1.
1923
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As of the start of 1923, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which was relegated that February to use only by churches after Greece adopted the Gregorian calendar. January 1 – The Grouping, All major British railway companies are grouped into four larger companies, january 1–7 – Rosewood massacre, a violent, racially motivated conflict in Florida. At least eight people are killed, and the town of Rosewood is abandoned and destroyed, january 9 – Lithuania begins the Klaipėda Revolt to annex the Klaipėda Region. January 11 – Despite strong British protests, troops from France, january 17 – Juan de la Cierva invents the autogyro, a rotary-winged aircraft with an unpowered rotor. January 18 – Elon Colleges campus in North Carolina is destroyed by a fire, norman Albert calls the first live broadcast of an ice hockey game, the third period of an Ontario Hockey League Intermediate playoff game on the Toronto station CFCA. February 9 – Billy Hughes resigns as Prime Minister of Australia, Hughes is succeeded by his Treasurer, Stanley Bruce. February 23 – Albert Einstein visits Barcelona, Spain, at the invitation of scientist Esteban Terradas i Illa, march 1 The USS Connecticut is decommissioned. March 3 – This is the date of the first issue of Time magazine. Retired U. S. Speaker of the House Joseph G. Cannon appears on the first cover, march 6 – The Egyptian Feminist Union, the first nationwide feminist movement in Egypt, was founded at the home of activist Huda Shaarawi. March 9 – Vladimir Lenin suffers his third stroke, which renders him bedridden and unable to speak, march 28 – Regia Aeronautica, the air force of Fascist Italy, is founded. April 4 – Warner Bros. film studio is formally incorporated in the United States as Warner Brothers Pictures, april 6 Louis Armstrong makes his first recording, Chimes Blues, with King Olivers Creole Jazz Band. The first Prefects Board in Southeast Asia is formed in Victoria Institution, april 12 – Kandersteg International Scout Centre comes into existence in Switzerland. April 18 Yankee Stadium opens its doors as the park of the New York Yankees baseball team in The Bronx. Russian professional sports society club, Dynamo Moscow founded, april 19 Hjalmar Branting leaves office as Prime Minister of Sweden, after the Swedish Riksdag has rejected a government proposal regarding unemployment benefits. Right-wing academic and jurist Ernst Trygger becomes Prime Minister of Sweden, Egyptian Constitution of 1923 adopted, introducing a parliamentary system of democracy in the country. April 23 – The Gdynia seaport is inaugurated on the Polish Corridor, april 26 – Prince Albert, Duke of York marries Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon in Westminster Abbey. April 28 – The original Wembley Stadium opened its doors for the first time to the British public staging the FA Cup Final between Bolton Wanderers and West Ham Utd, may 1 – Rahula College is established in Ceylon with the name of Parakramabhahu Vidyalaya. May 8 – Liseberg, an amusement park in Gothenburg, Sweden, may 9 Southeastern Michigan receives a record 15 centimetres of snow after temperatures plummeted from 17 to 1 degrees between 1 and 6 pm on the previous day
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
1921 in the United States
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Events from the year 1921 in the United States. January 2 – The first religious radio broadcast is heard over station, january 21 – The full-length silent comedy-drama film The Kid, written, produced, directed by and starring Charlie Chaplin, with Jackie Coogan, is released. March 4 – Warren G. Harding is inaugurated as the 29th President of the United States, April 20 – Ferenc Molnárs play Liliom is first produced on Broadway in English. May 19 – The Emergency Quota Act passes the U. S. Congress, may 31 – Tulsa Race Riot, The official death toll is 39, but recent investigations suggest the actual toll may be much higher. July 2 – U. S. President Warren Harding signs a joint congressional resolution declaring an end to Americas state of war with Germany, Austria and Hungary. July 11 – Former President of the United States William Howard Taft is sworn in as Chief Justice of the United States, July 14 – A Massachusetts jury finds Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti guilty of first degree murder following a widely publicized trial. July 26 – U. S. President Warren G. Harding receives Princess Fatima of Afghanistan, august – The United States formally ends World War I, declaring a peace with Germany. August 5 – The first radio baseball game is broadcast, Harold Arlin announces the Pirates-Phillies game from Forbes Field over Westinghouse KDKA, august 11 – Franklin D. Roosevelts paralytic illness strikes while he is vacationing on Campobello Island, he is diagnosed with polio. August 25–September 2 – An uprising of striking miners in West Virginia leads to the Battle of Blair Mountain. September 7 – In Atlantic City, New Jersey, the first Miss America Pageant is held, September 8 – Sixteen-year-old Margaret Gorman wins the Atlantic City Pageants Golden Mermaid trophy, pageant officials later dub her the first Miss America. September 13 – White Castle hamburger restaurant opens in Wichita, Kansas, October 8 – The first Sweetest Day is staged in Cleveland, Ohio. November 11 – During an Armistice Day ceremony at Arlington National Cemetery, december 13 – In the Four Power Treaty on Insular Possessions, Japan, the United States, United Kingdom, and France agree to recognize the status quo in the Pacific. The DeYoung Museum opens in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, centre Colleges football team, led by quarterback Bo McMillin, defeats Harvard University 6–0 to snap Harvards five-year winning streak. For decades afterward, this is called footballs upset of the century, Jewish immigration to Palestine grows rapidly. Before this, Jews preferred the USA, but the USA drastically limited immigration from Eastern Europe, the Tau Epsilon Chi Jewish high school sorority is founded in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Senator from Texas from 1971 to 1993 February 17 – Duane Gish, biochemist and academic March 27 – Tom Bevill, representative from Alabama from 1967 to 1997 March 31 – Peggy Rea, television actress April 21 – John R. S. Michael Rogers, general July 18 – John Glenn, first U. S. astronaut to orbit Earth, senator from Ohio from 1974 to 1999 July 22 – William V. Roth, Jr. U. S. S. Senator from Kentucky from 1907 to 1913 March 29 Levi Ankeny, senator from Louisiana from 1891 to 1894 May 26 – Donald Evans, poet, publisher, music critic and journalist June 12 – Murphy J. Foster, U. S
4.
1922 in the United States
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Events from the year 1922 in the United States. January 28 – Snowfall from the Knickerbocker storm, the biggest-ever recorded snowstorm in Washington, D. C. causes the roof of the Knickerbocker Theatre to collapse, February 3 – American actor William Desmond Taylor is murdered. February 24 – Leser v. Garnett, A challenge to the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, march 20 – The USS Langley is commissioned as the first United States Navy aircraft carrier. April 7 – Teapot Dome scandal, The United States Secretary of the Interior leases Teapot Dome oil reserves in Wyoming, april 13 – The State of Massachusetts opens all public offices to women. April 22 – The Lambda Chapter of the Joe Whelan Sorority, may 5 – In the Bronx, construction begins on Yankee Stadium. May 11 – Radio station KGU begins broadcasting in Hawaii, may 12 – A 20-ton meteorite lands near Blackstone, Virginia. May 30 – In Washington, D. C. the Lincoln Memorial is dedicated, june 11 – Première of Robert J. Flahertys Nanook of the North, the first commercially successful feature-length documentary film. June 14 – U. S. President Warren G. Harding makes his first speech on the radio, july 11 – The Hollywood Bowl opens. She will not take office till November 21, and will serve for only one day. November 12 – Sigma Gamma Rho Sorority, Incorporated is founded by 7 educators in Indianapolis, the group becomes an incorporated national collegiate sorority on December 30,1929, when a charter is granted to the Alpha Chapter at Butler University in Indianapolis, Indiana. The Molly Pitcher Club is formed to promote the repeal of Prohibition in the United States, the California grizzly bear becomes extinct. Lochner era U. S. occupation of Haiti Prohibition Roaring Twenties January 1 – Ernest Hollings, Senator from North Dakota in 1992 February 10 – Harold Hughes, U. S. S. Blanchard, United States Senator from Louisiana from 1904 to 1908 August 1 – Francis S. White, United States Senator from Alabama from 1914 to 1915 August 23 – Albert J
5.
1924 in the United States
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Events from the year 1924 in the United States. February 12 – Rhapsody in Blue, by George Gershwin, is first performed in New York City at Aeolian Hall, february 14 – IBM is founded in New York State. February 16–February 26 – Dock strikes break out in various U. S. harbors, february 22 – Calvin Coolidge becomes the first President of the United States to deliver a radio broadcast from the White House. March 8 – The Castle Gate mine disaster kills 172 coal miners in Utah, april 16 – American media company Metro Goldwyn Mayer is founded in Los Angeles, California. May 3 – The Aleph Zadik Aleph, the oldest Jewish youth fraternity, is founded in Omaha, may 10 – J. Edgar Hoover is appointed head of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. May 21 – University of Chicago students Richard Loeb and Nathan Leopold, june 2 – U. S. President Calvin Coolidge signs the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 into law, granting citizenship to all Native Americans born within the territorial limits of the United States. June 12 – Rondout Heist, Six men of the Egans Rats gang rob a train in Rondout, Illinois. June 23 – American airman Russell L. Maughan flies from New York to San Francisco in 21 hours and 48 minutes on a flight in a Curtiss pursuit. September 9 – The Hanapepe Massacre occurs on Kauai, Hawaii, october 10 – The Alpha Delta Gamma Fraternity is founded at the Lake Shore Campus of Loyola University, Chicago. November 4 Nellie Tayloe Ross of Wyoming is elected as the first woman governor in the United States, U. S. presidential election,1924, Republican Calvin Coolidge defeats Democrat John W. Davis and Progressive U. S. La Follette Sr. November 19 – In Los Angeles, California, famous silent film director Thomas H. Ince dies, reportedly of a heart attack, November 27 – In New York City the first Macys Thanksgiving Day Parade is held. December 1 – George Gershwins Lady Be Good and Fascinating Rhythm premiere in New York City, alice Vanderbilt Morris, a wealthy heiress, founds the International Auxiliary Language Association in New York City U. S. bootleggers begin to use Thompson submachine guns. The Earth Inductor Compass is invented in New York City, lochner era U. S. occupation of Haiti Prohibition Roaring Twenties List of American films of 1924 Media related to 1924 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
6.
