1.
1911 in architecture
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The year 1911 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. March 25 - The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire shows up the need for improved safety standards in New York City buildings. April 4 - Foundation stone of Castle Drogo, a house in Devon, England designed by Edwin Lutyens, laid. May 23 - The competition to design Canberra, Australias new capital, is won by American architect Walter Burley Griffin, in the same year, Griffin marries fellow architect Marion Lucy Mahony. May 23 - New York Public Library Main Branch, designed by Carrère, september 12 - Theatro Municipal, designed by Ramos de Azevedo. September - Altare della Patria in Rome, designed by Giuseppe Sacconi in 1884 inaugurated, fagus Factory at Alfeld an der Leine, designed by Walter Gropius and Adolf Meyer. Frank Lloyd Wright builds his Taliesin house and studio in Spring Green, horwood House in Buckinghamshire, England, designed by Detmar Blow, is completed. King Edward Building for the General Post Office in the City of London, designed by Henry Tanner, eagle Insurance Building, Manchester, England, designed by Charles Heathcote. New City Hall, designed by Osvald Polívka, monroe Street Bridge in Spokane, Washington. AIA Gold Medal - George Browne Post, royal Gold Medal - Wilhelm Dorpfeld. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, René Mirland
2.
1912 in architecture
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The year 1912 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. Clough Williams-Ellis receives his first major commission, for the remodelling of Llangoed Hall in Wales. April 19 - Bridges in Constantine, Algeria, Sidi MCid Bridge, Sidi Rached Bridge, designed by Paul Séjourné. April 25 - Rebuilt St Marks Campanile in Venice inaugurated, may - Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts opens in Moscow, Russia. St. James Theatre, Wellington, New Zealand, designed by Henry Eli White, mysore Palace, India, designed by Henry Irwin. El Centro Español de Tampa, Florida, USA, mawsons Huts, Cape Denison, Commonwealth Bay, Australian Antarctic Territory Šalouns Villa in Prague, designed by and for sculptor Ladislav Šaloun. Sons of Norway Hall, Petersburg, Alaska, USA, glamorgan County Hall, Cardiff, Wales, designed by Vincent Harris and T. A. Moodie. Royal Gold Medal - Basil Champneys, grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Jacques Debat-Ponsan
3.
1913 in architecture
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The year 1913 in architecture involved some significant events. February 1 – Grand Central Terminal, rebuilt, re-opens in New York City, april 24 – The Woolworth Building opens in New York City, United States, designed by Cass Gilbert, the tallest building in the world at this date. July 20 – New Town Hall, designed by Hermann Eggert and Gustav Halmhuber, may 31 – Carol I Mosque in Constanța, Romania, designed by George Constantinescu, is inaugurated. October 18 – Monument to the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig, Sinaia railway station in Sinaia, Romania. City Federal Building in Birmingham, Alabama, the tallest building in Alabama until 1969, Alberta Legislature Building in Edmonton, Alberta completed. Union Buildings, Pretoria, Union of South Africa, by Herbert Baker, church of the Holy Spirit, Vienna, by Jože Plečnik, completed. Kelling Hall, Norfolk, England, designed by Edward Maufe, scheu House and Horner House, Vienna, both designed by Adolf Loos, completed. Interiors of Café Capua, Herrenmodesalon Kniže and Bridge-Club-Wien, Vienna, all designed by Adolf Loos, bridge of Sighs, Hertford College, Oxford, England, by Thomas G. Jackson, built. Halenbrücke concrete open-spandrel arch bridge over Aare between Bern and Kirchlindach in Switzerland, Adolf Loos Ornament and Crime is first published. Royal Gold Medal – Reginald Blomfield, Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Roger Séassal. May 20 – H. T. Post, American architect
4.
1914 in architecture
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The year 1914 in architecture involved some significant events. January 14 - Bridge of Sighs at Hertford College, Oxford, England, april - Opera House, Wellington, New Zealand, designed by William Pitt. May 7 - King Edward VII Galleries at the British Museum, London, august 15 - The Panama Canal, completed by George Washington Goethals. December 7 - Tepid Baths, Auckland, New Zealand, basilica of Sacré-Cœur, Paris, designed by Paul Abadie. Park Guell in Barcelona, Spain, designed by Antonio Gaudi, stralsund Theatre, Germany, designed by Carl Moritz. Interior of Cadena Café,59 Westbourne Grove, London, designed by Omega Workshops, may 15–August 8 - Werkbund Exhibition in Cologne, featuring the Glass Pavilion designed by Bruno Taut. August 15 - A dismissed servant kills seven people at American architect Frank Lloyd Wrights studio and home, Taliesin in Wisconsin, AIA Gold Medal - Jean-Louis Pascal. Royal Gold Medal - Jean-Louis Pascal, grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Albert Ferran
5.
1915 in architecture
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The year 1915 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. April - The Hiroshima Prefectural Commercial Exhibition, designed by Jan Letzel, is opened, april 21 - Theatre Circo, Braga, Portugal. November 6 - Tunkhannock Viaduct, Nicholson, Pennsylvania, designed by Abraham Burton Cohen, prince of Wales Museum of Western India, Bombay. Yosemite Lodge at the Falls, Yosemite Village, California, well Hall Estate for arsenal workers at Woolwich in south-east London. Royal Gold Medal - Frank Darling, grand Prix de Rome, architecture, not held
6.
1916 in architecture
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The year 1916 in architecture involved some significant events. Colony Club at Park Avenue & 62nd Streer in New York City by Delano & Aldrich with interiors by Elsie de Wolfe, later the East Coast school of the American Academy of Dramatic Arts, completed. Main building of St Hughs College, Oxford in England by Herbert Tudor Buckland, church of St Paul, Liverpool in England by Giles Gilbert Scott completed. Holland House in the City of London, designed by Hendrik Petrus Berlage, november - The Incorporation of Architects in Scotland founded in Edinburgh. Publication of the White Pine Series of Architectural Monographs is initiated, royal Gold Medal - Robert Rowand Anderson. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, not held
7.
1917 in architecture
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The year 1917 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. The journal De Stijl is first published by Theo van Doesburg, the Het Schip housing scheme designed by Michel de Klerk in Amsterdam is started. The Lister County Courthouse designed by Erik Gunnar Asplund in a Mannerist style in Solvesborg, edificio Correos, San José, Costa Rica Livermore House, San Francisco, California, USA, designed by Julia Morgan. RIBA Royal Gold Medal - Henri Paul Nenot
8.
1918 in architecture
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The year 1918 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. November 3 – A Baroque Marian column in Prague, the Czech Republic, is destroyed by nationalists, december 3 - The Novembergruppe is formed in Germany, and shortly afterwards merges with the Arbeitsrat für Kunst. Hallidie Building is built in San Francisco, credited as the first glass curtain wall building. D. L. James House is built in Carmel Highlands, designed by Greene and Greene in an Arts and Crafts style. Police Headquarters are built in Copenhagen, Denmark, designed by Hack Kampmann in a Neoclassical style. Our Lady of the Victories Basilica in Melbourne, Australia is completed, newman College in Melbourne, Australia designed by Walter Burley Griffin, is completed. The Chapel of St. James, of the Archbishop Quigley Preparatory Seminary in Chicago, designed by Zachary Taylor Davis, Stockholm Library, designed by Erik Gunnar Asplund is built in Stockholm, Sweden in a Mannerist early modern style. The Woodland Chapel is built in Stockholm, Sweden, royal Gold Medal - Ernest Newton. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, not held, march 16 - Aldo van Eyck, Dutch architect April 10 - Jørn Utzon, Danish architect best known for Sydney Opera House July 3 - Benjamin C
9.
1919 in architecture
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The year 1919 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. 25 April - The Bauhaus architectural and design movement is founded in Weimar, Germany, November - Start of the Glass Chain correspondence. Julia Morgan is selected as the architect for William Randolph Hearsts La Cuesta Encantada, better known as Hearst Castle, in San Simeon, California, USA. 5 March - Rebuilt Helsinki Central railway station, designed by Eliel Saarinen April - First Congregational Church of Albany, New York, USA,27 November - Laie Hawaii Temple, Oʻahu, Hawaii, USA, dedicated. 29 November - Großes Schauspielhaus in Berlin with interior remodelled as a theater by Hans Poelzig, Church of the Madonna della Difesa, Montreal, Canada. McMahon Building, better known as the Worlds littlest skyscraper, by J. D. McMahon, in downtown Wichita Falls,11 November - Hart House, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Het Schip, Amsterdam, Netherlands, by Michel de Klerk. First Goetheanum, Dornach, Switzerland, by Rudolf Steiner, royal Gold Medal - Leonard Stokes. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture - Jacques Carlu and Jean-Jacques Haffner, edelsvärd, Swedish architect 6 November - Hans Christian Amberg, Danish architect
10.
