1.
Oregon Ducks football
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The Oregon Ducks football program is a college football team for the University of Oregon, located in the U. S. state of Oregon. The team competes at the NCAA Division I level in the FBS and is a member of the Pac-12 Conference, known as the Ducks, the team was commonly called the Webfoots until the mid-1960s. The first football team was fielded in 1894, Oregon plays its home games at the 54,000 seat Autzen Stadium in Eugene, its main rivals are the Oregon State Beavers and the Washington Huskies. The Ducks and Beavers historically end each regular season with the Civil War rivalry game in late November, the football program began in 1894 and played its first game on March 24,1894, defeating Albany College 44–3 under head coach Cal Young. Cal Young left after that first game and J. A, church took over the coaching position in the fall for the rest of the season. Oregon finished the season with two losses and a tie, but went undefeated the following season, winning all four of its games under head coach Percy Benson. In 1899, the team left the state for the first time, playing the California Golden Bears in Berkeley. Oregons largest margin of victory came in 1910 when they defeated the University of Puget Sound 115–0, Bezdek, Oregons first truly professional coach, led the team from 1913 through 1917. A versatile motivator of athletes, during his tenure Bezdek was also the West Coast scout for the Pittsburgh Pirates, in the 1916 season, Oregon went undefeated with seven wins and one tie under Bezdek, shutting out all their opponents except California. They opened the season against Willamette University, defeating them 97–0, the game against Washington ended in a 0–0 tie. The Oregon football team defeated the heavily favored University of Pennsylvania Quakers 14–0, in 1918 Bezdek quit Oregon to become general manager of the Pittsburgh Pirates. He was succeeded by Shy Huntington, one of the heroes of the 1917 Rose Bowl, Oregon lost the 1920 Rose Bowl to Harvard University, 7–6. This would be the teams last bowl appearance until the 1948 Cotton Bowl, prince G. Prink Callison, Oregon native, alumnus, former player and coach of the freshman team, took over from Spears in 1932. Behind standout back Mike Mikulak and a defense, Callison led the 1933 Webfoots to a 9–1 mark and Pacific Coast Conference co-championship. This record would stand as the best in history until 2001. After the homegrown Callison retired in 1937, Oregon again hired a head coach. Oliver returned as coach after the war, eventually posting a mediocre 23–28–3 cumulative record. His 71–7 loss at Texas in 1941 on the day before the attack on Pearl Harbor stands as the most points allowed by any Oregon team, Oliver, in 1945, is the only coach to see his team lose twice to Oregon State in the same season
2.
Hayward Field
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Hayward Field is one of the worlds best-known historic track and field stadiums, located in the northwest United States in Eugene, Oregon. Nearly a century in age, it has been the home of the University of Oregons track and field teams since 1921, Hayward Field was named after track coach Bill Hayward, who ran the Ducks program from 1904 to 1947. Renovated in 2004, it is one of only five International Association of Athletics Federations Class 1 certified tracks in the United States, the elevation of Hayward Field is approximately 420 feet above sea level and its infield has a conventional north-south orientation. The Pacific Ocean is approximately fifty miles to the west, separated by the Coast Range, Hayward was built 98 years ago in 1919 to replace Kincaid Field, and was intended to primarily serve the schools football program. In 1921, a cinder track was constructed around the football field. A natural grass field was first installed at Hayward Field in 1937, in 1949, a 28-row grandstand in the south end zone was constructed, with temporary bleachers in adjacent corners, the venues capacity was raised to 22,500 for football. By the 1960s, the team had outgrown the venue and, outside of the Civil War game with Oregon State. The track was widened to eight lanes in late in the summer of 1969 and its first synthetic track was Pro-Turf, a urethane and sand composite which led to a hard and fast surface, it produced many world records and gained a reputation as the earths fastest track. Light in color, it was resurfaced with the same in 1976, decayed and in disrepair, the original west grandstand was built in 1925 and its roof