1.
1912 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1912. January 5 – Konstantin Stanislavski and Edward Gordon Craigs seminal symbolist Moscow Art Theatre production of Hamlet opens, conrad continues to work on finishing the book while the first chapters are appearing weekly in the Herald, completing it on March 26. March 3 – Frieda Weekley meets D. H. Lawrence in Nottingham, april 14–15 – Sinking of the RMS Titanic, The ocean liner RMS Titanic strikes an iceberg and sinks on her maiden voyage from the United Kingdom to the United States. American mystery writer Jacques Futrelle, English journalist and publisher William Thomas Stead, a copy of the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam in a jewelled binding by Sangorski & Sutcliffe is also lost. The event leads to a flood of poems, including Thomas Hardys The Convergence of the Twain, may 6 – Lie Kim Hok dies of typhus in Batavia, Dutch East Indies, aged 58. Lauw Giok Lan completes his translations of Hugo Hartmanns Dolores, de Verkochte Vrouw as Prampoean jang Terdjoewal and of Geneviève de Vadans as De Juffrouw van Gezelschap. June – As I. G. Ofir, Romanian poet Benjamin Fondane has his debut in the magazine Floare Albastră. August 10 – Virginia Stephen marries Leonard Woolf at St. Pancras Town Hall in London and they honeymoon in Provence, Spain and Italy before returning to live in London. September 21 – Harley Granville-Barkers production of Shakespeares The Winters Tale opens at the Savoy Theatre, London, with simplified scenery, ensemble acting and it is replaced in November by his production of Twelfth Night. October Edgar Rice Burroughs character Tarzan first appears in Tarzan of the Apes in American pulp magazine The All-Story, sax Rohmers character Fu Manchu first appears in The Zayat Kiss in English pulp magazine Story-Teller, the first instalment of The Mystery of Dr. Fu-Manchu. October 12 – Arthur Schnitzlers play La Ronde is first performed, in Budapest, october 25 – First issue of Simbolul, put out in Bucharest by Marcel Janco, Tristan Tzara, and Ion Vinea. – A Slap in the Face of Public Taste, the text of Russian Futurism, is published as both a manifesto and a poetry almanac. Edited and authored by David Burliuk, Viktor Khlebnikov, Aleksei Kruchenykh, attacks the tradition of Russian Symbolism, in particular works by Leonid Andreyev, Konstantin Balmont, Alexander Blok, and Ivan Bunin, but also ridicules independents such as Maxim Gorky. Texts of 13 Sanskrit dramas, perhaps from the first centuries BCE, publication of the Loeb Classical Library, parallel text editions of the classics, begins by London publisher Heinemann. Moruzi – Pribegi în țară răpită John Muir – The Yosemite P. D. F. L. R. – Sesto Pals, Romanian Israeli poet, priestleys An Inspector Calls are set in this year
2.
1914 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1914. January 18 – A party held in honour of English poet Wilfrid Scawen Blunt at his farm in West Sussex brings together W. B. Yeats, Ezra Pound, Thomas Sturge Moore, Victor Plarr, Richard Aldington, F. S. Flint and Frederic Manning, february–December – Publication of New Numbers, a quarterly collection of work by the Dymock poets in England edited by Lascelles Abercrombie. February 2 – James Joyces semi-autobiographical novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man commences serialization in The Egoist, february 4 – A staging of George A. Birminghams comedy General John Regan at Westport Town Hall in Ireland provokes a riot. February 10 – Thomas Hardy marries his wife, childrens author Florence Dugdale, at St Andrews. March The Times Literary Supplement is published separately for the first time, the Little Review is founded by Margaret Caroline Anderson as part of Chicagos literary renaissance. March 4 – Irish-born novelist George Moore publishes Vale, the final of his 3-volume autobiographical Hail, june – James Joyces Dubliners, a collection of fifteen short stories depicting the Irish middle classes in and around Dublin during the early 20th century, is published in London. June 20 – First issue of the Vorticist literary magazine BLAST edited by Wyndham Lewis is published and it includes Ford Madox Hueffers The Saddest Story, a preliminary version of The Good Soldier. June 24 – Edward Thomas makes the English railway journey which inspires his poem Adlestrop en route to meet Robert Frost, july E. M. Forster completes his novel Maurice, with its theme of male homosexual love, it is not published until 1971. Heinrich Mann completes his novel Der Untertan, with its critique of German nationalism, August The literature of World War I makes its first appearance. John Masefield writes the poem August,1914, the last he will produce before the peace, stanley Unwin purchases a controlling interest in the London publisher George Allen. August 25 – The library of the Catholic University of Leuven is set on fire by German troops during the Rape of Belgium, September – J. R. R. Tolkien writes a poem about Eärendil, the first appearance of his mythopoeic Middle-earth legendarium. Eärendil will much later appear in the The Silmarillion, at this time Tolkien is an Oxford undergraduate staying at Phoenix Farm, Gedling near Nottingham. September 2 – Charles Masterman invites 25 eminent literary men to Wellington House in London to form a secret British War Propaganda Bureau, kipling soon afterwards writes the poem For all we have and are. Yeats, however, refuses to sign a letter of support for the War signed by most of the participants, September 9 – Hilaire Belloc is contracted to write regular articles on the War in the new British weekly Land and Water. September 21 – Laurence Binyons poem For the Fallen, containing his Ode of Remembrance, is published in The Times, T. S. Eliot meets fellow American poet Ezra Pound for the first time, in London. September 29 – Arthur Machens short story The Bowmen, origin of the legend of the Angels of Mons, is published in The Evening News, november 7 – The first issue of The New Republic magazine is published in the United States. November 16 – M. P. Shiel is convicted and imprisoned for indecently assaulting, december 31 – T. S. Oxford is very pretty, but I dont like to be dead
3.
1916 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1916. January – The Journal of Negro History is founded by Carter G. Woodson, march 1 – Transfer of the National Library of Wales at Aberystwyth into its purpose-built premises is completed. March 22 – Marriage of J. R. R. Tolkien and Edith Bratt at St. Mary Immaculate Roman Catholic Church, Warwick and they will serve as the inspiration for the fictional characters Beren and Lúthien. Tolkien leaves for military service in France at the beginning of June, april–June – Katherine Mansfield and John Middleton Murry live as neighbours to D. H. and Frieda Lawrence at Higher Tregerthen, near Zennor in Cornwall. Of the seven leaders of the Rising, Thomas MacDonagh, Patrick Pearse and Joseph Plunkett are all poets and James Connolly a balladeer, the event is the theme of W. B. Yeats poem Easter,1916, first published this September, may 16 – Natsume Sōsekis novel Light and Darkness begins serialization in the Tokyo and Osaka editions of the newspaper Asahi Shimbun but will remain unfinished at the authors death on December 9. Future Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Harold Macmillan, wounded in Septembers Battle of Flers–Courcelette and sheltering in a slit trench, yeats makes his fifth and final proposal of marriage to the newly widowed Maud Gonne in France. Summer – In the United States 15-year-old Margaret Mitchell writes the manuscript of a novella called Lost Laysen in two notebooks and she will later give the manuscript to a boyfriend and the book remains lost until rediscovered in the mid-1990s and published in 1996. Meanwhile, Mitchell will go on to write Gone with the Wind, September – Joseph Conrads novella The Shadow Line commences serialization in both The English Review and the Metropolitan Magazine. October 19 – New building for the German National Library opens in Leipzig, December 29 – James Joyces semi-autobiographical novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is first published complete in book form in New York. July 1–12 – Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916, partial inspiration for Peter Benchleys novel Jaws, November – Aleksandr Solzhenitsyns novel November 1916 is set in the lead-up to the Russian Revolution
4.
