1.
Bo McMillin
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Alvin Nugent McMillin was an American football player and coach at the collegiate and professional level. He played football at Centre College in Danville, Kentucky, where he was a three-time All-American at quarterback, McMillin was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a player as part of its inaugural 1951 class. He was the football coach at Centenary College of Louisiana, Geneva College, Kansas State University and Indiana University. In 1945, he led Indiana to its first Big Ten Conference title and was named AFCA Coach of the Year, after graduating from Centre, McMillin played professionally with the Milwaukee Badgers and Cleveland Indians—two early National Football League teams—in 1922 and 1923. He later returned to the NFL, coaching the Detroit Lions from 1948 to 1950, McMillins career NFL coaching mark was 14–24. McMillin was born on January 12,1895 to Reuben Thomas McMillin and Martha Buchanan Reilly in Prairie Hill, Limestone County, the family moved in 1897 to Waco and in 1901 to Fort Worth. McMillins father was a meat packer, as a child, Bo was known to pick fights, but was also known all his life as one who never drunk nor smoked nor swore. He spoke with a distinctive Texas drawl and he played football as a running back at North Side High School in Fort Worth and Somerset High School in Somerset, Kentucky. At North Side, he played with Red Weaver and was coached by Robert L. Myers, sully Montgomery, Matty Bell, Bill James and Bob Mathias also attended North Side. By the ninth grade, McMillin had reached his full growth at 5 feet 9 inches and 165 pounds, Myers obtained the coaching job at his alma mater, Centre College, and brought all the above-named players with him. McMillin and Weaver did not have sufficient high-school credits to enter college and enrolled at Somerset High School for the 1916-17 year, ive got a boy under my wing down here in Texas whos a football-playing fool and I want him to go to Centre. Id like for you to get him in a school up there. Wrote Myers to a man in Somerset, McMillin began his collegiate career at Centre College in Kentucky. McMillin was a student who supported himself by gambling and liked to play football. McMillin failed all his courses during his year, eventually receiving his A. B. degree from Centre in 1937 with credit for military service. According to McMillin, he initially left Centre with $3,500 in debt and he was a Hall-of-Fame, three-time All-American, triple-threat quarterback on the Centre Colonels football team under head coaches Chief Meyers and Charley Moran. McMillin was the quarterback on Centres all-time football team which was chosen in 1935 and he was nominated for the Associated Press All-Time Southeast 1869-1919-era team. In McMillins day of iron man football, he was also a safety man on defense and he began playing football at Centre in 1917, making an impact as a freshman when his 17-yard drop kick defeated the rival Kentucky Wildcats 3–0
2.
1921 Vanderbilt Commodores football team
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The 1921 Vanderbilt Commodores football team was an American football team representing Vanderbilt University during the 1921 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. It was Dan McGugins 17th season as coach, and Wallace Wades first season as assistant coach. Vanderbilt outscored its opponents 161–21 for a record of 7–0–1 and a share of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association championship, the teams leading scorer was halfback Rupert Smith and its captain was Pink Wade, father of future Vanderbilt star Bill Wade. The Commodores played their games at Dudley Field. The season included the first of a series with the Texas Longhorns at the Texas State Fair. It also featured the first time the Kentucky Wildcats were able to score on the Commodores, Vanderbilt tied the Georgia Bulldogs on an onside kick to win a share of the conference title. Vanderbilt was the undefeated contender, and selector Clyde Berryman retroactively awarded the Commodores a national championship. 1921 was Wallace Wades first year as a assistant coach for the Commodores. Wade had played guard on a Brown Bruins football team represented the East in the 1916 Rose Bowl. Before coming to Vanderbilt Wade coached at the Fitzgerald & Clarke School in Tullahoma, Tennessee, also moving from Fitzgerald & Clarke were Lynn Bomar, Hek Wakefield, Pos Elam, and Red Williams. Other Commodore players debuting on the team included Putty Overall and Rupe Smith, returning veterans included Neely, Frank Godchaux, Doc Kuhn, Tot McCullough, Pink Wade, Alvin Bell, Alf Sharpe, and Percy Conyers. Godchaux was the first player to follow in his fathers footsteps as a Vanderbilt football player, captain Pink Wade, father of future Vanderbilt quarterback Bill Wade, moved from fullback to guard. Tackle Tex Bradford had played for Texas Christian University for two years, after sitting out a year at Vanderbilt, he was eligible to play for the Commodores. According to sportswriter Ferguson Fuzzy Woodruff, While prospects seem fair to middling in most of the big southern colleges, Dan McGugin expects nothing of Vanderbilt this year. Dan has lost Berryhill, his only reliable backfield man, through the matrimonial route, coach Dan McGugin was elected to the Tennessee state senate, beginning his term in 1921. Vanderbilt opened the season at Old Dudley Field against the Middle Tennessee State Normal School of Murfreesboro, Normal was coached by Alfred B. Commodore touchdowns were scored by Tot McCullough, Thomas Ryan, Rupert Smith, Percy Conyers, two extra points were scored by Smith, and one by Bell. During the game, Vanderbilt began using substitutes, the Commodore, Vanderbilts yearbook, reported on the passing game, Practically the only thing of note was the aerial efficiency—Kuhn to Ryan and Kuhn to McCullough
3.