added in 1938. It was demolished in September 1973, and the line was moved to the tracks northeast corner for the 1974 season. The new west grandstand, also made of wood with a capacity of 4,300 spectators, was ready for use in March 1975, the Prefontaine Classic originated as the Hayward Field Restoration Meet in 1973, to help raise funds for a new west grandstand. The track was converted to metric in the summer of 1987, its lap length changed from 440 yards to 400 meters, the geometry of the track was changed to the international configuration, with shorter straights and longer turns. This widening of the infield required the relocation of the 300-foot, 500-ton east grandstand, the surface was again Pro-Turf, but with different surface properties, a textured top layer and a reddish color. In addition, a 200 m warmup track was added to the southwest of the track, along with a new hammer throw area. A state-of-the-art scoreboard was added in 1991, which gave unofficial times, bowerman began a public jogging program at Hayward Field in 1963 after a visit to New Zealand, inspired by coach Arthur Lydiard. A major renovation in 2004 added a new entrance named Powell Plaza and it also moved the practice track, expanded it to 400 meters, and replaced the aging fencing bordering the complex. After Hayward Field was awarded the 2008 U. S. Olympic Trials, eight light poles were installed for televised night events, and the crowned infield was removed and reconfigured. A walkway was added behind the west grandstand, and a new scoreboard was installed, thanks to a donation by alumnus Phil Knight and Nike
3.
Providence Park
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Providence Park is an outdoor sports venue located in the Goose Hollow neighborhood of Portland, Oregon, United States. The MLS Portland Timbers and NWSL Portland Thorns FC soccer teams use the facility as their home pitch, the NCAA Division I FCS Portland State Vikings football team uses the park during the Big Sky season. Originally, the park was owned by the Multnomah Athletic Club, in the 1950s, the PCL Portland Beavers baseball team moved out of Vaughn Street Park into what was then known as Multnomah Stadium. In 1966, the city purchased the stadium and renamed it Civic Stadium and it was renovated in 2001 to accommodate the Beavers, who had not played at the park since the early 1990s. The naming rights of the stadium were purchased by Portland General Electric, in 2010, the park underwent renovations again, this time so it could accommodate the Portland Timbers MLS franchise and a year later the rights to the stadiums name were sold, this time to Jeld-Wen. In 2014, the name was changed again to Providence Park after Providence Health & Services bought the naming rights. The stadium sits on a block bounded by Southwest Morrison Street, Southwest 18th Avenue, the Multnomah Athletic Club building and Southwest Salmon Street. Providence Park is a stadium which houses the MLS Portland Timbers, NWSL Portland Thorns. The stadium underwent a $31 million renovation in late 2010 and early 2011, the stadium is owned by the City of Portland, and is managed by Peregrine Sports, LLC, the entity that owns the Timbers and Thorns. Prior to the 2011 MLS season, the stadium was renamed Jeld-Wen Field from PGE Park, in a partnership with Klamath Falls, Jeld-Wen is a manufacturer of windows and doors, leading to the stadiums nickname, The House of Pane. In 2014, the stadium was renamed Providence Park after a partnership with Providence Health & Services was announced, the Multnomah Athletic Club, an athletic club in downtown Portland, stands next door, the windows of the north side of the clubs building overlook the field. The Interstate 405 freeway in Portland is also known locally as the Stadium Freeway, in addition, the Providence Park MAX Light Rail station is across the street. The property slopes significantly downhill from the end to the north end. The stadium is home to the Portland Timbers of MLS, Portland Thorns FC of NWSL. The Portland Beavers minor league team of the Pacific Coast League moved into the stadium in 1956 after playing several seasons at Vaughn Street Park. From 1973 to 1977 the independent Portland Mavericks of the Northwest League played their games at the stadium. Actor Kurt Russell was an infielder for the Mavericks, the Beavers returned to Portland in 1978 until 1993 when they were moved out of the city again. The Class A Portland Rockies were established in 1995 and played at the park until 2000 when they were moved and renamed the Tri-City Dust Devils
4.
