1.
United States presidential election, 1924
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The United States presidential election of 1924 was the 35th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 4,1924. Incumbent President Calvin Coolidge, the Republican candidate, was elected to a full term, Coolidge had been vice-president under Warren G. Harding and became president in 1923 when Harding died during his term in office. Coolidge was given credit for an economy at home and no visible crises abroad. His candidacy was aided by a split within the Democratic Party, the regular Democratic candidate was John W. Davis, a little-known former congressman and diplomat from West Virginia, and the only person from that state to ever become a candidate for President. Davis was also the first man from a slave state to be a Presidential candidate since the Civil War. Since Davis was a conservative, many liberal Democrats bolted the party, La Follette of Wisconsin, who ran as the candidate of the Progressive Party and by winning his home state became and remains the only person from Wisconsin to win an electoral vote for president. The third place candidate, Robert La Follette, however, campaigned on a contrary platform, Republican Candidates When Coolidge became President, he was fortunate to have had a stable Cabinet that remained untarnished by the scandals of the Harding administration. He won public confidence by taking a hand in settling a serious Pennsylvania coal strike, even much of the negotiation’s success was largely due to the states governor. However it should be noted that Coolidge was not popular with the liberal or progressive factions within the party either, heartened by their victories in the 1922 midterms, the partys progressives vigorously opposed a continuation of the late Hardings policies. Coolidge decided to head off the threat of Johnsons candidacy by gaining the endorsement of some of the liberals. He first approached Senator William Borah from Idaho and cultivated his circle by making a reference to the Soviet Union in a speech in December. No sooner had the Soviet Union reacted favorably than Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes persuaded the President to reject it, Coolidge for his part seemed unsure of what ideological posture to assume. His State of the Union address in January was neither liberal nor reactionary and he played Borah by repeatedly promising to fire Attorney General Harry Daugherty and putting it off. In an effort to try to get at least some of the back into the party ranks. The senator declined, also refusing to nominate Coolidge at that years Republican convention which he decided against attending. Another task for Coolidge, only slightly easier than tightening his hold over the partys divergent factions, was to rebuild the party organization, a few years before, Will Hays had brought disciplined energy to the office of Republican national chairman. Hays replacement, William Butler, lacked his predecessors experience, and his prime task was to establish control over the party in order to ensure his own nomination. This allowed him to control of southern delegates to the coming Republican convention
2.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
3.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
4.
Madison Square Garden (1890)
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Madison Square Garden was an indoor arena in New York City, the second by that name, and the second to be located at 26th Street and Madison Avenue in Manhattan. The 1890 version replaced the first Madison Square Garden, and was replaced by the third Madison Square Garden. Madison Square Garden II, as it has come to be called in retrospect, was designed by noted architect Stanford White, the resulting sensational press coverage of the scandal caused Thaws trial to be one of the first Trials of the Century. It was 200 feet by 485 feet, and the main hall and it had a 1200-seat theatre, a concert hall with a capacity of 1500, the largest restaurant in the city and a roof garden cabaret. The final cost for the building, which the New York Times called one of the institutions of the town, to be mentioned along with Central Park. Topping the Gardens tower was a statue of Diana, by noted sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens, which caused Madison Square Park to become known as Dianas little wooded park. The original gilt copper statue was 18 ft tall, and weighed 1,800 lb, and spun with the wind, Saint-Gaudens had draped the statue in cloth, but this was soon blown away. The statue was put in place in 1891, but was thought to be too large by Saint-Gaudens. It was removed and placed on top of a building at The Worlds Columbian Exposition in Chicago, but the half was destroyed by a fire after the close of the Exposition. In 1893 a hollow version of the statue,13 ft tall and made of gilded copper. This is now at the Philadelphia Museum of Art, and a copy is in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Saint-Gaudens made several variants in bronze, one of which was on display in the entryway of both Madison Square Garden III, built in 1925, and the current Madison Square Garden. The opening of the new arena was attended by over 17,000 people – who paid up to $50 for tickets to the event – including J. P. Morgan, the Pierponts, the Whitneys and General William Tecumseh Sherman. In 1902 and 1903, the Garden hosted the World Series of Football, the 1902 event involved five teams. The Knickerbocker Athletic Club, New York team, Syracuse Athletic Club, meanwhile, the Orange Athletic Club represented New Jersey. The eventual winner of the 1902 series was the Syracuse Athletic Club, the event returned the Garden in 1903 for the second and final time. The 1903 series featured the Knickerbocker Athletic Club, Olympic Athletic Club, Oreos Athletic Club, meanwhile, the Orange Athletic Club represented New Jersey, and the Franklin Athletic Club represented western Pennsylvania. The Franklin Athletic Club would go on to claim the final title
5.
John W. Davis
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John William Davis was an American politician, diplomat and lawyer. He served as a United States Representative from West Virginia from 1911 to 1913, then as Solicitor General of the United States, the culmination of his political career came when he ran for President in 1924 under the Democratic Party ticket, losing to Republican incumbent Calvin Coolidge. Over a 60-year legal career, Davis argued 140 cases before the US Supreme Court and he famously argued the winning side in Youngstown Steel. He also represented the side in Briggs v. Elliott. Daviss great-grandfather, Caleb Davis, was a clockmaker in the Shenandoah Valley, in 1816, his grandfather, John Davis, moved to Clarksburg in what would later become West Virginia, which had a population of 600–700 at the time, and ran a saddle and harness business. John J. John W. Daviss mother Anna Kennedy was from Baltimore and his maternal grandparents were William Wilson Kennedy and his wife Catherine Esdale Martin. Catherine was the daughter of Tobias Martin, dairy farmer and amateur poet, and his wife, the Esdales were members of the Religious Society of Friends, settled near Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. They had reportedly helped provide for the Continental Army under George Washington which had camped there in the winter of 1777–1778, Daviss Sunday school teacher recalled John W. Davis had a noble face even when small. His biographer went on to say that e used better English, kept himself cleaner, Davis education began at home, as his mother taught him to read before he had even memorized the alphabet. She then had him read poetry and other literature throughout the home library, after he turned ten, he was put in a class with older students to prepare him for the state teachers examination. A few years later, he was enrolled in a previously all-female seminary that doubled as a private boarding, there he received nothing less than a 94 for grades. Davis entered Washington and Lee University at the age of sixteen and he graduated in 1892 with a major in Latin. He joined the Phi Kappa Psi fraternity, participated in intramural sports and he would have started law school directly after graduation, but he lacked funds. Instead, he became a teacher for Major Edward H. McDonald of Charles Town, West Virginia, Davis taught McDonalds nine children and his six nieces and nephews, one of whom, Julia, nineteen at the time, would become Daviss wife. He graduated with a law degree from Washington and Lee University School of Law in 1895 and was elected Law Class Orator and his speech gave a glimpse of his advocacy skills, lawyer has been always the sentinel of the watchtower of liberty. Fellow classmates of 1895, shall we, Washington and Lee University School of Law has shown great pride in Davis. In 1947, W&L began awarding the John W. Davis Prize to the law student with the highest GPA
6.
West Virginia
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West Virginia /ˌwɛst vərˈdʒɪnjə/ is a state located in the Appalachian region of the Southern United States. It is bordered by Virginia to the southeast, Kentucky to the southwest, Ohio to the northwest, Pennsylvania to the north, West Virginia is the 9th smallest by area, is ranked 38th in population, and has the second lowest household income of the 50 United States. The capital and largest city is Charleston, West Virginia was admitted to the Union on June 20,1863, and was a key Civil War border state. The Census Bureau and the Association of American Geographers classify West Virginia as part of the Southern United States, the unique position of West Virginia means that it is often included in several geographical regions, including the Mid-Atlantic, the Upland South, and the Southeastern United States. It is the state that is entirely within the area served by the Appalachian Regional Commission. The state is noted for its mountains and rolling hills, its historically significant logging and coal mining industries and it is one of the most densely karstic areas in the world, making it a choice area for recreational caving and scientific research. The karst lands contribute to much of the states cool trout waters and it is also known for a wide range of outdoor recreational opportunities, including skiing, whitewater rafting, fishing, hiking, backpacking, mountain biking, and hunting. Many ancient man-made earthen mounds from various mound builder cultures survive, especially in the areas of Moundsville, South Charleston. The artifacts uncovered in these give evidence of village societies and they had a tribal trade system culture that crafted cold-worked copper pieces. The Iroquois drove out other American Indian tribes from the region to reserve the upper Ohio Valley as a ground in the 1670s. Siouan language tribes such as the Moneton had also recorded in the area previously. West Virginia was originally part of the British Virginia Colony from 1607 to 1776, residents of the western and northern counties set up a separate government under Francis Pierpont in 1861, which they called the restored government. Most voted to separate from Virginia and the new state was admitted to the Union in 1863, in 1864 a state constitutional convention drafted a constitution, which was ratified by the legislature without putting it to popular vote. West Virginia abolished slavery and temporarily disfranchised men who had held Confederate office or fought for the Confederacy, West Virginias history has been profoundly affected by its mountainous terrain, numerous and vast river valleys, and rich natural resources. These were all factors driving its economy and the lifestyles of its residents, a 2010 analysis of a local stalagmite revealed that Native Americans were burning forests to clear land as early as 100 BC. Some regional late-prehistoric Eastern Woodland tribes were involved in hunting and fishing, practicing the slash. Another group progressed to the more time-consuming, advanced companion crop fields method of gardening, also continuing from ancient indigenous people of the state, field space and time was given to tobacco growing through to early historic. Maize did not make a contribution to the diet until after 1150 BP
7.