Andy Smith (American football)
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Andrew Latham Andy Smith was an American football player and coach. He served as the football coach at the University of Pennsylvania, Purdue University. As head coach of the California Golden Bears football program, Smith guided his Wonder Teams to a record of 74–16–7, captured five Pacific Coast Conference titles, Smith was the winningest football coach in school history until he was surpassed by Jeff Tedford in 2011. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1951, andrew Latham Smith was born in Dubois, Pennsylvania on September 10,1883. As a freshman, he played for Penn State as a fullback and he shined at his position, both fearless and dominating on the field. In two years, he was convinced to transfer to Pennsylvania, then a superior program, There, in his senior season of 1904, he was named first-team All America for the national champion Quakers. After college, he entered the workforce with a degree in chemistry, however, he returned to Penn in 1905 as the coach of the freshmen team and in 1909, when he was 26, he became the head coach of Penn. During the next four years he led Penn with a record of 30 wins,10 losses and 3 ties, following this success he switched to Purdue where during the next four years he went 12–6–3. The University of California had fielded a football team since 1886. However, in 1906 it began playing rugby instead of football and this was because by that time football became considered as dangerous sport that could lead to serious injuries. California switched back to football in 1915, this was due to the fact that by that time rule changes made the game considerably safer. Due to his reputation, Smith was recruited to come out west, in 1916, his first year at Cal, Smith posted 6 wins,4 losses and 3 ties. In 1918, Cal won its first Pacific Coast Conference championship, also in 1918 Smith hired future Cal football and basketball head coach Clarence Nibs Price as his assistant. Price had a southern California connection and was able to recruit key players to the team including Harold Brick Muller, the 1919 freshmen team went 11-1 and became the core of next years varsity squad, to be known as the Wonder Team. The 1920 Golden Bears team won all 9 games, outscored their opponents,510 to 14, the NCAA has officially recognized them as the national champion of that season, the first from the Pacific Coast. The Wonder Team at California in 1920 changed the picture of Western football. Next year the 1921 Golden Bears also finished undefeated and were invited to play in the Rose Bowl. Eventually Smith agreed to the match, with California being the overwhelming favorite, the match went nothing like it was expected
4.
Grantland Rice
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Henry Grantland Rice was an early 20th-century American sportswriter known for his elegant prose. His writing was published in newspapers around the country and broadcast on the radio, Grantland Rice was born in Murfreesboro, Tennessee, the son of Bolling Hendon Rice, a cotton dealer, and his wife, Mary Beulah Rice. His grandfather Major H. W. Rice was a Confederate veteran of the Civil War, on the football team, he lettered in the year of 1899 as an end and averaged two injuries a year. On the baseball team, he was captain in 1901, Vanderbilt coach Dan McGugin in Spaldings Football Guides summation of the season in the SIAA wrote, The standing. First, Vanderbilt, second, Sewanee, a mighty good second, Rice coached the 1908 Vanderbilt baseball team. After taking early jobs with the Atlanta Journal and the Cleveland News, the job at the Tennessean was given to him by former Sewanee Tigers coach Billy Suter, who coached baseball teams against which Rice played while at Vanderbilt. Afterwards he obtained a series of jobs with major newspapers in the Northeastern United States. In 1914 he began his Sportlight column in the New York Tribune and he also provided monthly Grantland Rice Sportlights as part of Paramount newsreels from 1925–1954. In dramatic lore they are known as famine, pestilence, destruction and their real names are, Stuhldreher, Miller, Crowley and Layden. The passage added great import to the event described and elevated it to a level far beyond that of a football game. He became even better known after his columns were nationally syndicated beginning in 1930 and he and his writing are among the reasons that the 1920s in the United States are sometimes referred to as the Golden Age of Sports. Rices all-time All-America backfield was Jim Thorpe, Red Grange, Ken Strong and his sense of honor can be seen in his own actions. Before leaving for service in World War I, he entrusted his entire fortune, about $75,000, on his return from the war, Rice discovered that his friend had lost all the money in bad investments, and then had committed suicide. Rice accepted the blame for putting “that much temptation” in his friends way, Rice then made monthly contributions to the man’s widow throughout his life. Appleton and Company of New York, Rice married Fannie Katherine Hollis on April 11,1906, they had one child, the actress Florence Rice. Rice died at the age 73 on July 13,1954 and he is interred at Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York City. For when the One Great Scorer comes To mark against your name, He writes – not that you won or lost – But how you played the Game. The loafer has no come-back and the quitter no reply, When the Anvil Chorus echoes, as it will, against the sky, But there’s one quick answer ready that will wrap them in a hood, Make good
5.
