1.
Women's World Games
–
The Womens World Games were the first international womens sports events in track and field. The games were four times between 1922 and 1934. They were established by Alice Milliat and the Fédération Sportive Féminine Internationale to compensate for the lack of sports at the Olympic Games. The games were an important step towards equality in sports. A forerunner tournament was held in Monte Carlo in March 1921, women were allowed to take part in the Olympic games since 1900. In 1919 Milliat started discussions with the International Olympic Committee and the IAAF to also include womens track, on refusal Milliat organised a first competition in 1921 called the Womens Olympiad in Monte Carlo, further editions were held in 1922 and 1923. A European version of the games was hosted in 1931 in Florence and was known as the Olimpiadi della Grazia. In response to the refusal of the IAAF to include events in the 1924 Olympic Games the FSFI also organized the first Womens Olympic Games in Paris in 1922. The IOC objected to the FSFI using the word Olympic in the title of its events, after negotiations the IOC and the IAAF therefore agreed to include 10 athletic events in the 1928 Olympic Games and in exchange Milliat altered the title to Womens World Games. They finally included only 5 events and only as an experiment, the FSFI did not find this satisfactory and organised the third Womens World Games in Prague in 1930 and the fourth games in London in 1934. The FSFI ceased operations in 1938 without ever accepting or rejecting the IAAFs decisions, four regular events were held, a planned 5th was cancelled as women participated in the 1938 European Athletics Championships
2.
Slottsskogsvallen
–
Slottsskogsvallen is a multi-use stadium in Gothenburg, Sweden. It is currently used mostly for football and athletics and it was the home ground of Kopparbergs/Göteborg FC till 2006. The stadium holds 8,480 people and was built in 1923 and it is counted as one of the most beautiful arenas in Sweden. It hosted the second Womens World Games in 1926, the Swedish athlete Gunder Hägg started his record-breaking streak at Slotsskogsvallen in 1942. The annual half marathon race, Göteborgsvarvet, the worlds largest half marathon race, the annual Göteborg Marathon starts and finishes in the arena
3.
Gothenburg
–
Gothenburg is the second-largest city in Sweden and the fifth-largest in the Nordic countries. Situated by Kattegat, on the west coast of Sweden, the city has a population of approximately 550,000 in the urban area, Gothenburg was founded as a heavily fortified, primarily Dutch, trading colony, by royal charter in 1621 by King Gustavus Adolphus. At a key location at the mouth of the Göta älv, where Scandinavias largest drainage basin enters the sea. Gothenburg is home to students, as the city includes the University of Gothenburg. Volvo was founded in Gothenburg in 1927, the original, parent Volvo Group and the now separate Volvo Car Corporation are still headquartered on the island of Hisingen in the city. Other key companies are SKF and Astra Zeneca, Gothenburg is served by Göteborg Landvetter Airport 30 km southeast of the city center. The smaller Göteborg City Airport,15 km from the city center, was closed to airline traffic in 2015. The city hosts some of the largest annual events in Scandinavia, the Gothenburg Film Festival, held in January since 1979, is the leading Scandinavian film festival with over 155,000 visitors each year. In summer, a variety of music festivals are held in the city, such as Way Out West. The city was named after the Geats, the inhabitants of Gothia, the river on which the city sits is the Göta älv or Gothia River. Göta borg Gothia Fortress is the fort on the Göta Älv, in Dutch, Scots, and English, all languages with a long history in this trade and maritime-oriented city, the name Gothenburg is used for the city. The French form of the city name is Gothembourg, but in French texts, Gothenburg can also be seen in some older English texts. In Spanish the city is called Gotemburgo and these traditional forms are sometimes replaced with the use of the Swedish Göteborg, for example by The Göteborg Opera and the Göteborg Ballet. However, Göteborgs universitet, previously designated as the Göteborg University in English, the Gothenburg municipality has also reverted to the use of the English name in international contexts. Other old variations in Swedish are Götheborgh, and the more common Götheborg, one English text, written in the late 15th century, states the name as Guthaeborg. In 2009, the city launched a new logotype for Gothenburg. Since the name Göteborg contains the Swedish letter ö the idea was to make the more international. As of 2015, the name is spelled Go, teborg on a number of signs in the city
4.