1920 in architecture
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The year 1920 in architecture involved some significant events. Construction of Welwyn Garden City in England begins with Louis de Soissons as architect, edith Hughes establishes her own architectural practice, in Glasgow, the first British woman to do so. In the first issue of the Purist art magazine L’ Esprit Nouveau co-founded by him, november 11 - The Cenotaph, Whitehall, London, designed by Edwin Lutyens. Ajuria Enea, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain, designed by Alfredo Baeschlin, manitoba Legislative Building in Winnipeg, Canada. Oak Tower, Downtown Kansas City, Missouri, USA
11.
1922 in architecture
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The year 1922 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. Construction work begins on The Los Angeles Central Library in Los Angeles, California, construction of Böttcherstraße in Bremen, Germany, in the style of Brick Expressionism begins. Monument to the Third International, designed by Vladimir Tatlin, is cancelled, march 21 - Rebuilt London Waterloo station is officially opened. May 30 - Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D. C, United States is dedicated by William H. Taft, in the presence of Abraham Lincolns son, 79-year-old Robert Todd Lincoln. June 9 - Spalding War Memorial in England, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, is dedicated, october 14 - Gerrards Cross Memorial Building in England, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, is dedicated. November 26 - Rochdale Cenotaph in England, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, is dedicated, estonian Constituent Assembly building in Toompea Castle, designed by Eugen Habermann and Herbert Johanson. Antiguo Casino de Ponce, Puerto Rico, by Agustin Camilo Gonzalez, shabolovka tower in Moscow, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, by Vladimir Shukhov. Wolseley Motors showrooms,160 Piccadilly, London, by W. Curtis Green, wrigley Building in Chicago, Illinois, by Graham, Anderson, Probst & White. AIA Gold Medal - Victor Laloux Royal Gold Medal - Thomas Hastings Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Robert Giroud
12.
1923 in architecture
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The year 1923 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. Vers une architecture by Le Corbusier is published, liebenberg and Kaplan architectural practice established in Minneapolis. June 23 - Stockholm City Hall, designed by Ragnar Östberg, December 26 - Ottawa Auditorium, Canada. Chilehaus in Hamburg, designed by Fritz Höger, imperial Hotel, Tokyo, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright. Église Notre-Dame du Raincy in France, designed by Auguste Perret, roeschlaub, Colorado architect November 24 - Michel de Klerk, Dutch Amsterdam School architect December 27 - Gustave Eiffel, French civil engineer and architect
13.
1924 in architecture
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The year 1924 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. Eileen Gray and Jean Badovici begin work on their vacation home E-1027 at Roquebrune-Cap-Martin in the south of France The Chilehaus in Hamburg, Germany, Rietveld Schröder House in Utrecht, Netherlands, designed by Gerrit Rietveld. Queen Marys Dolls House in England, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, olympic silver medal - Alfréd Hajós & Dezso Lauber of Hungary for Plan for Budapest Swimming Stadium. Olympic bronze medal - Julien Médecin of Monaco for Stadium for Monte Carlo, grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Marcel Péchin
14.
1926 in architecture
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The year 1926 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. June 7 - While walking along the Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes in Barcelona, Antoni Gaudí is struck by a passing tram, delays in receiving medical treatment contribute to his death in hospital a few days later. On June 12, after a procession through the streets of Barcelona lined by thousands. November 27 - In Williamsburg, Virginia, the restoration of Colonial Williamsburg begins, undated British General Post Office K2 red telephone box, designed by Giles Gilbert Scott, is introduced, chiefly in the London area. The Frankfurt kitchen is designed by Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky for Ernst Mays social housing project New Frankfurt in Frankfurt, the russian avant-garde magazine SA is published for the first time. Louis, Missouri, USA, designed by Mauran, Russell & Crowell with I. R, timlin Sourdough Inn, Fort Yukon, Alaska, USA900 Stewart Avenue, USA Royal Gold Medal - Ragnar Ostberg. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Jean-Baptiste Hourlier
15.
1927 in architecture
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The year 1927 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. July 11 -1927 Jericho earthquake destroys or damages many mosques and these buildings are completed in 1928-1929. July 14 - Scottish National War Memorial at Edinburgh Castle, designed by Robert Lorimer, is opened, july 24 - Menin Gate Memorial to the Missing at Ypres, Belgium, designed by Sir Reginald Blomfield, is unveiled. October 9 - Norwich War Memorial in England, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, is unveiled, weissenhof Estate in Stuttgart, Germany, designed by a team led by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Double house in Brno, designed by Otto Eisler, the rebuilt Quadrant in Regent Street, London, England. The Shrine of Remembrance in Melbourne, Australia is completed, the Art Deco LeVeque Tower, designed by C. Howard Crane and John Gill & Sons, in Columbus, Ohio, United States. At 555.5 feet tall, it is just slightly higher than the Washington Monument, the Ahwahnee Hotel in Yosemite National Park, California, designed by Gilbert Stanley Underwood. AIA Gold Medal - Howard Van Doren Shaw, RIBA Royal Gold Medal - Herbert Baker
16.
1928 in architecture
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The year 1928 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. February - Hannes Meyer succeeds Walter Gropius as head of the Bauhaus school, June - Congrès Internationaux dArchitecture Moderne is initiated by Le Corbusier. Le Corbusier wins all three competitions for design of the Tsentrosoyuz building in Moscow, Léon Azéma is appointed Architect of the City of Paris. March 31 - Stockholm Public Library in Sweden, designed by Gunnar Asplund, october 6 - Collège Saint Marc, Alexandria, Egypt, designed by Léon Azéma. October 25 - Großmarkthalle at Frankfurt am Main, designed by Martin Elsaesser, first Dymaxion House is designed by Buckminster Fuller. Second Goetheanum, Dornach, Switzerland, designed by Rudolf Steiner, rusakov Workers Club in Moscow, USSR, designed by Konstantin Melnikov. Firestone Tyre Factory on the Golden Mile of Londons Great West Road, designed by Wallis, Gilbert, granada Theatre and Temple Israel, designed by Liebenberg and Kaplan. Olympic gold medal - Jan Wils of the Netherlands for Olympic Stadium in Amsterdam, Olympic silver medal - Einar Mindedal Rasmussen of Denmark for Swimming pool at Ollerup. Olympic bronze medal - Jacques Lambert of France for Stadium at Versailles, royal Gold Medal - Guy Dawber. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Eugène Beaudouin, E. Doyle, American architect (born 1877 June 23 - Konstantīns Pēkšēns, Latvian-born architect December 10 - Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Scottish-born architect and designer
17.
1929 in architecture
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The year 1929 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. September 7 – Ceremony to lay the foundation stone for the new Palace of Nations in Geneva, november 18 – Ceremony to break the ground for the Umaid Bhawan Palace in Jodhpur, India, designed by Henry Vaughan Lanchester. Plan of White City in Mandatory Palestine by Patrick Geddes agreed, april - Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower, Brooklyn, New York city, designed by Halsey, McCormack and Helmer. July 23 - Landakotskirkja, Reykjavik, Iceland, october 3 - Dominion Theatre, London, England, designed by W. and T. R. Milburn. December 1 - Underground Electric Railways Company of London headquarters,55 Broadway, the Barcelona Pavilion, designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Royal York Hotel in Toronto, Ontario, it becomes the tallest building in the British Empire, Church of Our Lady & St Alphege, Bath, England, designed by Giles Gilbert Scott. Lovell House in Los Angeles, designed by Richard Neutra, e-1027 vacation home at Roquebrune-Cap-Martin in the south of France, designed for themselves by Eileen Gray and her lover Jean Badovici. Nobel House, the headquarters of ICI, on Millbank, Westminster, London, paimio Sanatorium in Finland, designed by Alvar Aalto. Boston Avenue Methodist Church in Tulsa, Oklahoma, richfield Tower in Los Angeles, designed by Stiles O. Clements. Van Nelle Factory in Rotterdam, Netherlands, plaza de Toros de Las Ventas in Madrid, Spain, designed by José Espeliú
18.