1917 in literature
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This article presents lists of literary events and publications in 1917. January Francis Picabia produces the first issue of the Dada periodical 391 in Barcelona, J. R. R. February 4/5 – English writer Hugh Kingsmill is taken prisoner while fighting in France. February 16 – The publishing house of Boni & Liveright is established in New York City by Horace Liveright with Albert Boni, and establishes the Modern Library imprint. April – Leonard and Virginia Woolf take delivery of the printing press they require in order to establish the Hogarth Press at their home. Their first publication is Two Stories, june 4 – The first Pulitzer Prizes are awarded, Laura E. Richards, Maude H. Swope receives the first Pulitzer for journalism for his work for the New York World. June 18 – Luigi Pirandellos drama Right You Are is premièred in Milan, summer – The Siuru expressionistic and neo-romantic literary movement in Estonia is formed by a group of young poets and writers. October 20 – 51-year-old poet W. B, yeats marries 25-year-old Georgie Hyde-Lees at Harrow Road register office in London a couple of months after having had a proposal of marriage to his ex-mistresss daughter, Iseult Gonne, rejected. December 25 – Jesse Lynch Williams Why Marry, the first dramatic play to win a Pulitzer Prize, opens at the Astor Theatre. The colonial government of the Dutch East Indies establishes the Kantoor voor de Volklectuur, the Marc Chagall illustrated version of The Magician by I. L. Peretz is published in Vilnius. This is the background to Aleksandr Solzhenitsyns novels in The Red Wheel sequence March 1917, august 18 – First meeting between Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon, the basis of Stephen MacDonalds drama Not About Heroes and Pat Barkers novel Regeneration
5.
1918 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1918. January 1 – Popular British novelist and wartime propagandist Hall Caine is made a KBE, january 2 – Popular British novelist Marie Corelli is convicted under wartime legislation for hoarding food. January 23 – Robert Graves marries the painter Nancy Nicholson in London, wedding guests include Wilfred Owen, whose first nationally published poem appears 3 days later and who will be killed by the end of the year. March The Telemachus episode of James Joyces Ulysses is published in the American journal The Little Review, English novelist Alec Waugh is made a prisoner of war, he will be incarcerated in Mainz Citadel with monologuist J. Milton Hayes and Hugh Kingsmill. English writer May Sinclair first uses the term Stream of consciousness to describe a narrative mode, may 3 – Katherine Mansfield marries her long-time partner John Middleton Murry at Kensington register office in London. June – English poet Basil Bunting is imprisoned as a conscientious objector, august 17 – Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon meet for the last time, in London, and spend what Sassoon later describes as the whole of a hot cloudless afternoon together. October 3 – Siegfried Sassoon visits his mentor Robbie Ross for the last time, Sassoon later writes that Ross, in saying goodbye, gave him a presentiment of final farewell. November 4 – Wilfred Owen is killed in action, aged 25, news of his death reaches his parents in Shrewsbury a week later on Armistice Day. He is awarded a posthumous Military Cross a year later, december 28 – Emperor Khải Định of Vietnam declares the traditional Chữ nôm script for writing the Vietnamese language to be abolished in favour of the Latin script Vietnamese alphabet. Winter – Parisian farceur Georges Feydeau contracts tertiary syphilis, the 2nd annual Pulitzer Prizes are awarded in the United States, including the first award for a novel
6.
1920 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1920. Reviewers hail the play and ONeill becomes famous, february 27 – Inaugural meeting of the Bloomsbury Groups Memoir Club arranged by Mary MacCarthy in London. March 26 – This Side of Paradise by F. Scott Fitzgerald is published and it is a sensation, immediately establishing Fitzgerald as a writer and celebrity, the initial print run of 3,000 copies sells out in 3 days. Though the books reputation will dim in later years, Dorothy Parker will recall that it was regarded as a work when it first appeared. April Hart Crane publishes his poem My Grandmothers Love Letters in The Dial, april 3 – F. Scott Fitzgerald marries Zelda Sayre in the rectory of St. Patricks Cathedral. K. November 1 – Eugene ONeills play, The Emperor Jones, is staged at the Playwrights Theater in New York City with Charles Sidney Gilpin in the title role. November 9 – D. H. Lawrences novel Women in Love is first published, december 23 – Arthur Schnitzlers play Reigen first receives an authorized performance, in Berlin, receiving strong criticism on moral and antisemitic grounds. Publication in Prague of Karel Čapeks drama R. U. R, Rossums Universal Robots, publication in Paris of the first volume of the Collection Budé, providing editions of Classical texts with parallel French translation, Platos Hippias Minor. Van Wyck Brooks publishes The Ordeal of Mark Twain, arguing that Twains genius was perverted by the conditions and this is the beginning of the reassessment of Mark Twain, who until this point had been regarded primarily as a humorous entertainer. The 1920s will force a reconsideration of many 19th-century writers, most importantly Herman Melville, goodyear – Forge of Foxenby Hugh Lofting – The Story of Doctor Dolittle Olive Beaupré Miller – In the Nursery S. Ansky – The Dybbuk Karel Čapek – R. U. R
7.
1926 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1926. February 8 – Seán OCaseys play The Plough and the Stars opens at the Abbey Theatre, on February 11, the performance is marred by ugly scenes in the audience, one man strikes an actress. February 12 – The Irish Free State minister for Justice, Kevin OHiggins, February 26 – The future English novelist Graham Greene is received into the Catholic Church. April 1 – Hugo Gernsback launches his pioneering science fiction magazine Amazing Stories in the United States, may 11 – C. S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkien meet for the first time in Oxford. October 14 – The childrens book Winnie-the-Pooh, by A. A. Milne, is first published by Methuen in London. December 3 – English detective story writer Agatha Christie disappears from her home in Surrey, December – Thomas Mann begins writing Die Geschichten Jaakobs in Munich, first of the tetralogy Joseph and His Brothers on which he will work until January 1943. Antonin Artaud and Roger Vitrac establish the Théatre Alfred-Jarry in Paris for the production of surrealist drama, bread Loaf Writers Conference is founded in Middlebury, Vermont. Ford Madox Ford publishes A Man Could Stand Up --, the book of a four-volume work titled Parades End published between 1924 and 1928. Vsevolod Meyerhold stages a landmark production of Gogols satirical comedy The Government Inspector in Moscow. Margaret Mitchell begins writing the novel Gone with the Wind, the remains of English poet Isaac Rosenberg are re-interred at Bailleul Road East Cemetery, Plot V, St. Laurent-Blangy, Pas de Calais, France. S. S. Van Dine publishes the first Philo Vance mystery novel, Peter Llewelyn Davies establishes the London publishing house Peter Davies Ltd. Yeats – Autobiographies Paul Zarifopol – Din registrul ideilor gingașe Alfred Eckhard Zimmern – The Third British Empire January 5 – W. D
8.
1928 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1928. January Mikhail Sholokhovs novel And Quiet Flows the Don begins serialization in the Soviet magazine Oktyabr, Ford Madox Ford publishes Last Post in the U. K. last in his World War I tetralogy Parades End published since 1924. March 31 – Stockholm Public Library, designed by Gunnar Asplund, is opened, april 19 – Publication of the Oxford English Dictionary is completed. Spring – George Orwell moves from London to Paris, his first articles as a writer are published later in the year. June – The literary magazine Contemporáneos is first published in Mexico by Jaime Torres Bodet, in September the authors first completed novel, the satire Decline and Fall, is published by Chapman & Hall, it reaches its 3rd printing by the end of the year. The marriage lasts until the following September, july – D. H. Lawrences Lady Chatterleys Lover is published in Florence, it will not be published in an unexpurgated edition in Britain until 1960. September S. S. Van Dine publishes Twenty Rules for Writing Detective Stories in The American Magazine, leslie Charteris publishes Meet the Tiger in the U. K. the first adventure of Simon Templar, alias The Saint. Charteris will write dozens of novels and short stories featuring the character on a regular basis between 1928 and 1963, and others continue the series until 1983. September 21 – The Gorseth Kernow is set up at Boscawen-Un in Cornwall by Henry Jenner, october – Publication of Siburapha s Luk Phu Chai, perhaps the first substantial original Thai novel. Autumn – W. H. Auden goes to Berlin, where he is joined by Christopher Isherwood. November–December – Erich Maria Remarques antiwar novel All Quiet on the Western Front is first published in the German newspaper Vossische Zeitung, hans Herbert Grimms Schlump is published by Kurt Wolff in Berlin this year also. November 6 – Xu Zhimo writes his poem 再別康橋, sherriffs drama Journeys End, set on the Western Front, is premièred by the Incorporated Stage Society at the Apollo Theatre in London with Laurence Olivier in a principal rôle. December 19 – Italo Svevo, returning from an Alpine health resort to Trieste, is involved in an automobile accident, bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyays novel Pather Panchali first appears as a serial in a Calcutta periodical. The clerihew, the comic pseudo-biographical verse form associated with Edmund Clerihew Bentley, is mentioned in print for the first time and it is estimated that one in four of all secular books printed and sold in England is written by Edgar Wallace. Dixon – Hunting for Hidden Gold W. E. B
9.
