1.
Frank B. Anderson
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Frank Butner Anderson was a college football, and baseball coach as well as athletic director. He was the first football and baseball coach in the history of Oglethorpe University, the field was dedicated as such on May 11,1963. Anderson was inducted into the Oglethorpe Athletic Hall of Fame, a member of its class of 1962. He always wore his uniform to practice and to games. He is known by some as the Dean of Southern Baseball Coaches, frank is the father of Alf Anderson. Frank Anderson was born on June 16,1882, on a farm near Powder Springs in Cobb County. In 1900 he enrolled at the University of Georgia in Athens and he played three years of varsity baseball and was All-Southern second baseman in 1903 and 1904, when he captained the team. He once hit a two out, ninth inning run to tie rival Georgia Tech. Anderson played in the backfield on Georgias football team and he also was a star on the Track and Field team and held the UGA record in the 220 and 440 for 30 years. After university, he began teaching mathematics in high schools around Atlanta, GA. He won a championship with the University School for Boys at Stone Mountain. He also assisted the team as an assistant under former Clemson player Hope Sadler. He also coached at the Robert E Lee Institute of Thomaston, Georgia and he returned to coach his alma maters baseball teams from 1910 to 1913. He won consecutive Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association championships in 1911 and 1912, Anderson established the football and baseball programs for Oglethorpe University in 1917. He was the coach until 1919. He was the coach until 1944. Amongst his baseball players were Luke Appling and Jay Partridge
2.
Everett Strupper
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George Everett Strupper, Jr. known variously as Ev or Strup or Stroop was an American football player. He played halfback for Georgia Tech from 1915 to 1917, Strupper overcame deafness resulting from a childhood illness and was selected as an All-American in 1917. During Struppers three years playing for Georgia Tech, the compiled a record of 24–0–2 and outscored its opponents by a combined score of 1,135 to 61. In Georgia Techs record-setting 222–0 win over Cumberland College in 1916, for many years,1917 Georgia Tech was considered the greatest football team the South ever produced. Strupper starred as part of a renowned backfield including also Joe Guyon, Judy Harlan, Strupper and teammate Walker Carpenter were the first players from the Deep South selected for an All-America first team. Sportswriter Morgan Blake called Strupper probably the greatest running half-back the South has known, bernie McCarty writes Strupper ranks among the greatest broken-field gallopers in Southern football history. And he caught and threw passes, returned kicks, blocked well and he was posthumously inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1972 and the Georgia Sports Hall of Fame in 1974. Strupper was born in Columbus, Georgia, in 1896 and his parents, G. Everett Strupper, Sr. and Bessie H. Strupper, were both Georgia natives. As of 1910, his father was employed as a manager at an oil company. Stupper attended Riverside Military Academy in Gainesville, Georgia and he was the star of the schools football team in 1913, and is a member of the schools sports hall of fame. Strupper enrolled at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta in 1914, during his freshman year, Strupper became a member of the Georgia Phi chapter of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon Fraternity. He was an athlete competing for Georgia Tech in basketball, football. In 1914, Strupper played for the football team at Georgia Tech. He then played halfback for Georgia Techs varsity football teams head coach John Heisman from 1915 to 1917. Strupper was deaf, and because of his deafness, he called the signals instead of the teams quarterback, Strupper was a small man, with his height being stated in varying accounts to be between five-feet seven inches and five-feet, ten inches. His coach John Heisman later wrote that Strupper was but 5 feet 7 inches in height and he was sometimes known as little Everett Strupper. Georgia Tech never lost a game in which Strupper played, compiling three consecutive undefeated seasons from 1915 to 1917, during Struppers three years playing for Georgia Tech, the team compiled a record of 24–0–2. Only two teams managed a tie – the University of Georgia in 1915 and Washington & Lee in 1916, in those 26 games, Georgia Tech outscored its opponents by a combined score of 1,135 to 61
3.
Oglethorpe University
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Oglethorpe University is a private, liberal arts college in Brookhaven, a city adjoining the northern edge of Atlanta, in the U. S. state of Georgia. Originally chartered in 1835, it was named in honor of General James Edward Oglethorpe, Oglethorpe University was chartered in 1835 in Midway, just south of the city of Milledgeville, then the state capital. The school was built and, at time, governed by the Presbyterian Church. The American Civil War led to the schools closing from 1862 to 1866, the college followed the relocation of the capital to Atlanta. In 1870, it began holding classes at the present site of Atlanta City Hall, plagued by financial difficulties, the school closed its doors after only two years. Oglethorpe College was re-chartered as an institution in 1913. In 1915 the cornerstone to the new campus was laid at its present location on Peachtree Road in Brookhaven, the person behind rebuilding Oglethorpe was Dr. Thornwell Jacobs, whose grandfather Ferdinand Jacobs had served on the faculty of Old Oglethorpe. Jacobs would serve as president for three decades. In the early 1940s Oglethorpe University had a medical school, under the direction of Dr. John Bernard, the university was given several elephants for research, who had been poisoned by the Ringling Brothers Barnum & Bailey Circus. After the students had finished dissecting the animals they were buried under what is today as the Philip Weltner Library. Oglethorpe University became Oglethorpe College in 1965, and reclaimed the designation university in 1972, many of Oglethorpes campus buildings were built in a Gothic revival architecture style. This area of the 100-acre campus is listed in the National Register of Historic Places, in December 2009, The Southern Association of Colleges and Schools fully reaffirmed the Universitys accreditation. Oglethorpes collegiate coat-of-arms is emblazoned with three heads and the Latin inscription Nescit Cedere, meaning He does not know how to give up. The Conant Performing Arts Center, completed in 1997, served as the home of Georgia Shakespeare until fall 2014. The Oglethorpe University Museum of Art opened in 1984 and is located on the top floor of the Philip Weltner Library, the two galleries, the South and Skylight, and gift shop cover 7,000 square feet. Bringing in thousands of visitors each year, the museum has become an important point of interest in Atlantas art community, in 1994, Lupton Hall, Phoebe Hearst Hall, Lowry Hall and Hermance Stadium were added to the National Register of Historic Places. In addition, a district including part or all of the 100-acre campus was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Other academic buildings include Goslin Hall, primarily used for science courses, Oglethorpe University is home to the Crypt of Civilization, the first and most complete time capsule ever created, according to the Guinness Book of World Records
4.