Charles W. Bryan
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Charles Wayland Bryan was an American politician who served non-consecutive terms as Governor of Nebraska and Mayor of Lincoln, Nebraska, and was the Democratic nominee for Vice President in 1924. He was the brother of Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan, who was the Democratic nominee for President in 1896,1900. The Bryans are the brothers who have been nominated for President or Vice President by a major political party. Born in 1867 in Salem, Illinois, Bryan attended both the University of Chicago and Illinois College in Jacksonville and he married Elizabeth Louise Brokaw on November 29,1892. Moving to Lincoln, Nebraska in 1889, Bryan worked as a tobacco broker and he also farmed and raised purebred livestock. He was business manager and political secretary for his brother, William Jennings Bryan until Williams death in 1925, from 1901 to 1923, he was publisher and associate editor of The Commoner. Elected to the Lincoln City Commission in 1915 and 1921, he served as mayor of Lincoln. Bryan was elected the 20th and 23rd Governor of Nebraska from 1923 to 1925 and he was an unsuccessful candidate for governor in 1926,1928, and 1938. During his tenure, the economy flourished, state spending was limited. Bryan was also notable as the Democratic vice presidential candidate in 1924, the ticket was overwhelmingly defeated by Republican incumbent Calvin Coolidge and his running mate Charles G. Dawes. Bryan died on March 4,1945 in Lincoln, Nebraska, Charles W. Bryan at Find a Grave Encyclopedia of Nebraska National Governors Association Nebraska History. org
8.
Nebraska
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Nebraska /nᵻˈbræskə/ is a state that lies in both the Great Plains and the Midwestern United States. Its area is just over 77,220 sq mi with almost 1.9 million people and its largest city is Omaha, which is on the Missouri River. The state is crossed by many trails and was explored by the Lewis. Nebraska was admitted as the 37th state of the United States in 1867 and it is the only state in the United States whose legislature is unicameral and officially nonpartisan. Nebraska is composed of two major regions, the Dissected Till Plains and the Great Plains. The Dissected Till Plains is a region of rolling hills. The Great Plains occupy most of western Nebraska, characterized by treeless prairie, the state has a large agriculture sector and is a major producer of beef, pork, corn, and soybeans. Two major climatic zones are represented in Nebraska, the half of the state has a humid continental climate, and the western half. Indigenous peoples lived in the region of present-day Nebraska for thousands of years before European exploration. The historic tribes in the state included the Omaha, Missouria, Ponca, Pawnee, Otoe, when European exploration, trade, and settlement began, both Spain and France sought to control the region. In the 1690s, Spain established trade connections with the Apaches, by 1703, France had developed a regular trade with the native peoples along the Missouri River in Nebraska, and by 1719 had signed treaties with several of these peoples. After war broke out between the two countries, Spain dispatched an expedition to Nebraska under Lieutenant General Pedro de Villasur in 1720. The party was attacked and destroyed near present-day Columbus by a force of Pawnees and Otoes. The massacre of the Villasur expedition effectively put an end to Spanish exploration of Nebraska for the remainder of the 18th century, in 1762, during the Seven Years War, France ceded the Louisiana territory to Spain. Frances withdrawal from the area left Britain and Spain competing for dominance along the Mississippi, by 1773, later that year, Mackays party built a trading post, dubbed Fort Carlos IV, near present-day Homer. In 1819, the United States established Fort Atkinson as the first U. S. Army post west of the Missouri River, the army abandoned the fort in 1827 as migration moved further west. European-American settlement did not begin in any numbers until after 1848, on May 30,1854, the US Congress created the Kansas and the Nebraska territories, divided by the Parallel 40° North, under the Kansas–Nebraska Act. The Nebraska Territory included parts of the current states of Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, the territorial capital of Nebraska was Omaha
9.
1920 Democratic National Convention
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The 1920 Democratic National Convention was held at the Civic Auditorium in San Francisco, California from June 28 to July 6,1920. It resulted in the nomination of Governor James M. Cox of Ohio for President and Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt from New York for Vice President. In addition to the nominee, Cox, the other high-scoring candidates as the voting proceeded were, Secretary of the Treasury William McAdoo. On the forty-fourth ballot, Governor James M. Cox of Ohio was nominated for the Presidency, the platform adopted by the convention supported the League of Nations, albeit with qualifications, and womens suffrage. Early favorites for the nomination had included McAdoo and Attorney General Alexander Mitchell Palmer, others placed in nomination included New York Governor Al Smith, United Kingdom Ambassador John W. Davis, New Jersey Governor Edward I. Edwards, and Oklahoma Senator Robert Latham Owen and it seemed that this was going to be a free for all too, but Cox had asked the delegates to support former Assistant Navy Secretary Franklin D. Roosevelt, because, as some thought, he had a magic name. FDR was nominated by voice vote and received the nomination by acclamation,1920 Republican National Convention United States presidential election,1920 Democratic National Convention Democratic Party Platform of 1920 at The American Presidency Project
10.
1928 Democratic National Convention
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The 1928 Democratic National Convention was held at Sam Houston Hall in Houston, Texas, June 26–28,1928. The convention resulted in the nomination of Governor Alfred E. Smith of New York for President, the convention was the first held by either party in the South since the Civil War. It was also the first to nominate a Roman Catholic for President, the Texas delegation, led by Governor Dan Moody, was vehemently opposed to Smith. Therefore, when Smith was nominated, they rallied against his anti-prohibition sentiment by fighting for a dry, ultimately, the convention pledged honest enforcement of the Constitution. Smith became the first Democrat since Reconstruction to lose more than one state in the general election, due to his wet stance, his opposition to the Ku Klux Klan
11.
Democratic National Convention
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The Democratic National Convention is a series of presidential nominating conventions held every four years since 1832 by the United States Democratic Party. They have been administered by the Democratic National Committee since the 1852 national convention, the primary goal of the Democratic National Convention is to nominate and confirm a candidate for president and vice president, adopt a comprehensive party platform and unify the party. Pledged delegates from all fifty U. S, like the Republican National Convention, the Democratic National Convention marks the formal end of the primary election period and the start of the general election season. The partys presidential nominee is chosen in a series of state caucuses. Superdelegates, delegates whose votes are not bound to the outcome of a caucus or primary. To secure the nomination for the Democratic party in 2016, a candidate must secure 2,383 delegates and this number includes both pledged delegates and superdelegates. Prior to 1936, nomination for president was required, not merely by a majority, unless there was a popular incumbent, something that only happened three times between the Civil War and World War II, getting that many votes on the first ballot was implausible. The choice was a contentious debate that riled the passions of party leaders. Delegates were forced to vote for a nominee repeatedly until someone could capture a number of delegates needed. In 1912,1920 and most notoriously in 1924, the voting went on for dozens and dozens of ballots, backroom deals by party bosses were normal and often resulted in compromise nominees that became known as dark horse candidates. Dark horse candidates were people who never imagined they would run for president until the last moments of the convention, dark horse candidates were chosen in order to break deadlocks between more popular and powerful prospective nominees that blocked each other from gaining enough delegates to be nominated. The rules were changed to a majority in 1936. Since then only one multi-ballot convention has taken place, before about 1970, the partys choice of the vice-presidential nominee was usually not known until the last evening of the convention. This was because the nominee had little to do with the process. In order to prevent such things happening in the future, the presumptive nominee has, since 1984, announced his choice before the convention even opened. By 1824, the nominating caucus had fallen into disrepute and collapsed as a method of nominating presidential. A national convention idea had been brought up but nothing occurred until the next decade, state conventions and state legislatures emerged as the nomination apparatus until they were supplanted by the national convention method of nominating candidates. The first national convention of the Democratic Party began in Baltimore on May 21,1832, in that year the 2/3 rule was created, requiring a 2/3 vote to nominate a candidate, in order to show the partys unanimous support of Martin Van Buren for vice president
12.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
13.
William Gibbs McAdoo
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William Gibbs McAdoo, Jr. /ˈmækəˌduː/ was an American lawyer and statesman. A political progressive, McAdoo was a leader of the Progressive movement who played a role in the administration of President Woodrow Wilson. He was Wilsons campaign manager in 1912, he married Wilsons daughter and he was primarily responsible for financing the American side of World War I, providing large loans to the Allies, and running the railroad system inside the United States. He was a contender for his partys presidential nomination in 1920 and 1924. McAdoo was born during the middle of the Civil War in Marietta, Georgia and his uncle, John David McAdoo, was a Confederate general and a justice on the Texas Supreme Court. McAdoo attended rural schools until his family moved to Knoxville, Tennessee, in 1877 and he graduated from the University of Tennessee and was a member of the Lambda Chapter of Kappa Sigma Fraternity. He was appointed deputy clerk of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee in 1882 and he married his first wife, Sarah Hazelhurst Fleming, on November 18,1885. They had seven children, Harriet Floyd McAdoo, Francis Huger McAdoo, Julia Hazelhurst McAdoo, Nona Hazelhurst McAdoo, William Gibbs MacAdoo III, Robert Hazelhurst McAdoo and he was admitted to the bar in Tennessee in 1885 and set up a practice in Chattanooga, Tennessee. In the early 1890s, he lost most of his trying to electrify the Knoxville Street Railroad system. In 1892 he moved to New York City, where he met Francis R. Pemberton, son of the Confederate General John C and they formed a firm, Pemberton and McAdoo, to sell investment securities. In 1895, McAdoo returned to Knoxville and regained control of part of his streetcar company. In subsequent months, he engaged in a struggle with Ohio businessman C. C. Howell over control of the streetcar system. Litigation in the aftermath of this incident favored Howell, and McAdoo abandoned his streetcar endeavors in 1897, around 1900, McAdoo took on the leadership of a project to build a railway tunnel under the Hudson River to connect Manhattan with New Jersey. A tunnel had been constructed during the 1880s by Dewitt Clinton Haskin. With McAdoo as president of the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad Company, the popular McAdoo told the press that his motto was Let the Public be Pleased. The tunnels are now operated as part of the Port Authority Trans-Hudson system and his first wife died in February 1912. That year, he served as chairman of the Democratic National Committee. Woodrow Wilson lured McAdoo away from business after their meeting in 1910, once he was President, Wilson appointed McAdoo secretary of the Treasury, a post McAdoo held from 1913 to 1918
14.