1929 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1929. February–August – Voltaires Candide is held to be obscene by the United States Customs Service in Boston, february – The first of Margery Allinghams crime novels to feature Albert Campion, The Crime at Black Dudley, is published in England. April 1 – The Faber and Faber publishing house is established in London by Geoffrey Faber with T. S. Eliot as literary editor, – The first of Gladys Mitchells crime novels, introducing her psychologist detective character Mrs Bradley, Speedy Death, is published in England. July – British publisher William Collins, Sons launches The Detective Story Club as an imprint with Edgar Wallaces novelization of The Terror. July 5 – Scotland Yard seizes 13 paintings of male and female nudes by D. H. Lawrence from a Mayfair gallery on grounds of indecency under the Vagrancy Act 1838, August – Censorship of Publications Act sets up the Censorship of Publications Board in the Irish Free State. August 15 – The first Ellery Queen mystery novel, The Roman Hat Mystery, is published in New York City, midyear – Serialization begins of one of the first original Thai novels Dokmai Sot s Sattru Khǫng Čhaolon followed shortly by publication of M. C. Akat s semi-autobiographical Lakhǫn Haeng Chiwit, Thai writers join with Kulap Saipradit in the Suphapburut literary group. October – Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir become a couple, twenty-one-year-old de Beauvoir becomes the youngest person ever to obtain the agrégation in philosophy, and comes second in the final examination, beaten only by Sartre. Rejected the previous year by W. B, yeats for the Abbey Theatre in Dublin, it will not be seen in Ireland until 1935. October 29 – Release of the first sound adaptation of a Shakespeare play, The Taming of the Shrew, starring Mary Pickford. December – George Orwell returns to England after living in Paris, hugo Gernsback first uses the term science fiction in its modern sense to refer to the content of his pulp magazine Amazing Stories. Father Ronald Knox codifies the rules for the Golden Age of Detective Fiction in a Decalogue, samuel Roth publishes a pirated edition of James Joyces 1922 novel Ulysses in New York, he serves two prison terms for publishing an obscene work. The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes is prohibited in the Soviet Union because of Sir Arthur Conan Doyles interest in the occult, Foyles bookshop in London moves to new larger premises in the Foyles Building in Charing Cross Road. Monotype introduce Stanley Morisons revival of the Bembo typeface for book printing, S. B. S. Van Dine – The Scarab Murder Case Lynd Ward – Gods Man Thomas Wolfe – Look Homeward, Angel S. John Ervine – The First Mrs. B. White and James Thurber – Is Sex Necessary, a. Fanthorpe, English poet July 31 – Lynne Reid Banks, English novelist August 14 – Thomas Meehan, American screenwriter August 18 – Anatoly Kuznetsov, Russian dissident novelist August 21 – X. J. B
10.
1930 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1930. January 6 – An early literary character licensing agreement is signed by A. A. Milne, granting Stephen Slesinger U. S. february – Censorship of Publications Board begins to function in the Irish Free State. Among the first 13 books to be banned are Point Counter Point by Aldous Huxley, The Well of Loneliness by Radclyffe Hall and several books on sex and marriage by Margaret Sanger and Marie Stopes. February 23 – Erich Maria Remarques anti-war novel All Quiet on the Western Front is banned in all Thuringian schools by Education Minister Wilhelm Frick, march 19 – Paul Robeson appears in the title role of Othello at the Savoy Theatre, London, with Peggy Ashcroft as Desdemona. May 6 – Collins Crime Club is launched as an imprint, may 10 – John Masefield becomes Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom. July 14 – Luigi Pirandellos The Man with the Flower in His Mouth becomes the first-ever broadcast television drama, by the BBC in England and it will appear in book form in 1931 as the fifth of the 75 novels Simenon will eventually write featuring the pipe-smoking Paris detective. September 11 – Agatha Christie marries archaeologist Max Mallowan in Edinburgh, september 24 – First performance of Noël Cowards comedy Private Lives at the Phoenix Theatre featuring Coward, Gertrude Lawrence and Laurence Olivier in the cast. September 29 – English satirical novelist Evelyn Waugh is received into the Catholic Church, November 5 – Sinclair Lewis is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. John Langalibalele Dube publishes the historical novella Insila kaShaka, the first work of fiction in the Zulu language, franz Kafkas novel The Castle is first translated into English, by Willa and Edwin Muir. Sellar and R. J. R. Gurney, American dramatist November 5 – Clifford Irving, American literary forger November 16 – Chinua Achebe, Nigerian writer, academic and literary critic November 18 – J. G. H
11.
1932 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1932. March – Captain W. E. Johns English character Biggles is introduced as a World War I pilot in the short story The White Fokker in the first issue of Popular Flying magazine edited by Johns. In August, the first collection of Biggles stories, The Camels are Coming, is published, april 23 – To celebrate William Shakespeares birthday, The Royal Shakespeare Companys new theatre opens at Stratford-upon-Avon. The Folger Shakespeare Library opens in Washington, D. C, may – First issue of the English journal of literary criticism Scrutiny, a quarterly review edited by F. R. Leavis. Yeats leases Riversdale house in the Dublin suburb of Rathfarnham and publishes Words for Music Perhaps, summer Open Air Theatre, Regents Park, is established as a regular venue in London by Sydney Carroll and Robert Atkins. First performances at the Minack Theatre, a venue on the coast of Cornwall. October 3 – The Times newspaper of London first appears set in the Times New Roman typeface devised by Stanley Morison, november 16 – Compton Mackenzie is prosecuted under the Official Secrets Act in the U. K. for material in his Greek Memories. October – Nineteen Irish writers led by Yeats and George Bernard Shaw form an Academy of Irish Letters primarily to oppose the Censorship of Publications Board, december – E. V. Knox replaces Sir Owen Seaman as editor of Punch magazine. Samuel Becketts first novel, Dream of Fair to Middling Women, is written in Paris, the first issues of Graham Greenes novel Stamboul Train are withdrawn and the text altered under threat of a libel action by J. B. Serialization of the first three volumes of Mikhail Sholokhovs novel And Quiet Flows the Don concludes in the Soviet magazine October, in Vietnam, the New Poetry period begins, marked by an article and a poem of Phan Khôi, inaugurating modern literature in that country. J. Cronin – Three Loves John Dos Passos –1919 Hans Fallada – Little Man, What Now
12.
1919 in poetry
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—From A Prayer for My Daughter by W. B. Yeats, first published this year Nationality words link to articles with information on the poetry or literature. April 2 — Vladimir Nabokov, novelist and poet, leaves Russia with his family, yeats travels to the United States and begins a lecture tour lasting until May,1920. December — The Egoist, a London literary magazine founded by Dora Marsden which published early modernist works, including those of James Joyce, two paintings by E. E. Cummings appear in a show of the New York Society of Independent Artists. The journal Littérature founded in France by André Breton, Philippe Soupault, hilda Doolittle writes Notes on Thought and Vision, a prose work, published posthumously in 1982. Squire, The Birds and Other Poems W. B. B. R. D
13.
1920 in poetry
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— Wilfred Owen, concluding lines of Dulce et Decorum est, written 1917, published posthumously this year Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. Yeats concludes a lecture tour in the United States and crosses the Atlantic to settle in Oxford, Ezra Pound moves from London to Paris where he moves among a circle of artists, musicians and writers who are revolutionising modern art. E. Cummings, Charles Demuth, Kahlil Gibran, Gaston Lachaise, Amy Lowell, Marianne Moore, Ezra Pound, Odilon Redon, Bertrand Russell, Carl Sandburg, Van Wyck Brooks and this is his first real step towards recognition as a poet. Du Bois, Darkwater Robert Frost, Miscellaneous Poems William Ellery Leonard, The Lynching Bee Edgar Lee Masters, Domesday Book Edna St. Pithawalla, Sacred Sparks, Karachi, M. B. Moore, the Sweet Singer of Michigan,72, American poetaster, famed for her notoriously bad poetry July 3 – Charles E
14.