Track and field
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Track and field is a sport which includes athletic contests established on the skills of running, jumping, and throwing. The name is derived from the sports venue, a stadium with an oval running track enclosing a grass field where the throwing and jumping events take place. Track and field is categorised under the sport of athletics, which also includes road running, cross country running. The foot racing events, which include sprints, middle- and long-distance events, the jumping and throwing events are won by the athlete who achieves the greatest distance or height. Regular jumping events include long jump, triple jump, high jump and pole vault, while the most common throwing events are shot put, javelin, discus and hammer. There are also combined events or multi events, such as the pentathlon consisting of five events, heptathlon consisting of seven events, in these, athletes participate in a combination of track and field events. Most track and field events are individual sports with a victor, the most prominent team events are relay races. Events are almost exclusively divided by gender, although both the mens and womens competitions are held at the same venue. It is one of the oldest sports, in ancient times, it was an event held in conjunction with festivals and sports meets such as the Ancient Olympic Games in Greece. The ancient Olympic Games began in the year 776 BC, when Koroibos, a cook from the city of Elis, won the stadium race. According to some traditions, this was the only athletic event of the games for the first 13 Olympic festivals. In modern times, the two most prestigious track and field competitions are athletics competition at the Olympic Games and the IAAF World Championships in Athletics. The International Association of Athletics Federations is the governing body. Records are kept of the best performances in specific events, at world and national levels, however, if athletes are deemed to have violated the events rules or regulations, they are disqualified from the competition and their marks are erased. In North America, the track and field may be used to refer to other athletics events, such as the marathon. The sport of track and field has its roots in human prehistory, Track and field-style events are among the oldest of all sporting competitions, as running, jumping and throwing are natural and universal forms of human physical expression. The first recorded examples of organized track and field events at a festival are the Ancient Olympic Games. At the first Games in 776 BC in Olympia, Greece, only one event was contested, Track and field events were also present at the Panhellenic Games in Greece around this period, and they spread to Rome in Italy around 200 BC
5.
Moscow, Idaho
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Moscow is a city in northern Idaho along the state border with Washington, with a population of 23,800 at the 2010 census. It is the city in the Moscow, Idaho Micropolitan Statistical Area. The city contains over 60% of the population, and while the university is Moscows dominant employer. Along with the rest of northern Idaho, Moscow is in the Pacific Time Zone, major highways serving the city are US-95 and Highway 8, both of which are routed through central Moscow. Limited commercial air service is four miles west at the Pullman-Moscow Regional Airport, Main Street runs north-south through Moscow along the 117th meridian west. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 6.85 square miles. Moscow lies on the edge of the Palouse region of north central Idaho in the Columbia River Plateau. East of the city is a valley within the mountains of the Palouse Range to the northeast, the less prominent Paradise Ridge at 3,702 feet and Tomer Butte at 3,474 feet are southeast of the city. There is a variety of flora and fauna within the vicinity of Moscow, an amphibian, the Rough-skinned Newt, has a disjunctive population at Moscow, this species is found typically along the Pacific coast of the USA. The city sits at the boundary between the Palouse grasslands and wheat fields, and the forests of the Rocky Mountains to the east. Miners and farmers began arriving in the northern Idaho area after the Civil War, the first permanent settlers came to the Moscow area 146 years ago in 1871. The abundance of camas bulbs, a favorite fodder of pigs brought by the farmers, when the first US post office opened in 1872, the town was called Paradise Valley, but the name was changed to Moscow in 1875. The precise origin of the name Moscow has been disputed, there is no conclusive proof that it has any connection to the Russian city, though various accounts suggest it was purposely evocative of the Russian city or named by Russian immigrants. Another account claims that the name derives from a Native American tribe named Masco and it was reported by early settlers that five men in the area met to choose a proper name for the town, but could not come to agreement on a name. The postmaster Samuel Neff then completed the papers for the town. Interestingly, Neff was born in Moscow, Pennsylvania and later moved to Moscow, the business district was established by 1875 and the town was a center of commerce for the region. By 1890, the Oregon Railroad and Navigation Companys rail line, copy of a letter from Northern Pacific Railway agent in Moscow, likely R. W. Morris, to C. E. Arney, the Northern Pacifics Western Immigration and Indian Agent in Spokane, Washington. Arney wrote all station agents in Idaho on May 12,1922, requesting the origin of the names of their stations for the NPs travel publication Wonderland, edited by Olin D. Wheeler
6.