1925 in the United States
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Events from the year 1925 in the United States. President, Calvin Coolidge Vice President, vacant, Charles G. Dawes Chief Justice, William Howard Taft Speaker of the House of Representatives, Frederick H. January 27 – February 1 – The 1925 serum run to Nome relays diphtheria antitoxin by dog sled across the U. S. territory of Alaska, February 21 – First issue of The New Yorker magazine is published by Harold Ross. March 4 – Calvin Coolidge becomes the first President of the United States to have his inauguration broadcast on radio, march 15 – The Phi Lambda Chi fraternity is founded on the campus of Arkansas State Teachers College in Conway, Arkansas. March 18 – The Tri-State Tornado rampages through Missouri, Illinois and it hits the towns of Murphysboro, Illinois, Gorham, Illinois, Ellington, Missouri, and Griffin, Indiana. The storms damage path was indicated at 378 km, march 21 – Tennessee Governor Austin Peay signs the Butler Act, prohibiting the teaching of evolution in the states public schools. March 31 – Radio station WOWO in Ft. Wayne, Indiana begins broadcasting, april 1 – Frank Heath and his horse Gypsy Queen leave Washington, D. C. to begin a two-year journey to visit all 48 states. April 10 – F. Scott Fitzgerald publishes The Great Gatsby, may 5 – Scopes Trial, Dayton, Tennessee, biology teacher John Scopes is arrested for teaching Charles Darwins Theory of Evolution. June 6 – The Chrysler Corporation is founded by Walter Percy Chrysler, June 13 – Charles Francis Jenkins achieves the first synchronized transmission of pictures and sound, using 48 lines, and a mechanical system. A 10-minute film of a windmill in motion is sent across 5 miles from Anacostia to Washington. The images are viewed by representatives of the National Bureau of Standards, the U. S. Navy, the Commerce Department, Jenkins calls this the first public demonstration of radiovision. July 21 – Scopes Trial, In Dayton, Tennessee, high school biology teacher John T. Scopes is found guilty of teaching evolution in class, August 14 – The original Hetch Hetchy Moccasin Powerhouse is completed and goes on line. September 3 – The U. S. Navy dirigible Shenandoah breaks up in a line over Ohio en route to Scottfield. October 2 made color TV November 28 – The weekly country music radio program Grand Ole Opry is first broadcast on WSM radio in Nashville, Tennessee, december 16 – Alpha Phi Omega, a national service fraternity, is founded at Lafayette College. New York City becomes the largest city in the world, taking the lead from London, the motel concept originates with the Motel Inn of San Luis Obispo, California, originally called the Milestone Mo-Tel, constructed by Arthur Heineman. The National Football League adds 5 teams, the New York Giants, Detroit Panthers, Providence Steam Roller, a new Canton Bulldogs team, Calvin Coolidge signs into law the act establishing a U. S. Senator from North Carolina from 1975 to 1981 October 7 – Mildred Earp, baseball player October 11 – Elmore Leonard, novelist October 13 – Lenny Bruce, comic October 16 – Daniel J. Evans, U. S. S. Senator from Idaho from 1890 to 1891 June 1 – Thomas R. Marshall, 28th Vice President of the United States from 1913 to 1921 August 7 – George Gray, U. S
7.
Flag of the United States
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The flag of the United States, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. S. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, the current design of the U. S. flag is its 27th, the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777. The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4,1959, the 50-star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21,1959, and was adopted in July 1960. It is the version of the U. S. flag and has been in use for over 56 years. At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, the flag contemporaneously known as the Continental Colors has historically been referred to as the first national flag. The name Grand Union was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the American flag, the flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era, and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design. Both flags could have been constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign. However, an East India Company flag could have nine to 13 stripes. In any case, both the stripes and the stars have precedents in classical heraldry, Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment. The first official U. S. flag flown during battle was on August 3,1777, Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler. A voucher is extant that Capt. Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag, the 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign. In the late 18th century, the notion of a flag did not yet exist. The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee, on May 10,1779, Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States. However, the term, Standard, referred to a standard for the Army of the United States. Each regiment was to carry the standard in addition to its regimental standard. The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag, the appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows, one arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle, the so-called Betsy Ross flag
8.
Timeline of United States history
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This is a timeline of United States history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political and economic events in the United States and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of the United States, some dates before September 14,1752, when the British government adopted the Gregorian calendar, may be given in the Old Style
9.
Federal government of the United States
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The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms
10.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
11.
Warren G. Harding
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Warren Gamaliel Harding was the 29th President of the United States, serving from March 4,1921 until his death in 1923. In historical rankings of the U. S. presidents, Harding is often rated among the worst, Harding was born in Blooming Grove, Ohio. He lived in rural Ohio all his life, except when political service took him elsewhere and he settled in Marion when not yet 20 years old and bought The Marion Star, building it into a successful newspaper. In 1899, he was elected to the Ohio State Senate and, after four years there and he was defeated for governor in 1910, but was elected to the U. S. Senate in 1914. Harding ran for the Republican nomination for president in 1920, the leading candidates, such as General Leonard Wood, could not gain a majority to secure the nomination, and the convention deadlocked. Hardings support gradually grew until he was nominated on the tenth ballot and he conducted a front porch campaign, remaining for the most part in Marion and allowing the people to come to him. He won in a landslide over Democrat James M. Cox and Socialist Party candidate Eugene Debs, running on a theme of return to normalcy and becoming the first sitting senator to be elected president. Harding appointed a number of well-regarded figures, including Andrew Mellon at the Treasury, Herbert Hoover at Commerce, a major foreign policy achievement came with the Washington Naval Conference of 1921–1922, in which the worlds major naval powers agreed on a naval limitations program that lasted a decade. Two members of his cabinet were implicated in corruption, Interior Secretary Albert Fall, the resulting scandals did not fully emerge until after Hardings death, nor did word of his extramarital affairs, but both greatly damaged his reputation. Harding died of an attack in San Francisco while on a western speaking tour, he was succeeded by his vice president. Harding was born November 2,1865, in Blooming Grove, nicknamed Winnie as a small child, Harding was the eldest of eight children born to George Tryon Harding, Sr. and Phoebe Elizabeth Harding. Tryon farmed and taught school near Mount Gilead, Ohio, through apprenticeship, study, and a year of medical school, Tryon became a doctor, and started a small practice. Hardings mothers ancestors were Dutch, including the well known Van Kirk family, Harding also had ancestors from England, Wales, and Scotland. It was rumored in Blooming Grove that one of Hardings great-grandmothers was African American and his great-great grandfather Amos Harding claimed that a thief, who had been caught in the act by the family, started the rumor in an attempt at extortion or revenge. Nevertheless, even after Warren Hardings death in 1923, African Americans made claims of kinship, the Harding family, who were abolitionists, moved to Caledonia, Ohio, where Tryon acquired The Argus, a local weekly newspaper. At The Argus, Harding, from the age of 11, in late 1879, at the age of 14, Harding enrolled at Ohio Central College in Iberia, where he proved an adept student. He and a put out a small newspaper during their final year at Ohio Central. During his final year, the Harding family moved to Marion, Ohio, about 6 miles from Caledonia, in Hardings youth, the majority of the population still lived on farms and in small towns
12.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
13.
Ohio
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Ohio /oʊˈhaɪ. oʊ/ is a Midwestern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Ohio is the 34th largest by area, the 7th most populous, the states capital and largest city is Columbus. The state takes its name from the Ohio River, the name originated from the Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning great river or large creek. Partitioned from the Northwest Territory, the state was admitted to the Union as the 17th state on March 1,1803, Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives, Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections. Six Presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state, Ohios geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo, Ohio has the nations 10th largest highway network, and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North Americas population and 70% of North Americas manufacturing capacity. To the north, Lake Erie gives Ohio 312 miles of coastline, Ohios southern border is defined by the Ohio River, and much of the northern border is defined by Lake Erie. Ohios neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Ontario Canada, to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. Ohio has only that portion of the river between the rivers 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark, the border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River. Much of Ohio features glaciated plains, with a flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills, in 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, at attempt to address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region. This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia, the worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood, the entire Miami River watershed flooded, as a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States. Grand Lake St. Marys in the west central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the era of 1820–1850. For many years this body of water, over 20 square miles, was the largest artificial lake in the world and it should be noted that Ohios canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their emergence to location on canals. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold, precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round
14.
Calvin Coolidge
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John Calvin Coolidge Jr. was the 30th President of the United States. A Republican lawyer from Vermont, Coolidge worked his way up the ladder of Massachusetts state politics and his response to the Boston Police Strike of 1919 thrust him into the national spotlight and gave him a reputation as a man of decisive action. Soon after, he was elected as the 29th vice president in 1920, elected in his own right in 1924, he gained a reputation as a small-government conservative, and also as a man who said very little, although having a rather dry sense of humor. Coolidge restored public confidence in the White House after the scandals of his predecessors administration, as a Coolidge biographer wrote, He embodied the spirit and hopes of the middle class, could interpret their longings and express their opinions. That he did represent the genius of the average is the most convincing proof of his strength, Coolidges retirement was relatively short, as he died at the age of 60 in January 1933, less than two months before his immediate successor, Herbert Hoover, left office. Though his reputation underwent a renaissance during the Ronald Reagan administration, John Calvin Coolidge Jr. was born in Plymouth Notch, Windsor County, Vermont, on July 4,1872, the only U. S. president to be born on Independence Day. He held various offices, including justice of the peace and tax collector. Coolidges mother was the daughter of a Plymouth Notch farmer and she was chronically ill and died, perhaps from tuberculosis, when Coolidge was twelve years old. His younger sister, Abigail Grace Coolidge, died at the age of fifteen, probably of appendicitis, Coolidges father remarried in 1891, to a schoolteacher, and lived to the age of eighty. Coolidges family had roots in New England, his earliest American ancestor, John Coolidge, emigrated from Cottenham, Cambridgeshire, England, around 1630 and settled in Watertown. Another ancestor, Edmund Rice, arrived at Watertown in 1638, Coolidges great-great-grandfather, also named John Coolidge, was an American military officer in the Revolutionary War and one of the first selectmen of the town of Plymouth Notch. His grandfather, Calvin Galusha Coolidge, served in the Vermont House of Representatives, many of Coolidges ancestors were farmers, and numerous distant cousins were prominent in politics. Coolidge attended Black River Academy and then Amherst College, where he distinguished himself in the class, as a senior joined the fraternity Phi Gamma Delta. While there, Coolidge was profoundly influenced by philosophy professor Charles Edward Garman, the only hope of perfecting human relationships is in accordance with the law of service under which men are not so solicitous about what they shall get as they are about what they shall give. Yet people are entitled to the rewards of their industry, what they earn is theirs, no matter how small or how great. But the possession of property carries the obligation to use it in a larger service, at his fathers urging after graduation, Coolidge moved to Northampton, Massachusetts to become a lawyer. To avoid the cost of law school, Coolidge followed the practice of apprenticing with a local law firm, Hammond & Field. John C. Hammond and Henry P. Field, both Amherst graduates, introduced Coolidge to law practice in the county seat of Hampshire County, in 1897, Coolidge was admitted to the bar, becoming a country lawyer
15.