1922 in poetry
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— Opening lines from The Waste Land by T. S. Eliot, first published this year Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. February 2 Who Goes with Fergus. by W. B, yeats is the song that haunts James Joyces autobiographical character Stephen Dedalus in the novel Ulysses, first published complete in book form today. Stephen sings it to his mother as she lies dying, the poem is Joyces favorite lyric, and he has composed his own musical setting. In a savage creative storm of less than three weeks beginning today at the Château de Muzot in Switzerland, Rainer Maria Rilke writes his Sonnets to Orpheus and completes his Duino Elegies. April – The Fugitive is established in Nashville, Tennessee, by John Crowe Ransom, june – Over a single night at his home in Shaftsbury, Vermont, Robert Frost completes the long poem New Hampshire and at sunrise writes Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening. His poem Bidrohi is first collected this year in his first anthology, october 15 – T. S. Eliot establishes The Criterion magazine, containing the first publication of his poem The Waste Land. This first appears in the United States later this month in The Dial and is first published complete with notes in book form by Boni, november – Robert Bridges publishes his essay on free verse, Humdrum and Harum-Scarum. Yeats becomes a member of the Seanad Éireann in the Irish Free State. William Wilfred Campbell, The Poetical Works of Wilfred Campbell, W. J. Sykes ed. posthumously published William Douw Lighthall, Marjorie Pickthall, The Woodcarver’s Wife, and Later Poems]. Squire, Poems, Second Series Muriel Stuart, Poems W. B. B. V. de L. B, yeats April 19 - Marjorie Pickthall, English-born Canadian writer. May 13 – Sir Walter Raleigh, Scottish scholar, poet and author July 8 – Mori Ōgai 森 鷗外 / 森 鴎外, Japanese physician, translator, novelist and poet August 2 – M
15.
1923 in poetry
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In Paris, Basil Bunting meets Ezra Pound, whose poems will have a strong influence on Bunting throughout his career. McFarlane and others found the Jamaican Poetry League, xu Zhimo founds the Crescent Moon Society in China. D. H. Stevens first book, it was published by Knopf when he was in middle age, yet by 1960 the cottage industry of Stevens studies was becoming a multinational conglomerate. Vincent Millay, The Ballad of the Harp-Weaver, A Few Figs from Thistles, Eight Sonnets in American Poetry,1922
16.
1922 in art
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February 1 – Akron Art Institute opens in Ohio. February 11–18 – Modern Art Week at the Theatro Municipal, São Paulo, lady Lever Art Gallery opens in Port Sunlight, England. There are some protests by Dadaists, max Beerbohms collection of caricatures, Rossetti and His Circle, is published in London. Fernando Álvarez de Sotomayor y Zaragoza, court painter to Alfonso XIII of Spain, is appointed director of the Museo del Prado in Madrid, german psychiatrist Hans Prinzhorn publishes Bildnerei der Geisteskranken. W. Godward Contemplation Nu Sur la Plage Juan Gris – Le Pierrot Paul Klee – Twittering Machine George Washington Lambert – Anzac, january 17 – Robert De Niro, Sr. January 23 – Leon Golub, American painter March 3 – Louis Maratier, French post-impressionist artist, March 10 – Kiyoshi Yamashita, Japanese outsider artist March 27 – Jules Olitski, American abstract painter, printmaker, and sculptor. March 28 – Grace Hartigan, American Abstract Expressionist painter April 22 – Richard Diebenkorn, April 24 – Richard Hamilton, English painter and collage artist. May 7 – Joe ODonnell, American photographer, june 22 – Bill Blass, American fashion designer. July 3 – Guillaume Cornelis van Beverloo, Corneille, painter July 25 – Fred Yates, august 8 – Rudi Gernreich, Austrian American fashion designer. September 3 – Steffan Danielsen, Faroese painter, october 3 – John Craxton, English painter. September 9 – Pauline Baynes, English book illustrator, December 8 – Lucian Freud, German-born British painter and printmaker December 17 – Aart van den IJssel, Dutch sculptor. December 31 – Theodoros Stamos, Greek American abstract expressionist painter, ljubinka Jovanović, Serbian painter living and working in Paris and Belgrade
17.
1922 in architecture
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The year 1922 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. Construction work begins on The Los Angeles Central Library in Los Angeles, California, construction of Böttcherstraße in Bremen, Germany, in the style of Brick Expressionism begins. Monument to the Third International, designed by Vladimir Tatlin, is cancelled, march 21 - Rebuilt London Waterloo station is officially opened. May 30 - Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D. C, United States is dedicated by William H. Taft, in the presence of Abraham Lincolns son, 79-year-old Robert Todd Lincoln. June 9 - Spalding War Memorial in England, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, is dedicated, october 14 - Gerrards Cross Memorial Building in England, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, is dedicated. November 26 - Rochdale Cenotaph in England, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, is dedicated, estonian Constituent Assembly building in Toompea Castle, designed by Eugen Habermann and Herbert Johanson. Antiguo Casino de Ponce, Puerto Rico, by Agustin Camilo Gonzalez, shabolovka tower in Moscow, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, by Vladimir Shukhov. Wolseley Motors showrooms,160 Piccadilly, London, by W. Curtis Green, wrigley Building in Chicago, Illinois, by Graham, Anderson, Probst & White. AIA Gold Medal - Victor Laloux Royal Gold Medal - Thomas Hastings Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Robert Giroud
18.
1922 in music
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This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1922. January 24 - Carl Nielsen conducts the first public performance of his Symphony No.5 in Copenhagen, october 11 - Leila Megàne makes the first complete recording of Sir Edward Elgars Sea Pictures, with Elgar himself conducting. October 19 - Maurice Ravels orchestral arrangement of Modest Mussorgskys Pictures at an Exhibition is premiered in Paris. December 20 - Antigone by Jean Cocteau appears on the stage of the Théâtre de lAtelier in Paris, with settings by Pablo Picasso, music by Arthur Honegger, Louis Armstrong leaves New Orleans for Chicago to join King Olivers Creole Jazz Band. Richard Tauber joins the Vienna State Opera, kid Ory makes his first recordings. All musical compositions written in this year or earlier are now public domain in the United States, recordings of those compositions, however are still protected by various state statutes and do not fully enter the nationwide public domain until February 15,2067. Roy Turk, J. Russel Robinson & Addy Britt Aint It A Shame w. m. W. A. Hann, Joseph Simms & Al W. Brown All Over Nothing At All w. J. Keirn Brennan & Paul Cunningham m. James Rule Along The Road To Gundagai w. m. Jack OHagan LAmour, Toujours LAmour w. Catherine Chisholm Cushing m, rudolf Friml Angel Child w. Georgie Price & Benny Davis m. Abner Silver Baby Blue Eyes w. m, jesse Greer, Walter Hirsch & George Jessel Bees Knees by Leo Wood & Ray Lopez Blue w. Grant Clarke & Edgar Leslie m. Lou Handman A Brown Bird Singing w. Rodney Richard Bennett m. Haydn Wood Bugle Call Rag m, Jack Pettis, Billy Meyers & Elmer Schoebel Carolina in the Morning w. Gus Kahn m. Walter Donaldson Carolina Shout m. James P. Johnson Chicago w. m. Dick Winfree & Phil Boutelje Crinoline Days w. m. Irving Berlin Dancing Fool w. Harry B. Smith & Francis Wheeler m. Ted Snyder Dearest w. Benny Davis m. Harry Akst Do It Again w. B. G. De Sylva m. George Gershwin Down In Midnight Town w. Andrew B. Sterling & Edward P. Moran m. Harry Von Tilzer Downhearted Blues w. m, alberta Hunter Dream On w. B. G DeSylva, m. Ted Koehler, Frank Magine & C, Paul Joseph Mares, Leon Rappolo & Elmer Schoebel Fate by Byron Gay Georgette w. Lew Brown m. Ray Henderson Georgia w. Howard Johnson m. Walter Donaldson Goin Home w. m, Williams Arms Fisher Hot Lips w. m. Brennan A Kiss In The Dark w. B. G. De Sylva m, victor Herbert The Lady In Ermine w. Cyrus Wood m. Al Goodman Lady Of The Evening w. m, introduced by John Steel in the Music Box Revue of 1922
19.