Seattle
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Seattle is a seaport city on the west coast of the United States and the seat of King County, Washington. With an estimated 684,451 residents as of 2015, Seattle is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America. In July 2013, it was the major city in the United States. The city is situated on an isthmus between Puget Sound and Lake Washington, about 100 miles south of the Canada–United States border, a major gateway for trade with Asia, Seattle is the fourth-largest port in North America in terms of container handling as of 2015. The Seattle area was inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent European settlers. Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers, subsequently known as the Denny Party, arrived from Illinois via Portland, the settlement was moved to the eastern shore of Elliott Bay and named Seattle in 1852, after Chief Siahl of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes. Logging was Seattles first major industry, but by the late-19th century, growth after World War II was partially due to the local Boeing company, which established Seattle as a center for aircraft manufacturing. The Seattle area developed as a technology center beginning in the 1980s, in 1994, Internet retailer Amazon was founded in Seattle. The stream of new software, biotechnology, and Internet companies led to an economic revival, Seattle has a noteworthy musical history. From 1918 to 1951, nearly two dozen jazz nightclubs existed along Jackson Street, from the current Chinatown/International District, to the Central District, the jazz scene developed the early careers of Ray Charles, Quincy Jones, Ernestine Anderson, and others. Seattle is also the birthplace of rock musician Jimi Hendrix and the alternative rock subgenre grunge, archaeological excavations suggest that Native Americans have inhabited the Seattle area for at least 4,000 years. By the time the first European settlers arrived, the people occupied at least seventeen villages in the areas around Elliott Bay, the first European to visit the Seattle area was George Vancouver, in May 1792 during his 1791–95 expedition to chart the Pacific Northwest. In 1851, a party led by Luther Collins made a location on land at the mouth of the Duwamish River. Thirteen days later, members of the Collins Party on the way to their claim passed three scouts of the Denny Party, members of the Denny Party claimed land on Alki Point on September 28,1851. The rest of the Denny Party set sail from Portland, Oregon, after a difficult winter, most of the Denny Party relocated across Elliott Bay and claimed land a second time at the site of present-day Pioneer Square, naming this new settlement Duwamps. For the next few years, New York Alki and Duwamps competed for dominance, david Swinson Doc Maynard, one of the founders of Duwamps, was the primary advocate to name the settlement after Chief Sealth of the Duwamish and Suquamish tribes. The name Seattle appears on official Washington Territory papers dated May 23,1853, in 1855, nominal land settlements were established. On January 14,1865, the Legislature of Territorial Washington incorporated the Town of Seattle with a board of managing the city
7.