American football
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The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs, or plays, or else they turn over the football to the opposing team, if they succeed, they are given a new set of four downs. Points are primarily scored by advancing the ball into the teams end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponents goalposts for a field goal. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins, American football evolved in the United States, originating from the sports of association football and rugby football. The first game of American football was played on November 6,1869, during the latter half of the 1870s, colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby Union code, which allowed carrying the ball. American football as a whole is the most popular sport in the United States, Professional football and college football are the most popular forms of the game, with the other major levels being high school and youth football. As of 2012, nearly 1.1 million high school athletes and 70,000 college athletes play the sport in the United States annually, almost all of them men, in the United States, American football is referred to as football. The term football was established in the rulebook for the 1876 college football season. The terms gridiron or American football are favored in English-speaking countries where other codes of football are popular, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, American football evolved from the sports of association football and rugby football. What is considered to be the first American football game was played on November 6,1869 between Rutgers and Princeton, two college teams, the game was played between two teams of 25 players each and used a round ball that could not be picked up or carried. It could, however, be kicked or batted with the feet, hands, head or sides, Rutgers won the game 6 goals to 4. Collegiate play continued for years in which matches were played using the rules of the host school. Representatives of Yale, Columbia, Princeton and Rutgers met on October 19,1873 to create a set of rules for all schools to adhere to. Teams were set at 20 players each, and fields of 400 by 250 feet were specified, Harvard abstained from the conference, as they favored a rugby-style game that allowed running with the ball. An 1875 Harvard-Yale game played under rugby-style rules was observed by two impressed Princeton athletes and these players introduced the sport to Princeton, a feat the Professional Football Researchers Association compared to selling refrigerators to Eskimos. Princeton, Harvard, Yale and Columbia then agreed to play using a form of rugby union rules with a modified scoring system. These schools formed the Intercollegiate Football Association, although Yale did not join until 1879, the introduction of the snap resulted in unexpected consequences. Prior to the snap, the strategy had been to punt if a scrum resulted in bad field position, however, a group of Princeton players realized that, as the snap was uncontested, they now could hold the ball indefinitely to prevent their opponent from scoring. In 1881, both teams in a game between Yale-Princeton used this strategy to maintain their undefeated records, each team held the ball, gaining no ground, for an entire half, resulting in a 0-0 tie
5.
Forward pass
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In several forms of football a forward pass is a throwing of the ball in the direction that the offensive team is trying to move, towards the defensive teams goal line. In some football codes, such as football, the kicked forward pass is used so ubiquitously that it is not thought of as a distinct kind of play at all. In these sports, the concept of offside is used to regulate who can be in front of the play or be nearest to the goal, however, this has not always been the case. Some earlier incarnations of football allowed unlimited forward passing, while others had strict offside rules similar to rugby, the development of the forward pass in American football shows how the game has evolved from its rugby roots into the distinctive game it is today. Illegal and experimental forward passes had been attempted as early as 1876, another change in rules occurred on January 18,1951, which established that no center, tackle, or guard could receive a forward pass. Today, the only linemen who can receive a forward pass are the ends, current rules regulate who may throw and who may receive a forward pass, and under what circumstances, as well as how the defensive team may try to prevent a pass from being completed. In American and Canadian football, a pass, usually referred to simply as a pass. This is permitted only once during a scrimmage down by the team before team possession has changed, provided the pass is thrown from in or behind the neutral zone. An illegal forward pass can incur a penalty and the loss of a down, although it may be legally intercepted by the opponents. If an eligible receiver on the passing team legally catches the ball, the pass is completed, if an opposing player legally catches the ball it is an interception. That players team immediately gains possession of the ball and he may attempt to advance the ball toward his opponents goal, if no player is able to legally catch the ball it is an incomplete pass and the ball becomes dead the moment it touches the ground. It will then be returned to the line of scrimmage for the next down. If any player interferes with an eligible receivers ability to catch the ball it is pass interference which draws a penalty of varying degree. The person passing the ball must be a member of the team. The moment that a forward pass begins is important to the game, the pass begins the moment the passers arm begins to move forward. If the passer drops the ball before this moment it is a fumble, in this case anybody can gain possession of the ball before or after it touches the ground. If the passer drops the ball while his arm is moving forward it is a pass, regardless of where the ball lands or is first touched. The quarterback generally either starts a few paces behind the line of scrimmage or drops back a few paces after the ball is snapped
6.
Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association
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The Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association was one of the first collegiate athletic conferences in the United States. Twenty-seven of the current Division I FBS football programs were members of this conference at some point, the SIAA was founded on December 21,1894, by Dr. William Dudley, a chemistry professor at Vanderbilt, at the Kimball House in Atlanta. Dudley was a member of the Vanderbilt Athletic Association, formed in 1886 with Dr. W. M. Baskerville as president, most students at Vanderbilt were members. The early sports played on the Vanderbilt campus were baseball, bicycling, Dudley was primarily responsible for the formation of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association. Sewanees opposition stopped it from occurring, the original members were Alabama, Auburn, Georgia, Johns Hopkins, North Carolina, Sewanee, Vanderbilt, and Virginia. Virginia and North Carolina soon dropped before the inaugural 1895 season, the conference was originally formed for the development and purification of college athletics throughout the South. In 1903, a single-game football playoff occurred, but it seems to have been coordinated more so by the two competing schools than the conference itself, several other efforts over the years by individual schools to hold a conference title game fell through. Most SIAA titles claimed by schools in sports were actually more mythical in nature than officially sanctioned by the league. In 1915, a disagreement arose within the conference regarding the eligibility of freshman athletes, generally, the larger universities opposed the eligibility of freshman players, while the smaller schools favored it. As a result, some of the universities formed the Southern Intercollegiate Conference. At the conferences annual meeting on December 10,1920, the SIAA rejected proposals to ban freshman athletes, in protest, some schools that had voted in favor of the propositions immediately announced they would seek to form a new conference. In 1922, the Southern Conference underwent an expansion and added six more members, all at the expense of the SIAA, Florida, Louisiana State, Mississippi, South Carolina, Tulane, and Vanderbilt. With the departure of most of the colleges, the SIAA became a de facto small college conference in 1923. In the 1920s and 1930s, the SIAA increased its membership with the addition of additional small universities. The conference eventually disbanded in 1942 with the onset of American involvement in World War II, original charter members are denoted in boldface. Invited charter members are denoted with an asterisk, in the era in which the SIAA operated, teams tended to join in December, therefore, the first year of conference play in a given sport was often the following calendar year. Conference affiliations reflect those for the 2016–17 school year
7.