Copyright law of the United States
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The Copyright Law of the United States tries to encourage the creation of art and culture by rewarding authors and artists with a set of exclusive rights. Copyright law grants authors and artists the right to make and sell copies of their works, the right to create derivative works. These exclusive rights are subject to a limit, and generally expire 70 years after the authors death. In the United States, any music composed before January 1,1923, is considered public domain. United States copyright law is governed by the Copyright Act of 1976, the United States Constitution explicitly grants Congress the power to create copyright law under Article 1, Section 8, Clause 8, known as the Copyright Clause. The United States Copyright Office handles copyright registration, recording of copyright transfers, US copyright law traces its lineage back to the British Statute of Anne, which influenced the first US federal copyright law, the Copyright Act of 1790. The Copyright Act has been updated several times, including, notably, the Copyright Act of 1976 and this includes incentivizing the creation of art, literature, architecture, music, and other works of authorship. As with many legal doctrines, the effectiveness of law in achieving its stated purpose is a matter of debate. The United States copyright law protects original works of authorship, fixed in a tangible medium including literary, dramatic, musical, artistic and this protection is available to both published and unpublished works. This distinction is called the idea–expression dichotomy, the distinction between idea and expression is fundamental to copyright law. For example, a paper describing a theory is copyrightable. The paper is the expression of the ideas about the political theory. But the theory itself is just an idea, and is not copyrightable, another author is free to describe the same theory in their own words without infringing on the original authors copyright. Although fundamental, the dichotomy is often difficult to put into practice. Reasonable people can disagree about where the unprotectable idea ends and the expression begins. Peter Pan Fabrics, Inc. v. Martin Weiner Corp.274 F. 2d 487, however, compilations of facts are treated differently, and may be copyrightable material. Copyright protection in compilations is limited to the selection and arrangement of facts, the Supreme Court decision in Feist v. Rural clarified the requirements for copyright in compilations. The Feist case denied copyright protection to a white pages phone book, in making this ruling, the Supreme Court rejected the sweat of the brow doctrine
20.
Copyright
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Copyright is a legal right created by the law of a country that grants the creator of an original work exclusive rights for its use and distribution. This is usually only for a limited time, the exclusive rights are not absolute but limited by limitations and exceptions to copyright law, including fair use. A major limitation on copyright is that copyright protects only the expression of ideas. Copyright is a form of property, applicable to certain forms of creative work. Some, but not all jurisdictions require fixing copyrighted works in a tangible form and it is often shared among multiple authors, each of whom holds a set of rights to use or license the work, and who are commonly referred to as rights holders. These rights frequently include reproduction, control over derivative works, distribution, public performance, copyrights are considered territorial rights, which means that they do not extend beyond the territory of a specific jurisdiction. While many aspects of copyright laws have been standardized through international copyright agreements. Typically, the duration of a copyright spans the authors life plus 50 to 100 years, some countries require certain copyright formalities to establishing copyright, but most recognize copyright in any completed work, without formal registration. Generally, copyright is enforced as a matter, though some jurisdictions do apply criminal sanctions. Most jurisdictions recognize copyright limitations, allowing fair exceptions to the exclusivity of copyright. Copyright came about with the invention of the press and with wider literacy. As a legal concept, its origins in Britain were from a reaction to printers monopolies at the beginning of the 18th century, Copyright laws allow products of creative human activities, such as literary and artistic production, to be preferentially exploited and thus incentivized. Different cultural attitudes, social organizations, economic models and legal frameworks are seen to account for why copyright emerged in Europe and not, for example, however, with copyright laws, intellectual production comes to be seen as a product of an individual, with attendant rights. The most significant point is that patent and copyright laws support the expansion of the range of human activities that can be commodified. This parallels the ways in which led to the commodification of many aspects of social life that earlier had no monetary or economic value per se. Often seen as the first real copyright law, the 1709 British Statute of Anne gave the rights for a fixed period. The act also alluded to individual rights of the artist and it began, Whereas Printers, Booksellers, and other Persons, have of late frequently taken the Liberty of Printing. Books, and other Writings, without the Consent of the Authors. to their very great Detriment, and too often to the Ruin of them and their Families
21.
Public domain
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The term public domain has two senses of meaning. Anything published is out in the domain in the sense that it is available to the public. Once published, news and information in books is in the public domain, in the sense of intellectual property, works in the public domain are those whose exclusive intellectual property rights have expired, have been forfeited, or are inapplicable. Examples for works not covered by copyright which are therefore in the domain, are the formulae of Newtonian physics, cooking recipes. Examples for works actively dedicated into public domain by their authors are reference implementations of algorithms, NIHs ImageJ. The term is not normally applied to situations where the creator of a work retains residual rights, as rights are country-based and vary, a work may be subject to rights in one country and be in the public domain in another. Some rights depend on registrations on a basis, and the absence of registration in a particular country, if required. Although the term public domain did not come into use until the mid-18th century, the Romans had a large proprietary rights system where they defined many things that cannot be privately owned as res nullius, res communes, res publicae and res universitatis. The term res nullius was defined as not yet appropriated. The term res communes was defined as things that could be enjoyed by mankind, such as air, sunlight. The term res publicae referred to things that were shared by all citizens, when the first early copyright law was first established in Britain with the Statute of Anne in 1710, public domain did not appear. However, similar concepts were developed by British and French jurists in the eighteenth century, instead of public domain they used terms such as publici juris or propriété publique to describe works that were not covered by copyright law. The phrase fall in the domain can be traced to mid-nineteenth century France to describe the end of copyright term. In this historical context Paul Torremans describes copyright as a coral reef of private right jutting up from the ocean of the public domain. Because copyright law is different from country to country, Pamela Samuelson has described the public domain as being different sizes at different times in different countries. According to James Boyle this definition underlines common usage of the public domain and equates the public domain to public property. However, the usage of the public domain can be more granular. Such a definition regards work in copyright as private property subject to fair use rights, the materials that compose our cultural heritage must be free for all living to use no less than matter necessary for biological survival
22.
High modernism
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High modernism is a form of modernity, characterized by an unfaltering confidence in science and technology as means to reorder the social and natural world. The high modernist movement was particularly prevalent during the Cold War, attempts to master nature to meet human needs. An emphasis on rendering complex environments or concepts legible, most often through spatial ordering, disregard for historical, geographical and social context in development. Thus, modernity can be understood as the state of society during and following the process of modernization, both concepts operate on an ambiguous understanding of what the final stage of societal progress will entail. This break from the historical and geographical contexts of places often results in the application of standardized models to a variety of locations, modernity and modernization are associated with capitalist and industrial development, and emphasize the increased movement of goods, people, capital and information. This emphasis on freedom and capitalism is accompanied by the decline of traditional forms of society. Furthermore, projects characteristic of modernity are best enacted under conditions of authoritarian and technocratic rule. Following the successes of the Marshall Plan in Europe, economists turned their attention towards development in the Third World in the aftermath of the Second World War, modernization theory built upon previous ideas of sociocultural evolution from the previous century, constructing a global hierarchy based on economic development. In this worldview, Western countries were the most developed, while the rest of the world still possessed traditional, in order to advance beyond this traditional state, the third world would therefore need to emulate developed Western countries, through optimistic social engineering endeavours. Despite the strong association of modernization with Western society, high modernism also found purchase in the Soviet Party, during the first half of the twentieth century, Brazil was a primarily agricultural nation that was economically reliant on the United States. Beginning in the 1950s, Brazilian elites sought to reinvent Brazil’s economy through import substitution industrialization, part of this grand vision for Brazil’s future was the relocation of the nation’s capital from the coastal Rio de Janeiro to a new inland site named Brasília. Essentially located in the wilderness, Brasília was to be a “single-function, strictly administrative capital, here, long-considered plans for a new capital were finally able to come to fruition thanks to global enthusiasm for the potential of technology. Brasília’s massive scale, rational design and cultural offerings, all built from the ground up in the forests of Brazil made it the manifestation of high modernity. The new Brazilian capital was completed in four years and was presented to the world upon its completion in 1960 as the epitome of urban modernism. The city was planned as a manifestation of Brazil’s future as a modern, industrialized power, state reliance on high modernity to control human populations during the Cold War was not limited to the Third World. Prime Minister John Diefenbakers promise to build a nation in the, patterned on our way of life resulted in towns and houses patterned on southern Canadian models that ignored the cultural and geographical context of the Arctic. It becomes about the lack of meaning, the need to create our own significance out of nothing, the highest level of significance, that of the elite, becomes abstraction. So the concept of the evolutionary elite arises again, deliberately excluding those who havent evolved, high modernism is exemplified in the writings of Clement Greenberg, who described an opposition between avant-garde art and kitsch in his essay Avant-Garde and Kitsch
23.