Pasadena, California
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Pasadena /ˌpæsəˈdiːnə/ is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. As of 2013, the population of Pasadena was 139,731. Pasadena is the ninth-largest city in Los Angeles County, Pasadena was incorporated on June 19,1886, becoming one of the first cities be incorporated in what is now Los Angeles County, the only one being incorporated earlier being its namesake. It is one of the cultural centers of the San Gabriel Valley. The city is known for hosting the annual Rose Bowl football game, the original inhabitants of Pasadena and surrounding areas were members of the Native American Hahamog-na tribe, a branch of the Tongva Nation. They spoke the Tongva language and had lived in the Los Angeles Basin for thousands of years, Tongva dwellings lined the Arroyo Seco in present day Pasadena and south to where it joins the Los Angeles River and along other natural waterways in the city. The native people lived in thatched, dome-shape lodges and they lived on a diet of acorn meal, seeds and herbs, venison, and other small animals. They traded for fish with the coastal Tongva. They made cooking vessels from steatite soapstone from Catalina Island, the trail has been in continuous use for thousands of years. An arm of the trail is still in use in what is now known as Salvia Canyon. When the Spanish occupied the Los Angeles Basin they built the San Gabriel Mission and renamed the local Tongva people Gabrielino Indians, today, several bands of Tongva people live in the Los Angeles area. The Rancho comprised the lands of todays communities of Pasadena, Altadena, before the annexation of California in 1848, the last of the Mexican owners was Manuel Garfias who retained title to the property after statehood in 1850. Garfias sold sections of the property to the first Anglo settlers to come into the area, Dr. Benjamin Eaton, the father of Fred Eaton, much of the property was purchased by Benjamin Wilson, who established his Lake Vineyard property in the vicinity. Wilson, known as Don Benito to the local Indians, also owned the Rancho Jurupa and was mayor of Los Angeles and he was the grandfather of WWII General George S. Patton, Jr. and the namesake of Mount Wilson. Berry was an asthmatic and claimed that he had his best three nights sleep at Rancho San Pascual, to keep the find a secret, Berry code-named the area Muscat after the grape that Wilson grew. To raise funds to bring the company of people to San Pascual, Berry formed the Southern California Orange and Citrus Growers Association and sold stock in it. The newcomers were able to purchase a portion of the property along the Arroyo Seco and on January 31,1874. As a gesture of good will, Wilson added 2,000 acres of then-useless highland property, at the time, the Indiana Colony was a narrow strip of land between the Arroyo Seco and Fair Oaks Avenue
8.
Oregon Ducks football venues
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Football teams at the University of Oregon have played home games at six sites since the team was founded in 1894, five in Eugene and one in Portland. Oregon has not had a football stadium since 1966. Record,1 win,0 losses,0 ties Early in the Universitys history, Oregons first football game, a 44–2 victory over Albany College, was played on this field in March 1894. The early football grounds at Oregon were notoriously muddy during poor weather conditions, in May 1894, the Oregon baseball team began playing games there, and the field was set up for football in late November for the Pacific contest on Thanksgiving Day. The game was relocated from the Athletic Field used for the first game, because the lack of fences at Athletic made it impossible to charge admission, Stewarts Field was completely fenced. Unlike the wide-open Athletic Field, Kincaid Field was eventually fully fenced, an alumni fundraising campaign was organized, and $1000 was spent to construct grandstands at Kincaid. As had its predecessor, Kincaid Field suffered from poor drainage. Workers constantly battled the elements to provide a suitable for play. Rain fell throughout every minute of the game, and time, in a classic 1916 game against Washington, a scoreless tie resulted from the ball being so slick with mud that it was impossible to hold, Oregon fumbled 11 times and Washington fumbled 12. Kincaid Field was used for Oregon home games until 1919, when the bleachers at Hayward Field were completed, record,98 wins,35 losses,10 ties The multi-purpose facility known as Hayward Field became Oregons campus game site in 1919. With the same issues as its previous two gridirons, Haywards playing field was constructed of packed sawdust, as was the field at Oregon State in Corvallis. In 1937 the sawdust at Hayward was replaced with grass, however, the drainage problems continued, and Hayward would forever be known as a miserable bog when games were played under rainy conditions. Unlike the opponents faced in Portland, Oregons games in Eugene were often against teams that provided more reasonable competition. Among coaches at Hayward, only Richard L. Smith, in his return to coaching for one season at Oregon in 1925, had a record at his home venue. Prink Callison had a 14–1 record at Hayward Field, the loss coming in the last game he coached. That loss also broke a nine-year undefeated string at Hayward that stretched back to 1928, USC never played a game in Eugene at Hayward Field, Washington only played one, in 1924. California only played in Eugene twice, in 1917 and 1957, stanford and UCLA only appeared six times each at Hayward. Conversely, Oregon State, Washington State, Idaho and Montana made regular appearances in Eugene, the Ducks played their last home game at Hayward Field on November 5,1966, suffering a narrow loss to Washington State
9.
