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1913 in poetry
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— Joyce Kilmer, Trees, first published this year Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose. — Gertrude Stein, from Sacred Emily, written this year Nationality words link to articles with information on the poetry or literature. January 8 – Harold Monro founds the Poetry Bookshop in London, American poets Robert Frost and Ezra Pound will eventually meet there. Yeats poem September 1913 is published in The Irish Times during the Dublin Lock-out, Ezra Pound travels to London to meet W. B. The March 1913 issue of the magazine also contained Pounds A Few Donts by an Imagiste and this publication history means that this London-based movement has its first readership in the United States. The New Freewoman, a magazine, begins publication in June. Dora Marsden owns it, Rebecca West edits it at first, then Ezra Pound takes over as editor, it succeeds The Freewoman, founding of The Glebe a literary magazine edited by Alfred Kreymborg and Man Ray, it will cease publication in 1914 after 10 issues. Writing mostly after 1910, the group reinvigorates Spanish letters, revives literary myths, in politics, members of the movement often justify radicalism and rebellion. Wallace Stevens and his wife, Elsie, rent a New York City apartment from sculptor Adolph Weinman, november 14 – Rabindranath Tagore is awarded the Nobel prize in literature. December 15 – Ezra Pound writes to James Joyce requesting some of his recent poems for The Egoist, norbert von Hellingrath begins publishing Friedrich Hölderlins complete works, restoring his work to literary prominence. C. S. A. Indian, Malayalam-language James Boughton, American poet Flexmore Hudson, Australian V. R
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1914 in poetry
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They went with songs to the battle, they were young. Straight of limb, true of eyes, steady and aglow and they were staunch to the end against odds uncounted, They fell with their faces to the foe. They shall grow not old, as we that are left grow old, Age shall not weary them, at the going down of the sun and in the morning, We will remember them. — The Ode of Remembrance, an ode taken from Laurence Binyons For the Fallen, nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. Yeats, Ezra Pound, Thomas Sturge Moore, Victor Plarr, Richard Aldington, F. S. John Masefield writes the poem August,1914, September – J. R. R. Tolkien writes a poem about Eärendil, the first appearance of his mythopoeic Middle-earth legendarium. At this time Tolkien is an Oxford undergraduate staying at Phoenix Farm, September 22 – T. S. MacKenzie, In that New World Which is the Old Laura E. According to the literary critic Harold Bloom, no Western writer since Sophocles has had such a flowering of artistic genius. Christopher Brennan, Poems,1913, Australia Prafulla Ranjan Das, The Mother, one person would recite a line of poetry and the next person would try to recite the next, until the entire book was recited
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1915 in poetry
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In Flanders fields the poppies blowBetween the crosses, row on row, That mark our place, and in the skyThe larks, still bravely singing, flyScarce heard amid the guns below. Short days agoWe lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow, Loved, and were loved, and now we lieIn Flanders fields. Take up our quarrel with the foe, To you from failing hands we throwThe torch, be yours to hold it high. If ye break faith with us who dieWe shall not sleep, nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. April 6 – Publication in London of the American Ezra Pounds poetry collection Cathay, for the most part of the Chinese of Rihaku, from the notes of the late Ernest Fenollosa, and the decipherings of the Professors Mori and Ariga, by Elkin Mathews. April 24 – Deportation of Armenian notables from Istanbul begins, among deported poets killed as part of the Armenian Genocide are Ardashes Harutiunian, Jacques Sayabalian, Ruben Sevak and Siamanto. May – Publication of the first modern book illustrated with wood engravings, july – Others, A Magazine of the New Verse is founded by Alfred Kreymborg, it will run until 1917, publishing poetry, other writing and visual art. August–December – Ezra Pound is completing the first sections of his poem The Cantos. See also Deaths in World War I in the Deaths section, below May 13 – While Julian Grenfell stands talking with other officers, a shell lands a few yards away and he is taken to a hospital in Boulogne, where he dies 13 days later. His poem Into Battle is published in The Times the day after his death and his younger brother Gerald William Grenfell is killed in action 2 months later September 11 – Publication of Lucy Whitmells poem Christ in Flanders in The Spectator. Elliott, ed. Lest We Forget, A War Anthology Poems of Today Ezra Pound, ed. D
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1917 in poetry
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Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. February — The Little Review moves from Chicago to New York City with the help of Ezra Pound. May 2 — English poet Marian Allen completes the poem To A. T. G. a few days after hearing of the death in action of her fiancé Arthur Greg, the first of several to his memory. May–June — T. S. Eliot takes over as editor of The Egoist, a London literary monthly, when Richard Aldington leaves for the British Army. With his encouragement, Owen writes Anthem for Doomed Youth and Dulce et Decorum est, like almost all Owens poetry, these remain unpublished until after his death in action next year. With the United States not yet fighting in World War I, Americans John Dos Passos, E. E. Cummings,60 of the Norton-Harjes Ambulance Corps. S. Eliot, Amy Lowell, Hilda Doolittle, Djuna Barnes, Man Ray, Skipwith Cannell and this becomes known as The Eisteddfodd of the Black Chair. Summer — The Siuru expressionistic and neo-romantic literary movement in Estonia is formed by a group of young poets, october 20 — 51-year-old poet W. B. November — Publication of The Muse in Arms, an anthology of British war poetry, listed alphabetically by first name, regardless of surname, Balawantrai Thakore, Bhanakar, Gujarati language Ci. Subrahamaniya Bharati, Kannan Pattu, Tamil language C. R. N. E
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1918 in poetry