English literature
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However, until the early 19th century, it only deals with the literature of the United Kingdom and Ireland. It does not include literature written in the languages of Britain. The English language has developed over the course of more than 1,400 years, the earliest forms of English, a set of Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the fifth century, are called Old English. Middle English began in the late 11th century with the Norman conquest of England, early Modern English began in the late 15th century with the introduction of the printing press to London and the King James Bible as well as the Great Vowel Shift. Through the influence of the British Empire, the English language has spread around the world since the 17th century. 450, after the withdrawal of the Romans, and ending soon after the Norman Conquest in 1066. These works include such as epic poetry, hagiography, sermons, Bible translations, legal works. In all there are about 400 surviving manuscripts from the period, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of annals in Old English, from the 9th century, that chronicle the history of the Anglo-Saxons. The poem Battle of Maldon also deals with history and this is a work of uncertain date, celebrating the Battle of Maldon of 991, at which the Anglo-Saxons failed to prevent a Viking invasion. Oral tradition was strong in early English culture and most literary works were written to be performed. Epic poems were popular, and some, including Beowulf, have survived to the present day. Beowulf is the most famous work in Old English, and has achieved national status in England. The only surviving manuscript is the Nowell Codex, the date of which is debated. Beowulf is the title, and its composition is dated between the 8th and the early 11th century. Cædmon is the earliest English poet whose name is known, and it is also one of the earliest recorded examples of sustained poetry in a Germanic language. The poem, The Dream of the Rood, was inscribed upon the Ruthwell Cross, Two Old English poems from the late 10th century are The Wanderer and The Seafarer. Classical antiquity was not forgotten in Anglo-Saxon England, and several Old English poems are adaptations of late classical philosophical texts, the longest is King Alfreds 9th-century translation of Boethius Consolation of Philosophy. After the Norman conquest of England in 1066, the form of the Anglo-Saxon language became less common. Under the influence of the new aristocracy, French became the language of courts, parliament
24.
Literary modernism
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Modernists experimented with literary form and expression, adhering to Ezra Pounds maxim to Make it new. This literary movement was driven by a desire to overturn traditional modes of representation. In the 1880s increased attention was given to the idea that it was necessary to push aside previous norms entirely, the theories of Sigmund Freud, and Ernst Mach influenced early Modernist literature. Mach argued that the mind had a structure, and that subjective experience was based on the interplay of parts of the mind in The Science of Mechanics. Freuds first major work was Studies on Hysteria, according to Freud, all subjective reality was based on the play of basic drives and instincts, through which the outside world was perceived. As a philosopher of science, Ernst Mach was an influence on logical positivism, and through his criticism of Isaac Newton. Another major precursor of modernism was Friedrich Nietzsche, especially his idea that psychological drives, specifically the will to power, were more important than facts, or things. Henri Bergson, on the hand, emphasized the difference between scientific clock time and the direct, subjective, human experience of time. Also important in Bergsons philosophy was the idea of élan vital, the life force and his philosophy also placed a high value on intuition, though without rejecting the importance of the intellect. These various thinkers were united by a distrust of Victorian positivism, Modernism as a literary movement can be seen also, as a reaction to industrialization, urbanization and new technologies. Initially, some modernists fostered a spirit, stimulated by innovations in anthropology, psychology, philosophy, political theory, physics. This idealism, however, ended, with the outbreak of World War I, many modernist writers also shared a mistrust of institutions of power such as government and religion, and rejected the notion of absolute truths. Modernist works such as T. S. Eliots The Waste Land were increasingly self-aware, introspective, and explored the darker aspects of human nature. The term modernism covers a number of related, and overlapping, artistic and literary movements, including Imagism, Symbolism, Futurism, Vorticism, Cubism, Surrealism, Expressionism, and Dada. They also attempted to take into account changing ideas about reality developed by Darwin, Mach, Freud, Einstein, Nietzsche, Bergson, from this developed innovative literary techniques such as stream-of-consciousness, interior monologue, as well as the use of multiple points-of-view. This can reflect doubts about the basis of realism, or alternatively an expansion of our understanding of what is meant by realism. For example, the use of stream-of-consciousness or interior monologue reflects the need for psychological realism. But modernism was already stirring by 1902, with such as Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness, while Alfred Jarrys absurdist play, Ubu Roi appeared even earlier
25.
Ulysses (novel)
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Ulysses is a modernist novel by Irish writer James Joyce. It is considered to be one of the most important works of modernist literature, according to Declan Kiberd, Before Joyce, no writer of fiction had so foregrounded the process of thinking. Ulysses chronicles the peripatetic appointments and encounters of Leopold Bloom in Dublin in the course of a day,16 June 1904. The novel imitates registers of centuries of English literature and is highly allusive, Ulysses is approximately 265,000 words in length and is divided into eighteen episodes. Since publication, the book has attracted controversy and scrutiny, ranging from early obscenity trials to protracted textual Joyce Wars, Joyce fans worldwide now celebrate 16 June as Bloomsday. Joyce first encountered the figure of Odysseus/Ulysses in Charles Lambs Adventures of Ulysses—an adaptation of the Odyssey for children, at school he wrote an essay on the character, entitled My Favourite Hero. Joyce told Frank Budgen that he considered Ulysses the only character in literature. Leopold Blooms home at 7 Eccles Street - Episode 4, Calypso, Episode 17, Ithaca, sweny’s pharmacy, Lombard Street, Lincoln Place. Episode 15, Circe Cabman’s shelter, Butt Bridge, - Episode 16, Eumaeus The action of the novel takes place from one side of Dublin Bay to the other, opening in Sandycove to the South of the city and closing on Howth Head to the North. Joyce divided Ulysses into 18 episodes, every episode of Ulysses has a theme, technique and correspondence between its characters and those of the Odyssey. The original text did not include these episode titles and the correspondences, instead, they originate from the Linati, Joyce referred to the episodes by their Homeric titles in his letters. It is 8 a. m. Buck Mulligan, a medical student. The three men eat breakfast and walk to the shore, where Mulligan demands from Stephen the key to the tower, departing, Stephen declares that he will not return to the tower tonight, as Mulligan, the usurper, has taken it over. Stephen is teaching a class on the victories of Pyrrhus of Epirus. After class, one student, Cyril Sargent, stays behind so that Stephen can show him how to do a set of arithmetic exercises, Stephen looks at the ugly face of Sargent and tries to imagine Sargents mothers love for him. Stephen then visits school headmaster Garrett Deasy, from whom he collects his pay, the two discuss Irish history and the role of Jews in the economy. As Stephen leaves, Deasy said that Ireland has never persecuted the Jews because the country never let them in. This episode is the source of some of the novels most famous lines, such as Dedaluss claim that history is a nightmare from which I am trying to awake and that God is a shout in the street
26.