Forward pass
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In several forms of football a forward pass is a throwing of the ball in the direction that the offensive team is trying to move, towards the defensive teams goal line. In some football codes, such as football, the kicked forward pass is used so ubiquitously that it is not thought of as a distinct kind of play at all. In these sports, the concept of offside is used to regulate who can be in front of the play or be nearest to the goal, however, this has not always been the case. Some earlier incarnations of football allowed unlimited forward passing, while others had strict offside rules similar to rugby, the development of the forward pass in American football shows how the game has evolved from its rugby roots into the distinctive game it is today. Illegal and experimental forward passes had been attempted as early as 1876, another change in rules occurred on January 18,1951, which established that no center, tackle, or guard could receive a forward pass. Today, the only linemen who can receive a forward pass are the ends, current rules regulate who may throw and who may receive a forward pass, and under what circumstances, as well as how the defensive team may try to prevent a pass from being completed. In American and Canadian football, a pass, usually referred to simply as a pass. This is permitted only once during a scrimmage down by the team before team possession has changed, provided the pass is thrown from in or behind the neutral zone. An illegal forward pass can incur a penalty and the loss of a down, although it may be legally intercepted by the opponents. If an eligible receiver on the passing team legally catches the ball, the pass is completed, if an opposing player legally catches the ball it is an interception. That players team immediately gains possession of the ball and he may attempt to advance the ball toward his opponents goal, if no player is able to legally catch the ball it is an incomplete pass and the ball becomes dead the moment it touches the ground. It will then be returned to the line of scrimmage for the next down. If any player interferes with an eligible receivers ability to catch the ball it is pass interference which draws a penalty of varying degree. The person passing the ball must be a member of the team. The moment that a forward pass begins is important to the game, the pass begins the moment the passers arm begins to move forward. If the passer drops the ball before this moment it is a fumble, in this case anybody can gain possession of the ball before or after it touches the ground. If the passer drops the ball while his arm is moving forward it is a pass, regardless of where the ball lands or is first touched. The quarterback generally either starts a few paces behind the line of scrimmage or drops back a few paces after the ball is snapped
6.
California State University, Fresno
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California State University, Fresno is a public research university and one of 23 campuses within the California State University system. The city of Fresno is the fifth largest city in California, the university is within an hours drive of many mountain and lake resorts and within a three-hour drive of both Los Angeles and San Francisco. The university has a Fall 2016 enrollment of 24,405 students and it offers bachelors degrees in 60 areas of study,45 masters degrees,3 doctoral degrees,12 certificates of advanced study, and 2 different teaching credentials. The universitys unique facilities include a planetarium, on-campus raisin and wine grape vineyards, and a commercial winery. Members of Fresno States nationally ranked Top 10 Equestrian Team have the option of housing their horses on campus, Fresno State has a 50, 000-square-foot Student Recreation Center and the third-largest library, in terms of square footage, in the California State University system. Fresno State was founded as the Fresno State Normal School in 1911 with Charles Lourie McLane as its first president, the original campus was what is now Fresno City College. In 1956, Fresno State moved its campus to its present location in the northeast part of the city and it became Fresno State College in 1949, when it was authorized to grant bachelors degrees. It became an institution of the California State University System in 1961. In 1972 the name was changed to California State University. The greater campus extends from Bulldog Stadium on the west boundary to the Save Mart Center and, Maya Theater, Campus Pointe, vineyards and orchards designate the northern boundary of the campus, while Shaw Avenue designates the southern edge. The 388 acres main campus features more than 46 traditional and modern buildings and it is considered one of the most modern and best equipped agricultural facilities in the West. Fresno State was officially designated as an arboretum in 1979 and now has more than 4,000 trees on campus, Fresno State operates the first university-based commercial winery in the United States. The Henry Madden Library is a resource for recorded knowledge and information supporting the teaching, research. Because of its size and depth, it is an important community and regional resource, the library recently underwent a $105 million renovation that was completed February 2009. The library held its opening on February 19,2009 and is now home to a variety of book collections. The library houses 1,000,000 books in its 327,920 sq ft, the library is home to the largest installation of compact shelving on any single floor in the United States. The shelves amount to over 20 miles in length and it is currently the third largest library in the CSU system, and among the top ten largest in the CSU system based on the number of volumes. It also is the largest academic building on the Fresno State campus, the five-story building features seating areas for almost 4,000 people, group study rooms, wireless access and a Starbucks
7.