Massachusetts
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It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the Massachusett tribe, which inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston, over 80% of Massachusetts population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution, during the 20th century, Massachusetts economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance. Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, in 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of Americas most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances, in 1786, Shays Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention. In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept the Atlantic World, in the late 18th century, Boston became known as the Cradle of Liberty for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution. The entire Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, in the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams, both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world. Massachusetts public school students place among the top nations in the world in academic performance, the official name of the state is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. While this designation is part of the official name, it has no practical implications. Massachusetts has the position and powers within the United States as other states. Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the Algonquian language family such as the Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Mahican, and Massachusett. While cultivation of crops like squash and corn supplemented their diets, villages consisted of lodges called wigwams as well as longhouses, and tribes were led by male or female elders known as sachems. Between 1617 and 1619, smallpox killed approximately 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans, the first English settlers in Massachusetts, the Pilgrims, arrived via the Mayflower at Plymouth in 1620, and developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag people. This was the second successful permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, the event known as the First Thanksgiving was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World which lasted for three days
16.
Vice President of the United States
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The executive power of both the vice president and the president is granted under Article Two, Section One of the Constitution. The vice president is elected, together with the president. The Office of the Vice President of the United States assists, as the president of the United States Senate, the vice president votes only when it is necessary to break a tie. Additionally, pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment, the president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College. Currently, the president is usually seen as an integral part of a presidents administration. The Constitution does not expressly assign the office to any one branch, causing a dispute among scholars whether it belongs to the executive branch, the legislative branch, or both. The modern view of the president as a member of the executive branch is due in part to the assignment of executive duties to the vice president by either the president or Congress. Mike Pence of Indiana is the 48th and current vice president and he assumed office on January 20,2017. The formation of the office of vice president resulted directly from the compromise reached at the Philadelphia Convention which created the Electoral College, the delegates at Philadelphia agreed that each state would receive a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that states allocation of Representatives and Senators. The delegates assumed that electors would typically choose to favor any candidate from their state over candidates from other states, under a plurality election process, this would tend to result in electing candidates solely from the largest states. Consequently, the delegates agreed that presidents must be elected by a majority of the number of electors. To guard against such stratagems, the Philadelphia delegates specified that the first runner-up presidential candidate would become vice president, the process for selecting the vice president was later modified in the Twelfth Amendment. Each elector still receives two votes, but now one of those votes is for president, while the other is for vice president. The requirement that one of those votes be cast for a candidate not from the electors own state remains in effect. S, other statutorily granted roles include membership of both the National Security Council and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. As President of the Senate, the president has two primary duties, to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over. For example, in the first half of 2001, the Senators were divided 50-50 between Republicans and Democrats and Dick Cheneys tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority, as President of the Senate, the vice president oversees procedural matters and may cast a tie-breaking vote. As President of the Senate, John Adams cast 29 tie-breaking votes that was surpassed by John C. Calhoun with 31. Adamss votes protected the presidents sole authority over the removal of appointees, influenced the location of the national capital, on at least one occasion Adams persuaded senators to vote against legislation he opposed, and he frequently addressed the Senate on procedural and policy matters
17.
Chief Justice of the United States
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The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the United States federal court system and the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. The Chief Justice is one of nine Supreme Court justices, the eight are the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. From 1789 until 1866, the office was known as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice also serves as a spokesperson for the judicial branch. The Chief Justice leads the business of the Supreme Court and presides over oral arguments, when the court renders an opinion, the Chief Justice—when in the majority—decides who writes the courts opinion. The Chief Justice also has significant agenda-setting power over the courts meetings, in the case of an impeachment of a President of the United States, which has occurred twice, the Chief Justice presides over the trial in the Senate. In modern tradition, the Chief Justice also has the duty of administering the oath of office of the President of the United States. The first Chief Justice was John Jay, the 17th and current Chief Justice is John G. Roberts, Jr. The office was known as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and is still informally referred to using that title. However,28 U. S. C. §1 specifies that the title is Chief Justice of the United States, the title was changed from Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by Congress in 1866 at the suggestion of the sixth Chief Justice, Salmon P. Chase. Chase wished to emphasize the Supreme Courts role as a branch of government. The first Chief Justice commissioned using the new title was Melville Fuller in 1888, use of the previous title when referring to Chief Justices John Jay through Roger B. Taney is technically correct, as that was the title during their time on the court. The other eight members of the court are officially Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, the Chief Justice is the only member of the court to whom the Constitution refers as a Justice, and only in Article I. Article III of the Constitution refers to all members of the Supreme Court simply as Judges, the Chief Justice is nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed to sit on the Court by the United States Senate. The salary of the Chief Justice is set by Congress, the Constitution prohibits Congress from lowering the salary of any judge, including the Chief Justice, while that judge holds office. As of 2015, the salary is $258,100 per year, which is higher than that of the Associate Justices. Three serving Associate Justices have received promotions to Chief Justice, Edward Douglass White in 1910, Harlan Fiske Stone in 1941, Associate Justice Abe Fortas was nominated to the position of Chief Justice of the United States, but his nomination was filibustered by Senate Republicans in 1968. Despite the failed nomination, Fortas remained an Associate Justice until his resignation the following year, there have been 21 individuals nominated for Chief Justice, of whom 17 have been confirmed by the Senate, although a different 17 have served
18.
William Howard Taft
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William Howard Taft served as the 27th President of the United States and as the tenth Chief Justice of the United States, the only person to have held both offices. In 1921, President Warren G. Harding appointed Taft to be chief justice, Taft was born in Cincinnati in 1857. His father, Alphonso Taft, was a U. S. Attorney General, William Taft attended Yale and was a member of Skull and Bones secret society like his father, and after becoming a lawyer was appointed a judge while still in his twenties. He continued a rapid rise, being named Solicitor General and as a judge of the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, in 1901, President William McKinley appointed Taft civilian governor of the Philippines. In 1904, Roosevelt made him Secretary of War, and he became Roosevelts hand-picked successor, despite his personal ambition to become chief justice, Taft declined repeated offers of appointment to the Supreme Court of the United States, believing his political work to be more important. With Roosevelts help, Taft had little opposition for the Republican nomination for president in 1908, in the White House, he focused on East Asia more than European affairs, and repeatedly intervened to prop up or remove Latin American governments. Taft sought reductions to trade tariffs, then a source of governmental income. Controversies over conservation and over antitrust cases filed by the Taft administration served to separate the two men. Roosevelt challenged Taft for renomination in 1912, Taft used his control of the party machinery to gain a bare majority of delegates, and Roosevelt bolted the party. The split left Taft with little chance of re-election, he took only Utah, after leaving office, Taft returned to Yale as a professor, continuing his political activity and working against war through the League to Enforce Peace. In 1921, President Harding appointed Taft as chief justice, an office he had long sought, Chief Justice Taft was a conservative on business issues, but under him, there were advances in individual rights. In poor health, he resigned in February 1930, after his death the next month, he was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, the first president and first Supreme Court justice to be interred there. Taft is generally listed near the middle in historians rankings of U. S. presidents, William Howard Taft was born September 15,1857 in Cincinnati, Ohio, to Alphonso Taft and Louise Torrey. The Taft family was not wealthy, living in a modest home in the suburb of Mount Auburn, Alphonso served as a judge, ambassador and in the cabinet, as War Secretary and Attorney General under Ulysses S. Grant. William Taft was not seen as brilliant as a child, but was a worker, Tafts demanding parents pushed him and his four brothers toward success. He attended Woodward High School in Cincinnati, at Yale College, which he entered in 1874, the heavyset, jovial Taft was popular. One classmate described him succeeding through hard work rather than being the smartest, in 1878, Taft graduated, second in his class out of 121. He attended Cincinnati Law School, and graduated with a Bachelor of Laws in 1880, while in law school, he worked on The Cincinnati Commercial newspaper, edited by Murat Halstead
19.