Al Smith
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Alfred Emanuel Al Smith was an American statesman who was elected Governor of New York four times and was the Democratic U. S. presidential candidate in 1928. He was the foremost urban leader of the efficiency-oriented Progressive Movement and was noted for achieving a range of reforms as governor in the 1920s. His candidacy mobilized Catholic votes—especially of women, who had recently received federal suffrage. It also brought out the vote, which was strongest among white conservative Democrats in the South. As a committed wet candidate, Smith attracted not only drinkers but also voters angered by the corruption, many Protestants feared his candidacy, including German Lutherans and Southern Baptists, believing that the Catholic Church and the Pope would dictate his policies. Most importantly, this was a time of prosperity under a Republican White House. Smith lost in a landslide to Republican Herbert Hoover, who gained support from six southern states. Four years later Smith sought the 1932 nomination but was defeated by Franklin D. Roosevelt, his former ally, Smith entered business in New York City and became an increasingly vocal opponent of Roosevelts New Deal. Smith was born at 174 South Street, and raised in the Fourth Ward on the Lower East Side of Manhattan and his mother, Catherine, was the daughter of Maria Marsh and Thomas Mulvihill, who were immigrants from County Westmeath, Ireland. His father, Alfred Emanuele Ferraro, took the anglicized name Alfred E. Smith, the elder Alfred was the son of Italian and German immigrants. He served with the 11th New York Fire Zouaves in the months of the Civil War. Al Smith grew up with his family struggling financially in the Gilded Age, the Brooklyn Bridge was being constructed nearby. The Brooklyn Bridge and I grew up together, Smith would later recall and his four grandparents were Irish, German, Italian, and Anglo-Irish, but Smith identified with the Irish-American community and became its leading spokesman in the 1920s. His father Alfred owned a trucking firm, but died when the boy was 13. At 14 Smith had to drop out of St. James parochial school to support the family. Prior to dropping out of school, he served as an altar boy and he never attended high school or college, and claimed he learned about people by studying them at the Fulton Fish Market, where he worked for $12 per week. His acting skills made him a success on the theater circuit. He became widely known, and developed the smooth style that characterized his political career
15.
Calvin Coolidge
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John Calvin Coolidge Jr. was the 30th President of the United States. A Republican lawyer from Vermont, Coolidge worked his way up the ladder of Massachusetts state politics and his response to the Boston Police Strike of 1919 thrust him into the national spotlight and gave him a reputation as a man of decisive action. Soon after, he was elected as the 29th vice president in 1920, elected in his own right in 1924, he gained a reputation as a small-government conservative, and also as a man who said very little, although having a rather dry sense of humor. Coolidge restored public confidence in the White House after the scandals of his predecessors administration, as a Coolidge biographer wrote, He embodied the spirit and hopes of the middle class, could interpret their longings and express their opinions. That he did represent the genius of the average is the most convincing proof of his strength, Coolidges retirement was relatively short, as he died at the age of 60 in January 1933, less than two months before his immediate successor, Herbert Hoover, left office. Though his reputation underwent a renaissance during the Ronald Reagan administration, John Calvin Coolidge Jr. was born in Plymouth Notch, Windsor County, Vermont, on July 4,1872, the only U. S. president to be born on Independence Day. He held various offices, including justice of the peace and tax collector. Coolidges mother was the daughter of a Plymouth Notch farmer and she was chronically ill and died, perhaps from tuberculosis, when Coolidge was twelve years old. His younger sister, Abigail Grace Coolidge, died at the age of fifteen, probably of appendicitis, Coolidges father remarried in 1891, to a schoolteacher, and lived to the age of eighty. Coolidges family had roots in New England, his earliest American ancestor, John Coolidge, emigrated from Cottenham, Cambridgeshire, England, around 1630 and settled in Watertown. Another ancestor, Edmund Rice, arrived at Watertown in 1638, Coolidges great-great-grandfather, also named John Coolidge, was an American military officer in the Revolutionary War and one of the first selectmen of the town of Plymouth Notch. His grandfather, Calvin Galusha Coolidge, served in the Vermont House of Representatives, many of Coolidges ancestors were farmers, and numerous distant cousins were prominent in politics. Coolidge attended Black River Academy and then Amherst College, where he distinguished himself in the class, as a senior joined the fraternity Phi Gamma Delta. While there, Coolidge was profoundly influenced by philosophy professor Charles Edward Garman, the only hope of perfecting human relationships is in accordance with the law of service under which men are not so solicitous about what they shall get as they are about what they shall give. Yet people are entitled to the rewards of their industry, what they earn is theirs, no matter how small or how great. But the possession of property carries the obligation to use it in a larger service, at his fathers urging after graduation, Coolidge moved to Northampton, Massachusetts to become a lawyer. To avoid the cost of law school, Coolidge followed the practice of apprenticing with a local law firm, Hammond & Field. John C. Hammond and Henry P. Field, both Amherst graduates, introduced Coolidge to law practice in the county seat of Hampshire County, in 1897, Coolidge was admitted to the bar, becoming a country lawyer
16.
Charles G. Dawes
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Charles Gates Dawes was an American banker, politician, and military general who was the 30th Vice President of the United States. For his work on the Dawes Plan for World War I reparations, Dawes served in the First World War, was the Comptroller of the Currency, the first director of the Bureau of the Budget, and, in later life, the Ambassador to the United Kingdom. Dawes was born in Marietta, Ohio, in Washington County, son of Civil War General Rufus Dawes, Rufus Dawes had commanded the 6th Wisconsin Regiment of the Iron Brigade from 1863 to 1864 during the American Civil War. Dawes, Beman Gates Dawes, and Henry May Dawes, all prominent businessmen or politicians and he also had two sisters, Mary Frances Dawes Beach, and Betsey Gates Dawes Hoyt. Dawes was a great-great-grandson of Revolutionary War figure William Dawes, in 1915, Dawes joined the Illinois Society of the Sons of the American Revolution by right of his descent from William Dawes. Dawes married Caro Blymyer in 1889 and they had a son, Rufus Fearing Dawes, and a daughter, Carolyn. They later adopted two children, Dana and Virginia and he graduated from Marietta College in 1884, and from the Cincinnati Law School in 1886. Dawes was admitted to the bar in Nebraska, and he practiced in Lincoln, Nebraska, Dawes was a self-taught pianist and a composer. His composition Melody in A Major became a piano and violin song in 1912. Marie Edwards made an arrangement of the work in 1921. Also, in 1921, it was arranged for an orchestra by Adolf G. Hoffmann. Melody in A Major was played at official functions which Dawes attended. In 1951, Carl Sigman added lyrics to Melody in A Major transforming the song into Its All in the Game, tommy Edwards recording of Its All in the Game was a number-one hit on the American Billboard record chart for six weeks in the fall of 1958. Edwards version of the song hit number one on the United Kingdom chart that year. Since then, it has become a pop standard. Dawes is the vice president to be credited with a No.1 pop hit. Dawes and Sonny Bono are the people credited with a No.1 pop hit who were also members of the United States Senate or House of Representatives. Dawes and Bob Dylan are the only credited with a No.1 pop hit to have also won a Nobel Prize
17.
Prohibition in the United States
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Prohibition in the United States was a nationwide constitutional ban on the production, importation, transportation and sale of alcoholic beverages that remained in place from 1920 to 1933. One result was that many communities in the late 19th and early 20th centuries introduced alcohol prohibition, Prohibition supporters, called drys, presented it as a victory for public morals and health. Promoted by the dry crusaders, a movement was led by rural Protestants and social Progressives in the Prohibition, Democratic and it gained a national grass roots base through the Womans Christian Temperance Union. After 1900 it was coordinated by the Anti-Saloon League, Prohibition was mandated in state after state, then finally nationwide under the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1920. Enabling legislation, known as the Volstead Act, set down the rules for enforcing the ban, for example, religious uses of wine were allowed. Private ownership and consumption of alcohol were not made illegal under federal law, in the 1920s the laws were widely disregarded, and tax revenues were lost. Opposition mobilized nationwide, and Prohibition ended with the ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment, some states continued statewide prohibition, marking one of the last stages of the Progressive Era. Anti-prohibitionists, known as wets, criticized the ban as an intrusion of mainly rural Protestant ideals on a central aspect of urban, immigrant. Some researchers contend that its failure is attributable more to a changing historical context than to characteristics of the law itself. Criticism remains that Prohibition led to unintended consequences such as the growth of urban crime organizations, as an experiment it lost supporters every year, and lost tax revenue that governments needed when the Great Depression began in 1929. The U. S. Senate proposed the Eighteenth Amendment on December 18,1917, upon being approved by a 36th state on January 16,1919, the amendment was ratified as a part of the Constitution. The Wartime Prohibition Act took effect June 30,1919, with July 1,1919, on October 28,1919, Congress passed the Volstead Act, the popular name for the National Prohibition Act, over President Woodrow Wilsons veto. The act established the definition of intoxicating liquors as well as penalties for producing them. Although the Volstead Act prohibited the sale of alcohol, the government lacked resources to enforce it. By the terms of the amendment, the country went dry one year later, by 1925, in New York City alone, there were anywhere from 30,000 to 100,000 speakeasy clubs. While Prohibition was successful in reducing the amount of liquor consumed, it stimulated the proliferation of rampant underground, organized, many were astonished and disenchanted with the rise of spectacular gangland crimes, when prohibition was supposed to reduce crime. Prohibition lost its advocates one by one, while the wet opposition talked of personal liberty, new tax revenues from legal beer and liquor, and the scourge of organized crime. On March 22,1933, President Franklin Roosevelt signed into law the Cullen–Harrison Act, legalizing beer with a content of 3. 2%
18.
