1.
1918 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1918 in Ireland. 18 January – Count Plunkett, Seán T. OKelly and others protest at the feeding of Sinn Féin prisoners in Mountjoy Prison. 5 February – SS Tuscania is torpedoed off the Irish coast, it is the first ship carrying United States troops to Europe to be torpedoed,1 March – Imperial German Navy U-boat SM U-19 sinks HMS Calgarian off Rathlin Island. 2 March – In Skibbereen, County Cork, Ernest Blythe is arrested for non-compliance with a military rule directing him to reside in Ulster. 6 March – in the British House of Commons, tributes are paid to John Redmond, Irish Nationalist leader,18 April – the Military Service Bill, which includes conscription in Ireland, becomes law. A conference of nationalist parties, Sinn Féin and labour movements meets in Dublin to organise an all-Ireland opposition to conscription,20 April – the Irish Parliamentary Party holds a meeting in Dublin to oppose conscription. 23 April – General Strike in opposition to conscription,5 May –15,000 people attend an anti-conscription meeting in County Roscommon. John Dillon, leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party and Éamon de Valera of Sinn Féin share the platform in a united cause,20 May – a special anti-conscription convention is held in Dublin. It condemns the arrest and deportation of Sinn Féin members consequent to the German Plot,20 June – Arthur Griffith of Sinn Féin wins a by-election in East Cavan. It is Sinn Féins first victory of the year after three successive by-election defeats,3 July – the Lord Lieutenant issues a proclamation banning Sinn Féin, the Irish Volunteers, the Gaelic League and Cumann na mBan. 17 July – RMS Carpathia is torpedoed and sunk off the east coast of Ireland by Imperial German Navy U-boat SM U-55,218 of the 223 on board are rescued. 10 October – the Irish mail boat RMS Leinster is sunk in the Irish Sea by Imperial German Navy U-boat SM UB-123 with the loss of over 500 lives,11 November – at 5. 00am an armistice dictated by the Allies is signed by the Germans. Six hours later World War I officially ends, well over 206,000 Irishmen have served and over 35,000 been killed during the war, there is no Irish parish without a loss. 22 December – Ireland voices a united invitation to President of the United States Woodrow Wilson to visit,28 December – Sinn Féin have a landslide victory in the general election, winning 73 of the 105 seats in Ireland. The Irish Parliamentary Party is nearly wiped out, in accordance with their manifesto, Sinn Féin members will not take their seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom but will form the First Dáil. Countess Constance Markievicz, while detained in Holloway Prison, becomes the first woman elected to the Palace of Westminster, on 30 December the Irish Independent strongly criticises her. March – the Telemachus episode of James Joyces Ulysses is published in the American journal The Little Review,25 May – James Joyces Exiles, a play in three acts is published in London. August – Anglo-Welsh composer Philip Heseltine concludes a years stay in Ireland with the writing of a number of songs which will be published under the pseudonym Peter Warlock, francis Ledwidges poems Last Songs are published posthumously, edited by Lord Dunsany
2.
1917 in Ireland
–
Events from the year 1917 in Ireland. 25 January – armed merchantman SS Laurentic sunk by mines off Lough Swilly,354 killed of 475 aboard,3 February – Count George Noble Plunkett, father of Joseph Mary Plunkett, wins Roscommon North on an abstentionist Sinn Féin platform. 7 February – Atlantic liner SS California sunk by Imperial German Navy U-boat U-8538 nmi southwest of Fastnet Rock,41 killed,25 February – RMS Laconia sunk by U-506 nmi northwest of Fastnet Rock, twelve killed. 7 March – David Lloyd-George announces that Britain is ready to confer self-government to the parts of Ireland that want it, the north-eastern part will not be coerced. 12 March – in the British House of Commons, J. P. Farrell proposes that Ireland be excluded from the operation of the National Services Act. 17 March – Booth Line armed merchant liner SS Antony inward bound from South America torpedoed,10 May – Sinn Féin candidate Joseph McGuinness wins a by-election in South Longford against the Irish Parliamentary Partys candidate McKenna. It is a disaster for John Redmond and his Party. 16 May – British Prime Minister, David Lloyd-George, announces that he wants immediate Home Rule for the 26 counties, six north-eastern counties are to be excluded for a period of five years. 16 June – oiler Batoum sunk by U-boat 6 nmi south of Fastnet Rock,18 June – prisoners taken during the Easter Rising arrive at Dún Laoghaire by mailboat. One Dublin Castle official calls it the most important election that has taken place, or ever will. 16 July – the Round Room in the Mansion House, Dublin, is filled to capacity as the leaders of Sinn Féin demand the bodies of the Easter Rising leaders so that they can be given a Christian burial. 25 July – large crowds assemble at College Green in Dublin as the Irish Convention meets for the first time, August – W. T. Cosgrave elected for Sinn Féin in a by-election in Kilkenny. 10 September – Imperial German Navy U-boat UC-42 is sunk in Cork Harbour, probably by one of her own mines,2 October – Royal Navy armoured cruiser HMS Drake is torpedoed by U-79 off Rathlin Island with the loss of 18 crew, capsizing later. 25 October –1,700 Sinn Féin delegates attend a convention in the Mansion House,17 November – Action of 17 November 1917, Queenstown-based United States Navy destroyers USS Fanning and USS Nicholson capture Imperial German Navy U-boat U-58 which is scuttled off Kinsale. 15 December – Cargo ship SS Formby bound for Waterford from Liverpool is torpedoed, August – Anglo-Welsh composer Philip Heseltine begins a years stay in Ireland. Austin Clarkes narrative poem The Vengeance of Fionn is published, Francis Ledwidges poems Songs of Peace are published posthumously. Annie M. P. Smithsons first novel Her Irish Heritage is published, the first feature film made in Ireland, A Girl of Glenbeigh, starring Kathleen OConnor, is made by the Film Company of Ireland. 15 February – Ruairi Brugha, Fianna Fáil TD, Member of the European Parliament,18 February – John Keane, Waterford hurler
3.
1916 in Ireland
–
Events from the year 1916 in Ireland. 14 January – Michael Collins resigns his job in London and returns to Ireland,14 February – John Redmond is re-elected Chairman of the Irish Parliamentary Party in Dublin. 29 February – the week-long Derry Feis opens in the city,21 March – a crowd attacks Sinn Féins Tullamore headquarters, three police are injured. 21 April – Roger Casement and two others are arrested at Banna Strand, County Kerry, for attempting to land arms,22 April – Eoin MacNeill, Chief of Staff of the Irish Volunteers cancels all manoeuvres of Volunteers planned for the following day. 23 April – Easter Sunday, the council of the Irish Republican Brotherhood meets at Liberty Hall. The Proclamation of the Republic is signed by the seven leaders in the name of the Provisional Government of the Irish Republic, Volunteers from Belfast and County Cork begin manoeuvres but return home. 24 April – the Easter Rising begins in Dublin, at noon Patrick Pearse reads the proclamation on the steps of the General Post Office, Dublin. Liam Mellows leads a rising of Volunteers in County Galway,25 April – martial law is declared in Dublin by the British authorities for a period of one month. 26 April Francis Sheehy-Skeffington, Thomas Dickson and Patrick McIntyre are summarily executed at Portobello Barracks, dublin-built HMS Helga shells Liberty Hall from the Liffey. 27 April Major-General Sir John Maxwell arrives in Dublin to take command of the British Army,12,000 of whose troops are now in the city, the centre is cordoned off. 29 April – at 3. 45pm, Patrick Pearse, James Connolly,1 May – the Easter Rising collapses. Sir John Maxwell, Commander-in-Chief of the British forces announces that all involved in the insurrection have surrendered,3 May – following their courts martial, Patrick Pearse, Thomas MacDonagh and Thomas J. Clarke are executed at Kilmainham Gaol. 4 May – the executions continue, Joseph Plunkett, Michael OHanrahan, Edward Daly and Willie Pearse are executed for their part in the Rising. The Chief Secretary of Ireland, Augustine Birrell, resigns,5 May – John MacBride, another leader of the Rising, is executed today. W. T. Cosgrave is sentenced to death, however,8 May – another four leaders of the Easter Rising are executed. They are Éamonn Ceannt, Conn Colbert, Michael Mallin and Seán Heuston,12 May – two more leaders, Seán Mac Diarmada and James Connolly are executed. Connolly, who was wounded in the fighting, is strapped to a chair, meanwhile, Prime Minister H. H. Asquith arrives in Dublin for a week-long visit. 15 May – the trial of Roger Casement begins in London and he is charged with high treason for his part in the Easter Rising
4.
1915 in Ireland
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March – construction of St Colmans Cathedral, Cobh, concludes with completion of the spire. 4 April –25,000 National Volunteers assemble at the Phoenix Park, John Redmond takes the salute from under the statue of Charles Stewart Parnell on Sackville Street. In Dublin the Irish Parliamentary Party approves John Redmonds decision not to join,29 July – Republicans, led by Patrick Pearse, take over the Gaelic League at its Dundalk conference. Douglas Hyde resigns as its President,1 August – ODonovan Rossa is buried at Glasnevin Cemetery in Dublin, and Pearse delivers the graveside oration. 26 December – the Irish Republican Brotherhood Military Council decides to stage an Easter Rising in 1916, the Elim Pentecostal Church is founded in Monaghan by Welsh evangelist George Jeffreys. 1 February – Helen Waddells first play, The Spoiled Buddha, is premiered at the Opera House, Belfast, francis Ledwidges poems Songs of the Fields published. James Stephens poems The Adventures of Seumas Beg, the Rocky Road to Dublin, the first dramatic film made in Ireland, Fun at Finglas Fair, is directed by F. J. McCormick. It is never released as all prints are destroyed in the Easter Rising of April 1916, Irish League Winners, Belfast Celtic Irish Cup Winners, Linfield 1–0 Belfast Celtic 11 January – Paddy Mayne, international rugby union footballer and decorated soldier. 13 January – Kit Ahern, Fianna Fáil TD.21 January – Andy OBrien,25 January – Liam Cunningham, Fianna Fáil TD.7 February – Mark Clinton, Fine Gael TD, Minister for Agriculture and MEP.15 February – Sam Kydd, actor. 15 March – Micho Russell, tin whistle player and collector of traditional music,9 April – Leonard Wibberley, author. 3 May – Walter Macken, novelist, dramatist and actor,17 May – Oisín Kelly, sculptor. 6 August – Tom OReilly, Cavan gaelic footballer and independent TD for Cavan 1944–194828 August – Patrick Hennessy,16 September – Eddie Filgate, Fianna Fáil TD.18 September – James Tully, Labour Party TD and Cabinet Minister. 7 November – Bill Hayes, soccer player,20 December – Noel Browne, politician, Cabinet Minister. Full date unknown John Graham, Irish Republican Army activist in the 1940s, George Harrison, member of the Provisional Irish Republican Army and alleged gun-runner. 20 January – Arthur Guinness, 1st Baron Ardilaun, businessman, politician,26 January – Michael Sullivan, physician, professor and politician in Canada. 28 January – David Dickson Rogers, politician in Ontario,14 February – Cornelius Coughlan, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1857 at Delhi, India. 24 April – Frederick William Hall, soldier, posthumous recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1915 during the Second Battle of Ypres in Belgium,7 May – on board RMS Lusitania OBrien Butler, composer. Hugh Lane, established Dublins Municipal Gallery of Modern Art,29 June – Jeremiah ODonovan Rossa, Fenian leader
5.