Mercer University
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Mercer University is the oldest private university in Georgia with its main campus in Macon, Georgia, United States. Mercer is a member of the Georgia Research Alliance and has a chapter of Phi Beta Kappa, Mercer has three campuses, the main campus in Macon, a graduate and professional education campus in Atlanta, and a four-year campus of the School of Medicine in Savannah. Mercer also has regional centers in Henry County, Douglas County, and Newnan. The Mercer University Health Sciences Center encompasses Mercers medical, pharmacy, nursing, U. S. News and World Report ranks Mercer 135th among the 310 universities in the National Universities category. Mercer, along with Emory University, the Georgia Institute of Technology, Mercer is also ranked as the 24th best value among the 310 national universities in terms of education relative to cost. The school opened as Mercer Institute with 39 students on January 14,1833, the school was named for Jesse Mercer, a prominent Baptist leader who provided a founding endowment and who served as the first chairman of the board of trustees. The Georgia General Assembly granted a university charter in December 1837, Mercer adopted its present name in 1838 and graduated its first university class, of three students, in 1841. In 1871, Mercer moved to Macon, a center of transportation, Mercer expanded to Atlanta in 1959 when the university absorbed the independent Southern School of Pharmacy. Atlanta Baptist College was founded in 1968 under the leadership of Dr. Monroe F. Swilley, the college merged with Mercer in 1972 and became the College of Arts and Sciences, and in 1984 was named the Cecil B. Day College of Arts and Sciences, Mercer offered undergraduate liberal arts education in Atlanta until 1990 when the college closed. Faculty and students tried to prevent the closure, but were not successful, the mission of the Atlanta campus changed to graduate and professional education. The Southern School of Pharmacy moved in 1992 from its location to the Cecil B. William D. Underwood became Mercers 18th president on July 1,2006, succeeding Dr. Raleigh Kirby Godsey, Underwood previously served at Baylor University as interim president and held the prestigious Leon Jaworski Chair at Baylor Law School. During Underwoods presidency, enrollment has increased by twenty percent to more than 8,500 students. Mercer, founded by early 19th-century Baptists, ended its affiliation with the Georgia Baptist Convention in 2006 after 173 years, before the affiliation ended, Mercer had an independent board of trustees, the convention provided financial support but did not control the university. The lack of control caused friction, with Mercer resisting restraints on social issues while the convention saw Mercer as becoming secularized and not conforming to its values. Mercer received a $5 million grant from the John S. the Mercer On Mission medical outreach program, launched in 2007, has been recognized by the Clinton Global Initiative as an exemplary approach to addressing a specific global challenge. It helps students combine research, study abroad and service learning under faculty direction, in 2014, Mercer set an enrollment record in the fall of 2014 with a university-wide population of 8,557 students
8.
Camp Gordon
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Fort Gordon, formerly known as Camp Gordon, is a United States Army installation established in 1917. It is the current home of the United States Army Signal Corps, the fort is located next to Augusta, Georgia to the southwest of the city. The main component of the post is the Advanced Individual Training for Signal Corps military occupational specialities, in 1966–68 the Armys Signal Officer Candidate School graduated over 2,200 Signal officers. Signals Intelligence has become visible and comprises more and more of the forts duties. Georgia established many war-training camps during World War I, chamblee, northeast of Atlanta, was selected for one of the states largest army cantonments. It was named Camp Gordon in honor of John Brown Gordon, who was a general in the Confederate army, a Georgia governor, a U. S. senator. The camp opened in July 1917, becoming a training site, the division was composed of men from several different states, but men from Georgia made up almost half its number. Camp Gordon was approved for reconstruction in July 1941, War Department approved a contract to construct facilities on a new training area near Augusta, in Richmond County, Georgia that had been selected several months earlier. A groundbreaking and flag-raising ceremony took place in October, in response to the attack on Pearl Harbor Colonel Herbert W. The post was home to three divisions during the war, the 4th Infantry, the 26th Infantry, and the 10th Armored, from October 1943 to January 1945 Camp Gordon served as an internment camp for foreign prisoners of war. From May 1945 until April 1946 the U. S. Army Personnel, from early 1946 to June 1947, the U. S. Army Disciplinary Barracks for convicted criminals was located at Camp Gordon, and the installation was scheduled for deactivation. In September 1948 the Army relocated the Military Police School from Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania, to Camp Gordon, on 21 March 1956, the post was renamed Fort Gordon. During the 1950s and into the 1980s Fort Gordon served as a basic-training camp and it also provided advanced individual training for troops. Since June 1985 Fort Gordon has housed the U. S. Signal Corps, the Signal Corps training centers primary purpose is to conduct specialized instruction for all Signal Corps military and civilian personnel. The location closed as the war ended and today the site is overgrown with pine trees, Fort Gordons official name is the U. S. Army Cyber Center of Excellence & Fort Gordon, or CyberCoE&FG. Considered a mission partner on Fort Gordon is the Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center as well as a dental laboratory, the facility treats active duty military and their families, as well as many of the military retiree community in the Central Savannah River Area. Fort Gordon has approximately 30,000 military and civilian employees, due to increases in the need and use of cyber technology the US Army is consolidating the United States Army Cyber Command into one location. Fort Gordon along with Fort George Meade were in the running to receive the command, in December 2013 it was announced that Fort Gordon was selected
9.
Furman University
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Furman University is a private, coeducational liberal arts college located in Greenville, South Carolina. Furman is the oldest and most selective institution of higher learning in South Carolina. Founded in 1826, Furman enrolls approximately 2,700 undergraduate students and 200 graduate students, representing 46 states and 53 foreign countries, the school was named for Richard Furman of Charleston, a clergyman considered one of the most important Protestant leaders in the antebellum United States. Furman Academy and Theological Institution was established by the South Carolina Baptist Convention, with 10 students meeting at Edgefield, it held its first classes January 15,1828, but moved to the High Hills of the Santee in 1829 because of financial difficulties. It was not until 1851 that South Carolina Baptists were able to raise the funds for the removal of the school to Greenville. The Furman Institution Faculty Residence serves as a reminder of the early history of Furman University. The first school building from the downtown Greenville campus was transported to the current campus, in 1933, students from the Greenville Womens College began attending classes with Furman students. Shortly thereafter, the two merged to form the present institution. In 1924, Furman was named one of four beneficiaries of the Duke Endowment. Through 2007, Furman has received $110 million from The Endowment, three other colleges — Duke, Davidson and Johnson C. Smith — also receive annual support and special grants from The Endowment. As of the late 1950s, separate but equal laws had continued to allow Furman to not admit African Americans as students, soon after Brown v. Board of Education integrated public schools, some Furman students began to press for change. In 1955, some students wrote short stories and poems in The Echo, in 1956, Furman began construction on its new campus, five miles north of downtown Greenville. Classes on the new campus began in 1958, by 1963, enough faculty were siding with the students over racial segregation that Furmans board of trustees voted for an open admission policy. Joe Vaughn, a graduate of Sterling High School, became Furmans first black undergraduate in February 1965, after the 1991-92 academic year, Furman ended its affiliation with the Southern Baptist Convention and became a private, secular university, while keeping Christo et Doctrinae as the schools motto. Between 1996 and 2003,308 Furman graduates received Ph. D. degrees, David Shi, a historian, author and champion of sustainability, served as the university’s president from 1994 to 2010. Rod Smolla resigned for personal reasons after holding the top post for three years. Carl F. Kohrt held the position on an interim basis, Davis came to Furman from Baylor University in Texas, where she was Executive Vice President and Provost. Furman offers majors and programs in 42 subjects, undergraduates come from 46 states and 53 countries
10.
