a musician, adopting the name Marie Corelli for her billing. Eventually she turned to writing and published her first novel, A Romance of Two Worlds, in her time, she was the most widely read author of fiction. Her works were collected by Winston Churchill, Randolph Churchill, and members of the British Royal Family, Mackay faced criticism from the literary elite for her overly melodramatic writing. James Agate represented her as combining the imagination of a Poe with the style of an Ouida, a recurring theme in Corellis books is her attempt to reconcile Christianity with reincarnation, astral projection, and other mystical ideas. Her books were a part of the foundation of todays New Age religion and her portrait was painted by Helen Donald-Smith. Corelli famously had little time for the press, both letters were published in full in the next issue. Corelli spent her years in Stratford-upon-Avon. Novelist Barbara Comyns Carr mentions Corellis guest appearance at an exhibition of Anglo-Saxon items found at Bidford-on-Avon in 1923 and she would boat on the Avon in a gondola, complete with a gondolier that she had brought over from Venice. In his autobiography, Mark Twain, who had a dislike of Corelli, describes visiting her in Stratford. She died in Stratford and is buried there in the Evesham Road cemetery and her house, Mason Croft, still stands on Church Street and is now the home of the Shakespeare Institute. For over forty years, Corelli lived with her companion, Bertha Vyver, descriptions of the deep love between the two women by their contemporaries have added to the speculation that their relationship may have been romantic. Her own heart was the hearth of her comrade, and thought, in loneliness of soul, Miss Vyver mourns the loss of one who was nearer and tenderer to her than a sister. Over the fireplace in the fine, old spacious lounge at Mason Croft the initials M. C. and B. V. were carven into one symbol, and it was the symbol of life. Corelli was known to have expressed a passion for the artist Arthur Severn. Severn was the son of Joseph Severn and close friend to John Ruskin, in 1910, Arthur Severn and Corelli collaborated on The Devils Motor with Severn providing illustrations for Corellis story
23.
Robert Graves
–
Robert von Ranke Graves was an English poet, novelist, critic and classicist. He produced more than 140 works, Irish literature deeply affected Graves White Goddess theories, specifically the genre aisling. He earned his living from writing, particularly historical novels such as I, Claudius, King Jesus, The Golden Fleece. He also was a prominent translator of Classical Latin and Ancient Greek texts, his versions of The Twelve Caesars and The Golden Ass remain popular, for their clarity, Graves was awarded the 1934 James Tait Black Memorial Prize for both I, Claudius and Claudius the God. Graves was born into a family in Wimbledon, then part of Surrey. Gravess mother was from a recently ennobled German family, the eldest daughter of Heinrich von Ranke, a professor of medicine at the University of Munich and she was also a greatniece of the German historian Leopold von Ranke. At school, Graves was enrolled as Robert von Ranke Graves and in Germany his books are published under that name but before and during the First World War, the name caused him difficulties. In August 1916 an officer who disliked him spread the rumour that he was a spy, the problem resurfaced in a minor way in the Second World War, when a suspicious rural policeman blocked his appointment to the Special Constabulary. Gravess eldest half-brother, Philip Perceval Graves, achieved note as a journalist and his brother, Charles Patrick Graves, was a writer. Among the masters his chief influence was George Mallory, who introduced him to contemporary literature, in his final year at Charterhouse, he won a classical exhibition to St Johns College, Oxford but did not take his place there until after the war. At the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914, Graves enlisted almost immediately and he published his first volume of poems, Over the Brazier, in 1916. He developed a reputation as a war poet and was one of the first to write realistic poems about experience of frontline conflict. In later years, he omitted his war poems from his collections, at the Battle of the Somme, he was so badly wounded by a shell-fragment through the lung that he was expected to die and was officially reported as having died of wounds. He gradually recovered and, apart from a spell back in France. One of Gravess friends at this time was the poet Siegfried Sassoon, in 1917, Sassoon rebelled against the conduct of the war by making a public antiwar statement. Graves feared Sassoon could face a court martial and intervened with the authorities, persuading them that Sassoon was suffering from shell shock. As a result, Sassoon was sent to Craiglockhart, a hospital in Edinburgh. Graves also suffered shell shock, or neurasthenia as it was then called, but he was never hospitalised for it, I thought of going back to France
24.