1914 in Ireland
–
Events from the year 1914 in Ireland. 17 January – Edward Carson inspects a parade of the East Belfast Regiment of the Ulster Volunteers,20 February – the Fethard-on-Sea life-boat capsizes on service off the County Wexford coast, nine crew are lost. 26 February – HMHS Britannic, designed as the third and largest Olympic-class ocean liner, is launched at the Harland & Wolff shipyards in Belfast,1 March – three outbreaks of foot and mouth disease are confirmed in County Cork. 9 March – the British Prime Minister proposes to allow the Ulster counties to hold a vote on whether or not to join a Home Rule parliament in Dublin, the government backs down and they are reinstated. 2 April – Cumann na mBan, the Irish republican womens paramilitary organisation, is formed in Dublin as an auxiliary of the Irish Volunteers,6 April – the second reading of the Home Rule Bill is carried in Westminster. 25 May – the House of Commons of the United Kingdom passes the Irish Home Rule Bill,23 June–14 July – the Government of Ireland Bill passes through the House of Lords. It allows Ulster counties to vote on whether or not they want to come under Dublins jurisdiction, the wishes of Fermanagh and Tyrone are eventually ignored. 10 July – the Provisional Government of Ulster meets for the first time in the Ulster Hall and it vows to keep Ulster in trust for the King and the British constitution. 21 July – a conference is opened at Buckingham Palace by the King and it is hoped that unionists and nationalists attending will break the impasse over Home Rule. 24 July – the Buckingham Palace conference ends in failure, nationalists and Unionists present cannot agree in principle or detail. 26 July – Howth gun-running, Erskine Childers and his wife Molly sail into Howth in his yacht Asgard,4 August – World War I, Declaration of war by the United Kingdom on the German Empire. September – Ulster Division formed as a division of the British New Army from Ulster Volunteers,20 September – in a speech at Woodenbridge, County Wicklow, John Redmond calls on members of the Irish Volunteers to go wherever the firing line extends. The majority do so, fighting in the 10th and 16th Division alongside their counterparts from the 36th Division. 18 October – the British Royal Navys Grand Fleet takes shelter in Lough Swilly while Scapa Flow is secured against submarine attack. 27 October – World War I, Royal Navy super-dreadnought battleship HMS Audacious, is sunk off Tory Island, north-west of Ireland,5 December – the Irish Volunteers appoint a headquarters staff, with Eoin MacNeill as chief of staff. Welsh evangelist George Jeffreys establishes his first church in Belfast, predecessor of the Elim Pentecostal Church, February James Joyces semi-autobiographical novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man commences serialization in The Egoist. Lord Dunsanys collection Five Plays is published in London,4 February – a staging of George A. Birminghams comedy General John Regan at Westport Town Hall provokes a riot. June – James Joyces Dubliners, a collection of fifteen short stories depicting the Irish middle classes in, Terence MacSwineys contemporary play The Revolutionist is published
6.
Ireland
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Ireland is an island in the North Atlantic. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest on Earth. Politically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, in 2011, the population of Ireland was about 6.4 million, ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain. Just under 4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland, the islands geography comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain, with several navigable rivers extending inland. The island has lush vegetation, a product of its mild, thick woodlands covered the island until the Middle Ages. As of 2013, the amount of land that is wooded in Ireland is about 11% of the total, there are twenty-six extant mammal species native to Ireland. The Irish climate is moderate and classified as oceanic. As a result, winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area, however, summers are cooler than those in Continental Europe. Rainfall and cloud cover are abundant, the earliest evidence of human presence in Ireland is dated at 10,500 BC. Gaelic Ireland had emerged by the 1st century CE, the island was Christianised from the 5th century onward. Following the Norman invasion in the 12th century, England claimed sovereignty over Ireland, however, English rule did not extend over the whole island until the 16th–17th century Tudor conquest, which led to colonisation by settlers from Britain. In the 1690s, a system of Protestant English rule was designed to materially disadvantage the Catholic majority and Protestant dissenters, with the Acts of Union in 1801, Ireland became a part of the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland saw much civil unrest from the late 1960s until the 1990s and this subsided following a political agreement in 1998. In 1973 the Republic of Ireland joined the European Economic Community while the United Kingdom, Irish culture has had a significant influence on other cultures, especially in the fields of literature. Alongside mainstream Western culture, an indigenous culture exists, as expressed through Gaelic games, Irish music. The culture of the island shares many features with that of Great Britain, including the English language, and sports such as association football, rugby, horse racing. The name Ireland derives from Old Irish Eriu and this in turn derives from Proto-Celtic *Iveriu, which is also the source of Latin Hibernia. Iveriu derives from a root meaning fat, prosperous, during the last glacial period, and up until about 9000 years ago, most of Ireland was covered with ice, most of the time
7.
1920 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1920 in Ireland. 2 January – Irish Republican Army volunteers of the 1st Cork Brigade capture Carrigtwohill Royal Irish Constabulary barracks,27 February – the text of the Home Rule Bill to be introduced in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom is published. It provides for the establishment of a 128-member parliament in Dublin,10 March – the Ulster Unionist Council accepts the Governments plan for a Parliament of Northern Ireland. 20 March – the Sinn Féin Lord Mayor of Cork, Tomás Mac Curtain, is murdered by armed and disguised RIC men who break into his home,22 March – thousands gather to pay their respects to the murdered Tomás Mac Curtain. Over 8,000 IRA Volunteers line the route to St. Finbarrs Cemetery and he is succeeded as Lord Mayor by Terence MacSwiney. 25 March – British recruits to the RIC begin to arrive in Ireland and they become known from their improvised uniforms as the Black and Tans. 2 April – Canadian-born lawyer Sir Hamar Greenwood, Bt, PC, KC,5 April – IRA prisoners began a hunger strike in Mountjoy Prison, Dublin, demanding prisoner of war status. 15 April –8 June, Arthur Griffith establishes a Republican legal system in areas under IRA control, the traditional Summer Assizes become virtually unworkable. 2 May – Viscount Fitzalan is sworn in as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland,10 May – forty Irish republican prisoners on hunger strike at Wormwood Scrubs are released. 17 May – Sinn Féin supporters and Unionists engage in pitched battles in Derry. 20 May – Dublin dock workers refuse to handle British military material,22 May – in Rome, Pope Benedict XV beatifies Oliver Plunkett. 4 June – the IRA orders a boycott of the RIC,17 June – The Listowel Mutiny, RIC constables based at Listowel refuse orders to assist the British Army. The RIC is ordered to shoot armed IRA men who do not surrender when challenged,20 June – five die in severe rioting in Ulster. 24 June – troops are sent to reinforce the Derry garrison,29 June – Dáil Courts established to hear civil cases. 23 July – fourteen die and one hundred are injured in rioting in Belfast. 27 July – the first recruits – former British Army officers – join the RICs Auxiliary Division,31 July – Bishop Daniel Mannix is detained onboard ship off Queenstown and prevented from landing in Ireland. August – the Kingstown Urban District Council reverts to the historic name of Dún Laoghaire. 3 August – Catholic riots in Belfast in protest at the continuing British Army presence,13 August – the Restoration of Order in Ireland Act receives Royal Assent, providing for Irish Republican Army activists to be tried by court-martial rather than by jury in criminal courts
8.
1921 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1921 in Ireland. 1 February Captain Con Murphy from near Millstreet, Co, cork is executed by British authorities, the first man to be executed in front of a firing squad since the Rising of 1916. The Irish White Cross is established to distribute funds raised by the American Committee for Relief in Ireland,4 February – Irish War of Independence, Irish Republican Army sets fire to Summerhill House in County Meath, destroying it. 5 February – in Brighton, England, the widow of Charles Stewart Parnell, Katherine Parnell,5 March – Irish War of Independence, Clonbanin Ambush, Irish Republican Army kills Brigadier General Cumming. 21 March – Irish War of Independence, Headford Ambush, Irish Republican Army kills at least nine British troops,27 April – Viscount FitzAlan of Derwent is appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, the first Roman Catholic granted the office since 1685. 3 May – the province of Northern Ireland is created within the United Kingdom under terms of the Government of Ireland Act 1920, all 124 Sinn Féin candidates regard themselves as elected to the Second Dáil. 25 May – Irish War of Independence, The Irish Republican Army occupies and burns The Custom House in Dublin, five IRA men are killed and over eighty captured by the British Army which surrounds the building. 7 June – the forty elected Unionist Members of Parliaments gather in Belfast City Hall, James Craig is elected as the first Prime Minister of Northern Ireland. 22 June – new Parliament of Northern Ireland meets at Belfast City Hall and is opened by George V of the United Kingdom, making a speech calling for reconciliation in Ireland. 28 June – new Parliament of Southern Ireland meets at the Royal College of Science for Ireland in Merrion Street, Dublin and is opened by the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Viscount FitzAlan. In addition to the appointed Senate, only the four Unionist MPs representing the University of Dublin attend the House of Commons, having elected Gerald Fitzgibbon to be Speaker, the House adjourns sine die. This is its formal meeting and it never enacts any legislation. 8 July – at the Peace Conference in the Mansion House, Dublin, President de Valera accepts an invitation to meet the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, David Lloyd George, in London. 10 July – Bloody Sunday, Clashes between Catholics and Protestants in Belfast result in 16 deaths and the destruction of over 200 homes. 11 July – under the terms of the truce which becomes effective at noon, the Irish Republican Army agrees that attacks on Crown forces will cease. 16 August – following the election for the Parliament of Southern Ireland,125 Sinn Féin Teachtaí Dála assemble as the Second Dáil at the Mansion House. Six represent constituencies in Northern Ireland,23 August – the Northern Cabinet agrees that Stormont Castle will be the permanent site of the Northern Houses of Parliament. 7 September – David Lloyd George summons a meeting of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom at Inverness to discuss an independent Irelands relationship with the British Empire,8 September – David Lloyd Georges final offer is delivered to Éamon de Valera
9.