Greenville, South Carolina
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Greenville is the county seat of Greenville County in the upstate region of South Carolina, in the United States. The citys mayor is Knox White, who has served in that position since December 1995, with an estimated population of 64,579 as of 2015, it is the sixth-largest city in the state. The population of the area was 400,492 as of 2010. Greenville is the largest city in the Greenville-Anderson-Mauldin Metropolitan Statistical Area, the MSA had a population of 874,869 in 2015, making it the largest in South Carolina and the third largest in the Carolinas. Greenville is the largest city in the Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson Combined Statistical Area, according to United States Census Bureau, the CSA had a population of 1,426,625 as of 2015, making it the largest CSA in the state. The CSA, a 10-county region of northwestern South Carolina, is known as The Upstate, Greenville is located approximately halfway between Atlanta and Charlotte, North Carolina, along Interstate 85, and its metropolitan area also includes Interstates 185 and 385. The land of present-day Greenville was once the ground of the Cherokee which was forbidden to colonists. A wealthy settler from Virginia named Richard Pearis arrived in South Carolina around 1754 trading with Cherokee, Pearis had a child with a Cherokee woman and received about 100,000 acres from the Cherokee around 1770. Pearis established a plantation on the Reedy River called the Great Plains in present-day downtown Greenville, the American Revolution divided the South Carolina country between the Loyalists and Patriots. Pearis supported the Loyalists and together with their allies the Cherokee attacked the Patriots, the Patriots retaliated by burning down Pearis plantation and jailing him in Charleston. Pearis never returned to his plantation but Paris Mountain is named after him, the Treaty of Dewitts Corner in 1777 ceded almost all Cherokee land, including present-day Greenville, to South Carolina. Greenville County was created in 1786 and was named for its physical appearance, however, other sources say Greenville is named after General Nathanael Greene in honor of his service in the American Revolutionary War. Lemuel J. Alston came to Greenville County in 1788 and bought 400 acres, in 1797 Alston used his land holdings to establish a village called Pleasantburg where he also built a stately mansion. Vardry McBee purchased Alstons land in 1816 who then leased the Alston mansion for a summer resort, McBee decided to make the mansion his home in 1835 until his death in 1864. Considered to be the father of Greenville, McBee donated land for many such as churches, academies. Furman University was funded by McBee who helped bring the university to Pleasantburg from Winnsboro, in 1853 McBee and other Greenville County leaders funded a new railroad called the Greenville and Columbia Railroad. Pleasantburg boomed to around 1,000 in the 1850s due to the growth of McBees donations, in 1831 Pleasantburg was incorporated as Greenville. In December 1860 Greenville supported a convention to debate the issue of secession for South Carolina, the Greenville District sent James Furman, William K. Easley, Perry E. Duncan, William H. Campbell, and James P. Harrison as delegates for the convention
11.
Chattanooga Mocs football
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The Chattanooga Mocs football program is the intercollegiate college football team for the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga located in the U. S. state of Tennessee. The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision and are members of the Southern Conference, the schools first football team was fielded in 1904. The team plays its games at the 20,668 seat Finley Stadium. They are coached by Tom Arth, the city of Chattanooga hosted the Division I-AA Football Championship 14 times at Finley Stadium from 1997 to 2009
12.
Chattanooga, Tennessee
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Chattanooga is a city in the U. S. state of Tennessee, with a population of 176,588 in 2015. The fourth-largest Tennessee city, it is the seat of Hamilton County, located in southeastern Tennessee in East Tennessee, on the Tennessee River, served by multiple railroads and Interstate highways, Chattanooga is a transit hub. The city, with elevation of approximately 680 feet, lies at the transition between the ridge-and-valley portion of the Appalachian Mountains and the Cumberland Plateau. Surrounded by mountains and ridges, the nickname for Chattanooga is the Scenic City. Unofficial nicknames include River City, Chatt, Nooga, Chattown, Chattanooga is internationally known for the 1941 song Chattanooga Choo Choo by Glenn Miller and his orchestra. Chattanooga is home to the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga and Chattanooga State Community College, the city has its own typeface, Chatype, which was launched in August 2012. The first inhabitants of the Chattanooga area were Native Americans, sites dating back to the Upper Paleolithic period showed continuous occupation through the Archaic, Woodland, Mississippian/Muskogean/Yuchi, and Cherokee. The Chickamauga Mound near the mouth of the Chickamauga Creek is the oldest remaining visible art in Chattanooga, the Citico town and mound site was the most significant Mississippian/Muscogee landmark in Chattanooga up to 1915. The first part of the name Chattanooga derives from the Muskogean word cvto /chắtȯ/ – rock, the latter may be derived from a regional suffix -nuga meaning dwelling or dwelling place. In 1816 John Ross, who later became Principal Chief, established Rosss Landing, located along what is now Broad Street, it became one of the centers of Cherokee Nation settlement, which also extended into Georgia and Alabama. Their journey west became known as the Trail of Tears for their exile, the US Army used Rosss Landing as the site of one of three large internment camps, or emigration depots, where Native Americans were held prior to the journey on the Trail of Tears. One of the internment camps was located in Fort Payne, Alabama, in 1839, the community of Rosss Landing incorporated as the city of Chattanooga. The city grew quickly, initially benefiting from a location well-suited for river commerce, with the arrival of the railroad in 1850, Chattanooga became a boom town. During the American Civil War, Chattanooga was a center of battle, during the Chickamauga Campaign, Union artillery bombarded Chattanooga as a diversion and occupied it on September 9,1863. Following the Battle of Chickamauga, the defeated Union Army retreated to safety in Chattanooga, the next day, the Battle of Lookout Mountain was fought, driving the Confederates off the mountain. On November 25, Grants army routed the Confederates in the Battle of Missionary Ridge and these battles were followed the next spring by the Atlanta Campaign, beginning just over the nearby state line in Georgia and moving southeastward. After the war ended, the city became a railroad hub and industrial. The largest flood in Chattanoogas history occurred in 1867, before the Tennessee Valley Authority system was created in 1933 by Congress, the flood crested at 58 feet and completely inundated the city
13.