Alice Milliat
–
Alice Milliat was a pioneer of womens sport in France and around the world. Her lobbying on behalf of female athletes forced the inclusion of events in the Olympic Games. Milliat, a translator by profession participated in the sport of rowing and she was also an avid swimmer and hockey player. A member of Femina Sport, a club founded in 1911, she helped form the Federation Francaise Sportive Feminine in 1917, in 1921 she organized the first international womens sporting event in Monte Carlo. She is credited with igniting the pressure on the Olympic Games to allow more female representation in a range of sports. Her name is engraved on the pediment of a gymnasium in the 14th arrondisement in Paris, baron Pierre de Coubertin, a prominent Frenchman, is credited with reviving the Olympic Games and founding the IOC in 1894. 1900 was the first Olympics to allow women athletes, but only in the sports of golf, eventually, the Olympics integrated womens swimming and other events into the games. However, track and field events for women remained conspicuously absent from the Olympics In 1919, Milliat asked the IAAF to include womens track, on 31 October 1921, Milliat formed La Fédération Sportive Féminine Internationale to oversee international womens sporting events. The FSFI decided to hold a Womens Olympic Games, which would include all sports, the first informal iteration of the games occurred in 1921 Monte Carlo, and due to the lack of a running track, took place on a pigeon shooting field. In 1922, the experiment was revived, again in Monte Carlo, eleven athletics events were conducted and the 20,000 strong crowd saw eighteen athletes break world records. Infuriated by the use of the term Olympic Games the IOC convinced Milliat and the FSFI to change the name of their event in exchange for adding 10 womens events to the 1928 Olympics. Ten teams took part in this edition of the Games. The Olympic Games and de Coubertin, due to pressure from the FSFI, eventually integrated five womens track, however, to Milliat, this was not enough, since men were allowed to compete in 22 events. The British womens team boycotted the Amsterdam games for the same reason, two further Games were held in Prague in 1930 and in London in 1934. After these games, Milliat issued an ultimatum, fully integrate the 1936 Olympics, to this day, the Olympics does not offer an equal slate of mens and womens sports. However, Milliats pressure greatly expanded womens representation at the Olympics, in a 1934 interview, Milliat said, Womens sports of all kinds are handicapped in my country by the lack of playing space. As we have no vote, we can not make our needs publicly felt, I always tell my girls that the vote is one of the things they will have to work for if France is to keep its place with the other nations in the realm of feminine sport. Milliat was once married for four years and was then widowed, in 1934 Milliat spoke to an interviewer from the Womens Magazine Independent Woman. In her statement, she advocated for suffrage in France
5.
International Olympic Committee
–
The International Olympic Committee is the supreme authority of the worldwide Olympic movement. It is an international, non-profit, non-governmental organization based in Lausanne and its mission is enshrined in the Olympic Charter, to support the development of competitive sport by ethical and environmentally sustainable means. The IOC was created by Pierre de Coubertin, on 23 June 1894 with Demetrios Vikelas as its first president, today its membership consists of 100 active members,32 honorary members, and 1 honour member. The IOC is the authority of the worldwide modern Olympic movement. The IOC organises the modern Olympic Games and Youth Olympic Games, held in summer and winter, the first Summer Olympics organised by the IOC was held in Athens, Greece, in 1896, the first Winter Olympics was in Chamonix, France, in 1924. Until 1992, both Summer and Winter Olympics were held in the same year, the first Summer Youth Olympics were in Singapore in 2010 and the first Winter Youth Olympics were held in Innsbruck in 2012. In 2009, the UN General Assembly granted the IOC Permanent Observer status and this decision enables the IOC to be directly involved in the UN Agenda and to attend UN General Assembly meetings where it can take the floor. This has provided the possibility to promote sport at a new level, during each proclamation at the Olympics, announcers speak in different languages, French is always spoken first followed by an English translation and the dominant language of the host nation. The stated mission of the International Olympic Committee is to promote Olympic throughout the world and it is the IOC’s supreme organ and its decisions are final. Extraordinary Sessions may be convened by the President or upon the written request of at least one third of the members, among others, the powers of the Session are, To adopt or amend the Olympic Charter. To elect the members of the IOC, the Honorary President, to elect the President, the Vice-Presidents and all other members of the IOC Executive Board. To elect the host city of the Olympic Games, the Olympic Laurel is awarded to individuals for promoting education, culture, development, and peace through sport. For most of its existence, the IOC was controlled by members who were selected by other members, countries that had hosted the Games were allowed two members. When named, they did not become the representatives of their countries to the IOC. The membership of IOC members ceases in the circumstances, Resignation. Non re-election, any IOC member ceases to be a member without further formality if they are not re-elected, age limit, any IOC member ceases to be a member at the end of the calendar year during which they reach the age of 80. Failure to attend Sessions or take part in IOC work for two consecutive years. Transfer of domicile or of main center of interests to an other than the country which was theirs at the time of their election
6.