1922 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1922 in Ireland. 2 January – the first edition of the newspaper Poblacht na hÉireann is published and it is established by Irish republican opponents to the Anglo-Irish Treaty who declare their fealty to the Irish Republic. 6 January – the terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty are published, Éamon de Valera offers his resignation as president. 7 January – Dáil Éireann votes on the Treaty following Arthur Griffiths motion for approval, the result is 64 in favour and 57 against. 9 January – Éamon de Valera fails to be re-elected as President of the Irish Republic,10 January – Arthur Griffith is elected President of the Provisional Government. Michael Collins becomes Minister for Finance, de Valera and 56 of his supporters walk out of Dáil Éireann. 12 January – the Government of the United Kingdom releases remaining Irish prisoners captured in the War of Independence,16 January The Provisional Government of Ireland first meets, a transitional entity to ensure the establishment of the Irish Free State by the end of 1922. Dublin Castle handed over to the Irish Republican Army,31 January The first unit of the new National Army, a former IRA unit of the Dublin Guard, takes possession of the barrackes at Beggars Bush, the first British military transfer to the new State. The first edition of Iris Oifigiúil is published, it is the newspaper of record of the state,10 February – the Irish Free State Act 1922 is introduced in the British House of Commons. It provides for the dissolution of the Parliament of Southern Ireland,11 February – Clones Affray, gun battle at Clones railway station between IRA volunteers and members of the Ulster Special Constabulary travelling to Belfast, five killed. 12 February – at the launch of the Republican Party, Éamon de Valera says that the Treaty denies the sovereignty of the Irish people,17 February – existing British postage stamps issued with overprint Rialtas Sealadach na hÉireann 1922. 18 February – Liam Forde, Officer Commanding the Irish Republican Army Mid-Limerick Brigade, February – the Civic Guard – predecessor of An Garda Síochána – is established as a police force to replace the Royal Irish Constabulary in areas outside Dublin and Ulster. 22 March – senior officer Rory OConnor declares that the Irish Republican Army will no longer obey Dáil Éireann,1 April The British Government orders the release of all Irish prisoners in British prisons convicted of sedition. The Irish Post Office takes over responsibility for its own operations, 26–28 April – Dunmanway killings, Thirteen Protestant men, suspected of involvement as or with informants to the British Army, are killed in and around Dunmanway, County Cork. 14 April – Rory OConnor, with 200 other anti-Treaty Irish Republican Army men under his command,26 April – the Irish Catholic Church hierarchy implores the people of Ireland to accept the Treaty and to make the best of the freedom which it brings. 4 May – a conference at the Mansion House, Dublin,15 May – the Civic Guard Mutiny begins in Kildare. 16 May – the final group of British troops leave the Curragh Camp,19 May – the Irish Republican Army, with Collinss covert support, attempts to launch a Northern Offensive in Ulster. They include national spokesman Sean Nethercott and national leader Cahir Healy, June – the first aircraft of the Air Corps arrives at Baldonnel Aerodrome
10.
1923 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1923 in Ireland. 13 January – Beechpark, the residence of President W. T. Cosgrave in Dublin, is set on fire,10 January – an order is signed creating the Revenue Commissioners. 22 January – the Minister for Education, Eoin MacNeill, announces that Irish is to become a subject for examination in the Civil Service,18 February – an amnesty for IRA Irregulars expires on this day. It was introduced by the Minister for Home Affairs, Kevin OHiggins,11 April – Liam Lynch, Chief of Staff of the Irregulars, is wounded and captured by the Free States National Army in the Knockmealdown Mountains. His subsequent death in Clonmel is also announced by the army,14 April – Austin Stack is captured by National Army troops at the foot of the Knockmealdown Mountains. 30 April – thousands turn up to greet Jim Larkin as he returns to Ireland after an absence in the United States. 28 May – the Government releases two captured documents issued by the IRA on 24 May, the letters, signed by Éamon de Valera and Frank Aiken call for the dumping of arms and the ending of armed struggle. The Civil War is officially over,31 May – obelisk commemorating the Battle of the Boyne at Oldbridge is blown up. 20 July – Éamon de Valera appeals to the American Association for the Recognition of the Irish Republic for $100,000 to fight the general election. August – the British Royal Navy patrol ship HMY Helga is handed over to the Irish Coastal,15 August – Éamon de Valera is arrested at an election meeting in Ennis, County Clare. 27 August – Irish general election,1923, Cumann na nGaedheal under W. T. Cosgrave win most seats,10 September – Ireland is admitted into the League of Nations. 17 September –33 members present themselves at Leinster House for the swearing in of the new Dáil,19 September – the Fourth Dáil meets for the first time at Leinster House. Michael Hayes is elected Ceann Comhairle and W. T. Cosgrave is elected President of the Executive Council,13 October –23 November, IRA prisoners in Irish gaols stage a hunger strike. 15 October – the Mallow Viaduct over the River Blackwater is officially re-opened by President W. T. Cosgrave,14 November – the Nobel Prize for Literature is awarded to poet and playwright W. B. Full date unknown The Royal Bank of Ireland buys the Irish Free State business of the Belfast Banking Company, the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland calls for curbs on the immigration of Irish Catholics. 11 April – Seán OCaseys drama The Shadow of a Gunman, yeats is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. He also publishes his poetry The Cat and the Moon, elizabeth Bowen publishes her first book, a collection of short stories, Encounters, in London. Liam OFlaherty publishes his first novel, Thy Neighbours Wife, mainie Jelletts Decoration is among the first abstract paintings shown in Ireland when it is exhibited at the Society of Dublin Painters Group Show
11.
1924 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1924 in Ireland. 15 January – the last internee at Kilmainham Gaol, Ernie OMalley, is transferred to St. Bricins Military Hospital, 7–18 March – Irish Army Mutiny over demobilisation within the National Army, led by Liam Tobins Irish Republican Army Organisation. The outcome affirms subservience of the military to the civilian government,20 April – Sinn Féin commemorates the anniversary of the events of the 1916 Easter Rising. 24 April – no agreement is reached at the Boundary Conference in London, the Irish Boundary Commission is now set up to examine the border between the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland. 6 May – James Craig refuses to nominate a Northern Ireland representative to the Boundary Commission,30 May – a new licensing Bill is introduced by the Minister for Justice, Kevin OHiggins. Bars are allowed open between 9am and 10pm and the sale of alcohol is limited to those over the age of 18,3 July – the Minister for Education, Eoin MacNeill, announces that the teaching of Irish is to be made compulsory in all schools. 18 August – Irelands first rodeo opens at Croke Park,1 October – Defence Forces established, incorporating the National Army. 24 October – Éamon de Valera is arrested at Newry Town Hall after defying an order preventing him from speaking in Northern Ireland. 19 November – Cardinal Michael Logue, Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland, dies, having held office since 1887, undated Dublin Corporation officially renames Sackville Street to OConnell Street. 3 March – Seán OCaseys drama Juno and the Paycock opens at the Abbey Theatre, may – in the Art competitions at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris, Jack Butler Yeats wins a silver medal for painting for Swimming. Daniel Corkery publishes the study of 18th century Irish poetry The Hidden Ireland, george Moore publishes the novel Peronnik the Fool. Liam OFlaherty publishes his story collection Spring Sowing. Yeats publishes the drama The Cat and the Moon, and Certain Poems, eileen Gray begins work with Jean Badovici on their vacation home E-1027 at Roquebrune-Cap-Martin in the south of France. Mainie Jellett and Evie Hone stage an exhibition of their art in Dublin. League of Ireland Winners, Bohemians FAI Cup Winners, Athlone Town 1–0 Fordsons The All-Ireland Champions are Dublin and Kerry 14 January – Francis Gerard Brooks,25 January – Tomás Mac Giolla, TD and leader of the Workers Party. 28 January – Sonny Hool, cricketer,8 March – Sean McClory, actor. 26 May – Sheelagh Murnaghan, only Ulster Liberal Party Member of Parliament at Stormont,30 May – Tom Leonard, Fianna Fáil TD.26 June – Dermot Ryan, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Dublin. 3 August – Jim Gibbons, former Fianna Fáil TD, Member of the European Parliament,7 September – Donal Creed, former Fine Gael TD and MEP.5 October – Kieron Moore, actor
12.
1919 in the United Kingdom
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Events from the year 1919 in the United Kingdom. Monarch - George V Prime Minister - David Lloyd George 1 January – In Scotland,3 January – Soldiers blockade Folkestone harbour in a successful protest against being returned to France. 18 January – Bentley Motors Ltd. is incorporated in England,21 January – Dáil Éireann meets for the first time in the Mansion House, Dublin. In the first shots of the Anglo-Irish War, two Royal Irish Constabulary men are killed in an ambush at Soloheadbeg in County Tipperary,23 January – Harbour Riot in Glasgow, confrontation between white and black merchant seamen. 27 January – General strike call in Glasgow and Belfast,31 January – Battle of George Square, The Army is called in to deal with riots and protests against high rents in Glasgow. 3 February – Éamon de Valera, the leader of Sinn Féin,27 February – Marriage of Princess Patricia of Connaught to Commander The Hon. Alexander Ramsay, the first royal wedding at Westminster Abbey since the 14th century. 4–5 March – Kinmel Park Riots by troops of the Canadian Expeditionary Force awaiting repatriation at Kinmel Camp, Bodelwyddan, five men are killed,28 injured, and 25 convicted of mutiny. 3 April – Government agrees to release of imprisoned conscientious objectors. 7 April – The Original Dixieland Jazz Band brings Dixieland jazz to England, opening a 15-month tour at the Hippodrome,13 April – Amritsar Massacre, British and Gurkha troops kill 379 Sikhs and injure more than 1200 at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, Punjab Province. May – Beginning of the Third Anglo-Afghan War,12 May – The Pip, Squeak and Wilfred comic strip debuts in the Daily Mirror. 29 May – Observations made by Arthur Eddington during a solar eclipse test part of Einsteins general theory of relativity, June – Riots break out in west midlands towns. 14–15 June – A Vickers Vimy piloted by John Alcock DSC with navigator Arthur Whitten Brown makes the first nonstop flight, from St. Johns, Newfoundland, to Clifden, Connemara. 17 June – Epsom Riot by Canadian troops, English police sergeant Thomas Green is killed,21 June – Scuttling of the German fleet in Scapa Flow, Admiral Ludwig von Reuter scuttles the interned German fleet in Scapa Flow, Scotland. 28 June – Treaty of Versailles signed, 2–6 July – The British airship R34 makes the first transatlantic flight by dirigible, and the first westbound flight, from RAF East Fortune, Scotland, to Mineola, New York. 15 July – Sloops HMS Gentian and HMS Myrtle sunk by mines in the Gulf of Finland while assisting Estonia against the Bolsheviks, rioting ex-servicemen burn down Luton Town Hall. 31 July Police strike in London and Liverpool for recognition of the National Union of Police, rioting breaks out in Liverpool on 1 August. Act 1919 provides government subsidy for the provision of council houses,8 August – Treaty of Rawalpindi ends the Third Anglo-Afghan War. 15 August – The Restoration of Pre-War Practices Act provides for returning servicemen to get their old jobs back,19 August – Afghanistan gains independence from the United Kingdom
13.