Mercer Bears football
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For information on all Mercer University sports, see Mercer Bears The Mercer Bears football program is the intercollegiate football team of Mercer University located in Macon, Georgia, United States. The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision and is a member of the Southern Conference, the team plays its home games at the 10, 200-seat Tony and Nancy Moye Football and Lacrosse Complex on the universitys Macon campus. The Bears are coached by Bobby Lamb, mercers first football team was fielded in 1892, but the school did not consistently field teams until 1906. The sport was dropped in 1917 and 1918 during U. S. involvement in World War I, until 1924, the Mercer Bears were known as the Mercer Baptists. After the 1941 season, with the beginning of U. S. involvement in World War II, Mercer dropped football again, but did not resume the sport after the war. The program was reinstated after a 72-year hiatus in 2013, the first game was on August 31,2013, Georgia Tech player and later Hall of Fame coach Bill Alexander called Grice the meanest and toughest guy I ever ran across on a gridiron. Brothers Crook Smith and Phoney Smith were both stars for Mercer, famous University of Georgia football coach Wally Butts, who lead UGA to four Southeastern Conference titles and two National Championships, played end for Mercer from 1925-1928. Les Olsson, known around Mercer as Swede, was the only Mercer player from the pre-World War II era to go pro and he was part of the 1937 championship squad. On August 31,2013, Mercer played its first game since 1941 before a crowd of 12,172 spectators. The Bears opponent, Reinhardt University, also revived its football program, in a thrilling game that saw multiple lead changes, Josh Shutter helped Mercer clinch the victory with a 31-yard field goal with three seconds left in the game
14.
Macon, Georgia
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Macon /ˈmeɪkən/ is a city located in the state of Georgia, United States. Macon lies near the center of the state, approximately 85 miles south of Atlanta. Settled near the line of the Ocmulgee River, Macon is the county seat of Bibb County and had a 2014 estimated population of 153,691. Macon is the city of the Macon metropolitan area, which had an estimated population of 231,259 in 2014. In a 2012 referendum, voters approved the consolidation of Macon and Bibb County, the two governments officially merged on January 1,2014. Macon is served by three highways, I-16, I-75, and I-475. The city has several institutions of education, as well as numerous museums. The area is served by the Middle Georgia Regional Airport and the Herbert Smart Downtown Airport, the mayor of Macon is Robert Reichert, a former Democratic member of the Georgia House of Representatives. Reichert was elected mayor of the consolidated city of Macon–Bibb. Macon lies on the site of the Ocmulgee Old Fields, where the historic Creek Indians lived in the 18th century and their prehistoric predecessors, the Mississippian culture, built a powerful chiefdom based on an agricultural village and constructed earthwork mounds for ceremonial, burial and religious purposes. The areas along the rivers in the Southeast had been inhabited by varying cultures of indigenous peoples for 13,000 years before Europeans arrived. Macon developed at the site of Fort Benjamin Hawkins, built from 1806–1809 at the line of the Ocmulgee River to protect the new frontier. The fort was named in honor of Benjamin Hawkins, Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Southeast territory south of the Ohio River for more than two decades and he lived among the Creek and had a Creek wife. This was the most inland point of navigation on the river from the Low Country, president Thomas Jefferson forced the Creek to cede their lands east of the Ocmulgee River and ordered the fort built. A gathering point of the Creek and American cultures for trading, it was also a center of state militia, the fort served as a major military distribution point during the War of 1812 against Great Britain and also during the Creek War of 1813. Afterward, the fort was used as a trading post for years and was garrisoned until 1821. It was decommissioned about 1828 and later burned to the ground, a replica of the southeast blockhouse was built in 1938 and stands today on a hill in east Macon. Part of the site is occupied by the Fort Hawkins Grammar School
15.
Maryville College
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Maryville College is a private, four-year, liberal arts college in Maryville, Tennessee, United States, near Knoxville. It was founded in 1819 by Presbyterian minister Isaac L. Anderson for the purpose of furthering education, the college is one of the 50 oldest colleges in the United States and the 12th-oldest institution in the South. It is associated with the Presbyterian Church, and enrolls about 1,093 students, Maryville Colleges nickname is the Fighting Scots. The sports teams compete in NCAA Division III athletics in the USA South Athletic Conference, as a liberal arts school, the college promotes a well-rounded education. The school requires numerous general education courses to achieve this, the courses are taken through the conclusion of the students education, contributing to the graduating students becoming knowledgeable in a number of fields. Maryville College offers the degrees, In addition to these majors. Maryville College is one of the few colleges in the nation that requires graduating students to complete an exam in their major. Maryville College was ranked No.3 in U. S. News & World Report for Best Comprehensive-Bachelors category for southern colleges and universities in both 2006 and 2007, Maryville College operates on the nontraditional 4-1-4 schedule. During January, students take a J-Term course which lasts for the month, study abroad trips are also offered during J-term. Maryville College was founded as the Southern and Western Theological Seminary in 1819 by Isaac L. Anderson, Anderson had founded a school, Union Academy, in nearby Knox County, before becoming minister at New Providence Presbyterian Church in Maryville. He expressed to his fellow clergy the need for ministers in the community, including a request to the Home Missionary Society. The new seminary was intended to fill this need for ministers. It opened with a class of five men, and the new school was adopted by the Synod of Tennessee and formally named the Southern and Western Theological Seminary in October 1819. In 2004, Maryville College was recognized by the Race Relations Center of East Tennessee for its history of contributing to improving the quality of life for all in East Tennessee, Maryville College was racially integrated from its earliest days. An ex-slave named George Erskine studied there in 1819, sponsored by the Manumission Society of Tennessee, Erskine went on to preach during the 1820s and was formally ordained by the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in 1829. Maryville College was closed during the Civil War, but, upon reopening, it admitted students regardless of race. Swift was founded by William Henderson Franklin, the first African American to graduate from Maryville College and his institute educated black students during the era of imposed segregation. After the Brown v. Board of Education decision, Maryville College immediately re-enrolled African Americans, in 1875, Maryville College conferred the first college degree to a woman in the state of Tennessee
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Maryville, Tennessee
