1.
1924 in Australia
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See also,1923 in Australia, other events of 1924,1925 in Australia and the Timeline of Australian history. 26 January – 3AR, Victorias first radio station, begins broadcasting,30 January – The first Cabinet meeting was held in Canberra. The ministers met and also lodged at Yarralumla House, later the residence of the Governor-General,1 February – The Australian Loan Council meets for the first time. 12 April – HMAS Australia is scuttled off Sydney Heads,28 April – In the Parliament of Victoria, the coalition between the Nationalist Party and the Country Party breaks down. Premier Harry Lawson retires to the backbench, and Sir Alexander Peacock is sworn in as Premier,12 May – Royal assent is given to the Parliamentary Elections Act 1924, allowing women to stand for parliament in Victoria. 26 June – A general election is held in Victoria,18 July – After the Victorian state election, the Country Party agrees to support a minority Labor government, and George Prendergast is sworn in as Premier of Victoria. 29 July - The 1924 NSWRFL season culminates in Balmains victory over South Sydney in the final,10 October – The Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 is enacted making voting in federal elections compulsory. 13 October - the inaugural Better Farming Train commenced a tour of Gippsland,18 November – The Country Party resolves its differences with the Nationalist Party, and votes to defeat Premier George Prendergast in the Victorian Legislative Assembly. Country Party leader John Allan replaces him as Premier of Victoria
2.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
3.
1927 in Australia
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See also,1926 in Australia, other events of 1927,1928 in Australia and the Timeline of Australian history. 8 February – A cyclone makes landfall north of Cairns, causing flooding at Halifax Bay, Ingham, Innisfail, Tully, Cardwell, thirty-six people are killed, and twenty are missing. 9 April – A general election is held in Victoria,3 May – The Australasian Council of Trade Unions is formed at the All-Australian Trade Union Congress in Melbourne. 9 May – Parliament House in Canberra is officially opened by the Duke of York,20 May – Following a swing to the ALP in the Victorian election, Edmond Hogan forms a minority Labor government with Progressive support, and takes over as Premier of Victoria from John Allan. 29 June – Charles Kingsford Smith and his copilot Charles Ulm complete a flight in ten days. 27 October – Melbourne gangster Squizzy Taylor is killed in a shootout with Sydney gangsters in Carlton,3 November – The Sydney ferry Greycliffe is cut in half by the liner RMS Tahiti, killing 40 persons. Professor Thomas Parnell begins the pitch drop experiment at the University of Queensland and it will go on to become the worlds longest continuously-running scientific experiment. George Washington Lambert wins the Archibald Prize 27 August – Ronald McMurdo wins the national marathon title. The race was not considered an official Australian championship by the national athletics federation,1 November – Trivalve wins the Melbourne Cup
4.
1929 in Australia
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See also,1928 in Australia, other events of 1929,1930 in Australia and the Timeline of Australian history. The subsequent torrent floods the town of Derby, killing fourteen people,3 June – Fremantle, Western Australia is proclaimed a city. 12 October – A federal election is held, james Scullin leads the Australian Labor Party to victory over the incumbent government of Stanley Bruce. Bruce becomes the first Prime Minister to lose his seat in an election,30 November – A state election is held in Victoria. 12 December – Premier of Victoria William Murray McPherson refuses to resign after the election and he retires, with Edmond Hogan assuming the premiership. 16 December – Rothbury Riot in which police shoot at locked out miners,18 January – Sir John Longstaff wins the 1928 Archibald Prize for his portrait of Alexander Leeper. 3 January – Don Bradman makes 112 for Australia v England in the third Test match at Melbourne,5 November – Nightmarch wins the Melbourne Cup. The Australia national rugby team embarked on the 1929–30 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain. New South Wales wins the Sheffield Shield England defeats Australia 4-1 in The Ashes series South Sydney win the 1929 New South Wales Rugby Football League premiership, collingwood football club win their third consecutive AFL Priemiership flag, after an undefeated home and away season
5.