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Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. January 23 — English poet Robert Graves marries the painter Nancy Nicholson in London, wedding guests include Wilfred Owen, who will be killed by the end of the year, and whose first nationally published poem appears 3 days later. June — English poet Basil Bunting is imprisoned as a conscientious objector, august 17 — English poets Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon meet for the last time, in London, and spend what Sassoon later describes as the whole of a hot cloudless afternoon together. November 4 — English war poet Wilfred Owen is killed in action, aged 25, news of his death reaches his parents in Oswestry a week later on Armistice Day. Marie Joussaye, Selections from Anglo-Saxon Songs, wilson MacDonald, The Song Of The Prairie Land and Other Poems. The Bengali Writers of English Verse, A Record and an Appreciation, Calcutta, Thacker, john Gogarty, The Ship, and Other Poems Helen Hamilton, Napoo. A. P. Herbert, The Bomber Gipsy, and Other Poems Gerard Manley Hopkins, Poems of Gerard Manley Hopkins C. H. C
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1919 in poetry
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—From A Prayer for My Daughter by W. B. Yeats, first published this year Nationality words link to articles with information on the poetry or literature. April 2 — Vladimir Nabokov, novelist and poet, leaves Russia with his family, yeats travels to the United States and begins a lecture tour lasting until May,1920. December — The Egoist, a London literary magazine founded by Dora Marsden which published early modernist works, including those of James Joyce, two paintings by E. E. Cummings appear in a show of the New York Society of Independent Artists. The journal Littérature founded in France by André Breton, Philippe Soupault, hilda Doolittle writes Notes on Thought and Vision, a prose work, published posthumously in 1982. Squire, The Birds and Other Poems W. B. B. R. D
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1920 in poetry
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— Wilfred Owen, concluding lines of Dulce et Decorum est, written 1917, published posthumously this year Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. Yeats concludes a lecture tour in the United States and crosses the Atlantic to settle in Oxford, Ezra Pound moves from London to Paris where he moves among a circle of artists, musicians and writers who are revolutionising modern art. E. Cummings, Charles Demuth, Kahlil Gibran, Gaston Lachaise, Amy Lowell, Marianne Moore, Ezra Pound, Odilon Redon, Bertrand Russell, Carl Sandburg, Van Wyck Brooks and this is his first real step towards recognition as a poet. Du Bois, Darkwater Robert Frost, Miscellaneous Poems William Ellery Leonard, The Lynching Bee Edgar Lee Masters, Domesday Book Edna St. Pithawalla, Sacred Sparks, Karachi, M. B. Moore, the Sweet Singer of Michigan,72, American poetaster, famed for her notoriously bad poetry July 3 – Charles E
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1923 in poetry
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In Paris, Basil Bunting meets Ezra Pound, whose poems will have a strong influence on Bunting throughout his career. McFarlane and others found the Jamaican Poetry League, xu Zhimo founds the Crescent Moon Society in China. D. H. Stevens first book, it was published by Knopf when he was in middle age, yet by 1960 the cottage industry of Stevens studies was becoming a multinational conglomerate. Vincent Millay, The Ballad of the Harp-Weaver, A Few Figs from Thistles, Eight Sonnets in American Poetry,1922
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1927 in poetry
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Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. June 29 – T. S. Eliot enters the Church of England, july 7 – James Joyces collection Pomes Penyeach is published by Shakespeare and Company in Paris. August – T. S. Eliots poem Journey of the Magi is published in Faber, alfred Bailey, Songs of the Saguenay and other poems. Wilson MacDonald, An Ode On The Diamond Jubilee Of Confederation, E. J. Pratt, The Iron Door, An Ode, Toronto, Macmillan. Charles G. D. Roberts, The Vagrant of Time, meherjee, Poems in Prose, London, Luzac and Co. B. Charles Vildrac, Prolongements, France Including all of the British colonies that later became India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, language poetry August 15 – Patrick Galvin, Irish poet and dramatist September 7 – Molly Holden, English poet September 30 – W. S
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1928 in poetry
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Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. September 21 – The Gorseth Kernow is set up at Boscawen-Un in Cornwall by Henry Jenner, november 6 – Xu Zhimo writes his poem 再別康橋. The clerihew, the comic pseudo-biographical verse form associated with Edmund Clerihew Bentley, is mentioned in print for the first time, seranus, Later Poems and New Villanelles. Arthur Stringer, A Woman At Dusk and Other Poems. V. N. Bhusan, Silhouettes, Masulpatam, Youth of Asia Society, India, Indian poetry in English Joseph Furtado, A Goan Fiddler Shyam Sunder Lal Chordia, Chitor and Other Poems, Bombay, D. B. Taraporevala Sons and Co. H. Davies, Collected Poems T. S. Eliot, a Song for Simeon printed in September by Faber & Gwyer as part of its Ariel poems series. Poet Laureate September 22 – Irving Feldman, American poet and educator September 22 – Édouard Glissant, French-Martiniquan poet and writer
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1920 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1920. Reviewers hail the play and ONeill becomes famous, february 27 – Inaugural meeting of the Bloomsbury Groups Memoir Club arranged by Mary MacCarthy in London. March 26 – This Side of Paradise by F. Scott Fitzgerald is published and it is a sensation, immediately establishing Fitzgerald as a writer and celebrity, the initial print run of 3,000 copies sells out in 3 days. Though the books reputation will dim in later years, Dorothy Parker will recall that it was regarded as a work when it first appeared. April Hart Crane publishes his poem My Grandmothers Love Letters in The Dial, april 3 – F. Scott Fitzgerald marries Zelda Sayre in the rectory of St. Patricks Cathedral. K. November 1 – Eugene ONeills play, The Emperor Jones, is staged at the Playwrights Theater in New York City with Charles Sidney Gilpin in the title role. November 9 – D. H. Lawrences novel Women in Love is first published, december 23 – Arthur Schnitzlers play Reigen first receives an authorized performance, in Berlin, receiving strong criticism on moral and antisemitic grounds. Publication in Prague of Karel Čapeks drama R. U. R, Rossums Universal Robots, publication in Paris of the first volume of the Collection Budé, providing editions of Classical texts with parallel French translation, Platos Hippias Minor. Van Wyck Brooks publishes The Ordeal of Mark Twain, arguing that Twains genius was perverted by the conditions and this is the beginning of the reassessment of Mark Twain, who until this point had been regarded primarily as a humorous entertainer. The 1920s will force a reconsideration of many 19th-century writers, most importantly Herman Melville, goodyear – Forge of Foxenby Hugh Lofting – The Story of Doctor Dolittle Olive Beaupré Miller – In the Nursery S. Ansky – The Dybbuk Karel Čapek – R. U. R