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Maryville is a city and the county seat of Blount County, Tennessee, in the southeastern United States. Maryvilles population was 27,465 at the 2010 census and it is included in the Knoxville Metropolitan Area. Maryville has received a number of accolades for its quality of life, Maryville is a short distance from popular tourist destinations such as the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Dollywood, Gatlinburg, and Pigeon Forge. When the first Euro-American explorers arrived in the area, they found the Great Indian Warpath and it was long used by the indigenous peoples of the area. A historic Cherokee village known as Elajay was situated at the confluence of Ellejoy Creek and its site was near the modern Heritage High School. Ensign Henry Timberlake passed through the village in 1762 while returning from his expedition to the Overhill villages to the west and he reported that it had been abandoned. In 1785, Revolutionary War veteran John Craig built a wooden palisade enclosing cabins at what is known as Fort Craig at present-day Maryville, such stations were built throughout the frontier to defend settlers against attacks from the Cherokee. On April 11,1793, when settlers believed Indian attacks were imminent,280 men, women, Craig donated 50 acres next to his fort for the founding of a new town. Incorporated as a city on July 11,1795, the settlement was named in honor of Mary Grainger Blount, Blount County was named after him. The family of Sam Houston moved to Maryville from Virginia in 1808 and his older brothers put him to work as a clerk in a store they established in town, but he ran away. Houston lived for a few years with the Cherokee at Hiwassee Island, on the Hiwassee River, after his return to Maryville about 1811, Houston started a one-room schoolhouse. He signed up for the army during the War of 1812 and rose rapidly in rank, beginning his military, the schoolhouse still stands just off US-411 near the community of Wildwood. Maryville was a center of abolitionist activity throughout the early 19th-century, it was generated mostly by the Society of Friends and they were supported by anti-slavery advocates such as Isaac L. Anderson, the founder of Maryville College. When Tennessee voted on the Ordinance of Secession in 1861, only 24% of Blount Countians voted in favor of seceding from the Union, although staunchly pro-Union throughout the Civil War, Maryville was not liberated by federal troops until May 1864. In August of that year, a Confederate cavalry raid, under the command of General Joseph Wheeler, to try to dislodge the federal soldiers, Confederates set fire to several buildings, including a store where the citys records were being kept. Polly Tool, an African-American slave, rescued most of the records and she was honored by a statue in the Blount County courthouse. In the Reconstruction Era Maryville became a hub of Radical Republican activity for East Tennessee and its local Union League provided a lively forum for political discussion, and the Freedmens Normal Institute was established on the present-day site of Maryville High School. Scott, the countrys second African-American mayor, in 1869, in the 1970s, after several department stores and other retailers moved from the downtown area to Alcoas Midland shopping center, the city spent $10 million on a renewal project called Now Town
17.
Sewanee Tigers football
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The Sewanee Tigers football team represents Sewanee, The University of the South in the sport of American football. The Tigers compete in Division III as members of the Southern Athletic Association, three Sewanee Tigers are members of the College Football Hall of Fame. Henry Seibels, Henry D. Phillips, and Frank Juhan, the Sewanee Tigers were pioneers in American intercollegiate athletics and possessed the Deep Souths preeminent football program in the 1890s. Ellwood Wilson is considered the founder of Sewanee football and their 1899 football team had perhaps the best season in college football history, winning all 12 of their games,11 by shutout, and outscoring their opponents 322-10. Five of those wins, all shutouts, came in a period while on a 2. Ten of their opponents, including all five of their road trip victims. In 2012, the College Football Hall of Fame held a vote of the greatest historic teams of all time, the Tigers were shut out 26 times in their 37 SEC games, and were outscored by a combined total of 1163–84. According to a university historian, Guerry agreed to come to Sewanee only if the school stopped awarding athletic scholarships, in 1940, two years after Guerrys arrival, Sewanee withdrew from the SEC and subsequently deemphasized varsity athletics. Guerrys stance is sometimes credited as a step toward the 1973 creation of NCAA Division III. Yea, Sewanees Right. is the surviving last line of an old football cheer, up with the Church. –Yea, Sewanees Right. The heathen may have been the Methodists of Vanderbilt which would date the cheer in the 1890s, now used as an alternative motto and often shouted at the end of the Alma Mater. When used with the Alma Mater it is preceded by the formula of an extended pause followed by Yea
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Sewanee, Tennessee
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Sewanee is a census-designated place in Franklin County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 2,311 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Tullahoma, Tennessee Micropolitan Statistical Area. Sewanee is best known as the home of The University of the South, Sewanee lies on the western edge of the Cumberland Plateau in the southeastern part of Middle Tennessee. It is located at 35°12′4″N 85°55′17″W and it is at elevation 1,929 feet. The primary road in Sewanee is a section of U. S. Route 41A and Tennessee State Route 56. The University of the South campus occupies most of the portion of Sewanee. A small commercial district is concentrated around the intersection of US-41A and University Avenue, the latter being a wide road that connects the highway with the university campus. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 3.9 square miles. The climate is characterized by high temperatures and evenly distributed precipitation throughout the year. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is Cfa, as of the census of 2000, there were 2,361 people,494 households, and 302 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 510.2 people per square mile, there were 554 housing units at an average density of 119. 7/sq mi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 93. 10% White,5. 42% African American,0. 04% Native American,0. 72% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,0. 08% from other races, and 0. 59% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 65% of the population,34. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.15 and the family size was 2.76. In the CDP, the population was out with 9. 5% under the age of 18,56. 9% from 18 to 24,11. 3% from 25 to 44,12. 1% from 45 to 64. The median age was 21 years, for every 100 females there were 84.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.5 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $55,625, and the median income for a family was $75,681. Males had an income of $51,125 versus $41,518 for females
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Savannah, Georgia