1926
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January 1 Flooding of the Rhine River struck Cologne,50,000 were forced to evacuate their homes. Irelands first regular service, 2RN, began broadcasting. January 3 – Theodoros Pangalos declared himself dictator in Greece, January 6 – The airline Deutsche Luft Hansa was founded in Berlin. January 8 – Abdul-Aziz ibn Saud was crowned King of Hejaz and it was a precursor to Gosden and Corrells more popular later program, Amos n Andy. January 16 – A BBC comic radio play broadcast by Ronald Knox about a revolution caused a panic in London. January 21 – The Belgian Parliament accepted the Locarno Treaties, January 26 – Scottish inventor John Logie Baird demonstrated a mechanical television system for members of the Royal Institution and a reporter from The Times at his London laboratory. January 29 – Eugene ONeills The Great God Brown opened at the Greenwich Theatre, January 31 – British and Belgian troops left Cologne. February 1 – Land on Broadway and Wall Street in New York City was sold at a record $7 per sq inch, february 8 – Seán OCaseys The Plough and the Stars opened at the Abbey Theatre in Dublin. February 9 – Flooding hit London suburbs, february 12 – The Irish minister for Justice, Kevin OHiggins, appointed the Committee on Evil Literature. February 20 – The Berlin International Green Week debuted in Berlin, february 25 – Francisco Franco became General of Spain. March 6 – The Shakespeare Memorial Theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon is destroyed by fire, march 6 – The first commercial air route to South Africa is established by Alan Cobham. March 16 – Robert Goddard launches the first liquid-fuel rocket, at Auburn, march 23 – Éamon de Valera organises Fianna Fáil in Ireland. April 4 – Greek dictator Theodoros Pangalos won the election with 93. 3% of the vote. Turnout was light as the result was considered a foregone conclusion, april 7 – An assassination attempt against Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini fails. April 12 – By a vote of 45–41, the United States Senate unseats Iowa Senator Smith W. Brookhart and seats Daniel F. Steck, april 17 – Zhang Zuolins army captured Beijing. April 24 – Treaty of Berlin, Germany and the Soviet Union each pledged neutrality in the event of an attack on the other by a party for the next five years. April 25 – Rezā Khan was crowned Shah of Iran under the name Pahlevi, april 30 – African-American pilot Bessie Coleman was killed after falling 500 feet from an airplane. May 3 – Coal miners were locked out in Britain, may 4 – The United Kingdom general strike began at midnight in support of the coal strike
6.
Monarch
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A monarch is the sovereign head of state in a monarchy. A monarch may exercise the highest authority and power in the state, alternatively, an individual may become monarch by conquest, acclamation or a combination of means. A monarch usually reigns for life or until abdication, if a young child is crowned the monarch, a regent is often appointed to govern until the monarch reaches the requisite adult age to rule. A monarch can reign in multiple monarchies simultaneously, for example, the monarchy of Canada and the monarchy of the United Kingdom are separate states, but they share the same monarch through personal union. Monarchs, as such, bear a variety of titles — king or queen, prince or princess, emperor or empress, archduke, duke or grand duke, Prince is sometimes used as a generic term to refer to any monarch regardless of title, especially in older texts. A king can also be a husband and a queen can be a kings wife. If both people in a reign, neither person is generally considered to be a consort. Monarchy is political or sociocultural in nature, and is associated with hereditary rule. Most monarchs, both historically and in the present day, have been born and brought up within a royal family, different systems of succession have been used, such as proximity of blood, primogeniture, agnatic seniority, Salic law, etc. In an elective monarchy, the monarch is elected but otherwise serves as any other monarch, historical examples of elective monarchy include the Holy Roman Emperors and the free election of kings of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In recent centuries, many states have abolished the monarchy and become republics, advocacy of government by a republic is called republicanism, while advocacy of monarchy is called monarchism. A principal advantage of hereditary monarchy is the continuity of national leadership. In cases where the monarch serves mostly as a ceremonial figure real leadership does not depend on the monarch, a form of government may in fact be hereditary without being considered monarchy, such as a family dictatorship. Monarchies take a variety of forms, such as the two co-princes of Andorra, positions held simultaneously by the Roman Catholic Bishop of Urgel and the elected President of France. Similarly, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia is considered a monarch despite only holding the position for five years at a time, hereditary succession within one patrilineal family has been most common, with preference for children over siblings, sons over daughters. Other European realms practice one form or another of primogeniture, whereunder a lord was succeeded by his eldest son or, if he had none, by his brother, the system of tanistry was semi-elective and gave weight also to ability and merit. The Salic law, practiced in France and in the Italian territories of the House of Savoy, in most fiefs, in the event of the demise of all legitimate male members of the patrilineage, a female of the family could succeed. Spain today continues this model of succession law, in the form of cognatic primogeniture, in more complex medieval cases, the sometimes conflicting principles of proximity and primogeniture battled, and outcomes were often idiosyncratic
7.