1919
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As of the start of 1919, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 The Czechoslovak Legions occupy much of the free city of Pressburg. HMY Iolaire sinks off the coast of Scotland,206 die, edsel Ford succeeds his father as head of the Ford Motor Company. January 5 Spartacist uprising, Socialist demonstrations in Berlin, Germany turn into an attempted communist revolution, in Germany, the German Workers Party, predecessor of the Nazi Party, is formed by merger of Anton Drexlers Committee of Independent Workmen with journalist Karl Harrers Political Workers Circle. January 7 The beginning of the Tragic Week in Argentina, an anarchist uprising in Buenos Aires, Estonian War of Independence, With Soviet Russian forces just 40 km of the capital Tallinn, Estonian forces start a general and successful counter-offensive against the Red Army. January 9 – Friedrich Ebert orders the Freikorps into action in Berlin, January 10–12 – The Freikorps attacks Spartacist supporters around Berlin. January 13 – Workers councils in Berlin end the general strike, January 14 – Estonian War of Independence, Estonian forces liberate Tartu from the Red Army. January 15 Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht are murdered following the Spartacist uprising, great Molasses Flood, A wave of molasses released from an exploding storage tank sweeps through Boston, Massachusetts, killing 21 and injuring 150. January 16 The Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, authorizing Prohibition, is ratified, pianist Ignacy Jan Paderewski becomes the second Prime Minister of Poland. January 18 World War I, The Paris Peace Conference opens at the Palace of Versailles, Estonian War of Independence, Estonian forces liberate Narva, expelling the Red Army from Northern Estonia. Bentley Motors Limited is founded in England, January 19 The Monarchy of the North is established in Northern Portugal. January 21 Dáil Éireann meets for the first time in the Mansion House, in the first shots of the Anglo-Irish War, two Royal Irish Constabulary men are killed in an ambush at Soloheadbeg in Tipperary. Gojong, the first emperor of the Korean Empire, dies, January 23 – The Khotin Uprising breaks out in Khotyn, Ukraine. January 25 – The League of Nations is founded in Paris, January 31 – Battle of George Square, The British Army is called in to deal with riots during negotiations over working hours in Glasgow, Scotland. February 1 – Estonian War of Independence, Estonian forces liberate Valga and Võru, february 3 – Soviet troops occupy Ukraine. February 4-5 – Pressburg becomes capital of Slovakia, february 6 – The Seattle General Strike begins in the United States, affecting over 65,000 workers. February 11 Friedrich Ebert is elected first President of Germany by the Weimar National Assembly, the Seattle General Strike ends when Federal troops are summoned by the State of Washingtons Attorney General. February 12 – Ethnic Germans and Hungarian inhabitants of Pressburg start a protest against its incorporation into Czechoslovakia, february 14 – The Polish–Soviet War begins with the Battle of Bereza Kartuska
14.
Mansion House, Dublin
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The Mansion House on Dawson Street, Dublin, has been the official residence of the Lord Mayor of Dublin since 1715. The Mansion Houses most famous include the Round Room, where the First Dáil assembled on 21 January 1919 to proclaim the Irish Declaration of Independence. On 21 January 1969 a special fiftieth anniversary joint session of Dáil Éireann and Seanad Éireann assembled there and was addressed by the then President of Ireland, externally, the distinctive metal portico over the main door was erected for the visit of Queen Victoria in 1900. Dublin Corporation purchased the house in 1715 for assignment as the residence of the Lord Mayor. It retains this purpose to this day, in the 1930s and 1940s, plans were made to demolish the building, and all other buildings on the block on which it is located, to enable the building of a new Dublin City Hall. However the decision of the Government to erect a new Department of Industry and Commerce on a site on the block, on Kildare Street. The claim led to a security alert at the house, as the Garda, mayoral info website Mansion House Dublin Website
15.
Irish general election, 1918
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The Irish general election of 1918 was that part of the 1918 United Kingdom general election which took place in Ireland. In Ulster, however, the Unionist Party was the most successful party, the Irish War of Independence was conducted under this revolutionary government which sought international recognition, and set about the process of state-building. In 1918 the whole of Ireland was a part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the IPP strove for Home Rule, that is, limited self-government for Ireland within the United Kingdom, and had been supported by most Irish people, especially the Catholic majority. The Unionists were supported by the Conservative Party, whereas from 1885 the Liberal Party was committed to enacting some form of Home Rule, Unionists eventually formed their own representation, first the Irish Unionist Party then the Ulster Unionist Party. Home Rule appeared to have finally achieved with the passing of the Home Rule Act 1914. However the implementation of the Act was however temporarily postponed with the outbreak of World War I, as the war prolonged and with the failure to make any progress on the issue, the more radical Sinn Féin began to grow in strength. Sinn Féin was founded by Arthur Griffith in 1905, prior to 1916, Sinn Féin had been a fringe movement having a limited cooperative alliance with William OBriens All-for-Ireland League and enjoyed little electoral success. However, between the Easter Rising of that year and the 1918 general election, the popularity increased dramatically. In one case there were allegations of electoral fraud. Overall, however, the party would benefit from a number of factors in the 1918 elections, the Irish electorate in 1918, as with the entire electorate throughout the United Kingdom, had changed in two major ways since the preceding general election. Firstly, there was a generational change because of World War I. As a result, no election took place between 1910 and 1918, the longest such spell in modern British and Irish constitutional history, thus the 1918 election saw, in particular, All voters between the age of 21 and 29 were first time general election voters. A generation of voters, most of them IPP supporters, had died in that eight-year period. Emigration had been almost impossible during the war because of the sea lanes. As Ireland had not had conscription, Unionists and moderate Nationalists had predominantly made up the volunteers for the duration of the war. Consequently, there was a loss in the age range of young Unionists and moderate Nationalists. Secondly, the franchise had been extended by the Representation of the People Act 1918. This granted voting rights to women for the first time, and gave all men over 21, the Irish electorate increased from around 700,000 to about two million
16.
Parliament of the United Kingdom
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It alone possesses legislative supremacy and thereby ultimate power over all other political bodies in the UK and its territories. Its head is the Sovereign of the United Kingdom and its seat is the Palace of Westminster in the City of Westminster, one of the boroughs of the British capital, the parliament is bicameral, consisting of an upper house and a lower house. The Sovereign forms the third component of the legislature, prior to the opening of the Supreme Court in October 2009, the House of Lords also performed a judicial role through the Law Lords. The House of Commons is an elected chamber with elections held at least every five years. The two Houses meet in separate chambers in the Palace of Westminster in London, most cabinet ministers are from the Commons, whilst junior ministers can be from either House. The Parliament of Great Britain was formed in 1707 following the ratification of the Treaty of Union by Acts of Union passed by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland. The UK parliament and its institutions have set the pattern for many throughout the world. However, John Bright – who coined the epithet – used it with reference to a rather than a parliament. In theory, the UKs supreme legislative power is vested in the Crown-in-Parliament. However, the Crown normally acts on the advice of the Prime Minister, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was created in 1801, by the merger of the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland under the Acts of Union. The principle of responsibility to the lower House did not develop until the 19th century—the House of Lords was superior to the House of Commons both in theory and in practice. Members of the House of Commons were elected in an electoral system. Thus, the borough of Old Sarum, with seven voters, many small constituencies, known as pocket or rotten boroughs, were controlled by members of the House of Lords, who could ensure the election of their relatives or supporters. During the reforms of the 19th century, beginning with the Reform Act 1832, No longer dependent on the Lords for their seats, MPs grew more assertive. The supremacy of the British House of Commons was established in the early 20th century, in 1909, the Commons passed the so-called Peoples Budget, which made numerous changes to the taxation system which were detrimental to wealthy landowners. The House of Lords, which consisted mostly of powerful landowners, on the basis of the Budgets popularity and the Lords consequent unpopularity, the Liberal Party narrowly won two general elections in 1910. Using the result as a mandate, the Liberal Prime Minister, Herbert Henry Asquith, introduced the Parliament Bill, in the face of such a threat, the House of Lords narrowly passed the bill. However, regardless of the Parliament Acts of 1911 and 1949, the Government of Ireland Act 1920 created the parliaments of Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland and reduced the representation of both parts at Westminster
17.
Irish Republic
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The Irish Republic was a revolutionary state that declared its independence from Britain in January 1919. Its origins date back to the Easter Rising of 1916, when Irish republicans seized key locations in Dublin, the insurrection was crushed, but the survivors united under a reformed Sinn Féin party to campaign for a republic. The party won a majority of largely uncontested seats in the 1918 general election. Republicans then established a government, a system and a police force. At the same time, the Irish Volunteers, who came under the control of the Dáil and became known as the Irish Republican Army, the War of Independence ended with the Anglo-Irish Treaty, signed on 6 December 1921 and narrowly approved by Dáil Éireann on 7 January 1922. In English, the state was to be known as the Irish Republic. Two different Irish language titles were used, Poblacht na hÉireann and Saorstát Éireann, the word poblacht was a new word, coined by the writers of the Easter Proclamation in 1916. Saorstát was a word, based on the Irish words saor. Its literal translation was free state, the term Poblacht na hÉireann is the one used in the Proclamation of 1916, but the Declaration of Independence and other documents adopted in 1919 used Saorstát Éireann. Since then, the word saorstát has fallen out of use as a translation of republic, after the Irish state had changed its name to Ireland, in 1949 the description of the state was declared Republic of Ireland, while in Irish it was translated as Poblacht na hÉireann. In The Aftermath, Winston Churchill gives an account of the first meeting of Éamon de Valera with David Lloyd George on 14 July 1921, Lloyd George was a native speaker of Welsh and a noted Welsh linguist and as such was interested in the literal meaning of Saorstát. De Valera replied that it meant Free State, Lloyd George asked. what is your Irish word for Republic. After some delay and no reply, Lloyd George commented, Must we not admit that the Celts never were Republicans and have no word for such an idea. In 1916, nationalist rebels participating in the Easter Rising issued the Proclamation of the Republic, the Easter Rising was short-lived, largely limited to Dublin and, at the time it occurred, enjoyed little support from the Irish general public. The leaders of the Easter Rising had proclaimed a republic, Arthur Griffiths Sinn Féin organisation, which had favoured the establishment of a form of dual monarchy between Ireland and Britain, had not taken part in the Rising. In 1917, Griffiths Sinn Féin and republicans under Éamon de Valera and this agreement was subject to the condition that if the people chose monarchy, no member of the British royal family would be invited to serve as monarch. It also said it would boycott the British Parliament and instead establish a new Irish assembly in Dublin. Sinn Féin candidates won a majority of the seats,73 out of 105,25 of them uncontested
18.
Irish War of Independence
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The Irish War of Independence or Anglo-Irish War or the Tan War was a guerrilla war fought from 1919 to 1921 between the Irish Republican Army and the British security forces in Ireland. It was an escalation of the Irish revolutionary period into armed conflict, in the December 1918 election, the Irish republican party Sinn Féin won a landslide victory in Ireland. On 21 January 1919 they formed a government and declared independence from Britain. Later that day, two members of the British-organized armed police force, the Royal Irish Constabulary, were dead in County Tipperary by IRA members acting on their own initiative. This is often seen as the beginning of the conflict, for much of 1919, IRA activity primarily involved capturing weapons and freeing republican prisoners. In September that year the British government outlawed the Dáil and Sinn Féin, the IRA began ambushing RIC and British Army patrols, attacking their barracks and forcing isolated barracks to be abandoned. The British government bolstered the RIC with recruits from Britain—the Black and Tans and Auxiliaries—who became notorious for ill-discipline, the conflict as a result is often referred to as the Black and Tan War or simply the Tan War. While around 300 people had killed in the conflict up to late 1920. A week later, seventeen Auxiliaries were killed by the IRA in an ambush at Kilmichael in County Cork, the British government declared martial law in much of southern Ireland. The centre of Cork City was burnt out by British forces in December 1920, violence continued to escalate over the next seven months, when 1,000 people were killed and 4,500 republicans were interned. The fighting was concentrated in Munster, Dublin and Belfast. These three locations saw over 75% of the conflicts fatalities, violence in Ulster, especially Belfast, was notable for its sectarian character and its high number of Catholic civilian victims. Both sides agreed to a truce on 11 July 1921, the post-ceasefire talks led to the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty on 6 December 1921. However, six counties remained within the United Kingdom. After the ceasefire, political and sectarian violence between republicans and loyalists continued in Northern Ireland for many months, in June 1922, disagreement among republicans over the Anglo-Irish Treaty led to an eleven-month civil war. The Irish Free State awarded 62,868 medals for service during the War of Independence, since the 1880s, Irish nationalists in the Irish Parliamentary Party had been demanding Home Rule, or self-government, from Britain. Fringe organisations, such as Arthur Griffiths Sinn Féin instead argued for some form of Irish independence, in turn, nationalists formed their own paramilitary organisation, the Irish Volunteers. But a significant minority of the Irish Volunteers opposed Irelands involvement in the war, the Volunteer movement split, a majority leaving to form the National Volunteers under Redmond
19.