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1922 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1922. Hence books published in 1922 or earlier entered the domain in the U. S. in 1998. The U. K. customs will also seize copies entering the country, T. S. Eliot founds The Criterion magazine containing the first publication of his poem The Waste Land. This is first published complete in book form by Boni & Liveright in New York in December, jacobs Room by Virginia Woolf is published by the Hogarth Press of Richmond upon Thames with jacket design by the authors sister Vanessa Bell. Also this summer Virginia writes the short story Mrs Dalloway in Bond Street, january – Ryūnosuke Akutagawas modernist short story In a Grove is published in the Japanese magazine Shinchō. January 24 – Façade – An Entertainment, poems by Edith Sitwell recited over an instrumental accompaniment by William Walton, first performed, january 27 – Franz Kafka begins intensive work on his novel The Castle at the mountain resort of Spindlermühle, ceasing around early September in mid-sentence. March – F. Scott Fitzgeralds novel The Beautiful and Damned is published in form by Charles Scribners Sons in New York. – The Czech playwrights Karel and Josef Čapeks play Pictures from the Insects Life is first performed at the National Theatre Brno and it is also first performed in English translation, in the United States, this year. April – Marcel Prousts Sodome et Gomorrhe II is published in Paris, may 27 – F. Scott Fitzgeralds short story The Curious Case of Benjamin Button is published in The Smart Set magazine. June F. Scott Fitzgeralds short story The Diamond as Big as the Ritz is published in Colliers magazine, over a single night at his home in Shaftsbury, Vermont, Robert Frost completes the long poem New Hampshire and at sunrise writes Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening. Summer – F. Scott Fitzgeralds novel The Great Gatsby is set on Long Island at this time, partly inspired by Scott, September 14 – Sinclair Lewiss satirical novel on American life, Babbitt, is published by Harcourt, Brace & Company. His poem Bidrohi is first collected this year in his first anthology, F. Scott Fitzgeralds short story collection Tales of the Jazz Age is published by Charles Scribners Sons in New York. September 29 – Drums in the Night becomes the first play by Bertolt Brecht to be staged, December – A valise containing all Ernest Hemingways manuscripts from the past years writing is stolen at Paris-Gare de Lyon. Yeats becomes a member of the Seanad Éireann in the Irish Free State. December 10 – The National Library of Albania is inaugurated in Tirana, génica Athanasiou plays the title rôle with Charles Dullin as Créon and Antonin Artaud as Tiresias. There are some protests by Dadaists, the first Newbery Medal for authors of distinguished books for children is awarded by the American Library Association to Hendrik Willem van Loon for The Story of Mankind
13.
1922 in art
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February 1 – Akron Art Institute opens in Ohio. February 11–18 – Modern Art Week at the Theatro Municipal, São Paulo, lady Lever Art Gallery opens in Port Sunlight, England. There are some protests by Dadaists, max Beerbohms collection of caricatures, Rossetti and His Circle, is published in London. Fernando Álvarez de Sotomayor y Zaragoza, court painter to Alfonso XIII of Spain, is appointed director of the Museo del Prado in Madrid, german psychiatrist Hans Prinzhorn publishes Bildnerei der Geisteskranken. W. Godward Contemplation Nu Sur la Plage Juan Gris – Le Pierrot Paul Klee – Twittering Machine George Washington Lambert – Anzac, january 17 – Robert De Niro, Sr. January 23 – Leon Golub, American painter March 3 – Louis Maratier, French post-impressionist artist, March 10 – Kiyoshi Yamashita, Japanese outsider artist March 27 – Jules Olitski, American abstract painter, printmaker, and sculptor. March 28 – Grace Hartigan, American Abstract Expressionist painter April 22 – Richard Diebenkorn, April 24 – Richard Hamilton, English painter and collage artist. May 7 – Joe ODonnell, American photographer, june 22 – Bill Blass, American fashion designer. July 3 – Guillaume Cornelis van Beverloo, Corneille, painter July 25 – Fred Yates, august 8 – Rudi Gernreich, Austrian American fashion designer. September 3 – Steffan Danielsen, Faroese painter, october 3 – John Craxton, English painter. September 9 – Pauline Baynes, English book illustrator, December 8 – Lucian Freud, German-born British painter and printmaker December 17 – Aart van den IJssel, Dutch sculptor. December 31 – Theodoros Stamos, Greek American abstract expressionist painter, ljubinka Jovanović, Serbian painter living and working in Paris and Belgrade
14.
1922 in architecture
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The year 1922 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. Construction work begins on The Los Angeles Central Library in Los Angeles, California, construction of Böttcherstraße in Bremen, Germany, in the style of Brick Expressionism begins. Monument to the Third International, designed by Vladimir Tatlin, is cancelled, march 21 - Rebuilt London Waterloo station is officially opened. May 30 - Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D. C, United States is dedicated by William H. Taft, in the presence of Abraham Lincolns son, 79-year-old Robert Todd Lincoln. June 9 - Spalding War Memorial in England, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, is dedicated, october 14 - Gerrards Cross Memorial Building in England, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, is dedicated. November 26 - Rochdale Cenotaph in England, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, is dedicated, estonian Constituent Assembly building in Toompea Castle, designed by Eugen Habermann and Herbert Johanson. Antiguo Casino de Ponce, Puerto Rico, by Agustin Camilo Gonzalez, shabolovka tower in Moscow, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, by Vladimir Shukhov. Wolseley Motors showrooms,160 Piccadilly, London, by W. Curtis Green, wrigley Building in Chicago, Illinois, by Graham, Anderson, Probst & White. AIA Gold Medal - Victor Laloux Royal Gold Medal - Thomas Hastings Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Robert Giroud
15.