1930 in architecture
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The year 1930 in architecture involved some significant events. The lead architects are Gunnar Asplund and Sigurd Lewerentz, architects involved in the exhibition include Sven Markelius, Paul Hedqvist, Nils Ahrbom, Helge Zimdal. Vanessa Bell and Duncan Grant complete the decoration of the room for Dorothy Wellesley at Penns-in-the-Rocks, Withyham. John Betjeman is given an editorial post on the Architectural Review, february 22 - Loews 175th Street Theatre on Manhattan, designed by Thomas W. Lamb with interiors by the Rambusch Decorating Company. March 22 - Le Touret Memorial, France, april 8 - Brisbane City Hall, Brisbane, Australia. June 9 - The Chicago Board of Trade Building, designed by Holabird & Roche, june 17 - Erphokirche in Münster, designed by Carl Moritz. June 21 - Hus House church and community centre in Prague, designed by Karel Truksa, april -40 Wall Street, briefly the tallest building in the world. May 20 - Chrysler Building in New York, designed by William van Alen, succeeds the Bank of Manhattan Trust Building as the tallest building in the world and it remains the worlds tallest steel-supported brick building. IG Farben Building, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Karl-Marx-Hof in Vienna, designed by Karl Ehn, opens, the Terminal Tower complex in Cleveland, designed by Graham, Anderson, Probst, and White. Apartments for social housing in Page Street, Westminster, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, are completed, castle Drogo, a country house in Devon, England designed by Edwin Lutyens. Chachmei Lublin Yeshiva in Lublin, Poland, villa Tugendhat in Brno, Czechoslovakia, designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medal – Charles A. Platt, royal Gold Medal - Percy Scott Worthington
19.
1931 in architecture
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The year 1931 in architecture involved some significant events. December 5 - The Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow is dynamited, the first of the Architects Acts is passed in the United Kingdom. The first of the districts in the United States is designated in Charleston, South Carolina. January 23 - Viceroys House, New Delhi, India, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, may 1 - The Empire State Building is completed in New York City as the tallest building in the world. July 1 - The rebuilt Milano Centrale railway station opens in Italy, july 19 - Sudbury Town station on the London Underground Piccadilly line opens as rebuilt by Charles Holden, the first of his iconic modern designs for the network. Villa Savoye in Paris, designed by Le Corbusier and his cousin, Pierre Jeanneret, using reinforced concrete, commerce Court North is completed in Toronto, Ontario and becomes the tallest building in the British Empire. Royal Corinthian Yacht Club clubhouse, Burnham-on-Crouch, eastern England, designed by Joseph Emberton, is opened, st Olaf House, Tooley Street, London Borough of Southwark, designed by H. S. Goodhart-Rendel. India Tyres offices at Inchinnan, Scotland, designed by Thomas Wallis of Wallis, Gilbert and Partners, atlantis House and Robinson Crusoe House in Böttcherstraße, Bremen, designed by Bernhard Hoetger, complete the streets construction in the style of Brick Expressionism. City Hall, Hilversum, North Holland, designed by Willem Marinus Dudok, is completed, India Gate in New Delhi is completed. Student Union at the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, designed by Sven Markelius, washington Singer Building on the Streatham Campus of the University of Exeter in England, designed by Vincent Harris. New Synagogue, Žilina, Czechoslovakia, designed by Peter Behrens, is completed, high and Over, Amersham, one of the first modernist houses in England, designed by Amyas Connell, is completed. House for two brothers in Brno, designed by Otto Eisler, is completed, apartment Building at 342, Muntaner Street, Barcelona, designed by Josep Lluís Sert, is completed. The Home Insurance Building in Chicago, Illinois is demolished, Royal Gold Medal - Edwin Cooper. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Georges Dengler
20.
1921 in music
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This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1921. January - Amelita Galli-Curci marries her accompanist, Homer Samuels, who had named in her divorce from the Marchese Luigi Curci. June-July - The Harvard Glee Club takes its first trip to Europe, clarence Williams makes his first recordings Mary Stafford becomes the first black woman to record for Columbia Records The 17-string koto, or Jūshichi-gen, is invented by Michio Miyagi. Cyril Rootham dedicates his Suite in Three Movements for flute and piano to French flautist Louis Fleury, ferruccio Busoni – The Essence of Oneness of Music Aint We Got Fun. w. m. Richard A. Whiting, Raymond Egan & Gus Kahn All by Myself w. m, Irving Berlin And Her Mother Came Too w. Dion Titheradge m. Herbert Happy Lawson April Showers w. B. G. De Sylva m. Louis Silvers Baltimore Buzz w. m, noble Sissle & Eubie Blake Bandana Days w. m. Noble Sissle & Eubie Blake Bimini Bay w. Gus Kahn & Raymond Egan m, richard Whiting Boy Wanted w. Ira Gershwin m. George Gershwin Dancing Time w. George Grossmith, Jr. Howard Dietz m. Jerome Kern US words written 1924. Dapper Dan w. Lew Brown m. Albert Von Tilzer Dear Old Southland w. Henry Creamer m. Turner Layton Down South w. B. G. DeSylva m. Walter Donaldson. Introduced by Al Jolson in the musical Bombo Down Yonder w. m. L. Wolfe Gilbert Everybody Step w. m, Irving Berlin Hawaiian Chimes w. Irving Bibo m. Eva Applefield I Aint Nobodys Darling w. Elmer Hughes m. Robert A. King I Found A Rose In The Devils Garden w. m, fred Fisher & Willie Raskin I Wonder If You Still Care For Me w. m. Harry B. Smith & Francis Wheeler Ill Forget You w. Annelu Burns m. Ernest R. Ball Im Just Wild About Harry w. m, noble Sissle & Eubie Blake Im Missin Mammys Kissin w. Sidney Clare m. Lew Pollack Im Nobodys Baby w. m, Benny Davis, Milton Ager & Lester Santly Jazz Me Blues m. Tom Delaney Keep Movin Helen Trix Kitten On The Keys m, zez Confrey Laughin Rag S. Moore, H. Skinner Learn To Smile w. Otto Harbach m. Louis A. Hirsch Leave Me With A Smile w. m, Charles Koehler & Earl Burtnett Love Will Find A Way w. m. Noble Sissle & Eubie Blake Ma, hes Making Eyes at Me w. Sidney Clare m. Con Conrad Make Believe w. Benny Davis m, jack Shilkret Mandy N Me w. Bert Kalmar m. Con Conrad My Sunny Tennessee w. m, Bert Kalmar, Harry Ruby & Herman Ruby Peggy ONeill w. m. Harry Pease, Ed G. Nelson & Gilbert Dodge Sally w. Clifford Grey m. Jerome Kern Say It With Music w. m
21.
Einstein Tower
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The Einstein Tower is an astrophysical observatory in the Albert Einstein Science Park in Potsdam, Germany built by Erich Mendelsohn. It was built on the summit of the Potsdam Telegraphenberg to house a telescope designed by the astronomer Erwin Finlay-Freundlich. The telescope supports experiments and observations to validate Albert Einsteins relativity theory, the building was first conceived around 1917, built from 1919 to 1921 after a fund-raising drive, and became operational in 1924. Although Einstein never worked there, he supported the construction and operation of the telescope and it is still a working solar observatory today as part of the Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam. Light from the telescope is directed down through the shaft to the basement where the instruments, there were more than half a dozen telescopes in the laboratory. This was one of Mendelsohns first major projects, completed when a young Richard Neutra was on his staff, because the material was changed during construction of the building, the designs were not updated to accommodate them. This caused many problems, such as cracking and dampness, extensive repair work had to be done only five years after the initial construction, overseen by Mendelsohn himself. Since then numerous renovations have been done periodically and it underwent a full renovation in 1999, for its 75th anniversary, to correct problems with dampness and decay that had meant decades of repair. It is often cited as one of the landmarks of expressionist architecture, according to lore, Mendelsohn took Einstein on a long tour of the completed structure, waiting for some sign of approval. The design, while logical and perfectly sufficient to its purpose, Einstein said nothing until hours later, during a meeting with the building committee, when he whispered his one-word judgment, Organic. Mendelsohn himself said that he had designed it out of some unknown urge, in 1911 Einstein published the initial version of his innovative General Theory of Relativity. One of the predicted effects according to the theory was a shift of spectral lines in the sun’s gravitation field. The solar observatory in Potsdam was designed and constructed primarily to verify this phenomenon, the Mount Wilson Observatory in California, the first tower telescope worldwide, was the model for the facility designed by Freundlich. In tower telescopes a coelostat at the top of a vertical construction directs light down to an objective, the actual lens system is rigidly integrated into the construction. The mirrors at the top are movable and only these small lightweight instrument components are needed to track the sun, because of the vertical arrangement, air turbulence near the ground has virtually no effect. In the Einstein Tower the construction containing the optics consists of two platforms, each six m high, placed one above the other. The telescope has an objective of 60 cm diameter and focal length of 14 m. Rooms for observations and measurements are located at the base of the tower, in California the lab rooms are under each other, in Potsdam they are arranged horizontally
22.