Edward L. Doheny
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Edward Laurence Doheny /doʊˈhiːni/ was a California oil tycoon who, in 1892, drilled the first successful oil well in the Los Angeles City Oil Field. His success set off a boom in Southern California, and made him a fortune when, in 1902. He then began highly profitable oil operations in Tampico, Mexico and he expanded operations during the Mexican Revolution, and opened large new oil fields in Mexicos golden belt inland from Tampico. His holdings developed as the Pan American Petroleum & Transport Company, in the 1920s, Doheny was implicated in the Teapot Dome Scandal and accused of offering a $100,000 bribe to United States Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall. Doheny was twice acquitted of offering the bribe, but Fall was convicted of accepting it, Doheny and his second wife and widow, Carrie Estelle, were noted philanthropists in Los Angeles, especially regarding Catholic schools, churches and charities. The character J. Arnold Ross in Upton Sinclairs 1927 novel Oil. is loosely based on Doheny, Edward L. Doheny was born in 1856 in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin to Patrick Pat and Eleanor Elizabeth Ellen Doheny. His father was born in Ireland, and fled Tipperary in the wake of the Great Famine, Patrick tried whaling after reaching Labrador. His mother was born in St. Johns, Newfoundland, and was a school teacher, after Patrick and Ellen married and moved to Wisconsin, Dohenys father became a construction laborer and gardener. Doheny graduated from school in his fifteenth year, and was named the valedictorian of his class. Following his father’s death several months after his graduation, Doheny was employed by the U. S. Geological Survey, in 1873 he was sent to Kansas with a party to survey and subdivide the Kiowa-Comanche lands. The following year he left the Geological Survey to pursue his fortune prospecting, first in the Black Hills of South Dakota, Doheny is listed in the 1880 United States Census as a painter living in Prescott, Arizona. He worked in the famed Iron King mine, just north of Kingston, in Kingston, he met two men who later played important roles in his life, Albert Fall, the future Secretary of the Interior, and Charles A. Canfield, who became his business partner. Doheny and Canfield together worked the former’s Mount Chief Mine with little success, in 1886, Canfield prospected further in the Kingston area, leasing and developing with great success the Comstock Mine. Doheny declined to join him in this venture, but Canfield made a fortune from it. Doheny was eventually reduced to doing odd jobs to support his family, in 1883, in the Black Mountains town of Kingston in the New Mexico Territory, Doheny met and married his first wife, Carrie Louella Wilkins, on August 7. Their daughter, Eileen, was born in December 1885, in the Spring of 1891, Doheny left New Mexico and moved to Los Angeles, California, attracted by Canfield’s success in real estate there. Canfield had previously left New Mexico with $110,000 in cash from his Comstock Mine venture, with the collapse of the speculative fever, Canfield lost his wealth and land holdings and, by the time Doheny arrived in Los Angeles in 1891, he was deeply in debt. By 1892, Doheny was so poor he could not afford to pay for his boarding room, Dohenys daughter Eileen was a frail child and died at age seven on December 14,1892
19.
Teapot Dome scandal
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The Teapot Dome Scandal was a bribery incident that took place in the United States from 1921 to 1922, during the administration of President Warren G. Harding. In 1922 and 1923, the became the subject of a sensational investigation by Senator Thomas J. Walsh. Fall was later convicted of accepting bribes from the oil companies, no person was ever convicted of paying the bribes, however. Before the Watergate scandal, Teapot Dome was regarded as the greatest and most sensational scandal in the history of American politics, in the early 20th century, the U. S. Navy largely converted from coal to fuel oil. To ensure that the Navy would always have enough fuel available and this was not implemented until 1922, when Interior Secretary Fall persuaded Navy Secretary Edwin C. Later in 1922, Interior Secretary Albert Fall leased the oil production rights at Teapot Dome to Harry F. Sinclair of Mammoth Oil and he also leased the Elk Hills reserve to Edward L. Doheny of Pan American Petroleum and Transport Company. Both leases were issued without competitive bidding and this manner of leasing was legal under the Mineral Leasing Act of 1920. The lease terms were very favorable to the oil companies, which secretly made Fall a rich man, Fall had received a no-interest loan from Doheny of $100,000 in November 1921. He received other gifts from Doheny and Sinclair totaling about $404,000 and it was this money changing hands that was illegal, not the leases. Fall attempted to keep his actions secret, but the improvement in his standard of living was suspect. In April 1922, a Wyoming oil operator wrote to Senator John B, kendrick, angered that Sinclair had been given a contract to the lands in a secret deal. Kendrick did not respond, but two later on April 15, he introduced a resolution calling for an investigation of the deal. La Follette, Sr. of Wisconsin led an investigation by the Senate Committee on Public Lands, at first, La Follette believed Fall was innocent. However, his suspicions deepened after his own office in the Senate Office Building was ransacked, democrat Thomas J. Walsh of Montana, the most junior minority member, led a lengthy inquiry. For two years, Walsh pushed forward while Fall stepped backward, covering his tracks as he went, no evidence of wrongdoing was initially uncovered as the leases were legal enough, but records kept disappearing mysteriously. Fall had made the leases appear legitimate, but his acceptance of the money was his undoing, by 1924, the remaining unanswered question was how Fall had become so rich so quickly and easily. Money from the bribes had gone to Falls cattle ranch and investments in his business, finally, as the investigation was winding down with Fall apparently innocent, Walsh uncovered a piece of evidence Fall had forgotten to cover up, Dohenys $100,000 loan to Fall. This discovery broke the scandal open, civil and criminal suits related to the scandal continued throughout the 1920s
20.
1924 Democratic National Convention
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It was the longest continuously running convention in United States political history. It was the first major party convention that saw the name of a woman, Lena Springs. John W. Davis, initially an outsider, eventually won the nomination as a compromise candidate following a virtual war of attrition between front-runners William Gibbs McAdoo and Al Smith. The selection of New York as the site for the 1924 convention was based in part on the recent success of the party in that state, two years earlier, in 1922, thirteen Republican congressmen had lost their seats to Democrats. New York had not been chosen for a convention since 1868, wealthy New Yorkers, who had outbid other cities, declared their purpose to convince the rest of the country that the town was not the red-light menace generally conceived by the sticks. Though dry organizations opposed the choice of New York, it won McAdoos grudging consent in the fall of 1923, McAdoos own adopted state, California, had played host to the Democrats in 1920. The Ku Klux Klan was resurrected after the 1915 release of D. W. Griffiths very popular motion picture The Birth of a Nation and its local political strength throughout the country gave it a major role in the 1924 Democratic Party National Convention. The 20th Century Ku Klux Klan was notoriously anti-Catholic and anti-Semitic, the Klan advocates opposed those supporting Catholics from the major cities of the Northeast and Midwest. The tension between pro- and anti-Klan delegates produced an intense and sometimes violent showdown between convention attendees from the states of Colorado and Missouri, Klan delegates opposed the nomination of New York Governor Al Smith because Smith was a Roman Catholic. Smith campaigned against William Gibbs McAdoo, who had the support of most Klan delegates, Klan delegates defeated the platform plank in a series of floor debates. The final vote on condemning the Klan was 542.85 in favor,546.15 against, to celebrate, tens of thousands of hooded Klansmen rallied in a field in New Jersey, across the river from New York City. Smiths name was placed into nomination by Franklin D. Roosevelt and this signaled a political comeback for Roosevelt, he would be elected Governor of New York four years later and President eight years later. Davis, who increased his vote during the day from 31 to 61. Most of the favorite son delegations refused to be stampeded to either of the candidates and were in no hurry to retire from the contest. In the early balloting many delegations appeared to be jockeying for position, there was some excitement on the tenth ballot, when Kansas abandoned Gov. Jonathan M. Davis and threw its votes to McAdoo. This started another parade, the New York and New Jersey standards leading those of the other Smith delegations around the hall while the band played Tramp, Tramp, Tramp, McAdoo and Smith each evolved a strategy to build up his own total slowly. But by no sleight of hand could the convention have been swung around to either contestant, with the party split into two assertive parts, the rule requiring a two-thirds majority for nomination crippled the chances of both candidates by giving a veto each could—and did—use. McAdoos strength fluctuated more widely, reaching its highest point of 528 on the seventieth ballot, since both candidates occasionally received purely strategic aid, the nucleus of their support was probably even less
21.
Ku Klux Klan
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Historically the KKK used terrorism, both physical assault and murder, against groups or individuals whom they opposed. All three movements have called for the purification of American society, and all are considered right-wing extremist organizations, the first Klan flourished in the Southern United States in the late 1860s, then died out by the early 1870s. It sought to overthrow the Republican state governments in the South during the Reconstruction Era, with numerous chapters across the South, it was suppressed around 1871, through federal law enforcement. Members made their own, often colorful, costumes, robes, masks, and conical hats, designed to be terrifying, the second group was founded in 1915, and it flourished nationwide in the early and mid-1920s, particularly in urban areas of the Midwest and West. This second organization adopted a white costume and used code words which were similar to those used by the first Klan, while adding cross burnings. The third and current manifestation of the KKK emerged after 1950, in the form of small, local and they have focused on opposition to the Civil Rights Movement, often using violence and murder to suppress activists. It is classified as a group by the Anti-Defamation League. As of 2016, the Anti-Defamation League puts total Klan membership nationwide at around 3,000, the second and third incarnations of the Ku Klux Klan made frequent references to Americas Anglo-Saxon blood, hearkening back to 19th-century nativism. Although members of the KKK swear to uphold Christian morality, virtually every Christian denomination has officially denounced the KKK, the manual of rituals was printed by Laps D. McCord of Pulaski. According to The Cyclopædia of Fraternities, Beginning in April,1867, the members had conjured up a veritable Frankenstein. Although there was little organizational structure above the level, similar groups rose across the South and adopted the same name. Klan groups spread throughout the South as an insurgent movement promoting resistance, for example, Confederate veteran John W. Morton founded a chapter in Nashville, Tennessee. As a secret vigilante group, the Klan targeted freedmen and their allies, it sought to restore white supremacy by threats and violence, including murder, against black and white Republicans. In 1870 and 1871, the government passed the Enforcement Acts. The first Klan had mixed results in terms of achieving its objectives and it seriously weakened the black political establishment through its use of assassinations and threats of violence, it drove some people out of politics. Rable argues that the Klan was a failure and therefore was discarded by the Democratic leaders of the South. He says, the Klan declined in strength in part because of weaknesses, its lack of central organization. More fundamentally, it declined because it failed to achieve its central objective – the overthrow of Republican state governments in the South, for instance, the Red Shirts are credited with helping elect Wade Hampton as governor in South Carolina
22.
World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
23.