Frederick H. Gillett
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Frederick H. Gillett was born in Westfield, Massachusetts, to Edward Bates Gillett and Lucy Fowler Gillett. He graduated from Amherst College, where he was a member of the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity, in 1874 and he entered the practice of law in Springfield in 1877. Gillett was the Assistant Attorney General of Massachusetts from 1879 to 1882, for two one-year terms he was a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives. He was elected to the Fifty-third United States Congress in 1892, a Republican, Gillett served in the United States House of Representatives from 1893 to 1925. On January 24,1914, he introduced legislation to initiate the adoption of an Anti-Polygamy Amendment to the U. S. Constitution, in 1919, the Republican caucus elected him Speaker of the United States House of Representatives on the first ballot. He represented a contrast to the earlier, assertive leadership style of Joe Cannon and he continued as Speaker for six years, the remainder of his time in the House. He decided to run for the United States Senate in 1924, time magazine chose him for its November 17,1924, cover. He served one term in the Senate from 1925 to 1931, in June 1930, he declined to state his position on prohibition or its repeal when queried by prohibition advocates. On November 25,1915, Gillett married Christine Rice Hoar, in 1934 he published a biography of George Frisbie Hoar, an earlier congressman and senator from Massachusetts, his wifes father-in-law from her previous marriage. During his time in Washington, Gillett spent his time driving his 1926 Pontiac Coupe. In retirement he wintered in Pasadena, California and he died in a hospital in Springfield, Massachusetts, on July 31,1935. As of 2013, Gillett is the last U. S. senator from Massachusetts to come from the four westernmost counties. Gillett was the last Speaker of the House to sport a beard until Paul Ryan in 2015, biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Rockwood Hoar Papers Westfield Athenaeum Archives
20.
Party leaders of the United States Senate
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The Senate Majority and Minority Leaders are two United States Senators and members of the party leadership of the United States Senate. They are elected to their positions in the Senate by their party caucuses, the Senate Democratic Caucus. By rule, the Presiding Officer gives the Majority Leader priority in obtaining recognition to speak on the floor of the Senate, the Assistant Majority and Minority Leaders of the United States Senate are the second-ranking members of each partys leadership. The main function of the Majority and Minority Whips is to gather votes on major issues, because they are the second ranking member of the Senate, if there is no floor leader present, the whip may become acting floor leader. Before 1969, the titles were Majority Whip and Minority Whip. The Senate is currently composed of 52 Republicans,46 Democrats, the current leaders are Republican Majority Leader Mitch McConnell of Kentucky and Democratic Minority Leader Chuck Schumer of New York. The current Assistant Majority Leader is Republican John Cornyn of Texas, the current Assistant Minority Leader/Whip is Democrat Dick Durbin of Illinois. The Democrats began the practice of electing floor leaders in 1920 while they were in the minority, John W. Kern was a Democratic Senator from Indiana. While the title was not official, he is considered to be the first Senate party leader from 1913 through 1917, the Constitution designates the Vice President of the United States as President of the United States Senate. The Constitution also calls for a President pro tempore to serve as the leader of the body when the President of the Senate is absent, for these reasons, it is the Majority Leader who, in practice, manages the Senate. This is in contrast to the House of Representatives where the elected Speaker of the House has a deal of discretionary power. The Democratic Party first selected a leader in 1920, the Republican Party first formally designated a leader in 1925. gov Republican Majority Democratic Minority
21.
Henry Cabot Lodge
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Henry Cabot Lodge was an American Republican Senator and historian from Massachusetts. Lodge received his PhD in history from Harvard, Lodge was a long-time friend and confidant of Theodore Roosevelt. Lodge had the role of the first Senate Majority Leader and he is best known for his positions on foreign policy, especially his battle with President Woodrow Wilson in 1919 over the Treaty of Versailles. Lodge demanded Congressional control of declarations of war, Wilson refused and blocked Lodges move to ratify the treaty with reservations, as a result, the United States never joined the League of Nations. Lodge was born in Beverly, Massachusetts and his father was John Ellerton Lodge. His mother was Anna Cabot, through whom he was a great-grandson of George Cabot and he was cousin to the American polymath Charles Peirce. In 1872, he graduated from Harvard College, where he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon, the Porcellian Club, and the Hasty Pudding Club. In 1874, he graduated from Harvard Law School, and was admitted to the bar in 1875, after traveling through Europe, Lodge returned to Harvard, and in 1876, became one of the first recipients of a Ph. D. in history and government from Harvard. His dissertation dealt with the Germanic origins of Anglo-Saxon land law and his teacher and mentor during his graduate studies was Henry Adams, Lodge maintained a lifelong friendship with Adams. Lodge was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts, in 1881, he was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society. In 1880–1882, Lodge served in the Massachusetts House of Representatives, Lodge represented his home state in the United States House of Representatives from 1887 to 1893 and in the Senate from 1893 to 1924. Along with his close friend Theodore Roosevelt, Lodge was sympathetic to the concerns of the Mugwump faction of the Republican Party, nonetheless, both reluctantly supported James Blaine and protectionism in the 1884 election. Lodge was a supporter of the gold standard, vehemently opposing the Populists and the silverites. Lodge was easily reelected time and again but his greatest challenge came in his bid in January 1911. The Democrats had made significant gains in Massachusetts and the Republicans were split between the progressive and conservative wings, with Lodge trying to both sides. In a major speech before the legislature voted, Lodge took pride in his long service to the state. He emphasized that he had never engaged in corruption or self-dealing, most of all he appealed to party loyalty. Lodge was reelected by five votes, Lodge was very close to Theodore Roosevelt for both of their entire careers
22.
United States Congress
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The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington, D. C, both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment. Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party, Congress has 535 voting members,435 Representatives and 100 Senators. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members and these members can, however, sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation. Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency, known as a district. Congressional districts are apportioned to states by using the United States Census results. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, currently, there are 100 senators representing the 50 states. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a term, with terms staggered. The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process—legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers, however, the Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue-raising bills, the House initiates impeachment cases, while the Senate decides impeachment cases. A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before a person can be forcibly removed from office. The term Congress can also refer to a meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years, the current one, the 115th Congress, began on January 3,2017, the Congress starts and ends on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, members of the House of Representatives are referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played a role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. Several academics described Congress, Congress reflects us in all our strengths, Congress is the governments most representative body. Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the public policy issues of the day. —Smith, Roberts, and Wielen Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux, most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent
23.
67th United States Congress
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It met in Washington, D. C. from March 4,1921 to March 4,1923, during the first two years of Warren Hardings presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Thirteenth Census of the United States in 1910, both chambers had a Republican majority. March 4,1921, Warren G. Harding inaugurated as President of the United States May 19,1921, Emergency Quota Act,8,42 Stat.5 May 27,1921, Emergency Tariff of 1921, Sess. 86,42 Stat.187 November 9,1921, Federal Aid Highway Act of 1921 November 23,1921, Revenue Act of 1921,356,42 Stat.858 September 21,1922, Grain Futures Act, Sess. 369,42 Stat.998 September 22,1922, Cable Act, Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the Changes in membership section. Republican,302 Independent Republican,1 Democratic,131 Socialist,1 TOTAL members,435 President, Calvin Coolidge President pro tempore, cummins Majority Leader, Henry Cabot Lodge Majority Whip, Charles Curtis Republican Conference Secretary, James Wolcott Wadsworth Jr. Minority Leader, Oscar Underwood Minority Whip, Peter G. Gerry Democratic Caucus Secretary, William H. King Speaker, rouse This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed in order of seniority, Representatives are listed by district, senators were elected every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, skip to House of Representatives, below The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress. Carter Secretary, George A. Sanderson of Illinois Sergeant at Arms, David S. Barry of Rhode Island Chaplain, John J. Muir Clerk, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, biographical Directory of the U. S. Congress U. S. House of Representatives, House History U. S. Senate, Statistics and Lists Official Congressional Directory for the 67th Congress, 1st Session. Official Congressional Directory for the 67th Congress, 2nd Session, Official Congressional Directory for the 67th Congress, 2nd Session. Official Congressional Directory for the 67th Congress, 2nd Session, Official Congressional Directory for the 67th Congress, 3rd & 4th Session. Official Congressional Directory for the 67th Congress, 4th Session
24.
68th United States Congress
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It met in Washington, D. C. from March 4,1923 to March 4,1925, during the last months of Warren G. Hardings presidency, and the first years of his successor, Calvin Coolidge. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Thirteenth Decennial Census of the United States in 1910, both chambers had a Republican majority. August 2,1923 – President Warren Harding died and Calvin Coolidge became President of the United States September 22,1923, coal Commission Act April 26,1924, Seed and Feed Loan Act May 19,1924, World War Adjusted Compensation Act, Sess. 157,43 Stat.121 May 24,1924, Rogers Act May 26,1924, Immigration Act of 1924, Sess. 190,43 Stat.153 May 29,1924, Indian Oil Leasing Act of 1924 June 2,1924, Indian Citizenship Act of 1924,233,43 Stat.253 June 2,1924, Revenue Act of 1924, Sess. 234,43 Stat.253 June 3,1924, Inland Waterways Act of 1924 June 7,1924, Pueblo Lands Act of 1924 June 7,1924, Oil Pollution Act of 1924, Pub. L. 316,43 Stat.604 June 7,1924, Clarke–McNary Act, the count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this Congress, and includes members from vacancies and newly admitted states, when they were first seated. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the Changes in membership section. % President, Calvin Coolidge, until August 3,1923, cummins Majority leader, Charles Curtis Majority whip, Wesley L. Jones Republican Conference Secretary, James Wolcott Wadsworth Jr. Rouse This list is arranged by chamber, then by state, Senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district. Skip to House of Representatives, below Senators were elected two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, the names of members of the House of Representatives elected statewide on the general ticket or otherwise at-large, are preceded by their district numbers. The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress, montgomery Methodist, elected April 11,1921 Clerk, William T. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. Biographical Directory of the U. S. Congress U. S. House of Representatives, House History U. S. Senate, Statistics and Lists Official Congressional Directory for the 68th Congress, Official Congressional Directory for the 68th Congress, 1st Session. Official Congressional Directory for the 68th Congress, 2nd Session, Official Congressional Directory for the 68th Congress, 2nd Session. Official Congressional Directory for the 68th Congress, 2nd Session
25.