Potsdam
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Potsdam is the capital and largest city of the German federal state of Brandenburg. It directly borders the German capital Berlin and is part of the Berlin/Brandenburg Metropolitan Region and it is situated on the River Havel,24 kilometres southwest of Berlins city centre. Potsdam was a residence of the Prussian kings and the German Kaiser, around the city there are a series of interconnected lakes and cultural landmarks, in particular the parks and palaces of Sanssouci, the largest World Heritage Site in Germany. The Potsdam Conference in 1945 was held at the palace Cecilienhof, the Filmstudio Babelsberg is the oldest large-scale film studio in the world. Potsdam developed into a centre of science in Germany in the 19th century, today, there are three public colleges, the University of Potsdam, and more than 30 research institutes in the city. The area was formed from a series of large moraines left after the last glacial period, today, the city is three-quarters green space, with just a quarter as urban area. There are about 20 lakes and rivers in and around Potsdam, such as the Havel, the Griebnitzsee, Templiner See, Tiefer See, Jungfernsee, Teltowkanal, Heiliger See, the highest point is the 114-metre high Kleiner Ravensberg. Potsdam is divided into seven city districts and nine new Ortsteile. The appearances of the city districts are quite different, the districts in the north and in the centre consist mainly of historical buildings, the south of the city is dominated by larger areas of newer buildings. Potsdam has an Oceanic climate, with cool, snowy winters, the average winter high temperature is 3.5 °C, with a low of −1.7 °C. Snow is common in the winter, summers are mild, with a high of 23.6 °C and a low of 12.7 °C. The name Potsdam originally seems to have been Poztupimi, a common theory is that it derives from an old West Slavonic term meaning beneath the oaks, i. e. the corrupted pod dubmi/dubimi. The area around Potsdam shows occupancy since the Bronze Age and was part of Magna Germania as described by Tacitus. After the great migrations of the Germanic peoples, Slavs moved in and it was first mentioned in a document in 993 AD as Poztupimi, when Emperor Otto III gifted the territory to the Quedlinburg Abbey, then led by his aunt Matilda. By 1317, it was mentioned as a small town and it gained its town charter in 1345. In 1573, it was still a market town of 2,000 inhabitants. Potsdam lost nearly half of its due to the Thirty Years War. After the Edict of Potsdam in 1685, Potsdam became a centre of European immigration and its religious freedom attracted people from France, Russia, the Netherlands and Bohemia
23.
Germany
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Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
24.
Erich Mendelsohn
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Mendelsohn is a pioneer of the Art Deco and Streamline Moderne architecture, notably with his 1921 Mossehaus design. Erich Mendelsohn was born in Allenstein, East Prussia and his birthplace was at the former Oberstrasse 21, now no.10 Staromiejska street. A plaque embedded on the wall on the side of Barbara street commemorates his place of birth and he was the fifth of six children, his mother was Emma Esther, a hatmaker and his father David was a shopkeeper. He attended a humanist Gymnasium in Allenstein and continued with commercial training in Berlin, in 1906 he took up the study of national economics at the University of Munich. In 1908 he began studying architecture at the Technical University of Berlin, from 1912 to 1914 he worked as an independent architect in Munich. In 1915 he married the cellist Luise Maas, through his wife, he met the cello-playing astrophysicist Erwin Finlay Freundlich. Freundlich was the brother of Herbert Freundlich, the deputy director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie, Freundlich wished to build a suitable astronomical observatory to experimentally confirm Einsteins Theory of Relativity. Through his relationship with Freundlich, Mendelsohn had the opportunity to design and this relationship and also the family friendship with the Luckenwalde hat manufacturers Salomon and Gustav Herrmann helped Mendelsohn to an early success. The 2011 documentary film by Duki Dror titled Incessant Visions is about Erich Mendelsohn and his wife, in which Dror animates the memoirs of Louise, at the end of 1918, upon his return from World War I, he settled his practice in Berlin. The Einsteinturm and the hat factory in Luckenwalde established his reputation, the Hat Factory was commissioned in 1921, Mendelsohns design included four production halls, a boiler, a turbine house, two gatehouses and a dyeing hall. The dyeing hall became a feature of the factory, the building was shaped with a modern. The structure even ironically resembled a hat, as early as 1924 Wasmuths Monatshefte für Baukunst produced a booklet about his work. In that same year, along with Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Walter Gropius and his practice employed as many as forty people, among them, as a trainee, Julius Posener, later an architectural historian. Mendelsohns work encapsulated the consumerism of the Weimar Republic, most particularly in his shops, nonetheless he was also interested in the socialist experiments being made in the USSR, where he designed the Red Banner Textile Factory in 1926. His Mossehaus newspaper offices and Universum cinema were also influential on art deco. In 1926, he bought an old villa, and in 1928, he designed Rupenhorn, nearly 4000 m², with an expensive publication about his new home, illustrated by Amédée Ozenfant among others, Mendelsohn became the subject of envy. In the spring of 1933, in the wake of growing antisemitism and his fortune was seized by the Nazis, his name struck from the list of the German Architects Union, and he was excluded from the Prussian Academy of Arts. In England he began a partnership with Serge Chermayeff, which continued until the end of 1936
25.
Central railway station, Sydney
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The Central railway station is a railway station located at the southern end of the central business district in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Often abbreviated as Central or Central station, the station is the largest and busiest railway station in New South Wales and it services almost all of the lines on the Sydney Trains network, and is the major terminus for NSW TrainLink services. Actual patronage was 11.35 million passenger movements in 2013, there have been three terminal stations in Sydney. The original Sydney station was opened on 26 September 1855 in a known as Cleveland Fields. This station, called Redfern, had Devonshire Street as its northern boundary, when this station became inadequate for the traffic it carried, a new station was built in 1874 on the same site and also called Redfern. This was a building with two platforms. It grew to 14 platforms before it was replaced by the station to the north of Devonshire Street. The new station was built on a site occupied by the Devonshire Street Cemetery, a convent, a female refuge, a police barracks, a parsonage. The remains exhumed from the cemetery were re-interred at several other Sydney cemeteries including Rookwood, bodies were moved to Botany by steam tram motors and flat cars. The present station was opened on 4 August 1906 and opening for passengers on 5 August 1906. The new station included the previous Mortuary railway station used to transport funeral parties to Rookwood Cemetery, the last train departed platform 5 of the 1874 station at midnight. During the remainder of that night, the concourse was demolished. The Western Mail arrived at 05,50 on 5 August 1906 at the new station, Devonshire Street, which separated the two stations, became a pedestrian underpass to allow people to cross the railway line and is now known by many as the Devonshire Street Tunnel. An 85. 6-metre-tall clock tower in the Free Classical style was added at the corner of the station. The clock was designed by Richard Lamb and Alfred Fairfax, the co-founders of Fairfax & Roberts, Central station was designed by the Government Architect, Walter Liberty Vernon. It is listed on the NSW State Heritage Register and the now defunct Register of the National Estate, a riot, dubbed the Battle of Central Station, took place in 1916. Soldiers rebelling against camp conditions had raided hotels in Liverpool and travelled to the city by commandeered trains, upon arrival at Central station, the rioters set about destroying the station facilities, and fire was exchanged between rampaging rioters and military police. One rioter was shot dead and several were injured, the only remaining evidence of the gun battle is a small bullet-hole in the marble by the entrance to platform 1
26.
Sydney
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Sydney /ˈsɪdni/ is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania. Located on Australias east coast, the metropolis surrounds the worlds largest natural harbour, residents of Sydney are known as Sydneysiders. The Sydney area has been inhabited by indigenous Australians for at least 30,000 years, the first British settlers, led by Captain Arthur Phillip, arrived in 1788 to found Sydney as a penal colony, the first European settlement in Australia. Since convict transportation ended in the century, the city has transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural. As at June 2016 Sydneys estimated population was 5,005,358, in the 2011 census,34 percent of the population reported having been born overseas, representing many different nationalities and making Sydney one of the most multicultural cities in the world. There are more than 250 different languages spoken in Sydney and about one-third of residents speak a language other than English at home and it is classified as an Alpha+ World City by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world. Ranked eleventh in the world for economic opportunity, Sydney has a market economy with strengths in finance, manufacturing. Its gross regional product was $337 billion in 2013, the largest in Australia, there is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as one of Asia Pacifics leading financial hubs. Its natural features include Sydney Harbour, the Royal National Park, man-made attractions such as the Sydney Opera House, Sydney Tower and the Sydney Harbour Bridge are also well known to international visitors. The first people to inhabit the now known as Sydney were indigenous Australians having migrated from northern Australia. Radiocarbon dating suggests human activity first started to occur in the Sydney area from around 30,735 years ago, the earliest British settlers called them Eora people. Eora is the term the indigenous used to explain their origins upon first contact with the British. Its literal meaning is from this place, prior to the arrival of the British there were 4,000 to 8,000 native people in Sydney from as many as 29 different clans. Sydney Cove from Port Jackson to Petersham was inhabited by the Cadigal clan, the principal language groups were Darug, Guringai, and Dharawal. The earliest Europeans to visit the area noted that the people were conducting activities such as camping and fishing, using trees for bark and food, collecting shells. Development has destroyed much of the citys history including that of the first inhabitants, there continues to be examples of rock art and engravings located in the protected Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park. The first meeting between the people and the British occurred on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed at Botany Bay on the Kurnell Peninsula. He noted in his journal that they were confused and somewhat hostile towards the foreign visitors, Cook was on a mission of exploration and was not commissioned to start a settlement
27.