Nebraska Cornhuskers football
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The Nebraska Cornhuskers football team represents the University of Nebraska–Lincoln. Among the 128 Division I-A teams, Nebraska is one of ten programs to win 800 or more games. Nebraska has more victories against Power Five opponents than any program, as well as the third most victories all-time, behind only Michigan. Nebraska also has the most wins and the highest winning percentage of any program over the last 50 years, ESPN ranks two undefeated Nebraska squads, the 1971 team and the 1995 team, among the top three teams in college football history. Nebraska claims 46 conference championships and five championships,1970,1971,1994,1995. The titles in the 1990s marked the first time that a team won three championships in four seasons since the Notre Dame Fighting Irish in 1946–1949. Also, the 2011–2012 Alabama Crimson Tide, the 1994–1995 Nebraska Cornhuskers, Nebraska also has had five undefeated seasons in which they were not the national champions,1902,1903,1913,1914, and 1915. Between 1912 and 1916, a 34-game unbeaten streak was recorded by head coach Ewald O. Stiehm, famous Cornhuskers include Heisman Trophy winners Johnny Rodgers, Mike Rozier, and Eric Crouch. Rodgers was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame and for the new millennium he was voted the teams Player of the Century, Rozier was likewise inducted into the hall in 2006. Bible, Bob Devaney, Biff Jones, Tom Osborne, Eddie Robbie Robinson, on June 11,2010, Nebraska ended the universitys affiliation with the Big 12 Conference and joined the Big Ten Conference beginning in the 2011 season. The Huskers team began its history as the Old Gold Knights, the name Cornhuskers first appeared in the school newspaper as We Have Met The Cornhuskers And They Are Ours referring to a 20–18 upset victory over Iowa in 1893. The term Cornhuskers was referring to Iowa in that instance, in 1899, Cy Sherman was the first person to refer to the Nebraska football team as the Cornhuskers and the team has used that name since 1900. Nebraska football began play in 1890 with a 10–0 victory over the Omaha YMCA on Thanksgiving Day, the football program started strong and experienced success from the very beginning, going twenty-eight years straight with only a single losing season. Until the 1–7–1 losing season in 1899 in coach A. Edwin Branchs only year at the helm, george Flippin was the first African-American athlete at Nebraska and only the fifth black athlete at a predominantly white university. Because of Flippins presence on the roster, Missouri refused to play a game with Nebraska at Omaha in 1892. The result was a 1–0 forfeit, Nebraskas 4th coach, Frank Crawford was the first paid head football coach at Nebraska. Eddie Robbie Robinson and Fielding H. Yost, the sixth and seventh head coaches, were the earliest Nebraska coaches to eventually be inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame. Booth was the programs 9th leader, and had the second-best career record spanning more than a year during this era and his 1902 team went undefeated, untied and unscored upon
8.