Royal Irish Constabulary
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The Royal Irish Constabulary was the armed police force of the United Kingdom in Ireland from the early nineteenth century until 1922. About seventy-five percent of the RIC were Roman Catholic and about twenty-five percent were of various Protestant denominations, the Catholics mainly constables and the Protestants officers. In consequence of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, the RIC was disbanded in 1922 and was replaced by the Garda Síochána in the Irish Free State and the Royal Ulster Constabulary in Northern Ireland. The 1822 Act established a force in each province with chief constables, by 1841 this force numbered over 8,600 men. The original force had been reorganised under The Act of 1836, the discipline was strict and the pay low. The police faced civil unrest among the Irish rural poor, and was involved in bloody confrontations during the period of the Tithe War, other deployments were against organisations like the Ribbonmen, which attacked landlords, their property and stock. This was followed by a period of relative calm, the advent of the Irish Republican Brotherhood, founded in 1858, brought a plan for an armed uprising. Direct action began with the Fenian Rising of 1867, Fenians attacked on the more isolated police barracks and smaller stations. This rebellion was put down with ruthless efficiency, the police had infiltrated the Fenians with informers. The RIC presided over a decline in general crime around the country. The unstable rural unrest of the nineteenth century characterised by secret organisations. Policing generally became a routine of controlling misdemeanours such as moonshine distilling, public drunkenness, minor theft, a Land War broke out in the 1879–82 Depression period, causing some general unrest. In Belfast, with its boom, the working population mushroomed. Much of the increase arose from Catholic migration and there were serious riots in 1857,1864,1872 and 1886. As a result, the small Belfast Town Police civic force was disbanded, likewise in 1870, the RIC took over the duties of the Londonderry Borough Police. About 70% of the force in Belfast declared their support of the strikers and were encouraged by Larkin to carry out their own strike for higher wages. It never came to fruition, however, as dissident policemen were transferred out of Belfast four days before the strike was to begin, barrett and six other constables were dismissed and extra British Army troops were deployed to Belfast. The dock strike ended on 28 August 1907, the RICs existence was, increasingly troubled by the rise of the Home Rule campaign in the early twentieth century period prior to World War I
20.
3rd Tipperary Brigade
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The 3rd Tipperary Brigade was one of the most active of approximately 80 such units that constituted the Irish Republican Army during the Irish War of Independence. The Brigade was based in southern Tipperary and conducted its activities mainly in mid-Munster, in the early part of the war, four members of the brigade were the most wanted men in Ireland. By 1917 in South Tipperary, the volunteers were being formed into companies with regular drilling, raids for arms were undertaken during 1917 and 1918 as the volunteer companies were arming themselves in the anticipation of future conflict. Sean Treacy was the force behind a lot of this activity. The visit of De Valera to Tipperary Town in August 1917 generated great interest, Treacy was Éamon de Valeras body guard when he came to Tipperary in 1917 to speak at political rallies. Treacy was arrested a short time later and sentenced to 6 months jail, in the 1918 General Election, Sinn Féin candidates were overwhelmingly returned in County Tipperary. The relationship between the RIC and the volunteers was increasingly hostile with clashes at political rallies or while the volunteers were drilling. Seamus Robinson, a veteran of the 1916 Easter Rising, arrived in Tipperary in 1917 at the request of Eamon Ui Dubhir who he had met while they were both imprisoned. Eamon Ui Dubhir and Maurice Crowe along with Treacy, Breen, the Third Tipperary Brigade, also known as the South Tipperary Brigade, was established in 1918. In October 1918 a Brigade meeting was held to elect officers, at PJ Moloneys house in Church street Tipperary Town, the house was burnt down during the war by British forces. Moloneys three sons were all members of the brigade, richard Mulchahy from GHQ presided over the meeting. Seamus Robinson was elected O/C, Seán Treacy vice O/C, Dan Breen Quarter Master, the Brigade originally had 6 Battalions with this later being extended to 8. These were Rosegreen, Cashel, Dundrum, Tipperary, Clonmel, Cahir, Drangan, after Sean Treacy was released from Dundalk prison in mid 1918, Treacy and Breen along with Sean Hogan set up their headquarters in the Tin Hut in Greenane. Here they tested explosives and planned activities, the Tin Hut was a frequent haunt for many who would later play an important in the Brigades activities in the war, including Maurice Crowe, Dinny Lacey, Tadhg Crowe and Patrick ODwyer. The ambush led by Treacy, Robinson, Breen and Hogan at Soloheadbeg is generally acknowledged as the engagement of the war. Two members of the Royal Irish Constabulary were killed in the attack, the planning for Soloheadbeg took place in the Tin Hut on a dairy farm in Greenane. Treacy, Breen and Hogan had been undertaking experiments with explosives there, in December 1918, they received information that there were plans to move a consignment of gelignite from the Tipperary Town military barracks to the Soloheadbeg quarry. They commenced plans to intercept the consignment and Dan Breens brother Lars, Robinson, who had returned to the Brigade area after his release from jail, was briefed by Treacy about the plans to seize the gelignite
21.
Soloheadbeg ambush
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The Soloheadbeg ambush was the ambush of a gelignite transport at Soloheadbeg, County Tipperary, Ireland, on 21 January 1919 in which two policemen were killed. It is considered to be the first engagement of the Irish War of Independence, in the Irish general election of December 1918, Sinn Féin won a landslide victory, gaining 73 out of 105 seats in the British Parliament. However, in its manifesto, the party had vowed to set up a separate government in Ireland rather than sit in the British Parliament. At a meeting in Dublin on 21 January 1919, Sinn Féin established an independent parliament called Dáil Éireann and declared independence from the United Kingdom of Great Britain, Robinson was the commander of the group that carried out the attack and Treacy coordinated the planning of the attack. The action had not been authorised by the Dáil, the unit involved acted on its own initiative. The planning for Soloheadbeg took place in the Tin Hut on a farm in Greenane. Treacy, Breen and Hogan had been undertaking experiments with explosives there, in December 1918, they received information that there were plans to move a consignment of gelignite from the Tipperary Town military barracks to the Soloheadbeg quarry. They commenced plans to intercept the consignment and Dan Breens brother Lars, Robinson, who had returned to the Brigade area after his release from jail, was briefed by Treacy about the plans to seize the gelignite. Robinson supported the plan and confirmed with Treacy that they would not request permission from GHQ, if they did, they would be obliged to wait for a response, and even if the response was affirmative, it might come back after the gelignite was moved. Those involved on the day of the operation were four officers of the 3rd Tipperary Brigade IRA, Sean Treacy, Dan Breen, Sean Hogan and Seamus Robinson. They were joined by five other Volunteers, Tadhg Crowe, Patrick McCormack, Paddy ODwyer, Michael Ryan and Sean OMeara - the latter two being cycle scouts. On each day from 16 to 21 January, the men selected for the ambush took up their positions early in the morning to late afternoon and then retired. On 21 January, around noon, Patrick ODwyer noticed the convoy leaving the barracks, the consignment was on a horse-drawn cart, led by two council men with two armed RIC constables guarding the consignment. ODwyer cycled quickly to where the party was waiting and informed them of the details of the convoy. Robinson and ODwyer hid about 30 m in front of the ambush party of six. After the convoy reached the position where the ambush party was hiding. The two constables took up firing positions and the volunteers immediately fired upon them, both RIC constables, James McDonnell and Patrick OConnell, were killed. As planned, Hogan, Breen and Treacy took the horse and cart with the explosives and they hid the explosives in a field in Greenane and threw a few sticks out on the roadside a few miles further on as a decoy
22.
County Tipperary
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County Tipperary is a county in Ireland. Tipperary County Council is the government authority for the county. It is located in the province of Munster, the county is named after the town of Tipperary, and was established in the early thirteenth century, shortly after the Norman invasion of Ireland. The population of the county was 160,441 at the 2016 census. The largest towns are Clonmel, Nenagh and Thurles, Tipperary is the sixth largest of the 32 counties by area and the 12th largest by population. It is the third largest of Munsters 6 counties by size and it is also the largest landlocked county in Ireland. The region is part of the plain of Ireland, but the diverse terrain contains several mountain ranges, the Knockmealdown, the Galtee, the Arra Hills. Most of the county is drained by the River Suir, the part by tributaries of the River Shannon, the eastern part by the River Nore. No part of the county touches the coast, the centre is known as the Golden Vale, a rich pastoral stretch of land in the Suir basin which extends into counties Limerick and Cork. Parishes were delineated after the Down Survey as a subdivision, with multiple townlands per parish. The civil parishes had some use in local taxation and were included on the nineteenth century maps of the Ordnance Survey of Ireland, for poor law purposes, District Electoral Divisions replaced the civil parishes in the mid-nineteenth century. There are 199 civil parishes in the county, townlands are the smallest officially defined geographical divisions in Ireland, there are 3,159 townlands in the county. Following the Norman invasion of Ireland, the Kingdom of Munster was claimed as a lordship, by 1210, the sheriffdom of Munster shired into the shires of Tipperary and Limerick. In 1328, Tipperary was granted to the Earls of Ormond as a county palatine or liberty, the grant excluded church lands such as the archiepiscopal see of Cashel, which formed the separate county of Cross Tipperary. The county was divided again in 1838. When the Local Government Act 1898 established county councils to replace the grand jury for civil functions and their names were changed from Tipperary North/South Riding to North/South Tipperary by the Local Government Act 2001, which redesignated all administrative counties as simply counties. The Local Government Reform Act 2014 has amalgamated the two counties and restored a single county of Tipperary, following the Local Government Reform Act 2014, Tipperary County Council is the local government authority for the county. The authority is a merger of two separate authorities North Tipperary County Council and South Tipperary County Council which operated up until June 2014
23.
HM Prison Lincoln
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HM Prison Lincoln is a Category B mens prison, located in Lincoln, Lincolnshire, England. The prison is operated by Her Majestys Prison Service, Lincoln opened as a local prison in 1872 to hold remand and convicted prisoners and replacing the prison at Lincoln Castle. The original 1869–72 structures designed by Frederick Peck are now listed buildings and are examples of High Victorian gothic design. The prison accommodation has been altered and extended at various times in the 20th century, between 1900 and 1961 a total of 18 judicial executions took place at the prison. The last execution was that of Wasyl Gnypiuk, a 34-year-old Polish-Ukrainian immigrant, after being convicted of the murder of Louise Surgey at Nottingham Assizes, Gnypiuk was hanged by executioner Harry Allen on 27 January 1961. Afterwards, his body was buried in a grave within the walls of the prison. In October 2002 inmates set fire to parts of the prison, the disturbance started when a prison officer was attacked by a prisoner. A number of prisoners then jumped on the officer, assaulted him and dragged him into a cell and it took prison officers eight hours to bring the riot under control. In March 2003 The Prison Reform Trust issued a report claiming that Lincoln Prison was unstable, the Trust also labelled Lincoln as the nations most overcrowded prison, holding 13 inmates over its maximum capacity of 738. Lincoln is a Category B local prison holding adult male remand and convicted prisoners from the courts in Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire, accommodation at the prison is spread across four residential wings and a segregation unit. The regime at Lincoln includes production workshops, charity workshops, laundry, education, vocational training courses, other facilities include the prisons gym
24.