Harkness Tower
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Harkness Tower is a masonry tower at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut. Part of the Collegiate Gothic Memorial Quadrangle complex completed in 1922, it is named for Charles William Harkness, brother of Yales largest benefactor, when the residential college system was inaugurated in 1933, the tower became part of Branford College. It was designed by James Gamble Rogers, a Yale College classmate of Anna Harknesss other son, James S. Hedden was the contractors supervisor for the project and took many photographs of the constructions progress. The tower underwent renovations from September 2009 to May 2010 to repair its masonry, Harkness Tower was the first couronne tower in English Perpendicular Gothic style built in the modern era. The 15th-century Boston Stump is the tallest parish church tower in England, Rogers also based some details on the 16th-century tower of St Giles church in Wrexham, Wales, where Elihu Yale is buried. In turn, Harkness Tower has been identified as the influence for the tower of the Cathedral of Christ the King in Hamilton. The towers image was adopted by the Yale Herald, a student newspaper. Harkness Tower is 216 feet tall, one foot for each year since Yales founding at the time it was built, from a square base, it rises in stages to a double stone crown on an octagonal base, and at the top are stone finials. From the street level to the roof, there are 284 steps, midway to the top, four openwork copper clockfaces tell the hours. The bells of the carillon are behind the clockfaces, fixed to a made of steel I-beams. The playing console of the carillon is at the level of the balconies immediately below the clock faces. Lower levels of the house a water tank, two practice carillons, the old chimes playing console, office space for the Yale University Guild of Carillonneurs. The tower was built of stone blocks, and reinforced with steel in 1966 to handle the new bells in the carillon. In reality, the Washington Monument was the countrys tallest such structure long before Harkness Tower was built, the towerss decorative elements were sculpted by Lee Lawrie. The lowest level of sculpture depicts Yales Eight Worthies, Elihu Yale, Jonathan Edwards, Nathan Hale, Noah Webster, James Fenimore Cooper, the second level of sculpture depicts Phidias, Homer, Aristotle, and Euclid. The gargoyles on the top level depict Yales students at war and in study, along with masks of Homer, Virgil, Dante, the tower contains the Yale Memorial Carillon, a 54-bell carillon. It is an instrument, the C bell sounds a concert B. Ten bells were installed in 1922 and 44 added in 1966, the instrument is played by members of a student-run group set up for the purpose, the Yale Guild of Carillonneurs, and selected guest carillonneurs
28.
Yale University
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Yale University is an American private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 in Saybrook Colony to train Congregationalist ministers, it is the third-oldest institution of education in the United States. The Collegiate School moved to New Haven in 1716, and shortly after was renamed Yale College in recognition of a gift from British East India Company governor Elihu Yale. Originally restricted to theology and sacred languages, the curriculum began to incorporate humanities and sciences by the time of the American Revolution. In the 19th century the school introduced graduate and professional instruction, awarding the first Ph. D. in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887. Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools, the undergraduate college, the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation, each schools faculty oversees its curriculum, the universitys assets include an endowment valued at $25.4 billion as of June 2016, the second largest of any U. S. educational institution. The Yale University Library, serving all constituent schools, holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States, Yale College undergraduates follow a liberal arts curriculum with departmental majors and are organized into a social system of residential colleges. Almost all faculty teach courses, more than 2,000 of which are offered annually. Students compete intercollegiately as the Yale Bulldogs in the NCAA Division I – Ivy League, Yale has graduated many notable alumni, including five U. S. Presidents,19 U. S. Supreme Court Justices,20 living billionaires, and many heads of state. In addition, Yale has graduated hundreds of members of Congress,57 Nobel laureates,5 Fields Medalists,247 Rhodes Scholars, and 119 Marshall Scholars have been affiliated with the University. Yale traces its beginnings to An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School, passed by the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut on October 9,1701, the Act was an effort to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Connecticut. Soon thereafter, a group of ten Congregationalist ministers, Samuel Andrew, Thomas Buckingham, Israel Chauncy, Samuel Mather, the group, led by James Pierpont, is now known as The Founders. Originally known as the Collegiate School, the institution opened in the home of its first rector, Abraham Pierson, the school moved to Saybrook, and then Wethersfield. In 1716 the college moved to New Haven, Connecticut, the feud caused the Mathers to champion the success of the Collegiate School in the hope that it would maintain the Puritan religious orthodoxy in a way that Harvard had not. Cotton Mather suggested that the school change its name to Yale College, meanwhile, a Harvard graduate working in England convinced some 180 prominent intellectuals that they should donate books to Yale. The 1714 shipment of 500 books represented the best of modern English literature, science, philosophy and it had a profound effect on intellectuals at Yale. Undergraduate Jonathan Edwards discovered John Lockes works and developed his original theology known as the new divinity
29.
New Haven, Connecticut
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New Haven, in the U. S. state of Connecticut, is the principal municipality in Greater New Haven, which had a total population of 862,477 in 2010. It is located on New Haven Harbor on the shore of Long Island Sound in New Haven County, Connecticut. It is the second-largest city in Connecticut, with a population of 129,779 people as of the 2010 United States Census, according to a census of 1 July 2012, by the Census Bureau, the city had a population of 130,741. New Haven was founded in 1638 by English Puritans, and a year later eight streets were laid out in a four-by-four grid, the central common block is the New Haven Green, a 16-acre square, and the center of Downtown New Haven. The Green is now a National Historic Landmark and the Nine Square Plan is recognized by the American Planning Association as a National Planning Landmark, New Haven is the home of Yale University. The university is an part of the citys economy, being New Havens biggest taxpayer and employer. Health care, professional services, financial services, and retail trade also help to form a base for the city. The city served as co-capital of Connecticut from 1701 until 1873, New Haven has since billed itself as the Cultural Capital of Connecticut for its supply of established theaters, museums, and music venues. New Haven is also the birthplace of George W. Bush, New Haven had the first public tree planting program in America, producing a canopy of mature trees that gave New Haven the nickname The Elm City. The area was visited by Dutch explorer Adriaen Block in 1614. Dutch traders set up a trading system of beaver pelts with the local inhabitants, but trade was sporadic. In 1637 a small party of Puritans reconnoitered the New Haven harbor area, the Quinnipiacs, who were under attack by neighboring Pequots, sold their land to the settlers in return for protection. By 1640, the theocratic government and nine-square grid plan were in place. However, the north of New Haven remained Quinnipiac until 1678. The settlement became the headquarters of the New Haven Colony, at the time, the New Haven Colony was separate from the Connecticut Colony, which had been established to the north centering on Hartford. Economic disaster struck the colony in 1646, however, when the town sent its first fully loaded ship of goods back to England. This ship never reached the Old World, and its disappearance stymied New Havens development in the face of the rising power of Boston. In 1660, founder John Davenports wishes were fulfilled, and Hopkins School was founded in New Haven with money from the estate of Edward Hopkins, in 1661, the judges who had signed the death warrant of Charles I of England were pursued by Charles II
30.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
31.
Corn Palace
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The Corn Palace, commonly advertised as The Worlds Only Corn Palace and the Mitchell Corn Palace, is a multi-purpose arena/facility located in Mitchell, South Dakota. The Moorish Revival building is decorated with art, the murals and designs covering the building are made from corn and other grains. The Corn Palace is a popular tourist destination, visited by between 200,000 and 500,000 people each year, the Corn Palace serves the community as a venue for concerts, sports events, exhibits and other community events. Each year, the Corn Palace is celebrated with a citywide festival, historically it was held at harvest time in September, but recently it has been held at the end of August. Other popular annual events include the Corn Palace Stampede Rodeo in July and it is also home to the Dakota Wesleyan University Tigers and the Mitchell High School Kernels basketball teams. In the late 19th Century, a number of cities on the Great Plains constructed crop palaces to promote themselves, the original Mitchell Corn Palace was built in 1892 to showcase the rich soil of South Dakota and encourage people to settle in the area. It was a castle structure on Mitchells Main Street, built on land donated by Louis Beckwith. In 1904–1905, the city of Mitchell mounted a challenge to the city of Pierre in an attempt to replace it as the state capital of South Dakota. As part of effort, the Corn Palace was rebuilt in 1905. In 1921, the Corn Palace was rebuilt again, with a design by the architectural firm Rapp and Rapp of Chicago. Russian-style onion domes and Moorish minarets were added in 1937, giving the Palace the distinctive appearance that it has today and it costs $130,000 annually to decorate the Palace. The exterior corn murals are replaced and redesigned each year with a new theme, the designs are created by local artists. From 1948 to 1971, the artist Oscar Howe designed the panels, calvin Schultz designed the murals from 1977 to 2002. Since 2003, the murals have been designed by Cherie Ramsdell, no new mural was created in 2006 due to an extreme drought. In 2004, national attention was drawn to the Corn Palace. This drew criticism of the Department of Homeland Security and its grant program and this statue sits across Main Street, west of the Corn Palace. The Palaces domes were renovated in 2015 after shaking in strong winds, the new turrets are made of architectural metals. Images of America, Mitchells Corn Palace, a Chronological History of the Worlds Only Corn Palace
32.