Kinue Hitomi
–
Kinue Hitomi was a Japanese athlete. She was the record holder in several events in the 1920s – 1930s and was the first Japanese woman to win an Olympic medal. Hitomi was born in what is now part of Okayama-City, in November 1923 during the 2nd Okayama Prefectural Women’s Games, she set an unofficial national record of 4m67 in the long jump event. In April 1924, Hitomi entered what is now the Japan Womens College of Physical Education and she returned to Okayama in October 1924 to participate in the 3rd Okayama Prefectural Women’s Games, where she set an unofficial world record of 10m33 in the triple jump event. She bested this record the following month at the 1924 Meiji Shrine Games in Tokyo, with a distance of 11m35 and also set an unofficial world record for the Javelin throw of 26m37. In October 1925, Hitomi participated in the 4th Osaka Games, winning first place in the 50 metres event, in the 1925 Meiji Shrine Games in Tokyo, she won both the 50 metres event and the triple jump. In April 1926, Hitomi went to work for the Osaka Mainichi Shimbun newspaper, in May, she set new unofficial national records for the long jump, shot put, 100m hurdles at the 3rd Women’s Olympics held by the newspaper at Miyoshino. In June, in a completion sponsored by the Tokyo Mainichi Shimbun newspaper, she set new national records for the long jump. In August 1926, Hitomi was selected to attend the 2èmes Jeux mondiaux féminins FSFI games at Gothenburg and she travelled by the Trans-Siberian Railway alone to Moscow, where a reporter from the Mainichi Shimbun met her and escorted her to Sweden. She also received a prize from Alice Milliat, president of Fédération Sportive Féminine Internationale for the most individual points at 15. In May 1927, at the 3rd Women’s Athletic Meet at Meiji Shrine in Tokyo and she also tied the world record for the 100-meter run at a meet in Osaka in June. At a meet in Tokyo in October of the same year, Hitomi continued to set unofficial new world records in early 1928, with the 400-meter run and 100-meter sprint in Tokyo. At the Olympic qualifying event in Osaka, she set new world records for the long jump and the 100-meter spring. During the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam, Hitomi was the only Japanese woman athlete to compete and she entered the 100m, discus, and high jump individual events but had been concentrating most on the 100m. However, she lost this event in semifinals and she then decided to join 800m in haste, and as last-minute entries were still permitted, she was allowed to compete. Hitomi passed by 2,26.2 in the preliminary and she became the first Japanese woman to win an Olympic medal. In April 1929 Hitomi achieved 217 points in the setting an unofficial world record at the 6th Japan Women’s Olympics at Miyoshino. In May, she set an world record for the 200-meter run with a time 24.7 seconds in Tokyo
7.
60 metres
–
60 metres is a sprint event in track and field athletics. It is an event for indoor championships, normally dominated by the best outdoor 100 metres runners. At outdoor venues it is a distance, at least for senior athletes. The 60 metres was an Olympic event in the 1900 and 1904 Summer Games but was removed from the schedule thereafter. American Maurice Greene currently holds the world record in the 60 metres with a time of 6.39. In the past, it was common for athletes to compete in the 60 yards race and this is not part of the lineage of the 60 metres, but is the predecessor of the 55 metres race. Indoor results only A = affected by altitude Correct as of March 2017, andre Cason also ran 6.45,6.46. Ronnie Baker also ran 6.46,6.47, + = en route to 100m mark Correct as of February 2017. Merlene Ottey also ran 6.97,6.99, gail Devers also ran 6.98,6.99. + = en route to 100m mark Note, The original winner in 1987 was Ben Johnson, notes, A Known as the World Indoor Games The original silver medal winner in 1987 was Angella Issajenko, who was disqualified in 1989 after admitting long term drug use. The original winner in 2003 was Zhanna Block, who was stripped of the title in 2011, All-time mens best 60 metres from alltime-athletics. com All-time womens best 60 metres from alltime-athletics. com
United Kingdom
France
Sweden
Czechoslovakia
Japan
Poland
Latvia