Michael Collins (Irish leader)
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Michael Collins was a soldier and politician who was a leading figure in the struggle for Irish independence in the early 20th century. Subsequently, he was both Chairman of the Provisional Government and Commander-in-chief of the National Army, Collins was shot and killed in an ambush in August 1922 during the Irish Civil War. Born in Woodfield, Sams Cross, near Clonakilty, County Cork, Collins was the third son, most biographies give his date of birth as 16 October 1890, but his tombstone cites 12 October 1890. Referred to in a British secret service report as brainy, the Collins family were part of an ancient clan and they had republican connections that can be traced back to the 1798 rebellion. Collins father, Michael John, was a farmer by profession, a mathematician in his spare time, he had been a member of the Irish Republican Brotherhood movement. The elder Collins was 60 years old when he married Mary Anne OBrien, then 23 and they brought up eight children on a 90-acre farm called Woodfield, which the Collins had held as tenants for several generations. On his death bed, his father predicted that his daughter Helena would become a nun and she later did, known as Sister Mary Celestine, based in Whitby. He then turned to the family and told them to care of Michael. Hell do great work for Ireland, Michael was six years old when his father died. Collins was a bright and precocious child with a fiery temper and he named a local blacksmith, James Santry, and his headmaster at Lisavaird National School, Denis Lyons, as the first nationalists to personally inspire his pride of Irishness. Lyons was a member of the IRB, while Santrys family had participated in, and forged arms for, there are a number of anecdotal explanations for the origin of his nickname, The Big Fellow. The most authoritative comes from his family, stating that he was called this as a child and it had been a term of endearment for their youngest brother, who was always keen to take on tasks beyond his years. It was certainly established by his teens, long before he emerged as a political or military leader. At the age of thirteen he boarded at Clonakilty National School, during the week he stayed with his sister Margaret Collins-ODriscoll and her husband Patrick ODriscoll, while at weekends he returned to the family farm. Patrick ODriscoll founded the newspaper The West Cork People and Collins helped out with general reporting jobs, in 1910 he became a messenger at a London firm of stockbrokers, Horne and Company. While living in London he studied law at Kings College London and he joined the London GAA and, through this, the IRB. Sam Maguire, a republican from Dunmanway, County Cork, introduced the 19-year-old Collins to the IRB, an organiser of considerable intelligence, Collins had become highly respected in the IRB. This led to his appointment as financial advisor to Count Plunkett, father of one of the Easter Risings organisers, Collins took part in preparing arms and drilling troops for the insurrection
25.
Harry Boland
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Henry James Harry Boland was an Irish republican politician and member of the First Dáil. Harry Boland was born in Phibsborough, Dublin on 27 April 1887 and he was active in GAA circles in early life, and refereed the 1914 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final. He joined the IRB at the time as his older brother Gerry in 1904, following in the footsteps of his father, uncle. He was educated at the Synge Street CBS but had a personality clash with one of the brothers so he refused to carry on his attendance at the school and he then went to De la Salle College, County Laois, as a novice. Boland later joined the Irish Volunteers along with Gerry and his younger brother Ned, at the 1918 general election Boland was elected to represent the South Roscommon seat. He left Ireland for the United States of America along with de Valera as part of a campaign to raise awareness and support for their cause in America. Boland negotiated a loan of $25,000 from the Irish Republic to the Soviet Republic through the head of the Soviet Bureau, Ludwig Martens and these jewels were transferred to Ireland when he returned. During the Irish War of Independence, Boland operated alongside Michael Collins, Boland opposed the Anglo-Irish Treaty along with de Valera, and in the ensuing Irish Civil War, he sided with the Anti-Treaty IRA. In 1922, he was re-elected to the Dáil representing Mayo South–Roscommon South, Boland was shot by soldiers of the Irish Free State Army when they attempted to arrest him at the Skerries Grand Hotel. He died several days later in St. Vincents Hospital, as he lay dying, he refused to give the name of his attacker to his sister, Kathleen. He was buried at Glasnevin Cemetery, the service took place from the Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church. The hearse was followed by Cumann na mBan, Clan na Gael, bolands death affected Collins and may have spurred him towards peace negotiations with De Valera. Soon after, Collins was killed at an ambush at Béal na Bláth, the Skerries Grand Hotel later became a secondary school for boys, managed by the De La Salle Brothers. There is a plaque on the site explaining that Boland was killed in action there. Harrys brother Gerald Boland was a prominent member of Fianna Fáil and was later a minister of Justice and his nephew Kevin Boland served as a minister and was implicated in the arms crisis. His resignation from Fianna Fáil and the subsequent loss of his seat marked the end of an era for the Boland political dynasty and his nephew Harry Boland was a basketball player who competed in the 1948 Summer Olympics in London. He died on 18 December 2013 at the age of 88, in the 1991 TV movie The Treaty, Harry Boland was portrayed by Malcolm Douglas. In the 1996 biographical film Michael Collins, Harry Boland was portrayed by Irish-American actor Aidan Quinn
26.
Ceann Comhairle
–
The Ceann Comhairle is the chairperson of Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Oireachtas of Ireland. The person who holds the position is elected by members of the Dáil from among their number in the first session after each general election, the Ceann Comhairle of the 32nd Dáil is Fianna Fáil TD Seán Ó Fearghaíl,8 June 2016. The Ceann Comhairle is expected to observe strict impartiality, despite this, a government usually tries to select a member of its own political party for the position, if it has enough deputies to allow that choice. As a consequence, the constituency that an incumbent Ceann Comhairle represents elects one fewer TD in an election than its usual entitlement. The Ceann Comhairle does not take part in debates nor vote except in the event of a tie, in this event they generally vote in accordance with the parliamentary conventions relating to the Speaker of the British House of Commons, which tend to amount to voting against motions. The Ceann Comhairle formally opens each days sitting by reading the official prayer, the Ceann Comhairle is the sole judge of order in the house and has a number of special functions. Specifically, the Ceann Comhairle, Calls on members to speak, all speeches must be addressed to the Ceann Comhairle. Puts such questions to the house and supervises and declares the results of divisions, to ensure obedience to his rulings the Ceann Comhairle may order members to withdraw from the Dáil or suspend an individual from the House for a period. In the case of disorder the Ceann Comhairle can suspend or adjourn the house. Rings a bell when deputies are out of order, the bell is a half-sized reproduction of the ancient bell of Lough Lene Castle found at Castle Island, Lough Lene, Castlepollard, County Westmeath in 1881 and now in the National Museum. The reproduction was presented in 1931 by the widow of Bryan Cooper, the Ceann Comhairle is an ex officio member of the Presidential Commission, Council of State, Commission for Public Service Appointments. The position of Ceann Comhairle is as old as the Dáil, the first Ceann Comhairle was Cathal Brugha, who served for only one day, presiding over the houses symbolic first meeting, before leaving the post to become Príomh Aire. The office was continued under the 1922–1937 Irish Free State, the constitution of which referred to the office-holder as the Chairman of Dáil Éireann, the practice of automatically re-electing the Ceann Comhairle in a general election was introduced by a constitutional amendment in 1927. The position of Ceann Comhairle was retained when the Constitution of Ireland was adopted in 1937, the use of secret ballot commenced in 2016. This list includes the constituencies and political affiliation of each Ceann Comhairle as well as the number of their Dáil Éireann, the Leas-Cheann Comhairle holds office as the Deputy Chairman of Dáil Éireann under Article 15.9.1 of the Constitution. In the absence of the Ceann Comhairle, the Leas-Cheann Comhairle deputises, the current Leas-Cheann Comhairle is Fianna Fáil TD Pat the Cope Gallagher, since 6 July 2016. By tradition, the position is reserved for the Opposition, the role carries the same pay and the same status as that of a Minister of State. Cathaoirleach Politics of the Republic of Ireland History of the Republic of Ireland Dáil Éireann Dáil Éireann Speaker of the Northern Ireland Assembly OConnor, Tom, OHalloran, Politics in a Changing Ireland 1960–2007, A Tribute to Seamus Pattison
27.
Constance Markievicz
–
Constance Georgine Markievicz, known as Countess Markievicz was an Irish Sinn Féin and Fianna Fáil politician, revolutionary nationalist, suffragette and socialist. In December 1918, she was the first woman elected to the British House of Commons, though she did not take her seat and, along with the other Sinn Féin TDs and she was also the second woman to hold a cabinet position in the world. During the famine of 1879–80, Sir Henry provided free food for the tenants on his estate at Lissadell House in the north of County Sligo in the north-west of Ireland. Their fathers example inspired in Gore-Booth and her sister, Eva Gore-Booth, a deep concern for working people. The sisters were friends of the poet W. B. Yeats, who visited the family home Lissadell House, and were influenced by his artistic. Yeats wrote a poem, In Memory of Eva Gore-Booth and Con Markiewicz, Eva later became involved in the labour movement and womens suffrage in England, although initially Constance did not share her sisters ideals. Gore-Booth decided to train as a painter, but, at the time, in 1892, she went to study at the Slade School of Art in London. It was at time that Gore-Booth first became politically active. Later she moved to Paris and enrolled at the prestigious Académie Julian where she met her husband, Casimir Markievicz. Markievicz was known in Paris as Count Markievicz, however, the Department of Genealogy in Saint Petersburg said that he was entitled to claim to be a member of the nobility. Markievicz was married, though separated, at the time that they met and she was afterwards known as Countess Markievicz. She gave birth to their daughter, Maeve, at Lissadell in November 1901, the child was raised by her Gore-Booth grandparents and eventually became estranged from her mother. She undertook the role of mother to Stanislas, Casimirs son from his first marriage, the Markieviczes settled in Dublin in 1903 and moved in artistic and literary circles, with Constance gaining a reputation as a landscape painter. This group included the figures of the Gaelic League founded by the future first President of Ireland. Although formally apolitical and concerned with the preservation of the Irish language and culture, at Pursers house, Markievicz met revolutionary patriots Michael Davitt, John OLeary and Maud Gonne. In 1906, Markievicz rented a cottage in the countryside near Dublin, the previous tenant, the poet Padraic Colum, had left behind copies of The Peasant and Sinn Féin. These revolutionary journals promoted independence from British rule, Markievicz read these publications and was propelled into action
28.