Mitchell, South Dakota
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Mitchell is the county seat of Davison County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 15,254 at the 2010 census, Mitchell is the principal city of the Mitchell Micropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Davison and Hanson counties. The first settlement at Mitchell was made in 1879 and it was named for Milwaukee banker Alexander Mitchell, President of the Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul Railroad. Mitchell is located at 43°42′50″N 98°1′35″W, on the James River, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 12.14 square miles, of which,11.14 square miles is land and 1.00 square mile is water. Mitchell has been assigned the ZIP code 57301 and the FIPS place code 43100, Mitchell has a humid continental climate, like much of the Midwestern United States, with cold, harsh, sometimes snowy winters, and hot, sometimes humid summers. Average daytime summer temperatures range from 86 °F during the day, and 62 °F during the night, and winter temperatures average 26 °F during the day. Most of the falls during the summer months, the wettest month being June, with an average of 3.52 inches of rain. Mitchell is located in Tornado Alley, so thunderstorms, often spawning tornadoes, the campus of Dakota Wesleyan University is located in southwest Mitchell. As of the census of 2010, there were 15,254 people,6,696 households, the population density was 1,369.3 inhabitants per square mile. There were 7,120 housing units at a density of 639.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 93. 6% White,0. 5% African American,3. 0% Native American,0. 5% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,0. 6% from other races, and 1. 8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 7% of the population,38. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 15. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.16 and the family size was 2.88. The median age in the city was 36.8 years. 22. 6% of residents were under the age of 18,12. 5% were between the ages of 18 and 24,22. 8% were from 25 to 44,23. 9% were from 45 to 64, and 18. 2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48. 8% male and 51. 2% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 14,558 people,6,121 households, and 3,599 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,475.7 people per square mile, there were 6,555 housing units at an average density of 664.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 95. 63% White,0. 32% African American,2. 40% Native American,0. 45% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,0. 29% from other races, and 0. 87% from two or more races
33.
Wong Tai Sin Temple (Hong Kong)
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Wong Tai Sin Temple is a well known shrine and major tourist attraction in Hong Kong. It is dedicated to Wong Tai Sin, or the Great Immortal Wong, the 18, 000-m² Taoist temple is famed for the many prayers answered, What you request is what you get via a practice called kau cim. The temple is located on the side of Lion Rock in the north of Kowloon. In the early 20th century, Leung Renyan spread the influence of Wong Tai Sin from Xiqiao Mountain in Nanhai, Leung arrived in Hong Kong in 1915. He rented an apartment in Wan Chai, and set up an altar in his apartment, later he opened an herbal medicine shop nearby and moved the altar to the back of the shop. Customers coming to his shop could pray at Wong Tai Sins altar, Leung would then fill their prescriptions. We can assume that healing did take place, as the popularity of Wong Tai Sin began to grow, however, in 1918, Leungs shop was destroyed by fire. In 1921, Leung said that he received a message from Wong Tai Sin instructing him to construct a new shrine, Leung Renyan and his Taoist fellow were advised to start walking from Kowloon City Pier towards the north with 3,000 steps. When they arrived at Chuk Yuen Village, they put a piece of bamboo into the ground as a mark, then they consulted Wong Tai Sin via the process of Fu Ji. They were told that it was a good site, the Taoist priests were also asked to start the construction of the shrine on 24th of the sixth lunar month by one of the Taoist Gods, Wen Chang Di via the process of Fu Ji. Eventually the shrine was completed and was officiated on the 20th of the lunar month. Later on, the other Taoist God, Wen Chang Di gave the name of the premises as Sik Sik Yuen via the process of Fu Ji, meanwhile, the managing body, Sik Sik Yuen was established. In 1925, the shrine was renamed as Chik Chung Wong Sin Hall by Taoist Fairy, since then, the name Chik Chung Wong Sin Hall has replaced the original name. According to the regulations, Sik Sik Yuen used to be a private shrine. It was not until 1934, Sik Sik Yuen formally applied to the government for opening the Temple to the public during the 1st lunar month of every Chinese New Year, however, in 1956 Sik Sik Yuen was allowed to open completely to the public. In 1956, the government proposed to reclaim the temple for housing development. Chairman Wong Wan Tins pushed for the temple to remain open, charging a 10-cent admission fee at the main entrance, fees were donated to the Tung Wah Group of Hospitals. Because of its significance, the Temple is graded as a Grade I historic building
34.
Durgiana Temple
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The Durgiana Temple, also known as Lakshmi Narayan Temple, Durga Tirath and Sitla Mandir, is a premier Hindu temple situated in the city of Amritsar, Punjab, India. Though a Hindu temple, its architecture is similar to the Golden Temple of Sikh religion and this temple derives its name from the Goddess Durga, the chief Goddess deified and worshipped here. Idols of Goddess Laksmi and Vishnu are also deified here and worshipped, the temple is situated near the Lohgarh gate, in Amritsar, in the Indian state of Punjab. It is very close to the Amritsar Railway station, and is about 1.5 kilometres from the bus station, Amritsar is well connected by road, rail and air services with the rest of the country. Flights to Delhi operate from the Raja Sansi Airport, which is 12 kilometres to the north west of Amritsar, there are direct rail links to Delhi, Calcutta and Mumbai. The National Highway No.1 connects Delhi to Amritsar, the original temple is reported to have been built in the 16th century. It was rebuilt in 1921 by Guru Harsai Mal Kapoor in the style of the Sikh Golden Temple. The newly built temple was inaugurated by Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya, even though Amritsar is not declared a Holy city, restrictions are in force prohibiting sale of tobacco, liquor and meat within a radius of 200 metres around this temple and the Golden Temple. The temple is built in the middle of a sacred lake and its dome and canopies are similar to that of the Golden temple of Sikh religion, also located in Amritsar. A bridge provides the approach to the temple, the dome of the temple is gilded. Marble is used extensively in the temples features, the dome is illuminated with colourful lights. The temple is sometimes called Silver temple because of its large exquisitely designed silver doors and it has a rich collection of Hindu scriptures. The temple complex also has some historic subsidiary temples such as Sita Mata, major Hindu festivals celebrated in the temple are Dussehra, Janmashtami, Rama Navami, and Diwali. The temple and its precincts are under a beautification programme since 2013 and this will provide more space for worship both inside and outside the temple premises. Under this plan a multi-storied parking complex, an open air theatre, modern History of Punjab, A Look Back Into Ancient Peaceful Punjab Focusing Confrontation and Failures Leading to Present Punjab Problem, and a Peep Ahead, Relevant Select Documents. Gajrani, S. History, Religion and Culture of India
35.
Amritsar
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According to the 2011 census, the population of Amritsar was 1,132,761. The city is situated 217 km northwest of state capital Chandigarh and 456 km northwest of Delhi and it is near Pakistan, with the Wagah Border being only 28 km away. The nearest city is Lahore, the second largest city in Pakistan, Amritsar is home to the Harmandir Sahib, the spiritual and cultural centre for the Sikh religion. The city also houses the Akal Takht, the highest seat of authority of the Khalsa. The Ramtirth temple situated at Amritsar is believed to be the Ashram site of Maharishi Valmiki, according to the Hindu mythology, Goddess Sita gave birth to Lava and Kusha, sons of lord Rama at Ramtirth ashram. Large number of people visit Ramtirth Temple at annual fair, nearby cities to Amritsar, Lahore and Kasoor were said to be founded by Lava and Kusha, respectively. During Ashvamedha Yagna by Lord Rama, Lava and Kush captured the ritual horse, during Navratra festivities it is considered to be auspicious by Hindu population of the city to visit that temple. The main commercial activities of Amritsar include tourism, carpets and fabrics, farm produce, handicrafts, service trades, the city is known for its rich cuisine, and culture, and for the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in 1919 under British Rule. Amritsar is home to Central Khalsa Orphanage, which was home to Udham Singh. Gandhi Ground is the sports complex in the city which is home to the Amritsar Games Association. Amritsar has been chosen as one of the cities for HRIDAY - Heritage City Development. Amritsar is one of the largest cities of the Punjab state in India. The city origin lies in the village of Tung, and was named after the lake founded by the fourth Sikh Guru Ram Das in 1574 on land bought by him for 700 rupees from the owners of the village of Tung. Earlier, Guru Ram Das had begun building Santokhsar Sarovar, near the village of Sultanwind in 1564 and it could not be completed before 1588. In 1574, Guru Ram Das built his residence and moved to this place, at that time, it was known as Guru Da Chakk. Amritsars central walled city has narrow streets mostly developed in the 17th and 18th century, the city is a peculiar example of an introverted planning system with unique areas called Katras. The Katras are self-styled residential units that provided unique defence system during attacks on the city and this led to a general strike in Amritsar. Excited groups of citizens soon merged into a crowd of about 50,000 marching on to protest to the deputy commissioner against the arrest of the two leaders, the crowd, however, was stopped and fired upon near the railway foot-bridge
36.