1924 Republican National Convention
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The 1924 National Convention of the Republican Party of the United States was held in Cleveland, Ohio, at the Public Auditorium from June 10 to June 12. For this convention the method of allocating delegates changed in order to reduce the overrepresentation of the South and it also made history by being the first GOP convention to give women equal representation. The Republican National Committee approved a rule providing for a national committee-man, more controversy ensued over whether to condemn the Ku Klux Klan with the result ultimately being to say nothing either way. President Calvin Coolidge was formally nominated for a term and went on to win the general election. The convention nominated Illinois Governor Frank Lowden for Vice President on the second ballot, the convention then selected Charles G. Dawes. Also considered for the nomination was Senator Charles Curtis of Kansas, Coolidge faced a challenge from California Senator Hiram Johnson and Wisconsin Senator Robert La Follette in the 1924 Republican primaries. Coolidge fended off his progressive challengers with convincing wins in the Republican primaries, after his defeat in the primaries, La Follette ran a third party candidacy that attracted significant support. Former Vice President Coolidge had ascended to the presidency after the death of Warren G. Harding in 1923, as the 25th Amendment had not yet been passed, Coolidge served the remainder of Hardings term without a vice president. The 1924 Republican Convention was thus tasked with picking a mate for Coolidge. With Coolidge having locked up re-nomination, most attention was focused on the presidential nomination. Coolidges first choice was reported to be Idaho Senator William E. Borah, also a progressive Westerner, despite saying that he would not accept the nomination, Lowden was nominated for Vice President on the second ballot over Dawes, Kenyon, and Ohio Congressman Theodore E. Burton. However, Lowden declined the nomination, an action, that as of 2017, has never been repeated, the Republicans thus held a new vice presidential ballot, with Coolidge favoring Hoover. However, the Republicans picked Dawes, partly as a reaction to the dominance of Coolidge in running the convention. Each of the three days of the convention opened with an invocation by a different clergymen—one Methodist, one Jewish. Each was listed among the officers as an official chaplain. On June 10, the prayer was given by William F. Anderson. Among other things, he called for stricter observance of the law, the next days session was opened by Rev. Dr. Samuel Schulman, rabbi of Temple Beth-El in New York. Speaking of Calvin Coolidge, he praised the integrity, the wisdom, on June 12, the final days invocation was given by Roman Catholic Bishop Joseph Schrembs of Cleveland
24.
Roman Catholic
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The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church or the Universal Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.28 billion members worldwide. As one of the oldest religious institutions in the world, it has played a prominent role in the history, headed by the Bishop of Rome, known as the Pope, the churchs doctrines are summarised in the Nicene Creed and the Apostles Creed. Its central administration is located in Vatican City, enclaved within Rome, the Catholic Church is notable within Western Christianity for its sacred tradition and seven sacraments. It teaches that it is the one church founded by Jesus Christ, that its bishops are the successors of Christs apostles. The Catholic Church maintains that the doctrine on faith and morals that it declares as definitive is infallible. The Latin Church, the Eastern Catholic Churches, as well as such as mendicant orders and enclosed monastic orders. Among the sacraments, the one is the Eucharist, celebrated liturgically in the Mass. The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body, the Catholic Church practises closed communion, with only baptised members in a state of grace ordinarily permitted to receive the Eucharist. The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Queen of Heaven and is honoured in numerous Marian devotions. The Catholic Church has influenced Western philosophy, science, art and culture, Catholic spiritual teaching includes spreading the Gospel while Catholic social teaching emphasises support for the sick, the poor and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy. The Catholic Church is the largest non-government provider of education and medical services in the world, from the late 20th century, the Catholic Church has been criticised for its doctrines on sexuality, its refusal to ordain women and its handling of sexual abuse cases. Catholic was first used to describe the church in the early 2nd century, the first known use of the phrase the catholic church occurred in the letter from Saint Ignatius of Antioch to the Smyrnaeans, written about 110 AD. In the Catechetical Discourses of Saint Cyril of Jerusalem, the name Catholic Church was used to distinguish it from other groups that call themselves the church. The use of the adjective Roman to describe the Church as governed especially by the Bishop of Rome became more widespread after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and into the Early Middle Ages. Catholic Church is the name used in the Catechism of the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church follows an episcopal polity, led by bishops who have received the sacrament of Holy Orders who are given formal jurisdictions of governance within the church. Ultimately leading the entire Catholic Church is the Bishop of Rome, commonly called the pope, in parallel to the diocesan structure are a variety of religious institutes that function autonomously, often subject only to the authority of the pope, though sometimes subject to the local bishop. Most religious institutes only have male or female members but some have both, additionally, lay members aid many liturgical functions during worship services
25.
Oscar Underwood
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Oscar Wilder Underwood was an American lawyer and politician from Alabama, and also a candidate for President of the United States in 1912 and 1924. Underwood was the only Democrat to lead his party in both the U. S. House of Representatives and the U. S. Senate, and the first formally designated floor leader in the U. S. Senate. Underwood was born in Louisville, Kentucky, on May 6,1862, Eugene Underwood also had three sons with his first wife before her death in 1857. His paternal grandfather, Joseph R. Underwood, served as U. S, representative and Senator from Kentucky, as well as on the Kentucky Supreme Court. His maternal grandfather, cotton merchant Jabez Smith, once served as mayor of Petersburg, in 1865, the Underwood family moved to St. Paul, Minnesota, hoping the climate would help Oscars chronic bronchitis, as well as his mothers health. After ten years, the family moved back to Louisville, where Oscar graduated from the Rugby University School and he then attended the University of Virginia at Charlottesville, where he was president of the Jefferson Society, as well as excelled in debate. He also received a doctor of laws degree from Columbia College in New York by 1920 and he served as president of the University of Virginia Alumni Association in 1913 and 1914. Oscar Underwood married twice, the first time in Charlottesville on October 8,1885 to Eugenia Massie, after graduation, Underwood returned to Minnesota to begin his legal career. However, his half brother William soon convinced him of better opportunities awaiting in in Birmingham. There, he moved in September 1884 and established a legal practice, working for a decade. Alabama earned a seat after the census of 1890. Two years later, voters elected him as a Democrat to the United States House of Representatives, however, Truman H. Aldrich successfully challenged that election result, forcing Underwood to resign in the middle of the term, on June 9,1896. However, Underwood persisted, and campaigned for tariff reform and he won the seat again in the election at years end, then re-election numerous times, serving nine terms. Underwood became as the first Democratic House Minority Whip, serving from about 1900 to 1901 and he then became House Majority Leader from 1911 to 1915. At the convention that year in Baltimore, Wilsons managers offered Underwood the vice-presidential nomination, in return, Wilson granted him considerable control over patronage and appointed Albert S. Burleson Postmaster-General upon Underwoods recommendation. Underwood twice won election to the United States Senate, in 1914 and 1920 and he was Senate minority leader from 1920 to 1923. Underwood led the anti-Ku Klux Klan forces at the 1924 Democratic National Convention and he was a longtime opponent of the Klan. It will not succeed. I maintain that the organization is a national menace. It is either the Ku Klux Klan or the United States of America. Between the two, I choose my country, by 1924 Underwood was one of very few anti-Klan officeholders left in the South
26.
Alabama
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Alabama is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, Alabama is the 30th-most extensive and the 24th-most populous of the U. S. states. At nearly 1,500 miles, Alabama has one of the nations longest navigable inland waterways, Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the Heart of Dixie and the Cotton State, the state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. The largest city by population is Birmingham, which has long been the most industrialized city, the oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana. From the American Civil War until World War II, Alabama, like many states in the southern U. S. suffered economic hardship, like other southern states, Alabama legislators disenfranchised African Americans and many poor whites at the turn of the century. Following World War II, Alabama grew as the economy changed from one primarily based on agriculture to one with diversified interests. The state economy in the 21st century is based on management, automotive, finance, manufacturing, aerospace, mineral extraction, healthcare, education, retail, in the Alabama language, the word for a person of Alabama lineage is Albaamo. The word Alabama is believed to have come from the Alabama language, the words spelling varies significantly among historical sources. As early as 1702, the French called the tribe the Alibamon, other spellings of the name have included Alibamu, Alabamo, Albama, Alebamon, Alibama, Alibamou, Alabamu, Allibamou. Sources disagree on the words meaning, some scholars suggest the word comes from the Choctaw alba and amo. The meaning may have been clearers of the thicket or herb gatherers, the state has numerous place names of Native American origin. However, there are no correspondingly similar words in the Alabama language, an 1842 article in the Jacksonville Republican proposed it meant Here We Rest. This notion was popularized in the 1850s through the writings of Alexander Beaufort Meek, experts in the Muskogean languages have not found any evidence to support such a translation. Indigenous peoples of varying cultures lived in the area for thousands of years before the advent of European colonization, trade with the northeastern tribes by the Ohio River began during the Burial Mound Period and continued until European contact. The agrarian Mississippian culture covered most of the state from 1000 to 1600 AD, with one of its major centers built at what is now the Moundville Archaeological Site in Moundville, Alabama. This is the second-largest complex of the classic Middle Mississippian era, after Cahokia in present-day Illinois, Analysis of artifacts from archaeological excavations at Moundville were the basis of scholars formulating the characteristics of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex. Contrary to popular belief, the SECC appears to have no links to Mesoamerican culture
27.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
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Franklin Delano Roosevelt, commonly known as FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. A Democrat, he won a record four presidential elections and emerged as a figure in world events during the mid-20th century. He directed the United States government during most of the Great Depression and he is often rated by scholars as one of the three greatest U. S. Presidents, along with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. Roosevelt was born in 1882 to an old, prominent Dutch family from Dutchess County and he attended the elite educational institutions of Groton School, Harvard College, and Columbia Law School. At age 23 in 1905, he married Eleanor Roosevelt, and he entered politics in 1910, serving in the New York State Senate, and then as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President Woodrow Wilson. In 1920, Roosevelt was presidential candidate James M. Coxs running mate and he was in office from 1929 to 1933 and served as a reform governor, promoting the enactment of programs to combat the depression besetting the United States at the time. In the 1932 presidential election, Roosevelt defeated incumbent Republican president Herbert Hoover in a landslide to win the presidency, Roosevelt took office while in the United States was in the midst of the worst economic crisis in its history. Energized by his victory over polio, FDR relied on his persistent optimism and activism to renew the national spirit. He created numerous programs to support the unemployed and farmers, and to labor union growth while more closely regulating business. His support for the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 added to his popularity, the economy improved rapidly from 1933–37, but then relapsed into a deep recession in 1937–38. The bipartisan Conservative Coalition that formed in 1937 prevented his packing the Supreme Court, when the war began and unemployment ended, conservatives in Congress repealed the two major relief programs, the WPA and CCC. However, they kept most of the regulations on business, along with several smaller programs, major surviving programs include the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Wagner Act, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and Social Security. His goal was to make America the Arsenal of Democracy, which would supply munitions to the Allies, in March 1941, Roosevelt, with Congressional approval, provided Lend-Lease aid to Britain and China. He supervised the mobilization of the U. S. economy to support the war effort, as an active military leader, Roosevelt implemented a war strategy on two fronts that ended in the defeat of the Axis Powers and initiate the development of the worlds first atomic bomb. His work also influenced the creation of the United Nations. Roosevelts physical health declined during the war years, and he died 11 weeks into his fourth term. One of the oldest Dutch families in New York State, the Roosevelts distinguished themselves in other than politics. One ancestor, Isaac Roosevelt, had served with the New York militia during the American Revolution, Roosevelt attended events of the New York society Sons of the American Revolution, and joined the organization while he was president
28.