James Joyce
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James Augustine Aloysius Joyce was an Irish novelist, short story writer, and poet. He contributed to the modernist avant-garde and is regarded as one of the most influential, other well-known works are the short-story collection Dubliners, and the novels A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man and Finnegans Wake. His other writings include three books of poetry, a play, occasional journalism and his published letters, Joyce was born in 41 Brighton Square, Rathgar, Dublin—about half a mile from his mothers birthplace in Terenure—into a middle-class family on the way down. He went on to attend University College Dublin, in 1904, in his early twenties, Joyce emigrated permanently to continental Europe with his partner Nora Barnacle. They lived in Trieste, Paris and Zurich, Ulysses in particular is set with precision in the streets and alleyways of the city. In the particular is contained the universal, James Augustine Aloysius Joyce was born on 2 February 1882 to John Stanislaus Joyce and Mary Jane May Murray, in the Dublin suburb of Rathgar. He was baptised according to the Rites of the Catholic Church in the nearby St Josephs Church in Terenure on 5 February by Rev. John OMulloy and his godparents were Philip and Ellen McCann. He was the eldest of ten surviving children, two of his siblings died of typhoid and his fathers family, originally from Fermoy in County Cork, had once owned a small salt and lime works. Joyces father and paternal grandfather both married into families, though the familys purported ancestor, Seán Mór Seoighe was a stonemason from Connemara. In 1887, his father was appointed rate collector by Dublin Corporation, around this time Joyce was attacked by a dog, which engendered in him a lifelong cynophobia. He also suffered from astraphobia, as an aunt had described thunderstorms to him as a sign of Gods wrath. In 1891 Joyce wrote a poem on the death of Charles Stewart Parnell, the Irish Party had dropped Parnell from leadership. But the Vaticans role in allying with the British Conservative Party to prevent Home Rule left an impression on the young Joyce. The elder Joyce had the printed and even sent a part to the Vatican Library. In November of that year, John Joyce was entered in Stubbs Gazette. In 1893, John Joyce was dismissed with a pension, beginning the familys slide into poverty caused mainly by his drinking and general financial mismanagement. Joyce had begun his education at Clongowes Wood College, a Jesuit boarding school near Clane, County Kildare and this came about because of a chance meeting his father had with a Jesuit priest who knew the family and Joyce was given a reduction in fees to attend Belvedere. In 1895, Joyce, now aged 13, was elected to join the Sodality of Our Lady by his peers at Belvedere, the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas continued to have a strong influence on him for most of his life
27.
Sylvia Beach
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Beach was born in her fathers parsonage in Baltimore, Maryland, United States, on March 14,1887, the second of three daughters of Sylvester Beach and Eleanor Thomazine Orbison. Although named Nancy after her grandmother Orbison, she decided to change her name to Sylvia. Her maternal grandparents were missionaries to India, and her father, when the girls were young the family lived in Baltimore and in Bridgeton, New Jersey. Then in 1901, the moved to France upon Sylvester Beachs appointment as assistant minister of the American Church in Paris. Beach spent the years 1902-1905 in Paris, returning to New Jersey in 1906 when her father became minister of the First Presbyterian Church of Princeton. Beach made several trips to Europe, lived for two years in Spain, and worked for the Balkan Commission of the Red Cross. During the last years of the Great War, she was back to Paris to study contemporary French literature. There she was welcomed by the owner who, to her surprise, was a plump fair-haired young woman. Monnier was wearing a garment that looked like a cross between a peasant’s dress and a habit, with a long full skirt … and a sort of tight-fitting velvet waistcoat over a white silk blouse. She was in gray and white like her bookshop, although Beach was dressed in a Spanish cloak and hat, Monnier knew immediately that she was American. At that first meeting Monnier declared, I like America very much, Beach replied that she liked France very much. They later became lovers and lived together for 36 years until Monnier’s suicide in 1955, Beach immediately became a member of Monnier’s lending library, and when in Paris she regularly attended the readings by authors such as André Gide, Paul Valéry and Jules Romains. Since her only capital was US$3,000 which her mother gave her from her savings, however, Paris rents were much cheaper and the exchange rates favorable, so with Monnier’s help, Beach opened an English language bookstore and lending library that she named Shakespeare and Company. Four years beforehand, Monnier had been among the first women in France to found her own bookstore, Beachs bookstore was located at 8 rue Dupuytren, Paris VI. Shakespeare and Company quickly attracted both French and American readers - including a number of aspiring writers to whom Beach offered hospitality, as the franc dropped in value and the favorable exchange rate attracted a huge influx of Americans, Beach’s shop flourished and soon needed more space. In May 1921, Shakespeare and Company moved to 12 rue de lOdéon, Shakespeare and Company gained considerable fame after it published James Joyces Ulysses in 1922, as a result of Joyces inability to get an edition out in English-speaking countries. Beach would later be financially stranded when Joyce signed on with another publisher, leaving Beach in debt after bankrolling, and suffering losses from. Shakespeare and Company experienced difficulty throughout the Great Depression of the 1930s, in 1936 when Beach thought that she would be forced to close her shop, André Gide organized a group of writers into a club called Friends of Shakespeare and Company
28.
Shakespeare and Company (bookstore)
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Shakespeare and Company is the name of two independent English-language bookstores that have existed on Pariss Left Bank. The first was opened by Sylvia Beach, an American, on 19 November 1919, at 8 rue Dupuytren, before moving to larger premises at 12 rue de lOdéon in the 6th arrondissement in 1922. During the 1920s, Beachs shop was a place for many then-aspiring writers such as Ezra Pound, Ernest Hemingway, Djuna Barnes, James Joyce. It closed in 1941 during the German occupation of Paris and never re-opened, the second bookstore is situated at 37 rue de la Bûcherie, in the 5th arrondissement, and is still in operation today. Today, it continues to serve as a purveyor of new and second-hand books, as an antiquarian bookseller, additionally, the shop houses aspiring writers and artists in exchange for their helping out around the bookstore. Since the shop opened in 1951, more than 30,000 people have slept in the beds found tucked between bookshelves, the shops motto, Be Not Inhospitable to Strangers Lest They Be Angels in Disguise, is written above the entrance to the reading library. Sylvia Beach, an American expatriate from New Jersey, established Shakespeare, the store functioned as a lending library as well as a bookstore. In 1921, Beach moved it to a location at 12 rue de lOdéon. During this period, the store was the center of Anglo-American literary culture, the shop was nicknamed Stratford-on-Odéon by James Joyce, who used it as his office. Its books were considered high quality and reflected Beachs own taste, the store and its literary denizens are mentioned in Hemingways A Moveable Feast. Patrons could buy or borrow books like D. H. Lawrences controversial Lady Chatterleys Lover, which had been banned in Britain, Beach published Joyces controversial book Ulysses in 1922. It, too, was banned in the United States and Britain, later editions were also published under the Shakespeare and Company imprint. She also encouraged the publication in 1923, and sold copies of Hemingways first book, Three Stories, the original Shakespeare and Company closed in December 1941 during the German occupation of France in World War II. It has been suggested that it may have been ordered shut because Beach denied a German officer the last copy of Joyces Finnegans Wake, when the war ended, Hemingway personally liberated the store, but it never re-opened. In 1951, a new English-language bookstore was opened on Pariss Left Bank by American ex-serviceman George Whitman under the name of Le Mistral. Its premises, the site of a 16th-century monastery, are at 37 rue de la Bûcherie, near Place Saint-Michel, just steps from the Seine, Notre Dame and the Île de la Cité. Much like Sylvia Beachs Shakespeare and Company, Whitmans store quickly became the point of literary culture in bohemian Paris. George Whitman had modeled his shop after Sylvia Beachs, in 1958, while dining with Whitman at a party for James Jones who had newly arrived in Paris, Beach announced that she was handing the name to him for his bookshop
29.
Paris
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Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
30.