Ohel Rachel Synagogue
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The Ohel Rachel Synagogue is a Sephardi synagogue in Shanghai, China. Built by Sir Jacob Elias Sassoon in memory of his wife Rachel, it was completed in 1920, Ohel Rachel is the largest synagogue in the Far East, and one of the only two still standing in Shanghai. It was reopened for some Jewish holidays from 1999 and briefly held more regular Shabbat services as part of the 2010 Shanghai Expo. The Ohel Rachel Synagogue was constructed by Sirs Jacob Elias and Edward Elias Sassoon of the wealthy Sassoon family of Baghdadi-Jewish origin, who built many of Shanghais historic structures. It replaced its predecessor, the Beth El Synagogue, which was established in 1887 and it was built on Seymour Road, in the western section of the Shanghai International Settlement. The building was opened in March 1920 and consecrated by the recently arrived Rabbi W. Hirsch, the synagogue was named after Jacob Sassoons late wife, Rachel, but, as he also died shortly before its dedication, it was dedicated to the couple together. It was also known as the Seymour Synagogue from its former address. Ohel Rachel was the first purpose-built synagogue in Shanghai, Ohel Rachels cavernous sanctuary, overlooked by a second floor with wide balconies, has a capacity of 700 people. Its walk-in ark, which held 30 Torah scrolls, was flanked by marble pillars, the facility also included a library, ritual bath, and playground. Ohel Rachel is the largest synagogue in the Far East and is described as second to none in the East, the Jewish Club Ahduth opened in the Ohel Rachel compound in 1921. It held both Sephardi and Ashkenazi social events, though the former tended to dominate, the Shanghai Jewish School also moved in 1932 from Dixwell Road in Hongkou to a building adjacent to Ohel Rachel. The school served both Ashkenazi and Sephardi students, during the Second World War, the foreign concessions—including the area around Ohel Rachel—continued under international control even after the Japanese victory in the 1937 Battle of Shanghai. Shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, however, the act cut off American funds to the citys Jewish community, swollen with thousands of recent refugees from Europe. The Japanese imposed restrictions on the Jews of Shanghai and, in 1943, required most of them to move to the Restricted Sector for Stateless Refugees and this was located in Hongkou, well away from Ohel Rachel, which was converted into a stable. The Communist Party of China took Shanghai near the close of the Chinese Civil War and they permitted Shanghais Jewish community to continue using Ohel Rachel until 1952, when the property was seized and stripped of its furnishings. It was then included in the compound for the Shanghai Education Commission, almost all of the citys Jews had emigrated by 1956. During the Cultural Revolution of the late 1960s, the building was used as a warehouse and suffered damage, with its windows. One of them, Rabbi Arthur Schneier, extracted a promise from Shanghai Mayor Xu Kuangdi to protect Ohel Rachel, restore it, the Municipality of Shanghai allocated $60 000 to restore the synagogue under the direction of its former caretaker Aha Toeug
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Shanghai
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Shanghai is the most populous city proper in the world, with a population of more than 24 million as of 2014. As one of the four direct-controlled municipalities of the Peoples Republic of China, it is a financial centre and transport hub. Located in the Yangtze River Delta in East China, Shanghai sits on the edge of the mouth of the Yangtze in the middle portion of the eastern Chinese coast. The municipality borders the provinces of Jiangsu and Zhejiang to the north, south and west, as a major administrative, shipping and trading city, Shanghai grew in importance in the 19th century due to trade and recognition of its favourable port location and economic potential. The city was one of five treaty ports forced open to foreign trade following the British victory over China in the First Opium War, the subsequent 1842 Treaty of Nanking and 1844 Treaty of Whampoa allowed the establishment of the Shanghai International Settlement and the French Concession. The city then flourished as a center of commerce between China and other parts of the world, and became the financial hub of the Asia-Pacific region in the 1930s. However, with the Communist Party takeover of the mainland in 1949, trade was limited to other socialist countries, and the citys global influence declined. In the 1990s, the reforms introduced by Deng Xiaoping resulted in an intense re-development of the city, aiding the return of finance. The two Chinese characters in the name are 上 and 海, together meaning Upon-the-Sea. The earliest occurrence of this dates from the 11th-century Song Dynasty, at which time there was already a river confluence. There are disputes as to exactly how the name should be understood, Shanghai is officially abbreviated 沪 in Chinese, a contraction of 沪渎, a 4th- or 5th-century Jin name for the mouth of Suzhou Creek when it was the main conduit into the ocean. This character appears on all motor vehicle license plates issued in the municipality today, another alternative name for Shanghai is Shēn or Shēnchéng, from Lord Chunshen, a third-century BC nobleman and prime minister of the state of Chu, whose fief included modern Shanghai. Sports teams and newspapers in Shanghai often use Shen in their names, such as Shanghai Shenhua F. C. Huating was another early name for Shanghai. In AD751, during the dynasty, Huating County was established at modern-day Songjiang. Today, Huating appears as the name of a hotel in the city. The city also has various nicknames in English, including Pearl of the Orient, during the Spring and Autumn period, the Shanghai area belonged to the Kingdom of Wu, which was conquered by the Kingdom of Yue, which in turn was conquered by the Kingdom of Chu. During the Warring States period, Shanghai was part of the fief of Lord Chunshen of Chu and he ordered the excavation of the Huangpu River. Its former or poetic name, the Chunshen River, gave Shanghai its nickname of Shen, two important events helped promote Shanghais development in the Ming dynasty
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Michel de Klerk
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Michel de Klerk was a Dutch architect. Born to a Jewish family, he was one of the architects of the movement Amsterdam School. Early in his career he worked for architects, including Eduard Cuypers. For a while, he employed the Indonesian-born Liem Bwan Tjie. Of his many outstanding designs, very few have actually been built, one of his finest completed buildings is Het Schip in the Amsterdam district of Spaarndammerbuurt. The architectural contribution by Michel de Klerk is shown in this article, suzanne S. Frank, Michel de Klerk 1884-1923 - An Architect of the Amsterdam School, UMI Research Press, Ann Arbor Mich
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Het Schip
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Het Schip is an apartment building in the Spaarndammerbuurt district of Amsterdam, built in the architectural style of the Amsterdam School of Expressionist architecture. It is the single most important example of style of architecture. The building was designed by Michel de Klerk, the building vaguely resembles the outlines of a ship. Its appearance is very unconventional from all angles, designed in 1919, the building contains 102 homes for the working class, a small meeting hall and a post office, which as of 2001 is the museum of the Amsterdam School. In the 19th and early 20th century, Amsterdam faced a housing shortage. Heating was usually provided by burning peat, and poor families lived in a single room together. In response to these conditions, the Dutch government passed the National Housing Act in 1901. The new law set aside financial resources for the development of low-income housing. Much of the new housing was financed by cooperative housing associations run by groups such as workers collectives, socialist organizations. One such group was Eigen Haard, or our own hearth, the apartments of Het Schip were a radical departure from the poor living conditions of many of Amsterdams working-class people in the 20th century. Relatively spacious, they include several separate rooms as opposed to the one-room dwellings still common at the time and they also included flush toilets and had ample natural light and ventilation from windows. The building also includes a post office, which the poor had previously had access to. The post office contained a box from which families could make calls. Expansion of Amsterdam since the 19th century The Amsterdam School museum, located in Het Schip Roger Shepherd. com, Het Schip Woningwet
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Walter Gropius