San Diego State University
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San Diego State University is a public research university in San Diego, California, and is the largest and oldest higher education institution in San Diego County. Founded in 1897 as San Diego Normal School, it is the third-oldest university in the 23-member California State University, SDSU has a Fall 2016 student body of 34,688 and an alumni base of more than 280,000. The Carnegie Foundation has designated San Diego State University a Doctoral University with Higher Research Activity, in the 2015–16 fiscal year, the university obtained $130 million in public and private funding—a total of 707 awards—up from $120.6 million the previous fiscal year. SDSU sponsors the second highest number of Fulbright Scholars in the State of California, since 2005, the university has produced over 65 Fulbright student scholars. The university generates over $2.4 billion annually for the San Diego economy, while 60 percent of SDSU graduates remain in San Diego, making SDSU a primary educator of the regions work force. Established on March 13,1897, San Diego State University first began as the San Diego Normal School and it was located on a 17-acre campus on Park Boulevard in University Heights. It opened with seven faculty members and 91 students, the curriculum was limited to English, history. In 1923, the San Diego Normal School became San Diego State Teachers College, by the 1930s the school had outgrown its original campus. In 1931 it moved to its current location on a mesa at what was then the edge of San Diego. In 1935, the school expanded its offerings beyond teacher education, in 1960, San Diego State College became a part of the California State Colleges system, now known as The California State University. Finally in 1972 San Diego State College became California State University, San Diego, John F. Kennedy, then the President of the United States of America, gave the graduation commencement address at San Diego State University on June 6,1963. Kennedy was given a doctorate degree in law at the ceremony. In 1964, this event was registered as California Historical Landmark #798, on May 29,1964, civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. addressed a near-capacity audience in the Open Air Theater. King discussed his vision for the future and called for the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, in April 2012, his Holiness the XIV Dalai Lama spoke at SDSUs Viejas Arena as part of his Compassion Without Borders tour. SDSU has had 10 presidents, two of whom served in an acting capacity, several structures on the campus are named in past presidents honor, such as Hardy Tower, Hepner Hall, and the Malcolm A. In March 2017 President Hirshman announced his intention to resign June 30,2017, samuel T. Black Edward L. Hardy Walter R. Hepner Malcolm A. Love Donald E. Walker Brage Golding Trevor Colbourn Thomas B, SDSU also offers 26 different teaching credentials. The university offers doctoral degrees than any other campus in the entire California State University
9.
San Diego State Aztecs football
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The San Diego State Aztecs football team represents San Diego State University in the sport of American football. The Aztecs compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision of the National Collegiate Athletics Association and they play their homes games at Qualcomm Stadium and are currently coached by Rocky Long. They have won conference championships and three national championships at the small college division. They were scheduled to become a member of the Big East Conference in July 2013, but on January 17. San Diego State University was originally two separate schools, San Diego Normal School had school colors of white and gold. San Diego Junior College had school colors of blue and gold and they decided to merge schools in 1921 to form San Diego State College. The first school colors of SDSC were blue, white and gold, during the 1921 school year they had their first football game. The central athletic figure at San Diego State at the time was Charles E. Peterson and he had originally been appointed in 1916 as a physical education instructor. After serving in World War I, President Hardy prevailed upon him to return, initially, Peterson taught all the mens physical education classes and coached all the intercollegiate teams. After the athletic teams were established in 1921, media referred to the teams as Staters or professors, the school newspaper tried to encourage Wampus Cats during its coverage of the 1923–24 school year. In the fall of 1924, Athletic Director C. E. Peterson urged the students to select a nickname and the school newspaper, The Paper Lantern, invited suggestions. Over the next few issues, names such as Panthers, Balboans and Thoroughbreds were suggested and submitted to a committee of Dean Al Peterson, C. E. Peterson, in 1925, student leaders chose the nickname Aztecs over such other suggestions as Balboans. They felt the terminology was more representative of a southwest image, in February 1925, President Hardy gave his formal approval to the Aztec nickname and teams adopted that identity within a week. Purple and gold were adopted for the 1922–23 term but this became a problem because the colors were the same as St. Augustine High School and it didnt go over very well when one couldnt tell the difference between an Aztec lettermans sweater and a high school sweater. Also, purple and gold were the colors of Whittier College, not to mention the fact that manufacturers of Aztec merchandise in that era refused to guarantee the color fastness of San Diego States purple hues. That was followed by two days of voting the following month where students were to decide between Scarlet and Black and the colors, Purple and Gold. On January 19,1928 the tally was 346–201 in favor of Scarlet and Black, Don Coryell became the SDSC head coach in 1961, while in the California Collegiate Athletic Association. He led the Aztecs to two small college undefeated seasons in 1966 and 1968 and from the College Division to the University Division in 1969, San Diego State was a charter member of the Pacific Coast Athletic Association, which was founded on July 1,1969
10.