George V
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George V was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until his death in 1936. He was the son of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales. From the time of his birth, he was third in the line of succession behind his father and his own brother, Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence. From 1877 to 1891, George served in the Royal Navy, on the death of his grandmother in 1901, Georges father became King-Emperor of the British Empire, and George was created Prince of Wales. He succeeded his father in 1910 and he was the only Emperor of India to be present at his own Delhi Durbar. His reign saw the rise of socialism, communism, fascism, Irish republicanism, the Parliament Act 1911 established the supremacy of the elected British House of Commons over the unelected House of Lords. In 1917, George became the first monarch of the House of Windsor, in 1924 he appointed the first Labour ministry and in 1931 the Statute of Westminster recognised the dominions of the Empire as separate, independent states within the Commonwealth of Nations. He had health problems throughout much of his reign and at his death was succeeded by his eldest son. George was born on 3 June 1865, in Marlborough House and he was the second son of the Prince and Princess of Wales, Albert Edward and Alexandra. His father was the eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert and he was baptised at Windsor Castle on 7 July 1865 by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Longley. As a younger son of the Prince of Wales, there was expectation that George would become king. He was third in line to the throne, after his father and elder brother, George was only 17 months younger than Albert Victor, and the two princes were educated together. John Neale Dalton was appointed as their tutor in 1871, neither Albert Victor nor George excelled intellectually. For three years from 1879, the brothers served on HMS Bacchante, accompanied by Dalton. They toured the colonies of the British Empire in the Caribbean, South Africa and Australia, and visited Norfolk, Virginia, as well as South America, the Mediterranean, Egypt, Dalton wrote an account of their journey entitled The Cruise of HMS Bacchante. Between Melbourne and Sydney, Dalton recorded a sighting of the Flying Dutchman, after Lausanne, the brothers were separated, Albert Victor attended Trinity College, Cambridge, while George continued in the Royal Navy. He travelled the world, visiting many areas of the British Empire, during his naval career he commanded Torpedo Boat 79 in home waters then HMS Thrush on the North America station, before his last active service in command of HMS Melampus in 1891–92. From then on, his rank was largely honorary
8.
Governor-general
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Governor-General or governor general, in modern usage, is the title of an office-holder appointed to represent the monarch of a sovereign state in the governing of an independent realm. Governors-General have also previously been appointed in respect of major colonial states or other territories held by either a monarchy or republic, in modern usage, the term governor-general originated in those British colonies which became self-governing within the British Empire. In these cases, the Crowns representative in the federated Dominion was given the title of governor general. Another non-federal state, Newfoundland, was a Dominion for 16 years with the Kings representative retaining the title of governor throughout this time, since 2016, the title governor-general has been given to all representatives of the sovereign in independent Commonwealth realms. In these countries the governor-general acts as the representative, performing the ceremonial and constitutional functions of a head of state. The only other nation which uses the designation is Iran. In Iran, the authority is headed by a governor general. As such they held the prerogative powers of the monarch. The monarch or imperial government could overrule any governor-general, though this could often be cumbersome, the governors-general are entitled to wear a unique uniform, which are not generally worn today. If of the rank of general, equivalent or above. The report resulting from the 1926 Imperial Conference stated, in other words, the political reality of a self-governing Dominion within the British Empire with a governor-general answerable to the sovereign became clear. British interference in the Dominion was not acceptable and independent country status was clearly displayed, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand were clearly not controlled by the United Kingdom. The governor-general, however, is appointed by the monarch. Executive authority is vested in the monarch, though much of it can be exercisable only by the governor-general on behalf of the sovereign of the independent realm. Except in rare cases, the only acts in accordance with constitutional convention and upon the advice of the national prime minister. The governor-general is still the representative of the sovereign and performs the same duties as they carried out historically. In some realms, the monarch could in principle overrule a governor-general, in Australia the present Queen is generally assumed to be head of state, since the governor-general and the state governors are defined as her representatives. However, since the governor-general performs almost all national regal functions, to a lesser extent, uncertainty has been expressed in Canada as to which officeholder—the monarch, the governor general, or both—can be considered the head of state
9.