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Savannah is the oldest city in the U. S. state of Georgia and is the county seat of Chatham County. Established in 1733 on the Savannah River, the city of Savannah became the British colonial capital of the Province of Georgia, a strategic port city in the American Revolution and during the American Civil War, Savannah is today an industrial center and an important Atlantic seaport. It is Georgias fifth-largest city and third-largest metropolitan area, Downtown Savannah largely retains the original town plan prescribed by founder James Oglethorpe. Savannah was the host city for the sailing competitions during the 1996 Summer Olympics held in Atlanta. On February 12,1733, General James Oglethorpe and settlers from the ship Anne landed at Yamacraw Bluff and were greeted by Tomochichi, the Yamacraws, Mary Musgrove often served as an interpreter. The city of Savannah was founded on that date, along with the colony of Georgia, in 1751, Savannah and the rest of Georgia became a Royal Colony and Savannah was made the colonial capital of Georgia. By the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, Savannah had become the southernmost commercial port of the Thirteen Colonies, British troops took the city in 1778, and the following year a combined force of American and French soldiers failed to rout the British at the Siege of Savannah. The British did not leave the city until July 1782, Savannah, a prosperous seaport throughout the nineteenth century, was the Confederacys sixth most populous city and the prime objective of General William T. Shermans March to the Sea. Early on December 21,1864, local authorities negotiated a surrender to save Savannah from destruction. Savannah was named for the Savannah River, which derives from variant names for the Shawnee. The Shawnee destroyed another Native people, the Westo, and occupied their lands at the head of the Savannah Rivers navigation on the fall line and these Shawnee, whose Native name was Ša·wano·ki, were known by several local variants, including Shawano, Savano, Savana and Savannah. Still other theories suggest that the name Savannah originates from Algonquian terms meaning not only southerners, Savannah lies on the Savannah River, approximately 20 mi upriver from the Atlantic Ocean. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 108.7 square miles. Savannah is the port on the Savannah River and the largest port in the state of Georgia. It is also located near the U. S. Intracoastal Waterway, Georgias Ogeechee River flows toward the Atlantic Ocean some 16 miles south of downtown Savannah. Savannahs climate is classified as humid subtropical, in the Deep South, this is characterized by long and almost tropical summers and short, mild winters. Savannah records few days of freezing temperatures each year, due to its proximity to the Atlantic coast, Savannah rarely experiences temperatures as extreme as those in Georgias interior. Nevertheless, the temperatures have officially ranged from 105 °F, on July 20,1986, down to 3 °F
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Charleston, South Carolina
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Charleston had an estimated population of 132,609 in 2015. Charleston was founded as Charles Town—honoring King Charles II of England—in 1670 and its initial location at Albemarle Point on the west bank of the Ashley River was abandoned in 1680 for its present site, which became the 5th-largest city in North America within 10 years. Despite its size, it remained unincorporated throughout the period, its government was handled directly by the state legislature and by its Anglican parish wardens. It adopted its present spelling with its incorporation as a city in 1783 at the close of the Revolutionary War. The Confederates burned the town prior to its evacuation but continued demand for the cotton and rice, along with growing industry. In 2016, Charleston was ranked the Worlds Best City by Travel + Leisure, the city proper consists of six distinct areas, the Peninsula or Downtown, West Ashley, Johns Island, James Island, Daniel Island, and the Cainhoy Peninsula. The old town fit into 4–5 square miles as late as the First World War, the city limits also have expanded across the Cooper River, encompassing Daniel Island and the Cainhoy area. The present city has an area of 127.5 square miles. North Charleston blocks any expansion up the peninsula, and Mount Pleasant occupies the land directly east of the Cooper River, Charleston Harbor runs about 7 miles southeast to the Atlantic with an average width of about 2 miles, surrounded on all sides except its entrance. Sullivans Island lies to the north of the entrance and Morris Island to itself south, the entrance itself is about 1 mile wide, it was originally only 18 feet deep, but began to be enlarged in the 1870s. The tidal rivers are evidence of a submergent or drowned coastline, there is a submerged river delta off the mouth of the harbor and the Cooper River is deep. Charleston has a subtropical climate, with mild winters, hot, humid summers. Summer is the wettest season, almost half of the rainfall occurs from June to September in the form of thundershowers. Fall remains relatively warm through November, winter is short and mild, and is characterized by occasional rain. Measurable snow only occurs several times per decade at the most, however,6.0 in fell at the airport on December 23,1989, the largest single-day fall on record, contributing to a single-storm and seasonal record of 8.0 in snowfall. The highest temperature recorded within city limits was 104 °F on June 2,1985, and June 24,1944, and the lowest was 7 °F on February 14,1899. At the airport, where records are kept, the historical range is 105 °F on August 1,1999. Hurricanes are a threat to the area during the summer and early fall
21.
1919 Florida Gators football team
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The 1919 Florida Gators football team represented the University of Florida in the sport of American football during the. It was Al Busers third and last as the coach of the Florida Gators football team. Nevertheless, Busers 1919 Florida Gators completed their season with an improved overall record of 5–3. The teams captain was Jim Sparkman, who returned from World War I service with the Rainbow Division after playing for Florida from 1914 to 1916, rondo Hatton was a substitute quarterback on the team. Primary source,2015 Florida Gators Football Media Guide, the season opened with a 33–2 defeat of Georgia A&M. The starting lineup was Clemons, Wuthrich, Connell, Perry, Baker, Goldsby, Thomas, in spite of rain and mud, the Gators beat the Mercer Baptists 48–0. Three hundred students led a parade in Gainesville afterwards, no extra points were kicked all game due to the wet condition of the ball. Florida scored first on a 40-yard touchdown run from C. Anderson, the starting lineup was Clemons, Wuthrich, Connell, Perry, Baker, Goldsby, Thomas, B. Tootie Perry had a game in a 16–0 loss to the Georgia Bulldogs on Plant Field. The Gators kept the game close for three quarters, the starting lineup was Thomas, Goldsby, Baker, Perry, Connell, Wuthrich, Clemons, Hatton, Anderson, Sparkman, Merrin. In the 7–0 upset loss to Florida Southern, captain Jim Sparkman seemed the only one to draw praise, the starting lineup was Clemons, Baker, Norton, Perry, Gunn, Goldsby, Thomas, B. Tulane beat the Gators 14–2 with its swift backfield, the Gators led 2–0 at the half. In the third periods, Tulanes Williams completed a pass for a touchdown, in the fourth period, Fields ran for a touchdown on a 30-yard end run. The Hatters resorted to using the forward pass, the Gators line tore through the South Carolina Gamecocks in a 13–0 victory. Crom Anderson made the first touchdown on a 15-yard reception, in the third quarter, Merrin rushed through the line and blocked a punt, and Baker fell on Floridas second touchdown. The starting lineup was Swanson, Baker, Wuthrich, Perry, Connell, Goldsby, Thomas, to close the season, the Gators defeated Oglethorpe 14–7. Despite the score and being outweighed, Oglethorpe outplayed the Gators, oglethorpes touchdown came conventionally, and both Florida scores were off turnovers, the first after a fumble and the second after a blocked punt. The starting lineup was Clemons, Baker, Wuthrich, Perry, Connell, Goldsby, Thomas, Al Buser finished his three-year tenure as the Gators athletic director and football coach with an overall record of 7–8, and he later became the athletic director for Hamline University
22.