Character of the Happy Warrior
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Character of the Happy Warrior is a poem by the English Romantic poet William Wordsworth. Wordsworth begins by asking us Who is the happy Warrior, who is he What every man in arms should wish to be. He then proceeds to answer his own query, The Happy Warrior is a spirit, who, amidst, or, in spite of. His noble ideas and deeds are a light that, despite their inwardness. The Happy Warrior is a diligent student, eager to amass whatever knowledge comes his way, furthermore, all fearsome challenges he transmutes, subduing what negative qualities they may have, and learning from what good they have to offer. The warrior is skilful in self-knowledge and understands that the purpose of suffering and distress is to grow in compassion. His law and dearest friend is Reason, he owes all of his triumphs to Virtue, if he achieves high station, he does so honestly, if he can not act honestly whilst in office, he would sooner quit. Because he is faithful, he does not seek his own advancement. He has a grace that shows itself in any action that he takes. Our Warrior is happy as a Lover in the face of the greatest strife, he keeps the law, no matter how severe any conflict may be, when called upon for any task, the Happy Warrior is always equal to it. The poet concludes with a statement echoing his initial question, This is the happy Warrior, as in much other heroic verse, the poet here seems to object nothing to the occasional poetic triplet. Wordsworth modelled his Happy Warrior on Lord Nelson, who, though his fleet was victorious, had killed at the Battle of Trafalgar by a French sniper. Nelson had been famous for his loving, inspirational leadership, and had, in battles, lost an arm & the sight in one eye. Hubert Humphrey was frequently referred to as the Happy Warrior, barack Obama, after winning a second term as President, referred to Vice-President Joe Biden as Americas Happy Warrior in his acceptance speech. Character of the Happy Warrior on Bartleby
29.
Franklin D. Roosevelt's paralytic illness
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Franklin D. Roosevelts paralytic illness began in 1921, when the future President of the United States was 39 years of age and vacationing with his family at their summer home on Campobello Island. Roosevelt was diagnosed with two weeks after he fell ill. He was left with permanent paralysis from the waist down, and was unable to stand or walk without support. Despite the lack of a cure for paralysis he tried a range of therapies. His bout with illness was known before and during his Presidency and became a major part of his image. A2003 retrospective diagnosis of FDRs illness favored Guillain–Barré syndrome rather than polio, a conclusion criticized by other researchers. In August 1921, 39-year-old Franklin D. Roosevelt, at the time a lawyer in New York, joined his family at their vacation home at Campobello. Several weeks before, his wife Eleanor had moved the five children aged 5–15, a governess and her mother. As he usually did, Roosevelt stayed behind until things got settled, as former Assistant Secretary of the Navy, he spent two weeks in Washington, D. C. giving testimony to a Senate committee investigating a Navy scandal in mid-July. On July 28 he fulfilled a commitment associated with his recently being elected president of the Greater New York Council of the Boy Scouts and he spent the following day in his New York City office, then went to his home in Hyde Park to review old Navy papers. A few days later, on August 5, FDR sailed up the New England coast with his friend and new employer, Van Lear Black, among those at Campobello when Roosevelt arrived were his political aide Louis Howe, his wife and their young son. Roosevelt spent a day talking business with Howe, then, on August 10, he spent a day of strenuous activity with his family. Most of the symptoms eventually resolved themselves, but he was permanently paralyzed from the waist down. They docked in late afternoon for a picnic in a tent with 2,100 boys from New York. In autumn 1920, public health inspectors had documented that the water quality. Summer outbreaks of poliomyelitis became common in New York after an epidemic in 1916, in July 1921, three cases were reported in New Jersey. In early September there were 419 cases,178 of them in New York City, by the end of the month, The New York Times was reporting the largest number of new polio cases recorded in any single week since the 1916 epidemic. FDR worked for a few hours at his office at the Fidelity & Deposit Company of Maryland, in the Equitable Building in Manhattan, Roosevelt went to the family home at Hyde Park, New York, where he reviewed papers related to a Navy scandal
30.
James M. Cox
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James Middleton Cox was the 46th and 48th Governor of Ohio, U. S. Representative from Ohio and Democratic candidate for President of the United States in the election of 1920 and he founded the chain of newspapers that continues today as Cox Enterprises, a media conglomerate. Cox was born on a farm near the tiny Butler County, Ohio, village of Jacksonburg and he was educated in a one-room school until the age sixteen. After his parents divorced, he moved with his mother in 1886 to Middletown, Ohio, in 1892 he received a job at the Cincinnati Enquirer as a copy reader on the telegraph desk, and later started to report on spot news including the railroad news. He also confronted John H. Patterson, president of Daytons National Cash Register Co. revealing facts of antitrust violations, in 1905, foretelling his future media conglomerate, Cox acquired the Springfield Press-Republic published in Springfield, Ohio, and renamed it, the Springfield Daily News. In 1908, he ran for Congress as a Democrat and was elected, Cox represented Ohio in the United States House of Representatives in 1909–1913, resigning after winning election as Governor of Ohio in a three-way race gaining 41. 5% of the vote. Cox served three terms as Governor of Ohio, first, in 1913–1915 and then in 1917–1921 and he presided over a wide range of measures such as laying the foundation of Ohios unified highway system, creating no fault workers compensation system and restricting child labor. He introduced direct primaries and municipal home rule, started educational and prison reforms, during World War I, Cox encouraged voluntary cooperation between business, labor, and government bodies. In 1918, he welcomed constitutional amendments for Prohibition and woman suffrage, Cox supported the internationalist policies of Woodrow Wilson and reluctantly supported US entry into the League of Nations. Cox claimed that teaching German was a menace to Americanism. To fight unemployment and inflation, he suggested simultaneously lower income and he promised to introduce national collective bargaining legislation and pledged his support to the Volstead Act. Cox spoke in support of Americanization to increase loyalty to the United States among immigrant population, despite all efforts, Cox was defeated in the 1920 presidential election by a fellow Ohioan and newspaperman, U. S. Senator Warren G. Harding of Marion, the public had grown weary of the turmoil of the Wilson years, and eagerly accepted Hardings call for a return to normalcy. Coxs running mate was future president, then-Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt, one of the better known analyses of the 1920 election is in Irving Stones book about defeated presidential candidates, They Also Ran. However, Cox would outlive all three men by several years, during the campaign, Cox several times recorded for The Nations Forum, a record label that made voice recordings of American political and civic leaders in 1918-1920. After stepping down from public service, he concentrated on building a media conglomerate. In 1923 he acquired the Miami Daily News and the Canton Daily News, in December 1939, he purchased the Atlanta Georgian and Journal, just a week before that city hosted the premiere of Gone with the Wind. This deal included radio station WSB, which joined his previous holdings, WHIO in Dayton and WIOD in Miami, to give him, air from the Great Lakes on the north to Latin America on the south
31.
Ohio
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Ohio /oʊˈhaɪ. oʊ/ is a Midwestern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Ohio is the 34th largest by area, the 7th most populous, the states capital and largest city is Columbus. The state takes its name from the Ohio River, the name originated from the Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning great river or large creek. Partitioned from the Northwest Territory, the state was admitted to the Union as the 17th state on March 1,1803, Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives, Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections. Six Presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state, Ohios geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo, Ohio has the nations 10th largest highway network, and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North Americas population and 70% of North Americas manufacturing capacity. To the north, Lake Erie gives Ohio 312 miles of coastline, Ohios southern border is defined by the Ohio River, and much of the northern border is defined by Lake Erie. Ohios neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Ontario Canada, to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. Ohio has only that portion of the river between the rivers 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark, the border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River. Much of Ohio features glaciated plains, with a flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills, in 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, at attempt to address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region. This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia, the worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood, the entire Miami River watershed flooded, as a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States. Grand Lake St. Marys in the west central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the era of 1820–1850. For many years this body of water, over 20 square miles, was the largest artificial lake in the world and it should be noted that Ohios canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their emergence to location on canals. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold, precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round
32.