1922 in music
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This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1922. January 24 - Carl Nielsen conducts the first public performance of his Symphony No.5 in Copenhagen, october 11 - Leila Megàne makes the first complete recording of Sir Edward Elgars Sea Pictures, with Elgar himself conducting. October 19 - Maurice Ravels orchestral arrangement of Modest Mussorgskys Pictures at an Exhibition is premiered in Paris. December 20 - Antigone by Jean Cocteau appears on the stage of the Théâtre de lAtelier in Paris, with settings by Pablo Picasso, music by Arthur Honegger, Louis Armstrong leaves New Orleans for Chicago to join King Olivers Creole Jazz Band. Richard Tauber joins the Vienna State Opera, kid Ory makes his first recordings. All musical compositions written in this year or earlier are now public domain in the United States, recordings of those compositions, however are still protected by various state statutes and do not fully enter the nationwide public domain until February 15,2067. Roy Turk, J. Russel Robinson & Addy Britt Aint It A Shame w. m. W. A. Hann, Joseph Simms & Al W. Brown All Over Nothing At All w. J. Keirn Brennan & Paul Cunningham m. James Rule Along The Road To Gundagai w. m. Jack OHagan LAmour, Toujours LAmour w. Catherine Chisholm Cushing m, rudolf Friml Angel Child w. Georgie Price & Benny Davis m. Abner Silver Baby Blue Eyes w. m, jesse Greer, Walter Hirsch & George Jessel Bees Knees by Leo Wood & Ray Lopez Blue w. Grant Clarke & Edgar Leslie m. Lou Handman A Brown Bird Singing w. Rodney Richard Bennett m. Haydn Wood Bugle Call Rag m, Jack Pettis, Billy Meyers & Elmer Schoebel Carolina in the Morning w. Gus Kahn m. Walter Donaldson Carolina Shout m. James P. Johnson Chicago w. m. Dick Winfree & Phil Boutelje Crinoline Days w. m. Irving Berlin Dancing Fool w. Harry B. Smith & Francis Wheeler m. Ted Snyder Dearest w. Benny Davis m. Harry Akst Do It Again w. B. G. De Sylva m. George Gershwin Down In Midnight Town w. Andrew B. Sterling & Edward P. Moran m. Harry Von Tilzer Downhearted Blues w. m, alberta Hunter Dream On w. B. G DeSylva, m. Ted Koehler, Frank Magine & C, Paul Joseph Mares, Leon Rappolo & Elmer Schoebel Fate by Byron Gay Georgette w. Lew Brown m. Ray Henderson Georgia w. Howard Johnson m. Walter Donaldson Goin Home w. m, Williams Arms Fisher Hot Lips w. m. Brennan A Kiss In The Dark w. B. G. De Sylva m, victor Herbert The Lady In Ermine w. Cyrus Wood m. Al Goodman Lady Of The Evening w. m, introduced by John Steel in the Music Box Revue of 1922
16.
The Waste Land
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The Waste Land is a long poem by T. S. Eliot. It is widely regarded as one of the most important poems of the 20th century, published in 1922, the 434-line poem first appeared in the United Kingdom in the October issue of The Criterion and in the United States in the November issue of The Dial. It was published in form in December 1922. Among its famous phrases are April is the cruellest month, I will show you fear in a handful of dust, Eliots poem loosely follows the legend of the Holy Grail and the Fisher King combined with vignettes of contemporary British society. Eliot employs many literary and cultural allusions from the Western canon, Buddhism, because of this, critics and scholars regard the poem as obscure. The poem shifts between voices of satire and prophecy featuring abrupt and unannounced changes of speaker, location, and time and conjuring of a vast, the poems structure is divided into five sections. The first section, The Burial of the Dead, introduces the themes of disillusionment. The second, A Game of Chess, employs vignettes of several characters—alternating narrations—that address those themes experientially, after a fourth section that includes a brief lyrical petition, the culminating fifth section, What the Thunder Said, concludes with an image of judgment. Eliot probably worked on the text that became The Waste Land for several years preceding its first publication in 1922. In a May 1921 letter to New York lawyer and patron of modernism John Quinn, Eliot wrote that he had a poem in mind. Richard Aldington, in his memoirs, relates that a year or so before Eliot read him the manuscript draft of The Waste Land in London, while walking through a graveyard, they discussed Thomas Grays Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard. He and his first wife, Vivienne Haigh-Wood Eliot, travelled to the resort of Margate for a period of convalescence. While there, Eliot worked on the poem, and possibly showed a version to Ezra Pound when, after a brief return to London. Eliot was en route to Lausanne, Switzerland, for treatment by Doctor Roger Vittoz, luce in Lausanne, Eliot produced a 19-page version of the poem. He returned from Lausanne in early January 1922, Pound then made detailed editorial comments and significant cuts to the manuscript. Eliot later dedicated the poem to Pound, Eliot sent the manuscript drafts of the poem to John Quinn in October 1922, they reached Quinn in New York in January 1923. Upon Quinns death they were inherited by his sister, Julia Anderson, years later, in the early 1950s, Mrs Andersons daughter, Mary Conroy, found the documents in storage. In 1958 she sold them privately to the New York Public Library and it was not until April 1968 that the existence and whereabouts of the manuscript drafts were made known to Valerie Eliot, the poets second wife and widow
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T. S. Eliot
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Thomas Stearns Eliot OM was a British essayist, publisher, playwright, literary and social critic, and one of the twentieth centurys major poets. He moved from his native United States to England in 1914 at the age of 25, settling, working and he eventually became a British subject in 1927 at the age of 39, renouncing his American citizenship. Eliot attracted widespread attention for his poem The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock and it was followed by some of the best-known poems in the English language, including The Waste Land, The Hollow Men, Ash Wednesday, and Four Quartets. He was also known for his seven plays, particularly Murder in the Cathedral and he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1948, for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry. The Eliots were a Boston family with roots in Old and New England, Thomas Eliots paternal grandfather, William Greenleaf Eliot, had moved to St. Louis, Missouri to establish a Unitarian Christian church there. Eliot was the last of six surviving children, his parents were both 44 years old when he was born, Eliot was born at 2635 Locust St. property owned by his grandfather, William Greenleaf Eliot. His four sisters were between 11 and 19 years older, his brother was eight years older, known to family and friends as Tom, he was the namesake of his maternal grandfather, Thomas Stearns. Eliots childhood infatuation with literature can be ascribed to several factors, firstly, he had to overcome physical limitations as a child. Struggling from a congenital double inguinal hernia, he could not participate in physical activities. As he was isolated, his love for literature developed. Once he learned to read, the boy immediately became obsessed with books and was absorbed in tales depicting savages. In his memoir of Eliot, his friend Robert Sencourt comments that the young Eliot would often curl up in the window-seat behind an enormous book, setting the drug of dreams against the pain of living. Secondly, Eliot credited his hometown with fuelling his literary vision, I feel that there is something in having passed ones childhood beside the big river, which is incommunicable to those people who have not. I consider myself fortunate to have been here, rather than in Boston, or New York. From 1898 to 1905, Eliot attended Smith Academy, where his studies included Latin, Ancient Greek, French and he began to write poetry when he was fourteen under the influence of Edward Fitzgeralds Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, a translation of the poetry of Omar Khayyam. He said the results were gloomy and despairing and he destroyed them and his first published poem, A Fable For Feasters, was written as a school exercise and was published in the Smith Academy Record in February 1905. Also published there in April 1905 was his oldest surviving poem in manuscript and he also published three short stories in 1905, Birds of Prey, A Tale of a Whale and The Man Who Was King. The last mentioned story significantly reflects his exploration of Igorot Village while visiting the 1904 Worlds Fair of St. Louis, such a link with primitive people importantly antedates his anthropological studies at Harvard
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Irish poetry