Governor of Alabama
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The Governor of Alabama is the chief executive of the U. S. state of Alabama. The governor is the head of the branch of Alabamas state government and is charged with enforcing state laws. The governor has the power to approve or veto bills passed by the Alabama Legislature, to convene the legislature. The governor is also the commander-in-chief of the military forces. There have officially been 53 governors of the state of Alabama, the first governor, William Wyatt Bibb, served as the only governor of the Alabama Territory. Five people have served as acting governor, bringing the number of people serving as governor to 58. Four governors have served multiple terms, Bibb Graves, Jim Folsom. Officially, these terms are numbered only with the number of their first term. William D. Jelks also served non-consecutive terms, but his first term was in an acting capacity, the longest-serving governor was George Wallace, who served sixteen years over four terms. The shortest term for a governor was that of Hugh McVay, who served four. Lurleen Wallace, wife of George Wallace, was the first and so far only woman to serve as governor of Alabama, the current governor is Republican Robert J. Bentley, who took office on January 17,2011. For the period before Alabama Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of Mississippi Territory, Alabama Territory was formed on March 3,1817, from Mississippi Territory. It had only one appointed by the President of the United States before it became a state. Alabama was admitted to the Union on December 14,1819, following the end of the American Civil War, Alabama during Reconstruction was part of the Third Military District, which exerted some control over governor appointments and elections. Alabama was readmitted to the Union on July 14,1868, the first Alabama Constitution, ratified in 1819, provided that a governor be elected every two years, limited to serve no more than four out of every six years. This limit remained in place until the constitution of 1868, which simply allowed governors to serve terms of two years, the current constitution of 1901 increased terms to four years, but prohibited governors from succeeding themselves. Amendment 282 to the constitution, passed in 1968, allowed governors to succeed themselves once, the constitution had no set date for the commencement of a governors term until 1901, when it was set at the first Monday after the second Tuesday in the January following an election. The office of lieutenant governor was created in 1868, abolished in 1875, earlier constitutions said the powers of the governor devolved upon the successor, rather than them necessarily becoming governor, but the official listing includes these as full governors
26.
Thomas Kilby
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Thomas Erby Kilby Sr. was an American politician. He was the eighth Lieutenant Governor of Alabama and the 36th Governor of Alabama, Kilby was born in Lebanon, Tennessee, and was educated in public schools. In 1887, he was an agent for the Georgia-Pacific Railroad in Anniston and he became a successful businessman in the industrial and banking business. He was a Democratic politician and served as mayor of Anniston and he served as Alabama State Senator from 1911 to 1915. The Child Welfare Department was created in 1919 during Kirbys governorship, Kilby married Mary Elizabeth Clark on June 5,1894. Kilby died on October 22,1943 in Anniston, Alabama at the age of 78 and he is buried at Highland Cemetery in Anniston. In 1921, he was depicted on the Alabama centennial half dollar, the old Kilby Prison & the current Kilby Correctional Facility are both named for Gov. Kilby. List of Governors of Alabama List of lieutenant governors of Alabama Biography courtesy of the Alabama Department of Archives Thomas Erby Kilby at Find a Grave Encyclopedia of Alabama
27.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
28.
William W. Brandon
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William Woodward Brandon was an American Democratic politician who was the 37th governor of Alabama from 1923 to 1927. Born June 5,1868, in Talladega, Alabama, the son of a minister, Rev. Frank T. J. Brandon and he attended Cedar Bluff Institute and Tuscaloosa High School, and studied law at the University of Alabama from 1891 to 1892. While still a law student, the colorful Brandon was elected City Clerk of Tuscaloosa and he set up a law practice in Tuscaloosa in 1892, and was appointed a justice of the peace the same year. As a member of the Warrior National Guard from 1886, Brandon eventually led the unit as a major of the U. S. Army in the Spanish–American War. Appointed Adjutant General of the Alabama National Guard in 1899 by Governor William J. Samford, Brandon was a member of the Alabama House of Representatives from 1896 to 1901. In 1906 he was elected to the office of State Auditor, from 1911 until 1923 he served as the Probate Judge of Tuscaloosa County. Judge Brandon was a candidate for governor twice, losing in 1918 to Thomas E. Kilby but defeating Bibb Graves in 1922 with a calling for economy in government. As governor, he kept his promise to levy no new taxes. On leaving office, he left the treasury with a surplus. He also strengthened child labor laws and created the Alabama Forestry Commission, Brandon left the state for 21 days in 1924, under the 1901 state constitution, if a governor is out of the state for more than 20 days, the lieutenant governor becomes acting governor. Thus, Charles McDowell became Governor of Alabama for July 10 and 11,1924, known as Plain Bill, Brandon led the Alabama delegation to the 1924 Democratic National Convention, the first such convention to be broadcast via radio. Neither candidate was able to get the required two-thirds of the delegates as critical delegations, including Alabamas, in Alabamas case, the favorite son was Senator Oscar Underwood. The Convention became the longest continually running convention in history, as 103 ballots were taken before a compromise candidate, John W. Davis, was nominated. Alabama, as the first state alphabetically, led every ballot, for a time, his booming southern drawl, heard on the radio again and again declaring Alabama casts twenty-four votes for Oscar W. Underwood, became one of the most recognizable voices in the country. After leaving the governorship in 1927, Brandon was appointed to his office of Probate Judge of Tuscaloosa County by his onetime political opponent Governor Graves. Brandon married Elizabeth Andrews Nabors, a widow with two daughters, on June 27,1900 and he died in Tuscaloosa aged 66 on December 7,1934, and is interred at Tuscaloosa Memorial Park. Biography from the Alabama Department of Archives and History
29.
Governor of Arizona
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The Governor of Arizona is the head of the executive branch of Arizonas state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. Twenty-two people have served as governor over 26 distinct terms, one governor, Evan Mecham, was successfully impeached, and one, Fife Symington III, resigned upon being convicted of a felony. The longest-serving governor was Hunt, who was elected seven times, bolin had the shortest tenure, dying less than five months after succeeding as governor. Four governors were born in Arizona, Campbell, Sidney Preston Osborn, Rose Mofford. Arizona has had four governors, the most in the United States. The current Governor is Doug Ducey, who was elected on November 4,2014 and this proposed territory consisted of the part of New Mexico Territory south of 33°40 N. On April 2, they elected a governor, Lewis Owings, the provisional territory was to exist until such time as an official territory was created, but that proposal was rejected by the U. S. Congress at the time. On March 16,1861, soon before the American Civil War broke out, Lewis Owings remained as territorial governor. The Confederacy took ownership of the territory on August 1,1861, when led by Lieutenant Colonel John Baylor won decisive control of the territory. The territory was organized on February 14,1862, on March 20,1862, Baylor issued an order to kill all the adult Apache and take their children into slavery. When Confederate President Jefferson Davis learned of this order, he strongly disapproved and demanded an explanation. Baylor wrote a letter December 29,1862, to justify his decision, by that time, the government of Confederate Arizona was in exile in San Antonio, Texas, as the territory had been effectively lost to Union forces in July 1862, no new governor was appointed. For the period before Arizona Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of New Mexico Territory, Arizona Territory was formed on February 24,1863 from New Mexico Territory, remaining a territory for 49 years. On January 18,1867, the corner of the territory was transferred to the state of Nevada. The state of Arizona was admitted to the Union on February 14,1912, the state constitution of 1912 called for the election of a governor every two years. The term was increased to four years by a 1968 amendment, gubernatorial terms begin on the first Monday in the January following the election. Governors who have served the two term limit can run again after four years out of office. Arizona is one of seven states which does not have a lieutenant governor, instead, in the event of a vacancy in the office of governor, the Secretary of State, if elected, succeeds to the office
30.
Thomas Edward Campbell
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Thomas Edward Campbell was the second governor of the state of Arizona, United States. He is the first Republican and first native-born governor elected after Arizona achieved statehood in 1912. In 1917, he was declared the governor of Arizona in a disputed gubernatorial election but the decision was later overturned by the courts. Campbell ran for governor again and won two terms and he played instrumental roles in the drafting of Arizonas tax and revenue laws and adoption of the Colorado River Compact that allocated water rights among the western states. Born in 1878 in Prescott, Arizona, to Daniel and Eliza Campbell, Campbell was the first graduate of Prescott High School in 1893 and went on to St. Marys College of California in Oakland where he studied geology, but did not receive a degree. In 1894, he became assistant postmaster of Jerome and after service in the Spanish–American War then returned to Prescott where he became postmaster of the town of Jerome in 1899. The following year he married Gayle Allen whose father was an agent of the United Verde Copper Company, in 1900, Campbell was elected to the Arizona Territorial Legislature introducing a bill mandating an eight-hour workday. Campbell was appointed Yavapai County Tax Assessor in 1907 and held that post until 1914 when he was elected Arizona State Tax Commissioner, during the 1916 election held on November 7, Campbell ran against incumbent George W. P. Hunt who was seeking election to his third term. Initially, Campbell was declared the winner by 30 votes but Hunt refused to vacate the governors office, Hunt filed suit in the Arizona Superior Court on January 25,1917, and on January 27, the court declared Campbell de facto governor. Hunt agreed to turn over the office on January 29, but appealed and on December 22,1917, Campbell vacated the office on December 25, but also filed an appeal with the Arizona Supreme Court on January 8,1917, that was denied. The workers were loaded onto trains and taken approximately 200 mi into New Mexico and abandoned without money or access to transportation, the deputies were recruited by the Phelps Dodge Corporation which owned the Bisbee mine and ruled Bisbee with an iron hand after the deportations. Campbell later admitted that he was embarrassed by the actions by the striking workers. He visited Bisbee after the incident and condemned both the IWW and deportation, also during his 1917 tenure, the flag of Arizona was adopted by the legislature without Campbells consent. Campbell never explained his reasons for not signing the bill, Campbell was reelected to the governors office in November 1918 and again in 1920 but lost again to Hunt in 1922. Campbell went on to become a member of the Republican National Committee and he died March 1,1944, of a cerebral hemorrhage while on the grounds of the state capitol in Phoenix and is buried in Prescott
31.