Cabinet (government)
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A cabinet is a body of high-ranking state officials, typically consisting of the top leaders of the executive branch. They are usually called ministers, but in some jurisdictions are sometimes called secretaries, in some countries, the cabinet is called Council of Ministers or Government Council or lesser known names such as Federal Council, Inner Council or High Council. These countries may differ in the way that the cabinet is used or established, in some countries, particularly those that use a parliamentary system, the Cabinet collectively decides the governments direction, especially in regard to legislation passed by the parliament. In this way, the President gets opinions and advice in upcoming decisions, instead, it is usually the Head of Government who holds all means of power in his hands and the Cabinet reports to him. In most governments, members of the Cabinet are given the title of minister, in a few governments, as in the case of Mexico, the Philippines, the United Kingdom, and United States, the title of secretary is also used for some Cabinet members. In many countries, a Secretary is a member with an inferior rank to a minister. In some countries attorneys general also sit in the cabinet, while in others this is strictly prohibited as the attorneys general are considered to be part of the judicial branch of government. The size of cabinets varies, although most contain around ten to twenty ministers, researchers have found an inverse correlation between a countrys level of development and cabinet size, on average, the more developed a country is, the smaller is its cabinet. In the United Kingdom and its colonies, cabinets began as smaller sub-groups of the English Privy Council, the term comes from the name for a relatively small and private room used as a study or retreat. The process has repeated itself in recent times, as leaders have felt the need to have a Kitchen Cabinet or sofa government, under the Westminster system, members of the cabinet are Ministers of the Crown who are collectively responsible for all government policy. All ministers, whether senior and in the cabinet or junior ministers, must publicly support the policy of the government, the cabinet may also provide ideas on/if new laws were established, and what they include. Cabinet deliberations are secret and documents dealt with in cabinet are confidential, in theory the prime minister or premier is first among equals. In some countries, the ministers are referred to as spokespersons. A prime ministerial government is a government where the minister is dominant in terms of the executive. As the prime minister is, by definition, a member of a cabinet – this form of government is often a development from cabinet government, in true cabinet government the prime minister is primus inter pares, where prime ministerial government necessitates the crossing of this boundary. An often cited example of ministerial government is the United Kingdom. Thatcher began using bilateral meetings with ministers to determine policy areas using cabinet to simply announce these decisions. Due to the extent of her success, and her control over cabinet positions, despite John Major moving back towards cabinet government, Tony Blair carried on Thatchers approach
29.
Limerick Soviet
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The Limerick Soviet was a self-declared soviet that existed from 15 to 27 April 1919 in County Limerick, Ireland. The soviet ran the city for the period, printed its own money, from January 1919 the Irish War of Independence developed as a guerrilla conflict between the Irish Republican Army, and the British government. On 6 April 1919 the IRA tried to liberate Robert Byrne, in the rescue attempt Constable Martin OBrien was fatally wounded and another policeman was seriously injured. Byrne was also wounded and died later on the same day, in response, on 9 April British Army Brigadier Griffin declared the city to be a Special Military Area, with RIC permits required for all wanting to enter and leave the city as of Monday 14 April. British Army troops and armoured vehicles were deployed in the city, on Sunday 13 April the general strike was called by the citys United Trades and Labour Council, to which Byrne had been a delegate. Running the strike was devolved to a committee that described itself as a soviet as of 14 April. The committee had the example of the Dublin general strike of 1913, a transatlantic air race was being organised from Bawnmore in County Limerick at the same time, but was cancelled. The assembled journalists from England and America took up the story of an Irish soviet, the Trades Council chairman John Cronin was described as the father of the baby Soviet. The general strike was extended to a boycott of the troops, a special strike committee was set up to print their own money, control food prices and publish newspapers. The businesses of the city accepted the strike currency, outside Limerick there was some sympathy in Dublin, but not in the main Irish industrial area around Belfast. The National Union of Railwaymen did not help, liam Cahill argues The soviet attitude to private property was essentially pragmatic. So long as shopkeepers were willing to act under the soviet dictates, there was no practical reason to commandeer their premises
30.
General strike
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A general strike is a strike action in which a substantial proportion of the total labour force in a city, region, or country participates. General strikes are characterised by the participation of workers in a multitude of workplaces, General strikes first occurred in the mid-19th century, and have characterised many historically important strikes. An early predecessor of the strike may have been the secessio plebis in ancient Rome. In the Outline Of History, H. G. Wells recorded the general strike of the plebeians, the plebeians seem to have invented the strike, which now makes its first appearance in history. Wells noted that he made a mean use of their political advantages to grow rich through the national conquests at the expense not only of the defeated enemy. The plebeians, who were expected to obey the laws, but were not allowed to know the laws, were successful, in 450 BC. in a concession resulting from the rebellion of the plebeians, the laws of Rome were written for all to peruse. The general strike action became a feature of the political landscape with the onset of the Industrial Revolution. For the first time in history, large numbers of people were members of the working class, they lived in cities. By the 1830s, when the Chartist movement was at its peak, the first theorist to formulate and popularise the idea of a general strike for the purpose of political reform was the radical pamphleteer William Benbow. On 28 January 1832 Benbow published a pamphlet entitled Grand National Holiday, Benbow began to advocate direct and even violent action for political reform, in particular he advanced his idea for a national holiday and national convention. The striking workers were to support themselves with savings and confiscated parish funds, benbows idea of a Grand National Holiday was adopted by the Chartist Congress of 1839, Benbow having spent time in Manchester during 1838-9 promoting his the cause and his pamphlet. In 1842 the demands for wages and conditions across many different industries finally exploded into the first modern general strike. Instead of being a spontaneous uprising of the masses, the strike was politically motivated and was driven by a hard-headed agenda to win concessions. Probably as much as half of the industrial work force were on strike at its peak - over 500,000 men. The local leadership marshaled a growing working class tradition to politically organise their followers to mount a challenge to the capitalist. The mass abandonment of plantations by black slaves and poor whites during the American Civil War has, controversially, in his classic history Black Reconstruction in America, W. E. B. The trickling streams of fugitives swelled to a flood, once begun, the general strike of black and white went madly and relentlessly on like some great saga. The next large scale strike took place over half a century later in Belgium
31.
Defence of the Realm Act 1914
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The Defence of the Realm Act was passed in the United Kingdom on 8 August 1914, four days after it entered World War I. It gave the government wide-ranging powers during the war period, such as the power to requisition buildings or land needed for the war effort, alcoholic beverages were watered down and pub opening times were restricted to noon–3pm and 6, 30pm–9, 30pm. The law was designed to prevent invasion and to keep morale at home high. It imposed censorship of journalism and of coming home from the front line. The press was subject to controls on reporting troop movements, numbers or any other information that could be exploited by the enemy. People who breached the regulations with intent to assist the enemy could be sentenced to death,10 people were executed under the regulations. Though some provisions of DORA may seem strange, they did have their purposes, flying a kite or lighting a bonfire could attract Zeppelins and, after rationing was introduced in 1917, feeding wild animals was a waste of food. This final Act contained the following, In Canada, the Federal Government passed the War Measures Act in response to outbreak of World War I, similar acts in the United States include the Sedition Act of 1918, and the Espionage Act of 1917. Some of the provisions of the DORA regulations were re-enacted for peacetime emergencies, a modified form of the regulations was also introduced in Ireland by the Restoration of Order in Ireland Act 1920, in an attempt to suppress the Irish War of Independence. At the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939 the United Kingdom again passed a similar Act, regulations made under this Act created two capital offences, while the Treachery Act 1940 created a new capital offence of assisting the enemy. Although non-combatant, the Irish state also passed an Emergency Powers Act 1939, munitions of War Act 1915 War pigeon Open Library - August 1918 edition of Defence of the Realm Manual
32.
Limerick
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Limerick is a city in county Limerick, Ireland. It is located in the Mid-West Region and is part of the province of Munster. Limerick City and County Council is the authority for the city. The city lies on the River Shannon, with the core of the city located on Kings Island, which is bounded by the Shannon. Limerick is also located at the head of the Shannon Estuary where the river widens before it flows into the Atlantic Ocean. With a population of 95,854, Limerick is the third most populous area in the state. There are 102,161 people living in the Limerick City Metropolitan District, on 1 June 2014 following the merger of Limerick City and County Council a new Metropolitan District of Limerick was formed within the united council which extended the city area. The Metropolitan District includes the city area and extends outwards towards Patrickswell in the west. The City Metropolitan Area however excludes city suburbs located within County Clare, when included this increases the overall city and metropolitan area by a further 5,000 with a combined total population of 107,161. Limerick is one of the constituent cities of the Cork–Limerick–Galway corridor which has a population of 1 million people and it is located at a strategic position on the River Shannon with four main crossing points near the city centre. To the south of the city is the Golden Vale, an area of rich pastureland, historically, much of the citys industry was based on this rich agricultural hinterland and it is particularly noted for Limerick Ham. Luimneach originally referred to the area along the banks of the Shannon Estuary known as Loch Luimnigh. The earliest settlement in the city, Inis Sibhtonn, was the name for Kings Island during the pre-Viking and Viking eras. This island was also called Inis an Ghaill Duibh, The Dark- Foreigners Island, the name is recorded in Viking sources as Hlymrekr. Antiquitys map-maker, Ptolemy, produced in 150 the earliest map of Ireland, history also records an important battle involving Cormac mac Airt in 221 and a visit by St. Patrick in 434 to baptise an Eóganachta king, Carthann the Fair. Saint Munchin, the first bishop of Limerick died in 652, in 812 the Vikings sailed up the Shannon and pillaged the city, burned the monastery of Mungret but were forced to flee when the Irish attacked and killed many of their number. The Normans redesigned the city in the 12th century and added much of the most notable architecture, such as King Johns Castle, one of the kingdoms most notable kings was Brian Boru, ancestor of the OBrien Clan of Dalcassians. The word Thomond is synonymous with the region and is retained in place such as Thomondgate
33.
Dublin
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Dublin is the capital and largest city of Ireland. Dublin is in the province of Leinster on Irelands east coast, the city has an urban area population of 1,345,402. The population of the Greater Dublin Area, as of 2016, was 1,904,806 people, founded as a Viking settlement, the Kingdom of Dublin became Irelands principal city following the Norman invasion. The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century and was briefly the second largest city in the British Empire before the Acts of Union in 1800, following the partition of Ireland in 1922, Dublin became the capital of the Irish Free State, later renamed Ireland. Dublin is administered by a City Council, the city is listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network as a global city, with a ranking of Alpha-, which places it amongst the top thirty cities in the world. It is a historical and contemporary centre for education, the arts, administration, economy, the name Dublin comes from the Irish word Dubhlinn, early Classical Irish Dubhlind/Duibhlind, dubh /d̪uβ/, alt. /d̪uw/, alt /d̪u, / meaning black, dark, and lind /lʲiɲ pool and this tidal pool was located where the River Poddle entered the Liffey, on the site of the castle gardens at the rear of Dublin Castle. In Modern Irish the name is Duibhlinn, and Irish rhymes from Dublin County show that in Dublin Leinster Irish it was pronounced Duílinn /d̪ˠi, other localities in Ireland also bear the name Duibhlinn, variously anglicized as Devlin, Divlin and Difflin. Historically, scribes using the Gaelic script wrote bh with a dot over the b and those without knowledge of Irish omitted the dot, spelling the name as Dublin. Variations on the name are found in traditionally Irish-speaking areas of Scotland, such as An Linne Dhubh. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. Baile Átha Cliath, meaning town of the ford, is the common name for the city in modern Irish. Áth Cliath is a name referring to a fording point of the River Liffey near Father Mathew Bridge. Baile Átha Cliath was an early Christian monastery, believed to have been in the area of Aungier Street, there are other towns of the same name, such as Àth Cliath in East Ayrshire, Scotland, which is Anglicised as Hurlford. Although the area of Dublin Bay has been inhabited by humans since prehistoric times and he called the settlement Eblana polis. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. The subsequent Scandinavian settlement centred on the River Poddle, a tributary of the Liffey in an area now known as Wood Quay, the Dubhlinn was a small lake used to moor ships, the Poddle connected the lake with the Liffey. This lake was covered during the early 18th century as the city grew, the Dubhlinn lay where the Castle Garden is now located, opposite the Chester Beatty Library in Dublin Castle
34.