Autzen Stadium
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Autzen Stadium is an outdoor football stadium in the northwest United States, in Eugene, Oregon. Located north of the University of Oregon campus, it is the field of the Oregon Ducks of the Pac-12 Conference. Opened 50 years ago in 1967, the stadium has undergone several expansions, prior to 1967, the Ducks on-campus stadium was Hayward Field, which they shared with the track and field team. However, by the 1960s, it had become apparent that the 22, the stadium, designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, was built within an artificial landfill to eliminate the need for multilevel ramps. As a result, construction took just nine months and cost approximately $2.3 million, ironically, Autzen was an alumnus of archrival Oregon State University. The foundations donation was linked to his son, a UO alumnus from the class of 1943, in 1967, Oregon hosted Colorado in the first game played at Autzen Stadium, a 17–13 loss before 27,500 on September 23. Four weeks later on October 21,16,000 saw Oregon win their first game in the new facility, the stadium alternates with Oregon States Reser Stadium as host of the Civil War game. Autzen hosted the inaugural Pac-12 Conference Championship game on December 2,2011, opened with natural grass in 1967, the field was switched to AstroTurf and lights were added for its third season in 1969. After seven years, it was replaced with new AstroTurf in 1976, sand-based OmniTurf was installed in 1984 and 1991, and infilled NeXturf in 2001. The NeXturf was found to be overly slick when wet and lasted one season. FieldTurf made its debut in Autzen in 2002, and was replaced in 2010, with up to eight feet of gravel fill underneath the field, the original crown of the natural grass field was moderate, with the center of the field approximately one foot higher than the sidelines. The crown was removed in 2010, and the surface is now flat, in 1982, a $650,000 meeting room complex, the Donald Barker Stadium Club, was opened on the east rim above the end zone. It gave the stadium its first meeting facilities, and was dedicated at the opener in September. A proposal to enclose the stadium within a dome was given consideration in 1985. New tax laws on contributions altered the feasibility, and the project was scaled back. In 1988, a $2.3 million renovation built a new box on the south side of the stadium. The renovation was designed by architecture firm Ellerbe Becket, in 1995, the field was named Rich Brooks Field, after the Ducks coach from 1977 to 1994. Brooks led Oregon to its first outright Pac-10 championship, and its first Rose Bowl appearance in 37 years, Brooks left Oregon after the 1994 season to become head coach of the St. Louis Rams of the National Football League
10.
Green Garter Band
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The Green Garter Band is a group of twelve that plays at numerous events for the University of Oregon. The group has a faculty advisor, the Director of Athletic Bands, Green Garter Band members are awarded a scholarship of $6,300. Members of GGBs companion group, the Yellow Garter Band, receive a scholarship of $1350 annually, in 2002, the Yellow Garter Band was created to help fulfill the number of requests to join the band. ~ GGB has included a Keyboard or Guitar player into the group occasionally, however, this has never been a permanent position. The Green Garter Bands repertoire is composed of funk, rock. As a subgroup of the Oregon Marching and Oregon Basketball Bands, each year, members of the bands arrange new songs, making this collection quite extensive. Alto Sax 1, Jesse Natividad Alto Sax 2, Miguel Jimenez Tenor Sax, Adam Russel Bari Sax, Josh Kuhl Trumpet 1, T. J
11.