George W. P. Hunt
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George Wylie Paul Hunt was an American politician and businessman. He was the first Governor of Arizona, serving a total of seven terms, in addition, Hunt served in both houses of the Arizona Territorial Legislature and was posted as U. S. Calling himself the Old Walrus, Hunt was 5 feet 9 inches tall, close to 300 pounds, bald, Hunt was also an opponent of capital punishment and a supporter of organized labor. Hunt was born in Huntsville, Missouri, to George Washington and his family was originally well-to-do, with the town of Huntsville having been named for Hunts grandfather, but lost its fortune as a result of the American Civil War. After being educated in a combination of public and private schools, for three years, his family believed he had been killed by Indians while Hunt traveled through Kansas, Colorado and rafted down the Rio Grande. Hunt arrived in Globe, Arizona, his home for the rest of his life and his first job was as a waiter in the Pasco Café. This was followed by a series of odd jobs, including a mucker in a mine and work on a cattle ranch, early experience in the grocery department led Hunt to perform most of his households shopping. The store was purchased by a concern, the Old Dominion Commercial Company. Following his election as governor, he sold his company stock, Hunt married Helen Duett Ellison in Holbrook, Arizona, on February 24,1904. The couple had a daughter, named Virginia. Hunts personal interests included cultivation of rare shrubs and trees along with collection of Southwestern Indian art and he was a Freemason and an Oddfellow. Hunts first foray into politics was an unsuccessful 1890 run for county recorder of Gila County and this was followed by successful runs for the Territorial House of Representatives in 1892 and 1894. During his first term as a Representative, Hunt sponsored legislation authorizing a US$5,000 reward for capture of the Apache Kid, after two terms in the lower house Hunt successfully ran for a seat in the upper house, the Council, in 1896. During the 1897 legislative session, he sponsored legislation requiring children between eight and fourteen years of age attend school for a minimum of twelve weeks per year, Hunt was reelected to the Council in 1898 before voluntarily leaving politics till 1904. Upon reentering politics, he was elected to the council in 1904,1906. During the 23rd Arizona Territorial Legislature, Hunt was President of the Council but was unable to secure passage of his bill providing primary elections to nominate political candidates, during the 1907 legislative session he secured passage of a bill outlawing gambling within the territory. During his final session, Hunt once again served as President of the Council. Following passage of Arizonas Enabling Act, an election was called to select delegates to a constitutional convention, Hunt won election as one of five delegates from Gila County
32.
Governor of Arkansas
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The Governor of Arkansas is the head of the executive branch of Arkansass state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. The state has had 45 elected governors, as well as 10 acting governors who assumed powers and duties following the resignation or death of the governor, before becoming a state, Arkansas Territory had four governors appointed to it by the President of the United States. Orval Faubus served the longest term as governor, being elected six times to serve twelve years. Bill Clinton, elected five times over two terms, fell only one month short of twelve years. The current governor is Asa Hutchinson, who took office on January 13,2015 after his election on November 4,2014, for the period before Arkansas Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of Missouri Territory. Arkansaw Territory was split from Missouri Territory on July 4,1819 and it lost land twice, on November 15,1824, and May 6,1828, with the land being made unorganized territory both times, this land eventually became part of Oklahoma. As secretary of the territory from 1819 to 1829, Robert Crittenden served as acting governor whenever the governor was not in the state. This meant he was in fact the first person to perform the office of Governor of Arkansas Territory, Arkansas was admitted to the Union on June 15,1836. It seceded from the Union on May 6,1861, following the end of the American Civil War, it was part of the Fourth Military District. Arkansas was readmitted to the Union on June 22,1868, the first state constitution of 1836 established four-year terms for governors, which was lowered to two years in the 1874, and current, constitution. Amendment 63 to the Arkansas Constitution, passed in 1984, increased the terms of governor and lieutenant governor to four years. Governors were originally limited only to serving no more than eight out of twelve years. A referendum in 1992 limited governors to two terms and this led to some situations where the governorship changed hands in quick succession, due to senate terms ending or new senate presidents being elected. For example, after John Sebastian Little resigned in 1907, three senate presidents acted as governor before the elected governor took office. Should the president of the senate be similarly incapacitated, the next in line for the governorship was the speaker of the house of representatives. The 1864 constitution created the office of lieutenant governor who would act as president of the senate. The 1868 constitution maintained the position, but the 1874 constitution removed it, amendment 6 to the constitution, passed in 1914 but not recognized until 1925, recreated the office of lieutenant governor, who becomes governor in case of vacancy of the governors office. The governor and lieutenant governor are not elected on the same ticket, Arkansas was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only candidates from the Democratic party
33.
Thomas Chipman McRae
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Thomas Chipman McRae was an attorney and politician from Arkansas. He served as a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives, Thomas Chipman McRae, the eldest of five siblings, was born to Duncan L. and Mary Ann McRae on December 21,1851, at Mount Holly in Union County, Arkansas. He attended Soule Business College in New Orleans, Louisiana and graduated with a law degree from Washington and Lee University in Lexington and he passed the Arkansas bar in 1873, and began his practice at Rosston in Nevada County, Arkansas. He married Amelia Ann White in December 1874, with whom he would go on to have six daughters, on May 19,1877, Nevada County voters elected to move the county seat from Rosston, and construct a new courthouse in the newly created railroad town of Prescott. McRae relocated his family there to be closer to his center of business, in 1874, McRae was appointed to the post of Election Commissioner in Arkansas. From 1877 to 1879, he served in the Arkansas House of Representatives and was an elector in 1880. In 1884,1896, and 1900, he was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention, from 1888 to 1902 he was a member of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee. From 1885 to 1903, McRae served in the United States House of Representatives, in 1902, McRae donated land for an African American school in Prescott, Arkansas. McRaes Elementary, Middle, and High School were integrated with the Prescott School District in 1969, in 1917 and 1918, McRae was president of the Arkansas Bar Association, in the latter year he took part in the Arkansas Constitutional Convention. In 1920, McRae was elected to his first term as Governor of Arkansas, in the election, McRae represented the Democratic Party, receiving 123,637 votes. Wallace Townsend represented the Republican Party, receiving 46,350 votes, McRae was elected to his second term in 1922. In that election, McRae received 99,987 votes, during his tenure, the Arkansas Railroad Commission was re-established, the Arkansas Corporation Commission was abolished, and the Arkansas Tuberculosis Sanitarium for Negroes was established. A severance tax was passed with its revenue funding public schools, the Arkansas Office of State Geologist was created, upon the end of his governorship, McRae was appointed special Chief Justice of the Arkansas Supreme Court. He was elected a member of the Arkansas Democratic State Convention in 1926. After serving four years as Governor of Arkansas, McRae returned to Prescott to be with his family and he resumed his law practice and he engaged in banking activities until his death on June 2,1929. McRae is buried in the section of the De Ann Cemetery in Prescott. McRae was a cousin of Thomas Banks Cabaniss, a U. S and he was also the grandfather of Thomas C. Tom McRae, III, longtime President of the Winthrop Rockefeller Foundation, biographical Directory of the United States Congress
34.
Governor of California
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The position was created in 1849, the year before California became a state. The current governor is Jerry Brown, a Democrat who was inaugurated January 3,2011, in October 2013, Jerry Brown surpassed Earl Warren for the longest cumulative period of time served as governor. Governors are elected by ballot and serve terms of four years. Governors take office on the first Monday after January 1 after their election, there are two methods available to remove a governor before the expiration of the gubernatorial term of office. Impeachment and removal by the legislature The governor can be impeached for misconduct in office by the State Assembly, recall by the voters Petitions signed by California state voters equal in number to 12% of the last vote for the office of governor can launch a gubernatorial recall election. The voters can vote on whether or not to recall the incumbent governor. If a majority of the voters in the vote to recall the governor. The 2003 California recall began with a drive that successfully forced sitting Democratic Governor Gray Davis into a special recall election. It marked the first time in the history of California that a governor faced a recall election and he was subsequently voted out of office, becoming the second governor in the history of the United States to be recalled after Lynn Frazier of North Dakota in 1921. He was replaced by Republican Arnold Schwarzenegger, the Lieutenant Governor of California is separately elected during the same election, not jointly as the running mate of the gubernatorial candidate. California has had a governor and a lieutenant governor of different parties 26 of the past 31 years, the lieutenant governor is also the President of the California State Senate. In practice, there is an agreement for the Lieutenant Governor not to perform more than perfunctory duties while the Governor is away from the state. This agreement was violated when Mike Curb was in office, as he signed several executive orders at odds with the Brown administration when Brown was out of the state. Court rulings have upheld the lieutenant governors right to perform the duties, peter Burnett had the longest post-governorship,44 years. He left office in 1851 and died in 1895, excluding governors who died in office, Robert Waterman had the shortest post-governorship. He died on April 12,1891, a three months and four days after the expiration of his term. Sworn in at the age of 30, J. Neely Johnson was the youngest governor from 1856 to 1858, sworn in at the age of 72, Jerry Brown became the oldest governor in 2011. Earl Warren was the governor to serve more than two consecutive terms in office
35.