United States Secretary of the Treasury
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This position in the Federal Government of the United States is analogous to the Minister of Finance in many other countries. The Secretary of the Treasury is a member of the Presidents Cabinet, nominees for The Secretary of the Treasury undergo a confirmation hearing before the United States Senate Committee on Finance before being confirmed by the United States Senate. The Secretary of the Treasury is a member of the U. S. National Security Council. The Secretary along with the Treasurer must sign Federal Reserve notes before they can become legal tender, the Secretary also manages the United States Emergency Economic Stabilization fund. Most of the Departments law enforcement agencies such as the U. S. Customs Service, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, secret Service were reassigned to other Departments in 2003 in conjunction with the creation of the Department of Homeland Security. The Secretary of the Treasury salary is $205,700 annually,2 Deputy Secretary of the Treasury M. Peter McPherson served as Acting Secretary of the Treasury from August 17,1988, to September 15,1988. 4 Deputy Secretary of the Treasury Kenneth W. Dam served as Acting Secretary of the Treasury from December 31,2002,5 Deputy Secretary of the Treasury Robert M. Kimmitt served as Acting Secretary of the Treasury from June 30,2006, to July 9,2006. 7 Deputy Secretary of the Treasury Neal Wolin served as Acting Secretary of the Treasury from January 25,2013, as of April 2017, there are eleven living former Secretaries of the Treasury, the oldest being George P. Shultz. The most recent Secretary of the Treasury to die was Lloyd M. Bentsen, United States Department of the Treasury
33.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
34.
Governor of New York
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The Governor of the State of New York is the chief executive of the U. S. state of New York. The governor is the head of the branch of New Yorks state government. The current governor is Andrew Cuomo, a Democrat, Cuomo won the November 2010 gubernatorial election and was sworn in as the 56th governor of the state of New York on January 1,2011. Cuomo was re-elected on November 5,2014, defeating his Republican challenger Robert Astorino, unlike the other government departments that compose the executive branch of government, the governor is themselves head of the state Executive Department. The officeholder is afforded the courtesy style of His/Her Excellency while in office, the governor of New York is often considered a potential candidate for President. Ten governors have been major-party candidates for president, and four, Martin Van Buren, Grover Cleveland, Theodore Roosevelt, six New York governors have gone on to serve as vice president. Additionally two Governors of New York, John Jay and Charles Evans Hughes, have served as Chief Justice of the United States, the office of Governor was established by the first New York State Constitution in 1777 to coincide with the calendar year. An 1874 amendment extended the term of office back to three years, but the 1894 constitution again reduced it to two years, the most recent constitution of 1938 extended the term to the current four years. The state constitution has provided since 1777 for the election of a lieutenant governor, originally, in the event of the death, resignation or impeachment of the governor, or absence from the state, the lieutenant governor would take on the governors duties and powers. Since the 1938 constitution, the lieutenant governor becomes governor upon such vacancy in the office. Although no provision exists in the constitution for it, precedent set in 2009 allows the governor to appoint a lieutenant governor should a vacancy occur, should the president pro tempore be unable to fulfill the duties, the speaker of the assembly is next in the line of succession. The lieutenant governor is elected on the ticket as the governor
35.
United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom
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The position is regarded as one of the most prestigious positions in the United States Foreign Service due to the so-called Special Relationship. The ambassadorship has been held by notable politicians, including five who would later become presidents, John Adams, James Monroe, John Quincy Adams, Martin Van Buren. However, the tendency of American presidents is to appoint keen political fundraisers from previous presidential campaigns, despite the importance. The ambassador and the staff at large work at the American Embassy in Grosvenor Square. The official residence of the ambassador is Winfield House in Regents Park, the post of Ambassador is currently vacant, however, Woody Johnson has been nominated by Donald Trump, pending senate confirmation. Lewis Lukens is currently serving as Chargé daffaires-ai until Johnson is approved by the Senate, the most recent Ambassador was Matthew Barzun. The ambassadors main duty is to present American policies to the Government of the United Kingdom and people and to report British policies and he serves as the primary channel of communication between the two nations and plays an important role in treaty negotiations. The ambassador is the head of the United Statess consular service in the United Kingdom, as well as directing diplomatic activity in support of trade, he is ultimately responsible for visa services and for the provision of consular support to American citizens in the UK. He also oversees cultural relations between the two countries, John Adams James Monroe John Quincy Adams Martin Van Buren James Buchanan Ambassadors of the United States British Embassy, Washington, D. C. state. gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/index. htm. Alison R. Holmes and J. Simon Rofe, The Embassy in Grosvenor Square, American Ambassadors to the United Kingdom, United States Department of State, Chiefs of Mission for the United Kingdom United States Department of State, United Kingdom United States Embassy in London
36.
Governor of Nebraska
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The governor of Nebraska holds the supreme executive power of the state of Nebraska as provided by the fourth article of the Nebraska Constitution. The current governor is Pete Ricketts, a Republican, who assumed office on January 8,2015, the current Lieutenant Governor is Mike Foley, who assumed office on January 8,2015. Governors of Nebraska must be at least 30 years old and have been citizens, before 1966, the governor was elected to a two-year term. The lieutenant governor is subject to the limitations and runs on a combined ticket with the governor. Governors are limited to two terms but there is no limit on the total number of terms one may serve. If the governor becomes incapacitated or is out of the state, the Lieutenant Governor acts as Governor, if there is a vacancy or permanent incapacitation, however, if both offices become vacant, the next person in the line of succession is the Speaker of the Nebraska Legislature. List of Governors of Nebraska List of Governors of Nebraska Territory Office of the Governor of Nebraska
37.
United States Senate
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The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
38.
United States Secretary of Agriculture
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The United States Secretary of Agriculture is the head of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. The current Acting Secretary is Mike Young, who has held the office since the inauguration of Donald Trump on January 20,2017, the position carries similar responsibilities to those of agriculture ministers in other governments. The 297,000 mi2 of national forests and grasslands are managed by the United States Forest Service, the safety of food produced that are produced in the United States and sold here is ensured by the United States Food Safety and Inspection Service. The Food Stamp Program works with the states to provide food to low-income people, advice for farmers and gardeners is provided by the United States Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service. The Washington Post reports that he said There are days when I have literally nothing to do, president Obama asked him to stay and asked him to look into the problem of opioid addiction. The following is a list of Secretaries of Agriculture, since the creation of the office in 1889, parties Democratic Republican As of April 2017, there are nine living former Secretaries of Agriculture, the oldest being Robert Bergland. The most recent Secretary of Agriculture to die was Clayton Yeutter, the most recently serving Secretary to die was Edward Rell Madigan on December 7,1994. United States Department of Agriculture website
39.
Edwin T. Meredith
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Edwin Thomas Meredith was founder of the Meredith Corporation and was the U. S. Secretary of Agriculture in President Woodrow Wilsons administration. Meredith was born in Avoca, Iowa on December 23,1876, to Minerva Jane and he attended Highland Park College in Des Moines. In 1894, Meredith became the manager of Farmers Tribune. Meredith married Edna C. Elliott on January 8,1896 and they resided in Des Moines and were the parents of two children, Edwin T. Ed Meredith II, and Mildred M. Bohen, Meredith ran the Farmers Tribune until 1902, when he began publishing his own magazine, Successful Farming, which reached 100,000 subscribers by 1908. Once a member of the Populist Party, he was active as a Democrat. In 1916, he ran unsuccessfully for Governor, despite his unsuccessful campaigns, Meredith maintained a high profile among rural voters and farmers because of his magazine. On February 2,1920 Meredith was appointed U. S. Secretary of Agriculture, succeeding David F. Houston and he was succeeded by Henry C. Wallace at the start of Warren G. Hardings administration in 1921, and he returned to publishing. He bought the Dairy Farmer in 1922, and later started Fruit, Garden, and Home, in 1924, Meredith supported William G. McAdoo for President. When the convention deadlocked, Meredith allowed his name to be put forward as Iowas favorite son before the nomination went to John W. Davis on the 103rd ballot, Davis personally offered the Vice Presidential nomination to Meredith, but he refused the offer. Merediths supporters planned to suggest his name for President again in 1928, Meredith died in Des Moines on June 17,1928, and was buried at Glendale Masonic Cemetery in Des Moines. After his death his company, the Meredith Corporation, continued publication of Better Homes and Gardens and he was later inducted into the Advertising Hall of Fame. In 2008, Meredith was named by Professional Remodeler magazine as one of the 11 most influential people in the history of remodeling, Edwin Thomas Meredith — Infoplease. com at www. infoplease. com
40.
Iowa
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Iowa is a U. S. state in the Midwestern United States, bordered by the Mississippi River on the east and the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River on the west. Surrounding states include Wisconsin and Illinois to the east, Missouri to the south, Nebraska and South Dakota to the west, in colonial times, Iowa was a part of French Louisiana and Spanish Louisiana, its state flag is patterned after the flag of France. After the Louisiana Purchase, people laid the foundation for an economy in the heart of the Corn Belt. Iowa is the 26th most extensive in area and the 30th most populous of the 50 United States. Its capital and largest city by population is Des Moines, Iowa has been listed as one of the safest states in which to live. Its nickname is the Hawkeye State, Iowa derives its name from the Ioway people, one of the many Native American tribes that occupied the state at the time of European exploration. Iowa is bordered by the Mississippi River on the east, the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River on the west, Iowa is the only state whose east and west borders are formed entirely by rivers. Iowa has 99 counties, but 100 county seats because Lee County has two, the state capital, Des Moines, is in Polk County. Iowas bedrock geology generally increases in age from west to east, in northwest Iowa, Cretaceous bedrock can be 74 million years old, in eastern Iowa Cambrian bedrock dates to c.500 million years ago. Iowa is generally not flat, most of the consists of rolling hills. Iowa can be divided into eight landforms based on glaciation, soils, topography, Loess hills lie along the western border of the state, some of which are several hundred feet thick. Northeast Iowa along the Mississippi River is part of the Driftless Zone, consisting of steep hills, several natural lakes exist, most notably Spirit Lake, West Okoboji Lake, and East Okoboji Lake in northwest Iowa. To the east lies Clear Lake, man-made lakes include Lake Odessa, Saylorville Lake, Lake Red Rock, Coralville Lake, Lake MacBride, and Rathbun Lake. The states northwest area has remnants of the once common wetlands. Iowas natural vegetation is tallgrass prairie and savanna in areas, with dense forest and wetlands in flood plains and protected river valleys. Most of Iowa is used for agriculture, crops cover 60% of the state, grasslands cover 30%, as of 2005 Iowa ranked 49th of U. S. states in public land holdings. Endangered or threatened plants include western prairie fringed orchid, eastern prairie fringed orchid, Meads milkweed, prairie bush clover, the explosion in the number of high-density livestock facilities in Iowa has led to increased rural water contamination and a decline in air quality. Iowa has a continental climate throughout the state
41.