Harvard Crimson football
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The Harvard Crimson football program represents Harvard University in college football at the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision. Harvards football program is one of the oldest in the world, Harvard is the eighth winningest team in NCAA Division I football history. The Harvard Crimson was one of the dominant forces in the days of intercollegiate football. In both 1919 and 1920, headed by All-American brothers Arnold Horween and Ralph Horween, Harvard was undefeated, the team won the 1920 Rose Bowl against the University of Oregon, 7–6. It was the bowl appearance in Harvard history. In the forty-year period from 1889 to 1928, Harvard had more than 80 first-team All-American selections, under head coach Percy Haughton, Harvard had three consecutive undefeated seasons from 1912 to 1914, including two perfect seasons in 1912 and 1913. Harvard claims the national championships, The NCAA decided to split Division I into two subdivisions in 1978, then called I-A for larger schools, and I-AA for the smaller ones. In 1982, the NCAA created a rule that stated an average attendance must be at least 15,000 to qualify for I-A membership. This forced the hand, as only some of the member schools met the attendance qualification. The Crimson are behind Penn and Dartmouths 18 Ivy League Football Championships, Harvard and Yale have been competing against each other in football since 1875. The annual rivalry game between the two schools, known as The Game, is played in November at the end of the football season, as of 2015, Yale led the series 65-59-8. The Game is the second oldest continuing rivalry and also the third most-played rivalry game in football history, after the Lehigh–Lafayette Rivalry. Sports Illustrated On Campus rated the Harvard–Yale rivalry the sixth-best in college athletics in 2003, ted Kennedy played football for Harvard and caught a touchdown pass in the 1955 Harvard/Yale game. In 2006, Yale ended a losing streak against Harvard. That Harvard winning streak was third longest in the history of the series, after Yales 1902–1907 six-game winning streak, Harvard has since beaten Yale in 2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014 and 2015. The Game is significant for historical reasons as the rules of The Game soon were adopted by other schools. Footballs rules, conventions, and equipment, as well as elements of such as the mascot and fight song, include many elements pioneered or nurtured at Harvard. Harvard Stadium is a football stadium in the Allston neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts
11.
African Americans
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African Americans are an ethnic group of Americans with total or partial ancestry from any of the Black racial groups of Africa. The term may also be used to only those individuals who are descended from enslaved Africans. As a compound adjective the term is usually hyphenated as African-American, Black and African Americans constitute the third largest racial and ethnic group in the United States. Most African Americans are of West and Central African descent and are descendants of enslaved peoples within the boundaries of the present United States. On average, African Americans are of 73. 2–80. 9% West African, 18–24% European, according to US Census Bureau data, African immigrants generally do not self-identify as African American. The overwhelming majority of African immigrants identify instead with their own respective ethnicities, immigrants from some Caribbean, Central American and South American nations and their descendants may or may not also self-identify with the term. After the founding of the United States, black people continued to be enslaved, believed to be inferior to white people, they were treated as second-class citizens. The Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U. S. citizenship to whites only, in 2008, Barack Obama became the first African American to be elected President of the United States. The first African slaves arrived via Santo Domingo to the San Miguel de Gualdape colony, the ill-fated colony was almost immediately disrupted by a fight over leadership, during which the slaves revolted and fled the colony to seek refuge among local Native Americans. De Ayllón and many of the colonists died shortly afterwards of an epidemic, the settlers and the slaves who had not escaped returned to Haiti, whence they had come. The first recorded Africans in British North America were 20 and odd negroes who came to Jamestown, as English settlers died from harsh conditions, more and more Africans were brought to work as laborers. Typically, young men or women would sign a contract of indenture in exchange for transportation to the New World, the landowner received 50 acres of land from the state for each servant purchased from a ships captain. An indentured servant would work for years without wages. The status of indentured servants in early Virginia and Maryland was similar to slavery, servants could be bought, sold, or leased and they could be physically beaten for disobedience or running away. Africans could legally raise crops and cattle to purchase their freedom and they raised families, married other Africans and sometimes intermarried with Native Americans or English settlers. By the 1640s and 1650s, several African families owned farms around Jamestown and some became wealthy by colonial standards and purchased indentured servants of their own. In 1640, the Virginia General Court recorded the earliest documentation of slavery when they sentenced John Punch. One of Dutch African arrivals, Anthony Johnson, would own one of the first black slaves, John Casor