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Irish poetry includes poetry in two languages, Irish and English. The earliest surviving poems in Irish date back to the 6th century and this culminated in the work of the poets of the Irish Literary Revival in the late 19th and early 20th century. Poetry in Irish represents the oldest vernacular poetry in Europe, the earliest examples date from the 6th century, and are generally short lyrics on themes from religion or the world of nature. They were frequently written by their authors in the margins of the illuminated manuscripts that they were copying. The best known example is Pangur Bán and it was practical for poems to be short because the Irish recognized that it was necessary to use any means necessary to make the poems lasting in their oral culture. To accomplish such a feat as well as they have, they used complicated rhyme schemes that would render a poem nonsensical if any of the key words were changed from the original version, in an oral culture, Irish poetry had many uses. A poem could be used to both the poet and the subject of the poem, oftentimes kings would commission poets to create a piece about them. Such poems would be passed on to descendants so they would remember the deeds of past generations. Kings would also commission poets to write poems of advertisement, speaking of the greatness and worthiness. Oral poetry, because it was in the vernacular, was used for entertainment. Poems that were entertaining could also be informative, teaching people lessons or offering them wisdom of experience for dealing with situations they would encounter in their everyday lives. Finally, poems, especially those featured in the sagas, were thought to be an instrument of the supernatural, Another source of early Irish poetry is the poems in the tales and sagas, such as the Táin Bó Cúailnge. Unlike many other European epic cycles, the Irish sagas were written in prose, Irish bards formed a professional hereditary caste of highly trained, learned poets. As officials of the court of king or chieftain, they performed a number of official roles and they were chroniclers and satirists whose job it was to praise their employers and damn those who crossed them. It was believed that a well-aimed bardic satire, glam dicin, the Metrical Dindshenchas, or Lore of Places, is probably the major surviving monument of Irish bardic verse. It is a great onomastic anthology of naming legends of significant places in the Irish landscape, the earliest of these date from the 11th century, and were probably originally compiled on a provincial basis. As a national compilation, the Metrical Dindshenchas has come down to us in two different recensions. Knowledge of the real or putative history of local places formed an important part of the education of the elite in ancient Ireland, verse tales of Fionn and the Fianna, sometimes known as Ossianic poetry, were extremely common in Ireland and Scotland throughout this period
19.
W. B. Yeats
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William Butler Yeats was an Irish poet and one of the foremost figures of 20th-century literature. A pillar of both the Irish and British literary establishments, he helped to found the Abbey Theatre, Yeats was a driving force behind the Irish Literary Revival along with Lady Gregory, Edward Martyn and others. He was born in Sandymount, Ireland and educated there and in London and he spent childhood holidays in County Sligo and studied poetry from an early age when he became fascinated by Irish legends and the occult. These topics feature in the first phase of his work, which lasted roughly until the turn of the 20th century. His earliest volume of verse was published in 1889, and its slow-paced and lyrical poems display Yeatss debts to Edmund Spenser, Percy Bysshe Shelley, from 1900, his poetry grew more physical and realistic. He largely renounced the transcendental beliefs of his youth, though he remained preoccupied with physical and spiritual masks, in 1923, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Of Anglo-Irish descent, William Butler Yeats was born at Sandymount in County Dublin and his father, John Butler Yeats, was a descendant of Jervis Yeats, a Williamite soldier, linen merchant, and well-known painter who died in 1712. Benjamin Yeats, Jerviss grandson and Williams great-great-grandfather, had in 1773 married Mary Butler of a family in County Kildare. Following their marriage, they kept the name Butler in the family name, Mary was a descendant of the Butler of Ormond family from the Neigham Gowran branch of the family. They were descendants of the first Earls of Ormond, by his marriage, Williams father John Yeats was studying law but abandoned his studies to study art at Heatherleys Art School in London. His mother, Susan Mary Pollexfen, came from a merchant family in Sligo. Yeats was raised a member of the Protestant Ascendancy, which was at the time undergoing a crisis of identity. In 1997, his biographer R. F. Foster observed that Napoleons dictum that to understand the man you have to know what was happening in the world when he was twenty is manifestly true of W. B. Y. Yeatss childhood and young adulthood were shadowed by the power-shift away from the minority Protestant Ascendancy, the 1880s saw the rise of Charles Stewart Parnell and the home rule movement, the 1890s saw the momentum of nationalism, while the Catholics became prominent around the turn of the century. These developments had an effect on his poetry, and his subsequent explorations of Irish identity had a significant influence on the creation of his countrys biography. In 1867, the moved to England to aid their father, John. At first the Yeats children were educated at home and their mother entertained them with stories and Irish folktales. John provided an education in geography and chemistry, and took William on natural history explorations of the nearby Slough countryside
20.
James Joyce
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James Augustine Aloysius Joyce was an Irish novelist, short story writer, and poet. He contributed to the modernist avant-garde and is regarded as one of the most influential, other well-known works are the short-story collection Dubliners, and the novels A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man and Finnegans Wake. His other writings include three books of poetry, a play, occasional journalism and his published letters, Joyce was born in 41 Brighton Square, Rathgar, Dublin—about half a mile from his mothers birthplace in Terenure—into a middle-class family on the way down. He went on to attend University College Dublin, in 1904, in his early twenties, Joyce emigrated permanently to continental Europe with his partner Nora Barnacle. They lived in Trieste, Paris and Zurich, Ulysses in particular is set with precision in the streets and alleyways of the city. In the particular is contained the universal, James Augustine Aloysius Joyce was born on 2 February 1882 to John Stanislaus Joyce and Mary Jane May Murray, in the Dublin suburb of Rathgar. He was baptised according to the Rites of the Catholic Church in the nearby St Josephs Church in Terenure on 5 February by Rev. John OMulloy and his godparents were Philip and Ellen McCann. He was the eldest of ten surviving children, two of his siblings died of typhoid and his fathers family, originally from Fermoy in County Cork, had once owned a small salt and lime works. Joyces father and paternal grandfather both married into families, though the familys purported ancestor, Seán Mór Seoighe was a stonemason from Connemara. In 1887, his father was appointed rate collector by Dublin Corporation, around this time Joyce was attacked by a dog, which engendered in him a lifelong cynophobia. He also suffered from astraphobia, as an aunt had described thunderstorms to him as a sign of Gods wrath. In 1891 Joyce wrote a poem on the death of Charles Stewart Parnell, the Irish Party had dropped Parnell from leadership. But the Vaticans role in allying with the British Conservative Party to prevent Home Rule left an impression on the young Joyce. The elder Joyce had the printed and even sent a part to the Vatican Library. In November of that year, John Joyce was entered in Stubbs Gazette. In 1893, John Joyce was dismissed with a pension, beginning the familys slide into poverty caused mainly by his drinking and general financial mismanagement. Joyce had begun his education at Clongowes Wood College, a Jesuit boarding school near Clane, County Kildare and this came about because of a chance meeting his father had with a Jesuit priest who knew the family and Joyce was given a reduction in fees to attend Belvedere. In 1895, Joyce, now aged 13, was elected to join the Sodality of Our Lady by his peers at Belvedere, the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas continued to have a strong influence on him for most of his life
21.