United States Customs Service
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The United States Customs Service was an agency of the U. S. federal government that collected import tariffs and performed other selected border security duties. Border Patrol and former INS inspectors, together with border agriculture inspectors, to form U. S. Customs and Border Protection, a single, unified border agency for the U. S. The United States Customs Service had three missions, collecting tariff revenue, protecting the U. S. economy from smuggling and illegal goods. Four weeks later, on July 31, the act of Congress established the United States Customs Service. As part of new government agency, a new role was created for government officials which was known as Customs Collector. In this role, one person would have responsibility to supervise the collection of duties in a particular city or region. For over 100 years after its birth, the U. S. Customs Service was the source of funds for the entire government. Purchases include the Louisiana and Oregon territories, Florida and Alaska, funding the National Road and the Transcontinental Railroad, building many of the nations lighthouses, military and Naval academies, and Washington, D. C. The original design had the Customs Service seal that was an eagle with three arrows in his left talon, a branch in his right and surrounded by an arc of 13 stars. In 1951, this was changed to the eagle depicted on the Great Seal of the United States and its actual name is the Revenue Ensign, as it was flown by ships of the Revenue Cutter Service, later the Coast Guard, and at customs houses. In 1910, President William Howard Taft issued an order to add an emblem to the flag flown by ships from the one flown on land at customs houses, the version with the badge continues to be flown by Coast Guard vessels. Until 2003, the version was flown at all United States ports of entry. The U. S. Customs Service employed a number of law enforcement officers throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. Customs Special Agents investigated smuggling and other violations of customs, narcotics, Customs Inspectors were uniformed officers at airports, seaports and land border ports of entry who inspected people and vehicles entering the U. S. for contraband and dutiable merchandise. Customs Patrol Officers conducted uniformed and plainclothes patrol of the borders on land, sea and air to deter smuggling, in the 20th century, as international trade and travel increased dramatically, the Customs Service transitioned from an administrative bureau to a federal law enforcement agency. S. Postal Inspection Service, U. S. Immigration and Naturalization Service, Border Patrol—to investigate cases often far from international airports, bridges and land crossings. With the passage of the Homeland Security Act, the U. S. Customs Service passed from under jurisdiction of the Treasury Department to the Department of Homeland Security, on March 1,2003, parts of the U. S. S. The Federal Protective Service, along with the arms of the U. S. Customs Service
31.
T. S. Eliot
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Thomas Stearns Eliot OM was a British essayist, publisher, playwright, literary and social critic, and one of the twentieth centurys major poets. He moved from his native United States to England in 1914 at the age of 25, settling, working and he eventually became a British subject in 1927 at the age of 39, renouncing his American citizenship. Eliot attracted widespread attention for his poem The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock and it was followed by some of the best-known poems in the English language, including The Waste Land, The Hollow Men, Ash Wednesday, and Four Quartets. He was also known for his seven plays, particularly Murder in the Cathedral and he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1948, for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry. The Eliots were a Boston family with roots in Old and New England, Thomas Eliots paternal grandfather, William Greenleaf Eliot, had moved to St. Louis, Missouri to establish a Unitarian Christian church there. Eliot was the last of six surviving children, his parents were both 44 years old when he was born, Eliot was born at 2635 Locust St. property owned by his grandfather, William Greenleaf Eliot. His four sisters were between 11 and 19 years older, his brother was eight years older, known to family and friends as Tom, he was the namesake of his maternal grandfather, Thomas Stearns. Eliots childhood infatuation with literature can be ascribed to several factors, firstly, he had to overcome physical limitations as a child. Struggling from a congenital double inguinal hernia, he could not participate in physical activities. As he was isolated, his love for literature developed. Once he learned to read, the boy immediately became obsessed with books and was absorbed in tales depicting savages. In his memoir of Eliot, his friend Robert Sencourt comments that the young Eliot would often curl up in the window-seat behind an enormous book, setting the drug of dreams against the pain of living. Secondly, Eliot credited his hometown with fuelling his literary vision, I feel that there is something in having passed ones childhood beside the big river, which is incommunicable to those people who have not. I consider myself fortunate to have been here, rather than in Boston, or New York. From 1898 to 1905, Eliot attended Smith Academy, where his studies included Latin, Ancient Greek, French and he began to write poetry when he was fourteen under the influence of Edward Fitzgeralds Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, a translation of the poetry of Omar Khayyam. He said the results were gloomy and despairing and he destroyed them and his first published poem, A Fable For Feasters, was written as a school exercise and was published in the Smith Academy Record in February 1905. Also published there in April 1905 was his oldest surviving poem in manuscript and he also published three short stories in 1905, Birds of Prey, A Tale of a Whale and The Man Who Was King. The last mentioned story significantly reflects his exploration of Igorot Village while visiting the 1904 Worlds Fair of St. Louis, such a link with primitive people importantly antedates his anthropological studies at Harvard
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The Criterion (magazine)
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The Criterion was a British literary magazine published from October 1922 to January 1939. The Criterion was, for most of its run, a quarterly journal and it was created by the poet, dramatist, and literary critic T. S. Eliot who served as its editor for its entire run. Eliots goal was to make it a literary review dedicated to the maintenance of standards, the first issue of the magazine, of which 600 copies were printed, included Eliots The Waste Land. In its first year, it received contributions from Luigi Pirandello, Virginia Woolf, Ezra Pound, E. M. Forster, and W. B. Other contributors over the years included Wyndham Lewis, Herbert Read, John Middleton Murry, John Gould Fletcher, W. H. Auden, Stephen Spender, and Hart Crane. Nine contributions in 1924 and 1925 were made, pseudonymously, by Eliots first wife, Vivienne Haigh-Wood, the Criterion became the first English periodical to publish Marcel Proust, Paul Valéry and Jean Cocteau. After four years she withdrew her support and the magazine was acquired by Eliots employer, Faber and Gwyer Publishing, from January 1926, when Faber became the publisher, though January 1927 the journal was titled The New Criterion. The issues from May 1927 though March 1928 were titled The Monthly Criterion, some of Eliots other contributions include his short story On the Eve, commentaries, and poems, including early versions of The Hollow Men and Ash Wednesday. Together with its rival, Adelphi, edited by John Middleton Murry, in this contest Eliot emerged a clear victor, in the sense that in the London of the 1930s he had taken the centre of the critical stage
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The Waste Land
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The Waste Land is a long poem by T. S. Eliot. It is widely regarded as one of the most important poems of the 20th century, published in 1922, the 434-line poem first appeared in the United Kingdom in the October issue of The Criterion and in the United States in the November issue of The Dial. It was published in form in December 1922. Among its famous phrases are April is the cruellest month, I will show you fear in a handful of dust, Eliots poem loosely follows the legend of the Holy Grail and the Fisher King combined with vignettes of contemporary British society. Eliot employs many literary and cultural allusions from the Western canon, Buddhism, because of this, critics and scholars regard the poem as obscure. The poem shifts between voices of satire and prophecy featuring abrupt and unannounced changes of speaker, location, and time and conjuring of a vast, the poems structure is divided into five sections. The first section, The Burial of the Dead, introduces the themes of disillusionment. The second, A Game of Chess, employs vignettes of several characters—alternating narrations—that address those themes experientially, after a fourth section that includes a brief lyrical petition, the culminating fifth section, What the Thunder Said, concludes with an image of judgment. Eliot probably worked on the text that became The Waste Land for several years preceding its first publication in 1922. In a May 1921 letter to New York lawyer and patron of modernism John Quinn, Eliot wrote that he had a poem in mind. Richard Aldington, in his memoirs, relates that a year or so before Eliot read him the manuscript draft of The Waste Land in London, while walking through a graveyard, they discussed Thomas Grays Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard. He and his first wife, Vivienne Haigh-Wood Eliot, travelled to the resort of Margate for a period of convalescence. While there, Eliot worked on the poem, and possibly showed a version to Ezra Pound when, after a brief return to London. Eliot was en route to Lausanne, Switzerland, for treatment by Doctor Roger Vittoz, luce in Lausanne, Eliot produced a 19-page version of the poem. He returned from Lausanne in early January 1922, Pound then made detailed editorial comments and significant cuts to the manuscript. Eliot later dedicated the poem to Pound, Eliot sent the manuscript drafts of the poem to John Quinn in October 1922, they reached Quinn in New York in January 1923. Upon Quinns death they were inherited by his sister, Julia Anderson, years later, in the early 1950s, Mrs Andersons daughter, Mary Conroy, found the documents in storage. In 1958 she sold them privately to the New York Public Library and it was not until April 1968 that the existence and whereabouts of the manuscript drafts were made known to Valerie Eliot, the poets second wife and widow