Eugene, Oregon
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Eugene is a city of the Pacific Northwest located in the U. S. state of Oregon. It is located at the end of the Willamette Valley, near the confluence of the McKenzie and Willamette Rivers. As of the 2010 census, Eugene had a population of 156,185, it is the second most populous city in the state, the citys population for 2014 was estimated to be 160,561 by the US Census. Eugene is home to the University of Oregon and Lane Community College, the city is also noted for its natural beauty, recreational opportunities, and focus on the arts. Eugenes official slogan is A Great City for the Arts and Outdoors and it is also referred to as the Emerald City and as Track Town, USA. The Nike corporation had its beginnings in Eugene, in 2021, the city will host the 18th Track and Field World Championships. The first people to settle in the Eugene area were known as the Kalapuyans and they made seasonal rounds, moving around the countryside as appropriate to collect and preserve local foods, including acorns, the bulbs of the wapato and camas plants, and berries. They stored these foods in their permanent winter village, when crop activities waned, they returned to their winter villages and took up hunting, fishing, and trading. They were known as the Chifin Kalapuyans and called the Eugene area where they lived Chifin, other Kalapuyan tribes occupied villages that are also now within Eugene city limits. Pee-you or Mohawk Calapooians, Winefelly or Pleasant Hill Calapooians, and they were close-neighbors to the Chifin, intermarried, and were political allies. Some authorities suggest that the Brownsville Kalapuyans were related to the Pee-you and it is likely that since the Santiam had an alliance with the Brownsville Kalapuyans that the Santiam influence also went as far at Eugene. According to archeological evidence, the ancestors of the Kalapuyans may have been in Eugene for as long as 10,000 years, French fur traders had settled seasonally in the Willamette Valley by the beginning of the 19th century. Having already developed relationships with Native communities through intermarriage and trade, by 1828 to 1830 they and their Native wives began year round occupation of the land, raising crops and tending animals. In this process the mixed race families began to impact Native access to land, food supply, in July,1830, intermittent fever struck the lower Columbia region and a year later, the Willamette Valley. Natives traced the arrival of the disease, then new to the Northwest, to the U. S. ship, Owyhee, intermittent fever is thought by researchers now to be malaria. In his book The Coming of the Spirit Pestilence Boyd reports that there was a 92% population loss for the Kalapuyans between 1830 and 1841 and this catastrophic event shattered the social fabric of Kalapuyan society and altered the demographic balance in the Valley. As the demographic pressure from the colonists grew, the remaining Kalapuyans were forcibly removed to reservations, though some Natives escaped being swept into the reservation, most were moved to the Grand Ronde reservation in 1856. Strict racial segregation was enforced and mixed people, known as Métis in French, had to make a choice between the reservation and Anglo society
12.
Portland, Oregon
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Portland is a port and the largest city in the U. S. state of Oregon and the seat of Multnomah County. It is in the Willamette Valley region of the Pacific Northwest, at the confluence of the Willamette, the city covers 145 square miles and had an estimated population of 632,309 in 2015, making it the 26th most populous city in the United States. Approximately 2,389,228 people live in the Portland metropolitan statistical area and its Combined Statistical Area ranks 17th with a population of 3,022,178. Roughly 60% of Oregons population resides within the Portland metropolitan area, named after Portland, Maine, the Oregon settlement began to be populated in the 1830s near the end of the Oregon Trail. Its water access provided convenient transportation of goods, and the industry was a major force in the citys early economy. At the turn of the 20th century, the city had a reputation as one of the most dangerous cities in the world. After the citys economy experienced a boom during World War II. Beginning in the 1960s, Portland became noted for its liberal political values, and the city has earned a reputation as a bastion of counterculture. According to a 2009 Pew Research Center study, Portland ranks as the eighth most popular American city, the city operates with a commission-based government guided by a mayor and four commissioners as well as Metro, the only directly elected metropolitan planning organization in the United States. The city government is notable for its planning and investment in public transportation. Its climate is marked by warm, dry summers and cool and this climate is ideal for growing roses, and Portland has been called the City of Roses for over a century. Keep Portland Weird is a slogan for the city. During the prehistoric period, the land that would become Portland was flooded after the collapse of glacial dams from Lake Missoula and these massive floods occurred during the last ice age and filled the Willamette Valley with 300 to 400 feet of water. The Chinook people occupying the land which would become Portland were first documented by Meriwether Lewis, before its European settlement, the Portland Basin of the lower Columbia River and Willamette River valleys had been one of the most densely populated regions on the Pacific Coast. Large numbers of settlers began arriving in the Willamette Valley in the 1830s via the Oregon Trail. In the early 1840s a new settlement began emerging ten miles from the mouth of the Willamette River and this community was initially referred to as Stumptown and The Clearing because of the many trees cut down to allow for its growth. In 1843 William Overton saw potential in the new settlement but lacked the funds to file a land claim. For 25 cents Overton agreed to half of the 640-acre site with Asa Lovejoy of Boston