William Stephens
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William Dennison Stephens was an American federal and state politician. A three-term member of the U. S. House of Representatives from 1911 to 1916, William Stephens was born in Eaton, Ohio on December 26,1859. He was the child out of a total of nine children born to Martin. With ambitions to become a lawyer, Stephens studied earnestly in law to become a lawyer, following his graduation from Eaton High School in 1876, Stephens worked for three years as a school teacher before joining the railroad business to become an engineer. Between 1880 and 1887, Stephens helped survey the construction of railroads in Ohio, Indiana, Iowa and his days in the railroads came to an end in 1887 when his mother, Alvira, now falling ill, sought a hot and drier climate to improve her health. The Stephens family, including William, relocated to Los Angeles, California that year, after relocating to Los Angeles, Stephens began to work as a traveling salesman and later as a grocery manager. In 1891, Stephens married Flora E. Rawson, in 1902, he became a partner in Carr and Stephens Groceries, giving Stephens wide name recognition throughout Los Angeles. Stephens further served on the Los Angeles Board of Water Commissioners, in 1906, Stephens served briefly as a major in the California Army National Guard during the San Francisco earthquake as part of the First Brigade. In 1909, he became president of the American National Bank. Following Los Angeles Mayor Arthur C, harpers resignation from office shortly before a crucial recall election, Stephens was appointed Acting Mayor of the city on March 15,1909, becoming the citys 27th mayor. Stephens mayoralty lasted for less than two weeks before George Alexander, the winner of the election, assumed the office, after his brief stint as Mayor of Los Angeles, Stephens entered the realm of federal politics. In the 1910 elections, Stephens was elected as a Republican for the 7th congressional district to the U. S. House of Representatives, due to redistricting, Stephens changed constituencies to the newly created 10th congressional district for the 1912 elections, which he also won. Stephens was one of the 13 Progressives to be elected to the U. S. House of Representatives in the 1910s and he successfully defended his seat again in the 1914 elections, winning a consecutive third term to the House. Stephens would continue to identify himself as a member of the Progressive Party until the dissolution in 1916. Following Lieutenant Governor John Morton Eshlemans death from tuberculosis on February 28,1916, by mid-year, Johnson had selected Stephens as Eshlemans successor, forcing him to resign his seat from the federal House and assume the position of lieutenant governor on July 22. Stephens position as lieutenant governor was short lived, Governor Johnson himself was elected to the U. S. Senate in the 1916 elections, leaving the governorship open to the recently installed lieutenant governor. Nearly immediately, Stephens faced controversy regarding the Preparedness Day Bombing, the attack was blamed on left wing radicals, in particular union leader and former Industrial Workers of the World member Thomas Mooney, and his alleged accomplice, Warren Billings. Both Mooney and Billings were convicted, though critics said later that the trial was conducted in a lynch mob atmosphere, however, international sympathy for Mooney quickly spread, making him one of the United Statess most famous political prisoners
36.
Friend Richardson
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Friend William Richardson, was an American newspaper publisher and politician. William Richardson was born in December 1865 to William and Rhoda Richardson at Friends Colony, Michigan, early in his life, William legally changed his first name to Friend, the traditional Quaker greeting. In his young life, Richardson worked as a county clerk and law librarian. Five years later, Richardson became the owner and newspaper editor of The San Bernardino Times Index, in 1900, Richardson relocated to Berkeley where he purchased within a year The Berkeley Daily Gazette and became active in the California Press Association. Due to greater recognition, Richardson was increasingly noticed by the state government. In 1901, Richardson was appointed as Superintendent of the State Printing Office with the consent of the California State Legislature and Governor Henry Gage. The Richardson family relocated to Sacramento where he assumed state printing responsibilities, while at the same time, in 1914, Richardson officially entered politics, running as a Progressive for California State Treasurer. Richardson easily defeated his Socialist and Prohibitionist rivals by a gap of 66 percent.2 percent of the vote. After two successful terms as treasurer, Richardson set his sights on the governorship as the Republican Partys nomination in 1922. Running against incumbent William Stephens in the primary election, Richardson campaigned on a conservative platform. The campaign worked, successfully defeating Governor Stephens and effectively returned the state Republican Party to a conservative bent. With Stephens out of the 1922 general election, Richardson faced Democrat Thomas L. Woolwine, amongst Richardsons supporters in the election were the Ku Klux Klan, which deeply opposed Woolwines Catholicism, as well as being an organization that was rumored to count Richardson as a member. His campaign manager in the election, California State Assemblyman Frank Merriam, in the end, Richardson triumphed in the election, defeating Woolwine by nearly 24 percent of the vote. Richardson began his governorship on January 9,1923, promising a no-frills administration to cut governmental expenditures. In 1911 the people did a job of political house cleaning, Richardson spoke, alluding the Hiram Johnson. During the past few years another great political machine has come into power which has cost the people millions of dollars and it will be necessary to first wreck this political machine before the state can be put on an economical basis and the government again handed back to the people. Richardson embarked on a program to eliminate unnecessary boards and officers, by consolidation, in his various modifications to the state bureaucracy, Richardson appointed various individuals that were favorable to corporate interests. A proposal by Richardson to close two state universities, believing that education had become too costly for state coffers, was defeated by the Progressives
37.
Governor of Colorado
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The Governor of the State of Colorado is the head of the executive branch of Colorados state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. Seven people served as governor of Colorado Territory over eight terms, since statehood, there have been 36 governors, serving 41 distinct terms. The longest-serving governors were Richard Dick Lamm and Roy Romer, who served twelve years over three terms. Thus, Peabody served only a few minutes as governor, the current governor is John Hickenlooper, who took office on January 11,2011. The self-proclaimed Provisional Government of the Territory of Jefferson was organized on November 7,1859, Jefferson Territory included all of present-day Colorado, but extended about 3 miles farther east,138 miles farther north, and about 50 miles farther west. The territory was never recognized by the government in the tumultuous days before the American Civil War. The Jefferson Territory had only one governor, Robert Williamson Steele and he proclaimed the territory dissolved on June 6,1861, several months after the official formation of the Colorado Territory, but only days after the arrival of its first governor. For the period before Colorado Territory was formed, see the lists of Governors of New Mexico Territory, Utah Territory, Kansas Territory, the State of Colorado was admitted to the Union on August 1,1876. To serve as governor, one must be at least 30 years old, be a citizen of the United States, and have been a resident of the state for at least two years prior to election. The state constitution of 1876 originally called for election of the governor two years, with their term beginning on the second Tuesday of the January following the election. An amendment passed in 1956, taking effect in 1959, increased terms to four years, originally, there was no term limit applied to the governor, a 1990 amendment allowed governors to succeed themselves only once. There is however no limit on the number of terms one may serve as long as one who has served the two term limit is out of office for four years. Should the office of governor become vacant, the lieutenant governor becomes governor, the lieutenant governor was elected separately from the governor until a 1968 amendment to the constitution made it so that they are elected on the same ticket. There are four living former governors of Colorado, the oldest being Roy Romer, the most recent death of a former governor was that of John David Vanderhoof, who died on September 19,2013
38.
Oliver Henry Shoup
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Oliver Henry Nelson Shoup was the 22nd Governor of Colorado from 1919–1923. Oliver Shoup was born in Champaign County, Illinois on December 13,1869 to William and he lived in Illinois, until he was 13 years old, when they moved to Colorado Springs, Colorado. He died of an attack on September 30,1940 in his home. Oliver Henry Shoup at Find a Grave
39.
William Ellery Sweet
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William Ellery Sweet was the 23rd Governor of Colorado from 1923 to 1925. William was born in Chicago, Illinois on January 27,1869 to Channing and his family moved to Colorado Springs, Colorado in 1872 when William was two. He attended school there, and graduated high school in 1887. After high school, he went to college in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania at Swarthmore College and he graduated from Swarthmore in 1890, after three years attending, and earned his Bachelor Degree. He also excelled playing quarterback for the football team and was a member of Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity. On October 19,1892, Sweet married Joyeuse L. Fullerton in Philadelphia, after their marriage, William moved to Denver. He decided to start up an investment banking firm, which led the Sweet family to become wealthy and he donated much of his money to charities, including the Denver YMCA. It wasnt until 1922 that he became active in politics and he joined the Democratic Party, and he gained most of his support from the farm and labor groups. He was an advocate against the Ku Klux Klan, which he believed was why he lost the following election to Clarence Morley. Sweet made two attempts to run for the U. S. Senate in 1926 and 1936. In the final years of his life, William was a supporter of the Progressive Party. He died on May 9,1942 in his Denver home
40.
Governor of Connecticut
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The Governor of Connecticut is the elected head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The current governor is Dan Malloy, who took office on January 5,2011, Connecticut is among the few U. S. states that includes its colonial governors of Connecticut Colony in an unbroken list of chief executives spanning over 350 years to the present day. John Haynes became the first governor in 1639, the first incumbent after the Revolution, Jonathan Trumbull, is therefore numbered the sixteenth governor of Connecticut. For the period before independence, see the list of governors of Connecticut. Connecticut was one of the original Thirteen Colonies and was admitted as a state on January 9,1788, before it declared its independence, Connecticut was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain. Like most early states, Connecticut had claims to western areas and it maintained its Western Reserve until 1800, at which time it was reassigned to the Northwest Territory. There have been 68 governors of the state, serving 72 distinct spans in office, the longest terms in office were in the states early years, when four governors were elected to nine or more one-year terms. The shortest term was that of Hiram Bingham III, who served one day before resigning to take an elected seat in the U. S. Senate. Lowell P. Weicker, Jr. is noted for a third party win in American politics. The Governor of Connecticut is the head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The governor has a duty to enforce laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Connecticut General Assembly. Unusual among U. S. governors, the Governor of Connecticut has no power to pardon, the Governor of Connecticut is automatically a member of the states Bonding Commission. He is a member of the Board of Trustees of the University of Connecticut. The current Constitution of Connecticut, ratified in 1965, calls for a term for the governor. The previous constitution of 1818 originally had only a term for governor. The 1875 amendment also set the date of the term to its current date, before then. The constitution provides for the election of a lieutenant governor for the term as the governor. The two offices are elected on the ticket, this provision was added in 1962
41.