Ulysses (novel)
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Ulysses is a modernist novel by Irish writer James Joyce. It is considered to be one of the most important works of modernist literature, according to Declan Kiberd, Before Joyce, no writer of fiction had so foregrounded the process of thinking. Ulysses chronicles the peripatetic appointments and encounters of Leopold Bloom in Dublin in the course of a day,16 June 1904. The novel imitates registers of centuries of English literature and is highly allusive, Ulysses is approximately 265,000 words in length and is divided into eighteen episodes. Since publication, the book has attracted controversy and scrutiny, ranging from early obscenity trials to protracted textual Joyce Wars, Joyce fans worldwide now celebrate 16 June as Bloomsday. Joyce first encountered the figure of Odysseus/Ulysses in Charles Lambs Adventures of Ulysses—an adaptation of the Odyssey for children, at school he wrote an essay on the character, entitled My Favourite Hero. Joyce told Frank Budgen that he considered Ulysses the only character in literature. Leopold Blooms home at 7 Eccles Street - Episode 4, Calypso, Episode 17, Ithaca, sweny’s pharmacy, Lombard Street, Lincoln Place. Episode 15, Circe Cabman’s shelter, Butt Bridge, - Episode 16, Eumaeus The action of the novel takes place from one side of Dublin Bay to the other, opening in Sandycove to the South of the city and closing on Howth Head to the North. Joyce divided Ulysses into 18 episodes, every episode of Ulysses has a theme, technique and correspondence between its characters and those of the Odyssey. The original text did not include these episode titles and the correspondences, instead, they originate from the Linati, Joyce referred to the episodes by their Homeric titles in his letters. It is 8 a. m. Buck Mulligan, a medical student. The three men eat breakfast and walk to the shore, where Mulligan demands from Stephen the key to the tower, departing, Stephen declares that he will not return to the tower tonight, as Mulligan, the usurper, has taken it over. Stephen is teaching a class on the victories of Pyrrhus of Epirus. After class, one student, Cyril Sargent, stays behind so that Stephen can show him how to do a set of arithmetic exercises, Stephen looks at the ugly face of Sargent and tries to imagine Sargents mothers love for him. Stephen then visits school headmaster Garrett Deasy, from whom he collects his pay, the two discuss Irish history and the role of Jews in the economy. As Stephen leaves, Deasy said that Ireland has never persecuted the Jews because the country never let them in. This episode is the source of some of the novels most famous lines, such as Dedaluss claim that history is a nightmare from which I am trying to awake and that God is a shout in the street
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Rainer Maria Rilke
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Several critics have described Rilkes work as inherently mystical. These deeply existential themes tend to him as a transitional figure between the traditional and the modernist writers. While Rilke is most known for his contributions to German literature, over 400 poems were written in French. In the later 20th century, his work found new audiences through its use by New Age theologians and self-help authors, in the United States, Rilke remains among the more popular, best-selling poets. He was born René Karl Wilhelm Johann Josef Maria Rilke in Prague and his childhood and youth in Prague were not especially happy. His father, Josef Rilke, became an official after an unsuccessful military career. His mother, Sophie Entz, came from a well-to-do Prague family, the Entz-Kinzelbergers, who lived in a house on the Herrengasse 8, where René also spent many of his early years. The relationship between Phia and her son was colored by her mourning for an earlier child, a daughter who had died only one week old. During Rilkes early years Phia acted as if she sought to recover the lost girl through the boy by dressing him in girls clothing and his parents marriage failed in 1884. His parents pressured the poetically and artistically talented youth into entering a military academy, which he attended from 1886 until 1891, from 1892 to 1895 he was tutored for the university entrance exam, which he passed in 1895. Until 1896 he studied literature, art history, and philosophy in Prague, in 1897 in Munich, Rainer Maria Rilke met and fell in love with the widely travelled, intellectual woman of letters Lou Andreas-Salomé. Rilke changed his first name from René to Rainer at Lous urging because she thought that name to be masculine, forceful. His relationship with married woman, with whom he undertook two extensive trips to Russia, lasted until 1900. But even after their separation, Lou continued to be Rilkes most important confidante until the end of his life, having trained from 1912 to 1913 as a psychoanalyst with Sigmund Freud, she shared her knowledge of psychoanalysis with Rilke. In 1898, Rilke undertook a journey lasting several weeks to Italy, in 1899, he travelled with Lou and her husband, Friedrich Andreas, to Moscow where he met the novelist Leo Tolstoy. Author Anna A. Tavis cites the cultures of Bohemia and Russia as the key influences on Rilkes poetry, in 1900, Rilke stayed at the artists colony at Worpswede. It was here that he got to know the sculptor Clara Westhoff and their daughter Ruth was born in December 1901. In the summer of 1902, Rilke left home and travelled to Paris to write a monograph on the sculptor Auguste Rodin, before long his wife left their daughter with her parents and joined Rilke there
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Sonnets to Orpheus