Wilfred Owen
–
Wilfred Edward Salter Owen, MC was an English poet and soldier, one of the leading poets of the First World War. Among his best-known works – most of which were published posthumously – are Dulce et Decorum est, Insensibility, Anthem for Doomed Youth, Futility, Owen was born on 18 March 1893 at Plas Wilmot, a house in Weston Lane, near Oswestry in Shropshire. He was the eldest of Thomas and Harriet Susan s four children, his siblings were Harold, Colin, Thomas transferred to Shrewsbury in April 1897, where the family lived with Thomas parents in Canon Street. Wilfred Owen was educated at the Birkenhead Institute and at Shrewsbury Technical School, Owen discovered his poetic vocation in about 1904 during a holiday spent in Cheshire. He was raised as an Anglican of the type, and in his youth was a devout believer, in part due to his strong relationship with his mother. His early influences included the Bible and the big six of romantic poetry, Owens last two years of formal education saw him as a pupil-teacher at the Wyle Cop school in Shrewsbury. In return for lodging, and some tuition for the entrance exam Owen worked as lay assistant to the Vicar of Dunsden near Reading. During this time he attended classes at University College, Reading, in botany and later, at the urging of the head of the English Department, took free lessons in Old English. His time spent at Dunsden parish led him to disillusionment with the Church, from 1912 he worked as a private tutor teaching English and French at the Berlitz School of Languages in Bordeaux, France, and later with a family. There he met the older French poet Laurent Tailhade, with whom he corresponded in French. When war broke out, Owen did not rush to enlist - and even considered the French army -, on 21 October 1915 he enlisted in the Artists Rifles Officers Training Corps. For the next seven months, he trained at Hare Hall Camp in Essex, on 4 June 1916 he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Manchester Regiment. Initially Owen held his troops in contempt for their loutish behaviour, however, his imaginative existence was to be changed dramatically by a number of traumatic experiences. He fell into a hole and suffered concussion, he was blown up by a trench mortar. Soon afterward, Owen was diagnosed as suffering from neurasthenia or shell shock and it was while recuperating at Craiglockhart that he met fellow poet Siegfried Sassoon, an encounter that was to transform Owens life. Whilst at Craiglockhart he made friends in Edinburghs artistic and literary circles, in November he was discharged from Craiglockhart, judged fit for light regimental duties. He spent a contented and fruitful winter in Scarborough, North Yorkshire, while in Ripon he composed or revised a number of poems, including Futility and Strange Meeting. His 25th birthday was spent quietly at Ripon Cathedral, which is dedicated to his namesake, Owen returned in July 1918 to active service in France, although he might have stayed on home-duty indefinitely
25.