Everett J. Lake
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Everett J. Lake was an American politician and the 67th governor of Connecticut. Lake was born in Woodstock, Connecticut, on February 8,1871, Lake and Martha A. Cockings Lake. He studied at Worcester Polytechnic and graduated in 1890 and he then attended Harvard University, where he played for the Harvard Crimson football team. He received consensus All-American football honors in 1891 and he graduated from Harvard in 1892. His first wife was Eva Louise Sykes, whom he married on September 4,1895, and with whom he had a son, Eva Lake died on November 25,1935, in Boston. Her body was brought back to Connecticut for burial in Cedar Hill Cemetery in Hartford, after Evas death, Lake married Mrs. Elizabeth Gordon, the widow of Lewis E. Gordon, on December 24,1935. She died on August 28,1936, in Whitefield, New Hampshire, lakes third wife was Barbara Grace Lincoln, a prominent business woman and director of the Sage-Allen store in Hartford. Surviving him by twenty years, Barbara died June 16,1968, Lake started his career by working for the Hartford Lumber Company, his fathers business. He was the president of Hartford Lumber Company from 1900 to 1939, a Republican, Lake became a representative from Hartford in the Connecticut House of Representatives from 1903 to 1905. He also served as a member of the Connecticut Senate from 1905 to 1907, Lake became the 52nd lieutenant governor of Connecticut under Rollin S. Woodruff in 1907. He held that position until 1909 and he was a delegate to the Republican National Convention from Connecticut in 1912. At the 1920 state convention he supported the nomination of William H. Hall, when the delegates became deadlocked over whom to select for governor, Lake was nominated. Not only did he win his partys support, but he received more votes at the polls than any gubernatorial candidate had ever obtained before. Elected in 1920, Lake became the governor of Connecticut, during his term, a bill was enacted that prohibited child laborers from working more than eight hours a day. A legislation also was constituted that withheld employment certificates from children who were deficient in required schooling, when Lake left office on January 3,1923, he continued to work with the Hartford Lumber Company as well as participate in many civic and private organizations. His interest in football did not diminish, and he continued to attend Yale-Harvard games, in 1939, he retired as the president of the Hartford Lumber Company after 39 years. Lake died in Hartford, Connecticut, on September 16,1948 and he is interred at Westford Village Cemetery, Ashford, Windham County, Connecticut. Biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States, 1789-1978, ISBN 0-313-28093-2 The Political Graveyard Everett J. Lake at Find a Grave National Governors Association
42.
Charles A. Templeton
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Charles Augustus Templeton was an American politician and the 68th Governor of the state of Connecticut. Templeton was born in Sharon, Connecticut on March 3,1871, the family moved to Winsted when the future governor was a young boy. He received some education in schools, but went to work at the age of eight as an errand boy earning 25 cents a day. On June 17,1897, he married Martha Amelia Castle and they had three daughters, Katherine, Nancy and Lucy. While on a visit to Waterbury, he answered an advertisement for a bookkeeper in a hardware store, in answer to a question of experience keeping books, he replied that he could do any task that anyone else could. He was hired and eventually bought the business with a partner, later he opened his own wholesale and retail hardware store. A Republican, Templeton became alderman of Waterbury and later a member for the 15th District of the Connecticut State Senate from 1919 to 1921 and he was a delegate to Republican National Convention from Connecticut,1920. He was the 57th Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut from 1921 to 1923, Templeton became the Governor of Connecticut in 1923. During his tenure, he didnt allow the Republican state party chairman, Henry Roraback and this alienated his party, and lost the legislatures support for his choice on a state superior court vacancy. He also refused to nominate Roraback’s choice of John A. MacDonald for the position of State Highway Commissioner, Templeton favored a three-man commission for the position. Legislation passed that limited funding to institutions in order to balance the budget. A bill was enacted that banned medical school correspondence course graduates from practicing in the state of Connecticut and he left office January 7,1925. After completing his term as governor, Templeton returned to the business in Waterbury. He also became a trustee of the St. Marguerite School for Girls and he also was the director of Waterburys Young Mens Christian Association. Templeton died on August 15,1955, aged 84 and he is interred at Riverside Cemetery, Waterbury, Connecticut. Biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States, 1789-1978, ISBN 0-313-28093-2 Connecticut State Library, Governor Charles Augustus Templeton National Governors Association The Political Graveyard Charles A. Templeton at Find a Grave
43.
Governor of Delaware
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The Governor of Delaware is the head of the executive branch of Delawares state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. There have been 70 people who have served as governor, over 73 distinct terms, additionally, Henry Molleston was elected, but died before he could take office. The shortest term is that of Dale E. Wolf, who served 18 days following his predecessors resignation, the current governor is John Carney, who took office on January 17,2017. For the period before independence, see the List of colonial governors of Pennsylvania, between 1681 and 1776, Delaware was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain, administered by colonial governors in Pennsylvania as the Lower Counties on Delaware. In 1776, soon after Delaware and the other Thirteen Colonies declared independence from Britain and it created the office of President of Delaware, a chief executive to be chosen by the legislature to serve a term of three years. The term was lengthened to four years by the 1831 constitution, the current constitution of 1897 allows governors to serve two terms. The 1776 constitution stated that if the presidency were vacant, the speaker of the council would be a vice-president. The offices of governor and lieutenant governor are elected at the same time, two have served as President of Pennsylvania. Four resigned to take other offices, three in the U. S. Congress and one to be President of Pennsylvania, all representatives and senators listed represented Delaware except where noted. As of January 2017, there are six former U. S. governors who are living at this time. The most recent death of a former U. S. governor of Delaware was that of David Buckson, the most recently serving U. S. governor of Delaware to die was Sherman W. Tribbitt, who died on August 14,2010. Delaware gubernatorial elections General Constitutions Specific Office of the Governor of Delaware
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William D. Denney
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William duHamel Denney was an American businessman and politician from Dover, in Kent County, Delaware. He was a veteran of World War I and member of the Republican Party, Denney was born near Dover, Delaware, son of William and Anna DuHamel Denney. He married Alice Godwin October 27,1917, and they had two children, Alice and Anne and they lived at 201 Williams Street in Dover and were members of Christ Episcopal Church. Denney attended the Wesleyan Collegiate Institute in Dover and he made his professional career in the insurance business, becoming the General Agent of the Hartford Insurance Company in 1908 and was a partner in the W. Charles Boyer’s Dover Insurance Agency. During World War I he left his job and served in the U. S. Army, rising to the rank of first lieutenant, he was ordered to go to France, but three times had the orders cancelled, and never went. Denney served one term in the Delaware House of Representatives, during the 1905-06 session and he was the personal secretary to Delaware U. S. Senator Harry A. Richardson from 1907 until 1913, in 1920 he was elected Governor of Delaware, defeating the Democratic Party candidate, Andrew J. Lynch, a Georgetown lawyer. The 1921 session saw a struggle over public education. In the previous session, the far reaching, innovative legislation known as the “School Code of 1919” was enacted and it was hotly debated then, and only narrowly passed. The opponents were poised to repeal the legislation in 1921, but through much effort, proponents managed a compromise. It lessened the standards, including the 180-day school year, to manage that funding, it replaced the county boards of education with a State board of education and a State School Tax Commissioner. The whole effort was a mission of Pierre S. du Pont. He was prominent among those who persuasively argued its passage, not only in the General Assembly, and it was his personal $5,000,000 contribution, given over 20 years, which made possible much of the reconstruction of suitable buildings to meet the standards established. Denney was at the center of controversy over a series of appointments came to be known as “the Dirty Deal”. In 1921 the term of respected Chancellor Charles M. Curtis was due to expire, Denney could easily have reappointed him, but instead chose to nominate Josiah O. Wolcott to the post. The scenario created weeks of clamor, with the Delaware Bar demanding the reappointment of Curtis, Denney persisted though, and Wolcott was appointed, resigning his U. S. Senate seat. Then Denney dropped a bombshell by appointing his friend and Republican Party leader, T. Coleman du Pont, the press exploded, convinced that du Pont, one of the wealthiest men in the country, had bought the position for himself. Du Pont was eventually punished by being defeated in the U. S. Senate election of 1922, but Wolcott served a long and distinguished career as Chancellor
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Governor of Florida
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The Governor of Florida is the head of the executive branch of Floridas state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. When Florida was first acquired by the United States, future president Andrew Jackson served as its military governor, Florida Territory was established in 1822, and five people served as governor over six distinct terms. The first territorial governor, William Pope Duval, served 12 years, since statehood in 1845 there have been 43 people who have served as governor, one of whom served two distinct terms. Three state governors have served two full terms, William D. Bloxham, in two stints, and Reubin Askew and Jeb Bush, who each served their terms consecutively. Bob Graham almost served two terms, as he resigned only three days left. The shortest term in office belongs to Wayne Mixson, who served three days following the resignation of his predecessor, Bob Graham, the current governor is Rick Scott, who took office on January 4,2011, following the 2010 election. He was re-elected in 2014, and his term began on January 6,2015. For a list of governors of Florida before it became a United States territory, spanish Florida was acquired from Spain in the Adams–Onís Treaty, which took effect July 10,1821. Florida Territory was organized on March 30,1822, combining East and West Florida, the State of Florida was admitted to the Union on March 3,1845. Following the end of the American Civil War, it was part of the Third Military District, Florida was readmitted to the Union on June 25,1868. The Florida Constitution of 1838 provided that a governor be elected four years. The secessionist constitution of 1861 would have reduced this to two years and removed the limit, but the state fell to the Union before the first election under that constitution. The rejected constitution of 1865 and the constitution of 1868 maintained the four-year term, though without the earlier term limit. The start of a term was set in 1885 at the first Tuesday after the first Monday in the January following the election, originally, the president of the state senate acted as governor should that office be vacant. The 1865 and 1868 constitutions created the office of lieutenant governor and this office was abolished in 1885, with the president of the senate again taking on that duty. The 1968 constitution recreated the office of lieutenant governor, who now becomes governor in the absence of the governor, the governor and lieutenant governor are elected on the same ticket. Florida was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only candidates from the Democratic and it elected three Republican governors following Reconstruction, but after the Democratic Party re-established control,90 years passed before voters chose another Republican. Fifteen of Floridas governors have served in offices, including one President of the United States
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Cary A. Hardee
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Cary Augustus Hardee was the 23rd Governor of Florida. Born in Taylor County, Florida, he spent most of his life in Live Oak and he was a lawyer, state attorney, member of the Florida House of Representatives, and speaker of the Florida House before being elected governor. He took office on January 4,1921, during his term, the state adopted constitutional amendments that reapportioned the legislature and prohibited the levying of state income and inheritance taxes. He also halted the practice of leasing state prisoners out to private businesses, during his term as governor electrocution became a legal method of execution in Florida. Hardee left office on January 6,1925 and he ran for governor again in 1932, but lost out in the Democratic primary. He was a banker in Live Oak until his death in 1957, Hardee County, Florida is named in his honor. Official Governors portrait and biography from the State of Florida Cary A. Hardee at Find a Grave
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