Gainesville, Florida
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Gainesville is the county seat and largest city in Alachua County, Florida, United States, and the principal city of the Gainesville, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population of Gainesville in the 2013 US Census estimates was 127,488, Gainesville is the largest city in the region of North Central Florida. It is also a component of the Gainesville-Lake City Combined Statistical Area, Gainesville is home to the University of Florida, the nations ninth-largest university campus by enrollment, as well as to Santa Fe College. The Gainesville MSA was ranked as the No.1 place to live in North America in the 2007 edition of Cities Ranked and Rated, also in 2007, Gainesville was ranked as one of the best places to live and play in the United States by National Geographic Adventure. About 12,000 years ago Paleo-Indians lived in Florida, although it is not known for certain whether any permanent settlements from that period were in the present city limits of Gainesville, archaeological evidence of human presence exists. Eventually more complex social organization and agricultural practices emerged into what archaeologists classify as the Deptford culture, a Deptford culture campsite has been excavated beneath the subsequent Alachua culture Law School Burial Mound on the grounds of the University of Florida. The UF campus burial mound was built about 1000 A. D. by Alachua culture inhabitants who lived along the shore of Lake Alice. In the recorded period, the region was home to the Potano, the remaining Timucua were converted to Roman Catholicism and organized into missions overseen by Franciscan priests. The Mission San Francisco de Potano, the first doctrina in Florida west of the St. Johns River, was founded in 1606 at the edge of present-day San Felasco Hammock Preserve State Park. Chief Potanos town was relocated in the period to the vicinity of the Devils Millhopper. Spanish colonists began cattle ranching in the Paynes Prairie area using Timucua labor, between 1763 and 1784 what is now Gainesville fell within the jurisdiction of the colony of British East Florida. Gainesville was founded to place the Alachua County seat on the route of the Florida Railroad Companys line stretching from Cedar Key to Fernandina Beach. County residents decided to move the county seat from Newnansville in 1853, a site on Black Oak Ridge where the railroad was expected to cross it was selected in 1854. It is generally accepted that the new settlement was named for General Edmund P. Gaines, the railroad was completed from Fernandina to Gainesville in 1859, passing six blocks south of the courthouse. Hogtown is the village of the adjacent Hogtown Creek, which flows 5.7 miles through Gainesville. Hogtown continued to exist until after Gainesville was founded, as evidenced on a map showing both towns, which was published in 1864 based on surveys from 1855, two residents of Hogtown played a prominent role in establishing Gainesville. William Lewis, who owned a plantation in Hogtown, delivered 20 votes pledged to him to create a new town on the route of the railroad. Tillman Ingram, who owned a plantation and a sawmill in Hogtown
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Ancestry.com
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Ancestry. com LLC is a privately held Internet company based in Lehi, Utah, United States. The largest for-profit genealogy company in the world, it operates a network of genealogical and historical record websites focused on the United States, as of June 2014, the company provided access to approximately 16 billion historical records and had over 2 million paying subscribers. User-generated content tallies to more than 70 million family trees, and subscribers have added more than 200 million photographs, scanned documents, and written stories. Ancestrys brands include Ancestry, AncestryDNA, AncestryHealth, AncestryProGenealogists, Archives. com, Family Tree Maker, Find a Grave, Fold3, Newspapers. com, and Rootsweb. Under its subsidiaries, Ancestry. com operates foreign sites that provide access to services and these include Australia, Canada, China, Japan, Brazil, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and several other countries in Europe and Asia. In 1990, Paul B. Allen and Dan Taggart, two Brigham Young University graduates, founded Infobases and began offering Latter-day Saints publications on floppy disks, in 1988, Allen had worked at Folio Corporation, founded by his brother Curt and his brother-in-law Brad Pelo. Infobases chose to use the Folio infobase technology, which Allen was familiar with, Infobases first products were floppy disks and compact disks sold from the back seat of the founders car. In 1994, Infobases was named among Inc. magazines 500 fastest-growing companies and their first offering on CD was the LDS Collectors Edition, released in April 1995, selling for $299.95, which was offered in an online version in August 1995. Ancestry officially went online with the launched Ancestry. com in 1996, with its roots as a genealogy newsletter started in 1983 by John Sittner, and became an established publishing company in 1984. Ancestry was relaunched as a magazine in January 1994, and went online in 1996, on January 1,1997, Infobases parent company, Western Standard Publishing, purchased Ancestry, Inc. publisher of Ancestry magazine and genealogy books. Western Standard Publishings CEO was Joe Cannon, one of the owners of Geneva Steel. In July 1997, Allen and Taggart purchased Western Standards interest in Ancestry, at the time, Brad Pelo was president and CEO of Infobases, and president of Western Standard. Less than six months earlier, he had been president of Folio Corporation, in March 1997, Folio was sold to Open Market for $45 million. The first public evidence of the change in ownership of Ancestry Magazine came with the July/August 1997 issue and that issues masthead also included the first use of the Ancestry. com web address. More growth for Infobases occurred in July 1997, when Ancestry, Inc. purchased Bookcraft, Infobases had published many of Bookcrafts books as part of its LDS Collectors Library. Pelo also announced that Ancestrys product line would be expanded in both CDs and online. Alan Ashton, an investor in Infobases and founder of WordPerfect, was its chairman of the board. Allen and Taggart began running Ancestry, Inc. independently from Infobases in July 1997, included in the sale were the rights to Infobases LDS Collectors Library on CD
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Open access
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Open access refers to online research outputs that are free of all restrictions on access and free of many restrictions on use. These additional usage rights are granted through the use of various specific Creative Commons licenses. There are multiple ways authors can provide access to their work. One way is to publish it and then self-archive it in a repository where it can be accessed for free, such as their institutional repository and this is known as green open access. Some publishers require delays, or an embargo, on when an output in a repository may be made open access. Several initiatives provide an alternative to the American and English language dominance of existing publication indexing systems, including Index Copernicus, SciELO and Redalyc. A second way authors can make their work open access is by publishing it in such a way that makes their research output immediately available from the publisher. This is known as open access, and within the sciences this often takes the form of publishing an article in either an open access journal. Pure open access journals do not charge fees, and may have one of a variety of business models. Many, however, do charge an article processing fee, widespread public access to the World Wide Web in the late 1990s and early 2000s fueled the open access movement, and prompted both the green open access way and the creation of open access journals. Conventional non-open access journals cover publishing costs through access tolls such as subscriptions, some non-open access journals provide open access after an embargo period of 6–12 months or longer. The Budapest statement defined open access as follows, There are many degrees, despite these statements emerging in the 2000s, the idea and practise of providing free online access to journal articles began at least a decade before the term open access was formally coined. Computer scientists had been self-archiving in anonymous ftp archives since the 1970s, the Subversive Proposal to generalize the practice was posted in 1994. Gratis OA refers to online access, and libre OA refers to free online access plus some additional re-use rights. The Budapest, Bethesda, and Berlin definitions had corresponded only to libre OA, the re-use rights of libre OA are often specified by various specific Creative Commons licenses, these almost all require attribution of authorship to the original authors. Open access itself began to be sought and provided worldwide by researchers when the possibility itself was opened by the advent of Internet, the momentum was further increased by a growing movement for academic journal publishing reform, and with it gold and libre OA. Electronic publishing created new benefits as compared to paper publishing but beyond that, rather than applying traditional notions of copyright to academic publications, they could be libre or free to build upon. The intended audience of research articles is usually other researchers, Open access helps researchers as readers by opening up access to articles that their libraries do not subscribe to
Homecoming.