Carter Glass
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Carter Glass was a newspaper publisher and Progressive politician from Lynchburg, Virginia. He served many years in the United States Congress as a member of the Democratic Party, as House co-sponsor, he played a central role in the development of the 1913 Glass–Owen Act that created the Federal Reserve System. Glass subsequently served as the U. S. Secretary of the Treasury under President Woodrow Wilson, Carter Glass was born on January 4,1858 in Lynchburg, Virginia, the last child born to Robert Henry Glass and his first wife, the former Augusta Elizabeth Christian. His mother died on January 15,1860, when Carter was only 2 years old, so his sister Nannie, ten years older, Carter, a slight boy, got his nickname, Pluck, for his pugnacious willingness to stand up to bullies. His father, Robert Henry Glass was Lynchburgs postmaster beginning in 1853, Major Glass ultimately remarried and had seven additional children, including Meta Glass (president of Sweet Briar College and Edward Christian Glass. When American Civil War broke out, Lynchburg was pro-Union but also pro-slavery, since its economy depended on the manufacture of tobacco as well as slave-trading and the new railroads. R. H. Glass volunteered and joined the Virginia forces in 1861, and then joined the Confederate Army, Floyd, a former Governor of Virginia. Although Glasss father survived the Civil War,18 of his mothers relatives did not, in poverty-stricken Virginia during the post-War period, the young Glass received only a basic education at a private school run by one-legged former Confederate Henry L. Daviess. However, his father kept an extensive library and he became an apprentice printer to his father when he was 13 years old, and continued his education through reading. Carter Glass read Plato, Edmund Burke and William Shakespeare, among others that stimulated a lifelong intellectual interest, in 1876, Major Glass accepted an offer to edit the Petersburg News, and Carter joined him as a journeyman printer. Not long afterward, Major Glass accepted the editorship of the Danville Post, but Carter did not join him, when Glass was 19 years old, he moved with his father to Petersburg. Glass was a clerk in the office at the railroads headquarters. Several years later, under new owners and with headquarters relocated to Roanoke, however, by then Glass had found the newspaper job he had initially wanted. At the age of 22, Glass finally became a reporter and he rose to become the morning newspapers editor by 1887. The following year, the retired and offered Glass an option to purchase the business. Desperate to find financial backing, Glass received the assistance from a relative who loaned him enough for a $100 down payment on the $13,000 deal. Free to write and publish whatever he wished, Glass wrote bold editorials and encouraged tougher reporting in the morning paper, soon, Glass was able to acquire the afternoon Daily Advance, then to buy out the competing Daily Republican. Thus he became Lynchburgs sole newspaper publisher, the modern-day Lynchburg News, as a prominent and respected newspaper editor, Glass often supported candidates who ran against Virginias Democrats of the post-Reconstruction period, who he felt were promoting bad fiscal policy
42.
Virginia
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Virginia is a state located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, as well as in the historic Southeast. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, the capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond, Virginia Beach is the most populous city, and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealths estimated population as of 2014 is over 8.3 million, the areas history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony, slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colonys early politics and plantation economy. Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, the Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World. The state government was ranked most effective by the Pew Center on the States in both 2005 and 2008 and it is unique in how it treats cities and counties equally, manages local roads, and prohibits its governors from serving consecutive terms. Virginias economy changed from agricultural to industrial during the 1960s and 1970s. Virginia has an area of 42,774.2 square miles, including 3,180.13 square miles of water. Virginias boundary with Maryland and Washington, D. C. extends to the mark of the south shore of the Potomac River. The southern border is defined as the 36° 30′ parallel north, the border with Tennessee was not settled until 1893, when their dispute was brought to the U. S. Supreme Court. The Chesapeake Bay separates the portion of the Commonwealth from the two-county peninsula of Virginias Eastern Shore. The bay was formed from the river valleys of the Susquehanna River. Many of Virginias rivers flow into the Chesapeake Bay, including the Potomac, Rappahannock, York, and James, the Tidewater is a coastal plain between the Atlantic coast and the fall line. It includes the Eastern Shore and major estuaries of Chesapeake Bay, the Piedmont is a series of sedimentary and igneous rock-based foothills east of the mountains which were formed in the Mesozoic era. The region, known for its clay soil, includes the Southwest Mountains around Charlottesville. The Blue Ridge Mountains are a province of the Appalachian Mountains with the highest points in the state. The Ridge and Valley region is west of the mountains and includes the Great Appalachian Valley, the region is carbonate rock based and includes Massanutten Mountain. The Cumberland Plateau and the Cumberland Mountains are in the southwest corner of Virginia, in this region, rivers flow northwest, with a dendritic drainage system, into the Ohio River basin
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Democratic National Committee
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The Democratic National Committee is the formal governing body for the United States Democratic Party. The committee coordinates strategy to support Democratic Party candidates throughout the country for local, state and it organizes the Democratic National Convention held every four years to nominate and confirm a candidate for president, and to formulate the party platform. While it provides support for party candidates, it not have direct authority over elected officials. The DNC is composed of the chairs and vice-chairs of each state Democratic Party committee and over 200 members elected by Democrats in all 50 states and its chairperson is elected by the committee. It conducts fundraising to support its activities, the DNC was established at the 1848 Democratic National Convention. The DNCs main counterpart is the Republican National Committee, the DNC is responsible for articulating and promoting the Democratic platform and coordinating party organizational activity. When the president is a Democrat, the party generally works closely with the president, there are state committees in every state, as well as local committees in most cities, wards, and towns. The chairperson of the DNC is elected by vote of members of the Democratic National Committee, primary elections, in particular, are invariably conducted by state governments according to their own laws. Outside of the process of nominating a candidate, the DNCs role in actually selecting candidates to run on the party ticket is minimal. All DNC members are superdelegates to the Democratic National Convention whose role can influence a close primary race, sitting Democratic governors and members of Congress. Distinguished party leaders, consisting of current and former presidents, vice presidents, congressional leaders, in the 2002 election cycle, the DNC and its affiliated committees raised a total of US $162,062,084, 42% of which was hard money. The largest contributor, with US $7,297,937 was the Saban Capital Group, fred Eychaner, the owner of Newsweb Corporation, gave the second highest amount of money to the DNC and its affiliates, US $5,175,000. The third largest contributor was Steve Bing of Shangri-La Entertainment, who gave US $4,758,000, in the 2006 election cycle, the DNC raised a total of US $37,939,887. The three largest contributors were investment bank Goldman Sachs, university of California and Pond North LLP. The DNC introduced a fund raising campaign, the Democracy Bonds program. There were only 31,000 Democracy Bond donors by May 2006, the program no longer is in place. In the 2016 election cycle, the DNC raised a total of US $75,945,536 as of July 21,2016, the three largest contributors were hedge fund Renaissance Technologies, Newsweb Corp and Total Wine. In July 2015, during the 2016 election cycle, the DNC, led by Debbie Wasserman-Schultz, Chair, Tom Perez, former U. S. Secretary of Labor under Barack Obama Deputy Chair, Keith Ellison, U. S. S
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Homer Stille Cummings
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Homer Stille Cummings was a U. S. political figure who was United States Attorney General from 1933 to 1939. He also was elected mayor of Stamford, Connecticut, three times before, founding the firm of Cummings & Lockwood in 1909. He later served as chairman of Democratic National Committee between 1919 and 1920, practicing law in Stamford, he joined with Charles D. Lockwood in 1909 to form Cummings & Lockwood, remaining a partner in the firm until 1933. Just three years after entering private practice, Cummings supported William Jennings Bryans 1896 presidential bid, with Connecticut Democrats then nominating him for Secretary of State, as a Progressive whose oratorical skills made him a dramatic trial lawyer, Cummings seemed a natural for the political arena. In 1900,1901, and 1904, Cummings was elected mayor of Stamford, at the time of his first election, he began a quarter-century of service as a committeeman from Connecticut with the national Democratic party. As mayor, he helped construct and improve streets and sewers, reorganized the police and fire departments, nominated for congressman-at-large in 1902 and for U. S. Senator in 1910 and 1916, he lost all three races by narrow margins, despite evidence that included a confession and a. In 1931, the National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement praised this act, during the bitterly divided 1924 Democratic National Convention, Cummings made an attempt to calm the delegates by formulating a compromise plank on the controversial issue of the Ku Klux Klan. Unlike most Northeasteners, however, he supported William G. McAdoo over Alfred E. Smith for the presidential nomination, Cummings was married four times, the first two ending in divorce. In 1897, he wed Helen W. Smith, a union that lasted 10 years, the couple had one son, Dickinson Schuyler Cummings. His 1909 marriage to Marguerite T. Owings also ended in divorce in 1928. The following year, Mary Cecilia Waterbury became his bride, a marriage lasted until her death in 1939, upon which he had a memoir, The Tired Sea. In 1942, he married Julia Alter, who died in 1955, after nearly a decade out of the spotlight, Cummings reentered politics. Following the election, Roosevelt chose Cummings as governor-general of the Philippines, Roosevelt named Cummings to lead the Justice Department upon taking office on March 4,1933. Cummings accepted the post on a temporary, emergency basis, before and he served almost six years as attorney general, only William Wirt, Janet Reno, and Eric Holder had longer tenures in the position. Cummings transformed the Department of Justice by establishing rules of practice. In 1937, Cummings published We Can Prevent Crime, and, with Carl McFarlan, an assistant attorney general, Federal Justice, the Selected Papers of Homer Cummings, edited by Carl B. Cummings personally argued the right of the government to ban gold payments before the U. S. Supreme Court, however, during 1935–1936, the Court overthrew eight key statutes, including the National Industrial Recovery Act and the Agricultural Adjustment Act
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A Broken Party (1924) Conventional Wisdom, 5:56, 2016, Retro Report[2]
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