Telemachus
–
Telemachus is a figure in Greek mythology, the son of Odysseus and Penelope, and a central character in Homers Odyssey. Telemachuss name in Greek means far from battle, or perhaps fighting from afar, as a bowman does. In Homers Odyssey, Telemachus, under the instructions of Athena, spends the first four books trying to gain knowledge of his father, Odysseus, who left for Troy when Telemachus was still an infant. At the outset of Telemachus journey, Odysseus had been absent from his home at Ithaca for twenty years due to the Trojan War, during his absence, Odysseus house has been occupied by hordes of suitors seeking the hand of Penelope. Telemachus first visits Nestor and is received by the old man who regales him with stories of his fathers glory. Telemachus then departs with Nestors son Peisistratus, who accompanies him to the halls of Menelaus, whilst there, Telemachus is again treated as an honored guest as Menelaus and Helen tell complementary yet contradictory stories of his fathers exploits at Troy. Telemachus focuses on his fathers return to Ithaca in Book XV and he visits Eumaeus, the swineherd, who happens to be hosting a disguised Odysseus. After Odysseus reveals himself to Telemachus due to Athenas advice, the two men plan the downfall of the suitors, Telemachus then returns to the palace to keep an eye on the suitors and to await his father as the beggar. When Penelope challenges the suitors to string Odysseus bow and shoot an arrow through the handle-holes of twelve axeheads and he would have completed the task, nearly stringing the bow on his fourth attempt, however, Odysseus subtly stops him before he can finish his attempt. Following the suitors failure at this task, Odysseus reveals himself and he and Telemachus bring swift, the Telegony was a short 2-book epic poem recounting the life and death of Odysseus after the events of the Odyssey. In this mythological postscript, Odysseus is accidentally killed by Telegonus, after Odysseus death, Telemachus returns to Aeaea with Telegonus and Penelope, and there marries Circe. From the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, The son of Odysseus and he was still an infant at the time when his father went to Troy, and in his absence of nearly twenty years he grew up to manhood. Telemachus followed the advice, but the refused to quit his house. There they were received by Nestor, who also sent his own son to conduct Telemachus to Sparta. Menelaus again kindly received him, and communicated to him the prophecy of Proteus concerning Odysseus, from Sparta Telemachus returned home, and on his arrival there, he found his father, with the swineherd Eumaeus. But as Athena had metamorphosed him into a beggar, Telemachus did not recognise his father until the latter disclosed to him who he was. Father and son now agreed to punish the suitors, and when they were slain or dispersed, according to some accounts, Telemachus became the father of Perseptolis either by Polycaste, the daughter of Nestor, or by Nausicaa, the daughter of Alcinous. He is also said to have had a daughter called Roma, one account states that Odysseus, in consequence of a prophecy that his son was dangerous to him, sent him away from Ithaca
26.
James Joyce
–
James Augustine Aloysius Joyce was an Irish novelist, short story writer, and poet. He contributed to the modernist avant-garde and is regarded as one of the most influential, other well-known works are the short-story collection Dubliners, and the novels A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man and Finnegans Wake. His other writings include three books of poetry, a play, occasional journalism and his published letters, Joyce was born in 41 Brighton Square, Rathgar, Dublin—about half a mile from his mothers birthplace in Terenure—into a middle-class family on the way down. He went on to attend University College Dublin, in 1904, in his early twenties, Joyce emigrated permanently to continental Europe with his partner Nora Barnacle. They lived in Trieste, Paris and Zurich, Ulysses in particular is set with precision in the streets and alleyways of the city. In the particular is contained the universal, James Augustine Aloysius Joyce was born on 2 February 1882 to John Stanislaus Joyce and Mary Jane May Murray, in the Dublin suburb of Rathgar. He was baptised according to the Rites of the Catholic Church in the nearby St Josephs Church in Terenure on 5 February by Rev. John OMulloy and his godparents were Philip and Ellen McCann. He was the eldest of ten surviving children, two of his siblings died of typhoid and his fathers family, originally from Fermoy in County Cork, had once owned a small salt and lime works. Joyces father and paternal grandfather both married into families, though the familys purported ancestor, Seán Mór Seoighe was a stonemason from Connemara. In 1887, his father was appointed rate collector by Dublin Corporation, around this time Joyce was attacked by a dog, which engendered in him a lifelong cynophobia. He also suffered from astraphobia, as an aunt had described thunderstorms to him as a sign of Gods wrath. In 1891 Joyce wrote a poem on the death of Charles Stewart Parnell, the Irish Party had dropped Parnell from leadership. But the Vaticans role in allying with the British Conservative Party to prevent Home Rule left an impression on the young Joyce. The elder Joyce had the printed and even sent a part to the Vatican Library. In November of that year, John Joyce was entered in Stubbs Gazette. In 1893, John Joyce was dismissed with a pension, beginning the familys slide into poverty caused mainly by his drinking and general financial mismanagement. Joyce had begun his education at Clongowes Wood College, a Jesuit boarding school near Clane, County Kildare and this came about because of a chance meeting his father had with a Jesuit priest who knew the family and Joyce was given a reduction in fees to attend Belvedere. In 1895, Joyce, now aged 13, was elected to join the Sodality of Our Lady by his peers at Belvedere, the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas continued to have a strong influence on him for most of his life
27.