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The Sonnets to Orpheus are a cycle of 55 sonnets written in 1922 by the Bohemian-Austrian poet Rainer Maria Rilke. It was first published the following year, Rilke, who is widely recognized as one of the most lyrically intense German-language poets, wrote the cycle in a period of three weeks experiencing what he described a savage creative storm. Inspired by the news of the death of Wera Ouckama Knoop, at the same time in February 1922, Rilke had completed work on his deeply philosophical and mystical ten-poem collection entitled Duino Elegies which had taken ten years to complete. The Sonnets to Orpheus and the Duino Elegies are considered Rilkes masterpieces, through most of the 1910s, Rilke had suffered from a severe depression that had kept him from writing. Only in 1920 was he motivated to focus toward completing the Elegies, however, for the next two years, his mode of life was unstable and did not permit him the time or mental state he needed for his writing. In 1921, Rilke journeyed to Switzerland, hoping to immerse himself among French culture near Geneva, at the time, he was romantically involved with Baladine Klossowska. At the invitation of Werner Reinhart, Rilke moved into the Château de Muzot, Reinhart, a Swiss merchant and amateur clarinetist, used his wealth to act as a patron to many 20th Century writers and composers. He purchased Muzot to allow Rilke to live there rent-free and focus on his work, Rilke and Klossowska moved in in July 1921 and during the fall Rilke translated writings by Paul Valéry and Michelangelo into German. With news of the death of his daughters friend, Wera Knoop, Rilke was inspired to create, within a few days, between 2 February and 5 February 1922, he had completed the first section of 26 sonnets. For the next few days, he focused on the Duino Elegies, immediately after, he returned to work on the Sonnets and completed the following section of 29 sonnets in less than two weeks. In letters to friends, Rilke referred to this period as a savage creative storm. Rilke considered both collections to be of the same birth, throughout the Sonnets, Wera appears in frequent references to her, both direct where he addresses her by name and indirect as allusions to a dancer or the mythical Eurydice. Later, Rilke wrote to the girls mother stating that Weras ghost was commanding and impelling him to write. There are 55 sonnets in the sequence, divided into two sections, the first of 26 and the second of 29, the sonnets follow certain trends, but they include many different forms. All of the sonnets are composed of two followed by two tercets. The sonnet tradition is not as pronounced in German literature as it is, for example, in English, a possible model for Rilke might have been Charles Baudelaires Les Fleurs du Mal. To fashion poems in entire cycles was quite common in contemporary practice, Rilke does not at all stick to the formal standards of the German sonnet fashioned by August Wilhelm Schlegel. The rhyme schemes vary, and are generally ABAB CDCD or ABBA CDDC in the quartets, due to the frequent use of enjambment Rilke even breaks through the verse structure
24.
Duino Elegies
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The Duino Elegies are a collection of ten elegies written by the Bohemian-Austrian poet Rainer Maria Rilke. The poems,859 lines long in total, were dedicated to the Princess upon their publication in 1923, aside from brief episodes of writing in 1913 and 1915, Rilke did not return to the work until a few years after the war ended. After their publication in 1923 and Rilkes death in 1926, the Duino Elegies were quickly recognized by critics, the Duino Elegies are intensely religious, mystical poems that weigh beauty and existential suffering. The poems employ a rich symbolism of angels and salvation but not in keeping with typical Christian interpretations, Rilke begins the first elegy in an invocation of philosophical despair, asking, Who, if I cried out, would hear me among the hierarchies of angels. And later declares that every angel is terrifying, while labelling of these poems as elegies would typically imply melancholy and lamentation, many passages are marked by their positive energy and unrestrained enthusiasm. Mans loneliness, the perfection of the angels, life and death, love and lovers, Rilkes poetry, and the Duino Elegies in particular, influenced many of the poets and writers of the twentieth century. After completing the work, Rilke experienced a severe crisis that lasted for two years. In 1912, still facing this severe depression and despair, Rilke was invited to Duino Castle by Princess Marie von Thurn und Taxis whom he had met a few years before, the princess and her husband Prince Alexander enthusiastically supported artists and writers. While at Duino, Rilke and Princess Marie discussed the possibility of collaborating on a translation of Dante Alighieris La Vita Nuova, after the Princess left to join her husband at their Lautschin estate, Rilke spent the next few weeks at the castle preparing to focus on work. During these weeks, he was writing Marien-Leben, which he quickly wrote in his notebook. Rilke would only finish the third and fourth elegies before the onset of World War I, the third was finished in 1913 in Paris, the fourth in early 1915 in Munich. Because of his depression, Rilke was unable to return to writing for several years, however, for the next two years, his mode of life was unstable and did not permit him the time or mental state he needed for his writing. In 1921, Rilke journeyed to Switzerland, hoping to immerse himself in French culture near Geneva, at the time, he was romantically involved with Baladine Klossowska. At the invitation of Werner Reinhart, Rilke moved into the Château de Muzot, Reinhart, a Swiss merchant and amateur clarinetist, used his wealth to be a patron to many twentieth-century writers and composers. He bought Muzot to allow Rilke to live there rent-free and focus on his work, Rilke and Klossowska moved there in July 1921 and later in the year Rilke translated writings by Paul Valéry and Michelangelo into German. With news of the death of his daughters friend, Wera Knoop, the Sonnets frequently refer to Wera, both directly where he addresses her by name and indirectly in allusions to a dancer or the mythical Eurydice. Rilke wrote to the girls mother stating that Weras ghost was commanding and impelling him to write. In a rush of inspiration, Rilke worked on the Sonnets, in one week, Rilke completed the unfinished elegies, and from 2 February to 23 February 1922 he completed all the 55 sonnets of the two parts of Sonnets to Orpheus
25.