Dan Breen
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Daniel Dan Breen was a volunteer in the Irish Republican Army during the Irish War of Independence and the Irish Civil War. In later years, he was a Fianna Fáil politician, Dan Breen was born in Grange, Donohill parish, County Tipperary. His father died when Dan was six, leaving them very poor and he was educated locally before becoming a plasterer, and later a linesman on the Great Southern Railways. Breen was sworn into the Irish Republican Brotherhood in 1912 and the Irish Volunteers in 1914, on 21 January 1919, the day the First Dáil met in Dublin, Breen, who described himself as a soldier first and foremost took part in the Soloheadbeg Ambush. The ambush party of eight men, led by Séamus Robinson, the two policemen, James McDonnell and Patrick O’Connell, were fatally shot during the incident. The ambush is considered to be the first incident of the Irish War of Independence, Breen later recalled. we took the action deliberately, having thought over the matter and talked it over between us. The only regret that we had following the ambush was that there were two policemen in it, instead of the six we had expected. During the conflict, the British put a £1,000 price on Breens head and he quickly established himself as a leader within the Irish Republican Army. He was known for his courage, on 13 May 1919 he helped rescue his comrade Seán Hogan at gunpoint from a heavily guarded train at Knocklong station in County Limerick. Breen, who was wounded, remembered how the battalion was vehemently denounced as a cold-blooded assassins, after the fight, Seán Treacy, Séamus Robinson and Breen met Collins in Dublin, where they were told to make themselves scarce. They agreed they would fight it out, of course and he and Sean Treacy shot their way out through a British military cordon in the northern suburb of Drumcondra. They escaped, only for Treacy to be killed the next day, Breen was shot at least four times, twice in the lung. The British reaction was to make Tipperary a Special Military Area, with curfews, volunteer GHQ authorised entrerprising attacks on barracks. Richard Mulcahy noted that British policy had pushed rather turbulent spirits such as Breen, the inculcation of the principles of guerrilla warfare was to become an essential part of all training. They joined Michael Collins Squad of assassins, later known as the Dublin Guard, and Dublin was the centre of the war. Breen was present in December 1919 at the ambush in Ashtown beside Phoenix Park in Dublin where Martin Savage was killed trying to assassinate the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. The IRA hid behind hedges and a dungheap as the convoy of vehicles came past and they had been instructed to ignore the first car, but this contained their target, Lord French. Their roadblock failed as a policeman removed the horse and cart intended to stop the car, in the June 1922 elections Breen was nominated as a candidate by both the pro- and anti-Treaty sides, but was not elected
35.
Knocklong
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Knocklong is a small village situated in County Limerick, Ireland, located on the main Limerick to Mitchelstown to Cork road. The 2011 census statistics for Knocklong counts 122 males,143 females,128 households and 21 vacant households, Knocklong was originally known as Druim Damhghaire, the Ridge of the Oxen, but takes its present title from Cnoc Luinge, the Hill of the Encampment. King Cormac mac Airt set up his camp on this hill when he invaded Munster during the third century. The King of Munster consulted a Druid, Mug Ruith, who used his powers to help the Munster men to defeat Cormacs forces in a legendary battle said to have taken place about 250 A. D. Four centuries later, about 650, a significant fight took place here when Dioma, King of Thomond. This historic battle secured Clare for the Dalcassians so Cnoc Luinge may derive its present name from an encampment of the seventh century rather than the third century. Cnoc Luinge has also translated as the Hill of the Ships. Another version says that there was once a lake from Emly village in County Tipperary to the hill of Knocklong, although it is a small village, Knocklong played a role in modern Irish history. It is most famous for the rescue of Seán Hogan which took place at the station in Knocklong during the War of Independence on 13 May 1919. Hogan was being transported by train to Cork, and the men, led by Treacy, a close-range shoot-out followed on the train. Treacy and Breen were seriously wounded in the gun fight, two died, but Hogan was rescued. He was spirited away to Knocklong village, where his handcuffs were cleaved by Séan Lynch, one of the rescuers and that train station no longer exists. The rescue at Knocklong is commemorated in the song The Station of Knocklong, ned Foley was later arrested and executed for his part in the rescue along with Patrick Maher, a volunteer from Limerick, who had no involvement in the rescue at Knocklong. Knocklong is steeped in tradition and the Gaelic Athletic Association plays a role in the community. The village has many of its residents over the years succeed in winning titles with both their club Garryspillane, The Bouncers, and with their colleges and county team Limerick. In 2005, the club won their first ever Senior Hurling Title, william Coffey, Victoria Cross-winning soldier T. J. Ryan Historic Graves - The Hill of Knocklong Graveyard Notes Sources Michael J. Carroll, archived from the original on June 21,2008
36.
County Limerick
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County Limerick is a county in Ireland. It is located in the province of Munster, and is part of the Mid-West Region. It is named after the city of Limerick, Limerick City and County Council is the local council for the county. The countys population at the 2016 census is 195,175 of which 58,319 live in Limerick City, Limerick borders four other counties, Kerry to the west, Clare to the north, Tipperary to the east and Cork to the south. It is the fifth largest of Munsters six counties in size, the River Shannon flows through the city of Limerick into the Atlantic Ocean at the north of the county. Below the city, the waterway is known as the Shannon Estuary, because the estuary is shallow, the countys most important port is several kilometres west of the city, at Foynes. Limerick City is the county town and is also Irelands third largest city and it also serves as a regional centre for the greater Mid-West Region. Newcastle West, Killmallock & Abbeyfeale are other important towns in the county, there are fourteen historic baronies in the county. While baronies continue to be officially defined units, they are no longer used for administrative purposes. Their official status is illustrated by Placenames Orders made since 2003, the highest point in the county is located in its south-east corner at Galtymore, which separates Limerick from County Tipperary. The county is not a simply a plain, its topography consists of hills, the eastern part of the county is part of the Golden Vale, which is well known for dairy produce and consists of rolling low hills. This gives way to flat land around the centre of the county. Towards the west, the Mullaghareirk Mountains push across the county offering extensive views east over the county, tributaries of the Shannon drainage basin located in the county include the rivers Mulkear, Loobagh, Maigue, Camogue, Morning Star, Deel, and the Feale. It is thought that humans had established themselves in the Lough Gur area of the county as early as 3000 BC, the arrival of the Celts around 400 BC brought about the division of the county into petty kingdoms or túatha. The OBriens retained their power until late in the 1100s. The ancestors of both Michael Collins and the famous OConnells of Derrynane were also among the septs of the Uí Fidgenti. As the Ui Fidgenti were the clan in the Limerick after 400 a. d. the Uí Fidgenti still made a substantial contribution to the population of the central. Their capital was Dún Eochair, the earthworks of which still remain and can be found close to the modern town of Bruree
37.
Ballinrobe
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Ballinrobe is a town in County Mayo in Ireland. It is located on the River Robe, which empties into Lough Mask two kilometres to the west, the population in the 2011 Census was 3,682. Dating back to 1390, Ballinrobe is said to be the oldest town in Mayo, the registry of the Dominican friary of Athenry mentions the monastery de Roba, an Augustinian friary whose restored ruins are one of the landmarks of the town today. The District Courtroom is housed in the old Market House, a centre for local produce established in 1752. Its development into an important economic centre was due to a Royal Patent granted to the people of Ballinrobe on 6 December 1606 by King James and this allowed the town to hold fairs and markets. Obtaining a market charter was an important step in the development of a town. The town became the largest and most important in the area, Market day in Ballinrobe was Monday. Each commodity had its place in the town. There were special livestock fairs held at different times of the year for pigs, cattle, perishable goods such as butter, meat, and bread were sold in the lower part of the Market Hall. The upper floor was used as a meeting hall, in 1698, it was the site of a Commission of Inquiry which among other things, relocated property from Catholic to Protestant landlords. In 1716, the County Assizes were held in Ballinrobe, most likely in the Market Hall, Ballinrobe Chronicle was the local newspaper published from 1866–1903. On 17 May 1919 the first of the law courts were set up in Ballinrobe. The first court under the authority of the Dail sat at Ballinrobe. Cranmore House was built in 1838 by Alexander Clendining Lambert who was an agent of the Knox family and he leased the land on which the house was built from Colonel Charles Nesbit Knox of Castle Lack, County Mayo. It is now a ruin, having had its roof removed in 1960, Moore Hall was the house and estate of George Henry Moore and family, is situated six miles north of Ballinrobe. The Moores were an aristocratic Irish family who built Moore Hall between 1792 and 1795, the ruin of the house is not open to the public due to its poor condition, but, there are forest walks, and fishing on Lough Carra. Bunadober Mill is located off the Ballinrobe/Clonbur road close to Cairn Daithi and is the site of a horizontal mill. The surrounding area was once titled Bun an dTobar, the water flowing here arrives by an underground river
38.
County Mayo
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County Mayo is a county in Ireland. In the West of Ireland, it is part of the province of Connacht and is named after the village of Mayo, Mayo County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county was 130,638 at the 2011 census, the boundaries of the county, which was formed in 1585, reflect the Mac William Íochtar lordship at that time. It is bounded on the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean, to the south by County Galway, the east by County Roscommon, Mayo is the third-largest of Irelands 32 counties in area and 15th largest in terms of population. It is the second-largest of Connacht’s five counties in size and population. There is a distinct difference between the west and the east of the county. The west consists largely of poor subsoils and is covered with areas of extensive Atlantic blanket bog. Agricultural land is more productive in the east than in the west. As a county council, it is governed by the Local Government Act 2001, the County is divided into four municipal areas Castlebar, Ballina, Claremorris and West. The council is responsible for housing and community, roads and transportation, urban planning and development, amenity and culture, the county town is at Áras an Contae in Castlebar the main population centre located in the centre of the county. For national elections half of the Claremorris Municipal District is in Galway West, murrisk south west containing Westport, Louisburgh, Croagh Patrick etc. These are followed by Westport, which has 5,543 residents and Claremorris, a survey of the terrestrial and freshwater algae of Clare Island was made between 1990 and 2005 and published in 2007. A record of Gunnera tinctoria is also noted, consultants working for the Corrib gas project have carried out extensive surveys of wildlife flora and fauna in Kilcommon Parish, Erris between 2002 and 2009. This information is published in the Corrib Gas Proposal Environmental impact statements 2009 and 2010, County Mayo has a long history and prehistory. At Belderrig on the north Mayo coast, there is evidence for Mesolithic communities around 4500 cal, BC. while throughout the county there is a wealth of archaeological remains from the Neolithic period, particularly in terms of megalithic tombs and ritual stone circles. The first people who came to Ireland – mainly to areas as the interior was heavily forested – arrived during the Middle Stone Age. Artefacts of hunter/gatherers are sometimes found in middens, rubbish pits around hearths where people would have rested and cooked over open fires. Once cliffs erode, midden-remains become exposed as blackened areas containing charred stones, bones and they are usually found a metre below the surface