Ulysses (novel)
–
Ulysses is a modernist novel by Irish writer James Joyce. It is considered to be one of the most important works of modernist literature, according to Declan Kiberd, Before Joyce, no writer of fiction had so foregrounded the process of thinking. Ulysses chronicles the peripatetic appointments and encounters of Leopold Bloom in Dublin in the course of a day,16 June 1904. The novel imitates registers of centuries of English literature and is highly allusive, Ulysses is approximately 265,000 words in length and is divided into eighteen episodes. Since publication, the book has attracted controversy and scrutiny, ranging from early obscenity trials to protracted textual Joyce Wars, Joyce fans worldwide now celebrate 16 June as Bloomsday. Joyce first encountered the figure of Odysseus/Ulysses in Charles Lambs Adventures of Ulysses—an adaptation of the Odyssey for children, at school he wrote an essay on the character, entitled My Favourite Hero. Joyce told Frank Budgen that he considered Ulysses the only character in literature. Leopold Blooms home at 7 Eccles Street - Episode 4, Calypso, Episode 17, Ithaca, sweny’s pharmacy, Lombard Street, Lincoln Place. Episode 15, Circe Cabman’s shelter, Butt Bridge, - Episode 16, Eumaeus The action of the novel takes place from one side of Dublin Bay to the other, opening in Sandycove to the South of the city and closing on Howth Head to the North. Joyce divided Ulysses into 18 episodes, every episode of Ulysses has a theme, technique and correspondence between its characters and those of the Odyssey. The original text did not include these episode titles and the correspondences, instead, they originate from the Linati, Joyce referred to the episodes by their Homeric titles in his letters. It is 8 a. m. Buck Mulligan, a medical student. The three men eat breakfast and walk to the shore, where Mulligan demands from Stephen the key to the tower, departing, Stephen declares that he will not return to the tower tonight, as Mulligan, the usurper, has taken it over. Stephen is teaching a class on the victories of Pyrrhus of Epirus. After class, one student, Cyril Sargent, stays behind so that Stephen can show him how to do a set of arithmetic exercises, Stephen looks at the ugly face of Sargent and tries to imagine Sargents mothers love for him. Stephen then visits school headmaster Garrett Deasy, from whom he collects his pay, the two discuss Irish history and the role of Jews in the economy. As Stephen leaves, Deasy said that Ireland has never persecuted the Jews because the country never let them in. This episode is the source of some of the novels most famous lines, such as Dedaluss claim that history is a nightmare from which I am trying to awake and that God is a shout in the street
28.