Nashville, Tennessee
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Nashville is the capital of the U. S. state of Tennessee and the county seat of Davidson County. It is located on the Cumberland River in the central part of the state. The city is a center for the music, healthcare, publishing, banking and transportation industries and it is known as a center of the country music industry, earning it the nickname Music City, U. S. A. Since 1963, Nashville has had a consolidated city-county government which includes six municipalities in a two-tier system. Nashville is governed by a mayor, vice-mayor, and 40-member Metropolitan Council, thirty-five of the members are elected from single-member districts, five are elected at-large. Reflecting the citys position in government, Nashville is home to the Tennessee Supreme Courts courthouse for Middle Tennessee. According to 2015 estimates from the U. S. Census Bureau, the balance population, which excludes semi-independent municipalities within Nashville, was 654,610. The 2015 population of the entire 13-county Nashville metropolitan area was 1,830,345, the 2015 population of the Nashville-Davidson–Murfreesboro–Columbia combined statistical area, a larger trade area, was 1,951,644. The town of Nashville was founded by James Robertson, John Donelson, and it was named for Francis Nash, the American Revolutionary War hero. Nashville quickly grew because of its location, accessibility as a port on the Cumberland River, a tributary of the Ohio River. By 1800, the city had 345 residents, including 136 African American slaves and 14 free blacks, in 1806, Nashville was incorporated as a city and became the county seat of Davidson County, Tennessee. In 1843, the city was named the permanent capital of the state of Tennessee, by 1860, when the first rumblings of secession began to be heard across the South, antebellum Nashville was a prosperous city. The citys significance as a port made it a desirable prize as a means of controlling important river. In February 1862, Nashville became the first state capital to fall to Union troops, the state was occupied by Union troops for the duration of the war. Within a few years after the Civil War, the Nashville chapter of the Ku Klux Klan was founded by Confederate veteran John W. Morton, meanwhile, the city had reclaimed its important shipping and trading position and developed a solid manufacturing base. The post–Civil War years of the late 19th century brought new prosperity to Nashville and these healthy economic times left the city with a legacy of grand classical-style buildings, which can still be seen around the downtown area. Circa 1950 the state approved a new city charter that provided for the election of city council members from single-member districts. This change was supported because at-large voting diluted the minority populations political power in the city and they could seldom gain a majority of the population to support a candidate of their choice
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John Crowe Ransom
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John Crowe Ransom was an American educator, scholar, literary critic, poet, essayist and editor. He is considered to be a founder of the New Criticism school of literary criticism, as a faculty member at Kenyon College, he was the first editor of the widely regarded Kenyon Review. Highly respected as a teacher and mentor to a generation of accomplished students, he also was a prize-winning poet, John Crowe Ransom was born on April 30,1888 in Pulaski, Tennessee. His father, John James Ransom was a Methodist minister and his mother was Sara Ella Ransom. He had two sisters, Annie Phillips and Ella Irene, and one brother, Richard and he grew up in Spring Hill, Franklin, Springfield, and Nashville, Tennessee. He was home schooled until age ten, from 1899 to 1903, he attended the Bowen School, a public school whose headmaster was Vanderbilt alumnus Angus Gordon Bowen. He entered Vanderbilt University in Nashville at the age of fifteen and his philosophy professor was Collins Denny, later a Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. After teaching one year in Lewisburg, he was selected as a Rhodes Scholar. He attended Christ Church, Oxford, 1910–13, where he read Greats and he taught Latin for one year at the Hotchkiss School alongside Samuel Claggett Chew. He was then appointed to the English department at Vanderbilt University in 1914, during the First World War, he served as an artillery officer in France. After the war, he returned to Vanderbilt, under their influence, Ransom, whose first interest had been philosophy began writing poetry. His first volume of poems, Poems about God, was praised by Robert Frost, out of all the Fugitive poets, Norton poetry editors Richard Ellmann and Robert OClair opined that, among the most remarkable, characterizing his poetry as quirky and at times eccentric. The Agrarians believed that the Southern tradition, rooted in the pre-Civil War agricultural model, was the answer to the Souths economic and his contribution to Ill Take My Stand is his essay Reconstructed but Unregenerate which starts the book and lays out the Southern Agrarians basic argument. However, by the late 1930s he began to distance himself from the movement and he remained an active essayist until his death even though, by the 1970s, the popularity and influence of the New Critics had seriously diminished. In 1937, he accepted a position at Kenyon College in Gambier and he was the founding editor of the Kenyon Review, and continued as editor until his retirement in 1959. In 1966, he was elected to the American Academy of Arts, doctorow, Cleanth Brooks, Richard M. Weaver, and Constantinos Patrides. His literary reputation is based chiefly on two collections of poetry, Chills and Fever and Two Gentlemen in Bonds, believing he had no new themes upon which to write, his subsequent poetic activity consisted almost entirely of revising his earlier poems. Hence Ransoms reputation as a poet is based on the fewer than 160 poems he wrote, the poems satisfy our nostalgia for the past, yet themselves have none
27.
Vanderbilt University
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Vanderbilt University is a private research university founded in 1873 and located in Nashville, Tennessee. It was named in honor of shipping and rail magnate Cornelius Vanderbilt, Vanderbilt hoped that his gift and the greater work of the university would help to heal the sectional wounds inflicted by the Civil War. Today, Vanderbilt enrolls approximately 12,000 students from all 50 U. S. states and over 90 foreign countries in four undergraduate and six graduate, despite its urban surroundings, the campus itself is a national arboretum and features over 300 different species of trees and shrubs. Vanderbilt is ranked as one of the top universities for its teaching, research opportunities. It is ranked 15th on the list of best national universities generated by U. S. News & World Report, however, lack of funds and the ravaged state of the Reconstruction Era South delayed the opening of the college. Indeed, the McTyeires had met at St. Francis Street Methodist Church in Mobile, Cornelius Vanderbilt, who was the wealthiest man in the United States at the time, was considering philanthropy as he was at an advanced age. He had been planning to establish a university on Staten Island, New York, however, McTyeire convinced him to donate $500,000 to endow Central University in order to contribute to strengthening the ties which should exist between all sections of our common country. The endowment was increased to $1 million and would be only one of two philanthropic causes financially supported by Vanderbilt. Though he never expressed any desire that the university be named after himself, McTyeire, Vanderbilt died in 1877 without seeing the school named after him. One of the trustees, Hezekiah William Foote, was a Confederate veteran. The Treasurer of the Board of Trust from 1872 to 1875, Alexander Little Page Green, whose portrait hangs in Kirkland Hall, was a Methodist preacher and a former slave owner. His son-in-law, Robert A. Young, was a Methodist minister who served as the Financial Secretary on the Board of Trust from 1874 to 1882, retiring from the board in 1902. The first building, Main Building, later known as Kirkland Hall, was designed by William Crawford Smith, in the fall of 1875, about 200 students enrolled at Vanderbilt, and in October the university was dedicated. Bishop McTyeire was named Chairman of the Board of Trust for life by Vanderbilt as a stipulation of his endowment, McTyeire named Landon Garland, his mentor from Randolph-Macon College in Virginia and then-Chancellor of the University of Mississippi, as chancellor. Garland shaped the structure and hired the schools faculty, many of whom were renowned scholars in their respective fields. However, most of this faculty left after disputes with Bishop McTyeire, when the first fraternity chapter, Phi Delta Theta, was established on campus in 1876, it was shut down by the faculty, only to be reestablished as a secret society in 1877. Meanwhile, Old Gym, designed by Dutch-born architect Peter J. Williamson, was built in 1879–1880, by 1883, the Board of Trust passed a resolution allowing fraternities on campus, and more chapters were established in 1884. During the first 40 years, the Board of Trust, and therefore the university, was under the control of the General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, conflicts escalated after James H. Kirkland was appointed chancellor in 1893