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Born in Berlin, Walter Gropius was the third child of Walter Adolph Gropius and Manon Auguste Pauline Scharnweber. In 1915 Gropius married Alma Mahler, widow of Gustav Mahler, Walter and Almas daughter, named Manon after Walters mother, was born in 1916. When Manon died of polio at age 18, in 1935, Gropius and Alma divorced in 1920. On 16 October 1923, Gropius married Ilse Frank, and they remained together until his death in 1969 and they adopted a daughter together, Beate Gropius, known as Ati. Ise Gropius died on 9 June 1983 in Lexington, Massachusetts, Walter Gropius was drafted August 1914 and served as a sergeant and then as a lieutenant in the signal corps in the First World War. He survived being buried under rubble and dead bodies, and shot out of the sky with a dead pilot. He was awarded the Iron Cross twice, Gropius then, like his father and his great-uncle Martin Gropius before him, became an architect. Gropius could not draw, and was dependent on collaborators and partner-interpreters throughout his career, in school he hired an assistant to complete his homework for him. His fellow employees at this time included Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier, in 1910 Gropius left the firm of Behrens and together with fellow employee Adolf Meyer established a practice in Berlin. Together they share credit for one of the seminal modernist buildings created during this period, the Faguswerk in Alfeld-an-der-Leine, Germany, the factory is now regarded as one of the crucial founding monuments of European modernism. Gropius was commissioned in 1913 to design a car for the Prussian Railroad Locomotive Works in Königsberg and this locomotive was unique and the first of its kind in Germany and perhaps in Europe. Other works of early period include the office and factory building for the Werkbund Exhibition in Cologne. In 1913, Gropius published an article about The Development of Industrial Buildings, Gropiuss career was interrupted by the outbreak of World War I in 1914. Called up immediately as a reservist, Gropius served as a sergeant major at the Western front during the war years and was wounded, Gropius was awarded an Iron Cross while fighting for four years for Germany on the Western Front. Gropiuss career advanced in the postwar period, henry van de Velde, the master of the Grand-Ducal Saxon School of Arts and Crafts in Weimar was asked to step down in 1915 due to his Belgian nationality. His recommendation for Gropius to succeed him led eventually to Gropiuss appointment as master of the school in 1919, in principle, the Bauhaus represented an opportunity to extend beauty and quality to every home through well designed industrially produced objects. The Bauhaus program was experimental and the emphasis, was theoretical, one example product of the Bauhaus was the armchair F51, designed for the Bauhauss directors room in 1920 – nowadays a re-edition in the market, manufactured by the German company TECTA/Lauenfoerde. In 1919, Gropius was involved in the Glass Chain utopian expressionist correspondence under the pseudonym Mass
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Weimar
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Weimar is a city in the federal state of Thuringia, Germany. It is located between Erfurt in the west and Jena in the east, approximately 80 kilometres southwest of Leipzig,170 kilometres north of Nuremberg and 170 kilometres west of Dresden. Together with the neighbour-cities Erfurt and Jena it forms the metropolitan area of Thuringia with approximately 500,000 inhabitants. Weimar is well known because of its cultural heritage and its importance in German history. The city was a point of the German Enlightenment and home of the leading characters of the literary genre of Weimar Classicism. Until 1948, Weimar was the capital of Thuringia, today, many places in the city centre have been designated as UNESCO World Heritage sites and tourism is one of the leading economic sectors of Weimar. Relevant institutions in Weimar are the Bauhaus University, the Liszt School of Music, in 1999, Weimar was the European Capital of Culture. Archaeological finds dating back to the Thuringii epoch show that the Weimar part of the Ilm valley was settled early, the oldest records regarding Weimar date to 899. Its name changed over the centuries from Wimares through Wimari to Wimar and finally Weimar, it is derived from Old High German wīh-, another theory derives the first element from OHG win. The place was the seat of the County of Weimar, first mentioned in 949, in 1062 it was united with the County of Orlamünde to the new County of Weimar-Orlamünde, which existed until the Thuringian Counts War in 1346 and fell to the Wettins afterwards. The Weimar settlement emerged around the wooden castle and two small churches dedicated to St Peter, and to St James. In 1240, the count founded the monastery in Oberweimar. Soon after, the counts of Weimar founded the town, which was an independent parish since 1249, from 1262 the citizens used their own seal. Nevertheless, the influence of the Weimar counts was declining as the influence of the Wettins in Thuringia increased. Hence, the new town was relatively marginal in a regional context. The settlement around St James Church developed into a suburb during the 13th century, after becoming part of the Wettins territory in 1346, urban development improved. The Wettins fostered Weimar by abolishing socage and granting privileges to the citizens, now Weimar became equal to other Wettinian cities like Weißensee and grew during the 15th century, with the establishment of a town hall and the current main church. Weimar acquired woad trade privileges in 1438, the castle and the walls were finished in the 16th century, making Weimar into a full city
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Mayslake Peabody Estate
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The Mayslake Peabody Estate is an estate constructed as a country home for Francis Stuyvesant Peabody between 1919 and 1922. Originally encompassing an area of over 848 acres, the estate now contains an area of 87 acres. The entire complex features the Tudor Revival style Mayslake Hall, its wing, and the Portiuncula Chapel. Approximately 22 acres of wetlands, lakes, restored prairies and two small oak savannas are included within the 87 acre territory, on November 8,1994, Mayslake Hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Mayslake Peabody Estate was constructed from 1919-1921 for wealthy coal baron, Peabody first began purchasing land in the eastern portion of DuPage County in 1910. He used the land to create Peabody Farms, later renamed Mayslake Farms, by 1919 Peabody had approximately 848 acres of land for use between parcels he owned and leased. Construction of Mayslake Hall, his Tudor Revival style country house began in 1919, the estate is named in honor of his first wife, who died in 1907, and his daughter, both of whom were named May. Only a year after Mayslake Hall was completed, on August 27,1922, Peabody was 63 years old at the time of his death. After Francis Peabodys death, his family did not wish to reside at the estate, and on March 28,1924, beginning in 1925, the Franciscans used Mayslake Hall as a retreat house. After Peabodys death, the Portiuncula Chapel, a replica of the Chapel of St. Francis of Assisi in Assisi, completed in 1926, the chapel was one of the first replicas of the original chapel in the United States. The Portiuncula Chapel at the Franciscan Monastery of the Holy Land in America in Washington, originally, the chapel was located at the site of Peabodys death. It was moved to its present location near the mansion in 1973, behind the chapel, a semi-circular memorial wall surrounding a flower and herb garden, was constructed by the Franciscan Order of Friars Minor. In 1927, the St. Joseph Seminary was added to the complex, in 1951, an additional wing was added to the country house. St. Paschals Friary was built on the estate between 1952 and 1964, the Friary was demolished in 2011. During the 1930s and 1970s, the Franciscans sold large portions of the estate, in 1991, the Franciscans announced the pending sale of the remaining 87 acres to a developer who planned to raze remaining buildings and build 130 luxury homes. Conservationists, historic preservationists and DuPage County citizens formed a group to save the historic property, with the assistance of the groups efforts, DuPage County voters approved a $17.5 million referendum providing the Forest Preserve District with funds to purchase Mayslake in 1992. The area is now part of the Forest Preserve District of DuPage County, Mayslake Hall hosts cultural and educational programs throughout the year, including lectures, art classes, and concerts. Restoration-In-Progress tours of the hall take place on Saturdays and Wednesdays, the estate is also home to First Folio Theatre
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Oak Brook, Illinois
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Oak Brook is an affluent village in DuPage County with a small portion in Cook County in Illinois. The population was 7,883 at the 2010 census. P, TreeHouse Foods, and Lions Clubs International. Oak Brook was originally known as Fullersburg, named after Ben Fuller and their current goal is to restore the Old Butler School, which will serve the community as the Oak Brook Heritage Center, operated by the Oak Brook Historical Society. The Heritage Center will provide multigenerational programming, exhibits of the heritage and history of Oak Brook, a research library, Oak Brook is located at 41°50′24″N 87°57′11″W. According to the 2010 census, Oak Brook has an area of 8.279 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 7,883 people,2,939 households, the population density was 991.6 people per square mile. There were 3,188 housing units, at a density of 401.0 per square mile. The racial makeup was 71. 8% White,2. 0% African American,23. 2% Asian,0. 1% Native American,0. 7% some other race, hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 3% of the population. 18. 2% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.63, and the average family size was 2.99. In the village, the population was out with 17. 8% under the age of 18,5. 7% from 18 to 24,13. 8% from 25 to 44,33. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 54.5 years, for every 100 females there were 92.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.8 males, for the period 2007-11, the estimated median annual income for a household in the village was $132,389, and the median income for a family was $152,209. Male full-time workers had an income of $104,981 versus $71,961 for females. The per capita income for the village was $79,711, about 1. 1% of families and 1. 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1. 7% of those under age 18 and 2. 6% of those age 65 or over. In 2011,23. 2% of Oak Brooks residents were Asian, students that live within the district attend Hinsdale Central High School, District 86. However, some residents of the village are within other DuPage county school districts and attend schools in Elmhurst, the world headquarters of McDonalds Corporation is in Oak Brook. McDonalds moved into the Oak Brook facility from an office within the Chicago Loop in 1971, other corporations include Ace Hardware, Blistex, Crowe Horwath, TreeHouse Foods, Federal Signal, Sanford, CenterPoint Properties, Dantech Information Technology, and Follett Higher Education Group. Global non-profit organizations such as Lions Clubs International, Zonta International and Institute in Basic Life Principles are also based in Oak Brook, the show filmed a funeral scene in Oak Brooks Bronswood cemetery in its 267th episode, Twenty-One Guns