Prisoner of war
–
A prisoner of war is a person, whether combatant or non-combatant, who is held in custody by a belligerent power during or immediately after an armed conflict. The earliest recorded usage of the prisoner of war dates to 1660. The first Roman gladiators were prisoners of war and were named according to their ethnic roots such as Samnite, Thracian, typically, little distinction was made between enemy combatants and enemy civilians, although women and children were more likely to be spared. Sometimes, the purpose of a battle, if not a war, was to capture women, a known as raptio. Typically women had no rights, and were legally as chattel. For this he was eventually canonized, during Childerics siege and blockade of Paris in 464, the nun Geneviève pleaded with the Frankish king for the welfare of prisoners of war and met with a favourable response. Later, Clovis I liberated captives after Genevieve urged him to do so, many French prisoners of war were killed during the Battle of Agincourt in 1415. In the later Middle Ages, a number of religious wars aimed to not only defeat, in Christian Europe, the extermination of heretics was considered desirable. Examples include the 13th century Albigensian Crusade and the Northern Crusades, likewise, the inhabitants of conquered cities were frequently massacred during the Crusades against the Muslims in the 11th and 12th centuries. Noblemen could hope to be ransomed, their families would have to send to their captors large sums of wealth commensurate with the status of the captive. In feudal Japan there was no custom of ransoming prisoners of war, in Termez, on the Oxus, all the people, both men and women, were driven out onto the plain, and divided in accordance with their usual custom, then they were all slain. The Aztecs were constantly at war with neighbouring tribes and groups, for the re-consecration of Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan in 1487, between 10,000 and 80,400 persons were sacrificed. During the early Muslim conquests, Muslims routinely captured large number of prisoners, aside from those who converted, most were ransomed or enslaved. Christians who were captured during the Crusades, were either killed or sold into slavery if they could not pay a ransom. The freeing of prisoners was highly recommended as a charitable act, there also evolved the right of parole, French for discourse, in which a captured officer surrendered his sword and gave his word as a gentleman in exchange for privileges. If he swore not to escape, he could gain better accommodations, if he swore to cease hostilities against the nation who held him captive, he could be repatriated or exchanged but could not serve against his former captors in a military capacity. Early historical narratives of captured colonial Europeans, including perspectives of literate women captured by the peoples of North America. The writings of Mary Rowlandson, captured in the fighting of King Philips War, are an example
29.
Mainz Citadel
–
The Mainzer Zitadelle is situated at the fringe of the Old Town near Mainz Römisches Theater station. The fortress was constructed in 1660 and was an important part of the Fortress Mainz, the Jakobsberg hill, where the citadel was constructed, had been occupied by a Benedictine abbey during the middle ages. Halfway up the hill, the amphitheater of the Roman settlement of Mogontiacum, the Jakobsberg hill, however, had not been integrated in the ring of the defensive city walls of the town and this flank of the city was therefore only slightly protected. This position immediately at the gates of the opened a strategic gap. The name of the pentagonal fortification honors the reigning monarch of that time. Around 1655 prince-elector Johann Philipp von Schönborn initiated an improvement of the fortification of the town comprising bastions according to French type. Within this modification of the fortress, the Schweickhardtsburg was converted into the regular, quadrangular citadel, St. Jacobs abbey and the Roman cenotaph, the Drususstein, remained untouched within the fortress. Above the gate in direction to the town, a building for the commander of the citadel was erected in 1696 by the order of Lothar Franz von Schönborn, the gateway, existing since 1660 was skillfully integrated in the new building. During the siege of Mainz St. Jacobs abbey was destroyed largely by Prussian shelling, the remainings of the abbots and guest house had been used only for military purposes since then. In the south of the courtyard a baroque garden existed, which can be seen on a map dated 1804, after the Napoleonic Wars Mainz became in 1816 a fortress of the German Confederation. Prussians and Austrians settled in the citadel and used it as barracks, for this purpose, the Austrians erected 1861 the shellproof Citadel Barracks, the small side building was used as casino and kitchen. Even in 1914 a double company barracks was erected, due to this, the last remainings of the abbey declined. However numerous architectural elements of the abbot and guest houses had been integrated in the new buildings, during World War I and World War II the citadel was used as prisoner-of-war camp. According to the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 - and the slighting of the fortifications in, nevertheless, during the last days of World War II, the population of Mainz took shelter in the casemates of bastion Drusus, which had been turned into air raid shelters. After the Second World War the French army seized the premises until 1955, today the citadel is owned by the city of Mainz and accommodates numerous municipal offices. The Mainz Citadel belongs officially to the cultural heritage since 1907, the trench in the southern part of the citadel had been considered natural heritage since the 1980s. One of the buildings near the Drususstein accommodates the Historical Museum of the Town Mainz today, since 1975 every year, a non-commercial youth festival, the Open-Ohr Festival, takes place at the citadel over the Pentecost weekend. List of forts Salomon Gluck www. festung-mainz. de/zitadelle Initiative Zitadelle Mainz e. V