John Baird, 1st Viscount Stonehaven
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Baird was born in Chelsea, London, the son of Sir Alexander Baird, 1st Baronet, and the Hon. Annette Maria, daughter of Lawrence Palk, 1st Baron Haldon. He was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, and he was commissioned in the Lanarkshire Yeomanry. In 1894 he served as an aide-de-camp to the Governor of New South Wales and he was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1904 and retired from the Diplomatic Service in 1908. He was a Deputy Lieutenant for Kincardineshire from 5 January 1900 and he also fought in the First World War where he was mentioned in despatches and awarded the Distinguished Service Order. In January 1919 he became Joint Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Munitions, already in April 1919 he was made Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department, which he remained until the coalition government fell in October 1922. Bonar Law became Prime Minister the same month, and appointed Baird Minister of Transport and he was sworn of the Privy Council a few days later. In the November 1922 general election, he was returned for Ayr Burghs, in December, after the Conservatives returned to power, he accepted the position of Governor-General of Australia. In accordance with the practice, the Australian Prime Minister, Stanley Bruce, had been offered a number of choices, including a Duke, a Marquess and an Earl. Bruce opted for Baird partly because of his experience and partly because he was a more modest figure than the aristocratic alternatives. In June 1925 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Stonehaven, of Ury in the County of Kincardine, lord Stonehaven arrived in Australia in October 1925. He quickly established good relations with Bruce, with whom he had much in common, from now on the Governor-Generals sole role was to be a personal representative of the Crown. There were other changes during Stonehavens term and this meant an end to travelling between government houses in Sydney and Melbourne and made the post of Governor-General less expensive. At the same time, the advent of aviation, of which Stonehaven was a keen exponent, although the Parliament was only a year old, Stonehaven agreed at once, the days when Governors-General exercised a discretion in this area had passed. Bruces party was defeated at the October election, and Bruce also lost his own seat, the Labor leader, James Scullin, took office in January 1930. Stonehavens relations with Scullin were correct but not friendly, since his political sympathies lay elsewhere and it was probably fortunate for him that his term expired in 1930, before the crises of the Scullin government began. Stonehaven was not consulted by Scullin about the choice of his successor, during his term as Governor-General, he was also Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of New South Wales. On his return to Britain he was appointed Chairman of the Conservative Party in 1931, in 1938 he was further honoured when he was made Viscount Stonehaven, of Ury in the County of Kincardine. Lord Stonehaven married Lady Sydney Keith-Falconer, daughter of the 9th Earl of Kintore and they had two sons and three daughters
10.
Prime minister
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A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. In many systems, the prime minister selects and may dismiss members of the cabinet. In most systems, the minister is the presiding member. In parliamentary systems fashioned after the Westminster system, the minister is the presiding and actual head of government. In such systems, the head of state or the head of states official representative usually holds a ceremonial position. The prime minister is often, but not always, a member of the Legislature or the Lower House thereof and is expected with other ministers to ensure the passage of bills through the legislature. In some monarchies the monarch may also exercise powers that are constitutionally vested in the crown. The first actual usage of the prime minister or Premier Ministre was used by Cardinal Richelieu when in 1625 he was named to head the royal council as prime minister of France. Louis XIV and his descendants generally attempted to avoid giving this title to their chief ministers, the term prime minister in the sense that we know it originated in the 18th century in the United Kingdom when members of parliament disparagingly used the title in reference to Sir Robert Walpole. Over time, however, the title became honorific and remains so in the 21st century, the monarchs of England and the United Kingdom had ministers in whom they placed special trust and who were regarded as the head of the government. Examples were Thomas Cromwell under Henry VIII, William Cecil, Lord Burghley under Elizabeth I, Clarendon under Charles II and these ministers held a variety of formal posts, but were commonly known as the minister, the chief minister, the first minister and finally the prime minister. The power of ministers depended entirely on the personal favour of the monarch. Although managing the parliament was among the skills of holding high office. Although there was a cabinet, it was appointed entirely by the monarch, when the monarch grew tired of a first minister, he or she could be dismissed, or worse, Cromwell was executed and Clarendon driven into exile when they lost favour. Kings sometimes divided power equally between two or more ministers to prevent one minister from becoming too powerful, late in Annes reign, for example, the Tory ministers Harley and St John shared power. The monarch could no longer any law or impose any tax without its permission. It is at point that a modern style of prime minister begins to emerge. A tipping point in the evolution of the prime ministership came with the death of Anne in 1714, George spoke no English, spent much of his time at his home in Hanover, and had neither knowledge of, nor interest in, the details of English government
11.
Stanley Bruce
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Stanley Melbourne Bruce, 1st Viscount Bruce of Melbourne, CH, MC, PC, FRS was the eighth Prime Minister of Australia. He later pursued a long and influential career as High Commissioner to the United Kingdom, at the League of Nations and as Chairman of the Food. Born into a wealthy Melbourne family, Bruce studied at the University of Cambridge and he served on the front lines of the Gallipoli Campaign in World War I and returned to Australia wounded in 1917, becoming a spokesperson for government recruitment efforts. He gained the attention of the Nationalist Party and Prime Minister Billy Hughes and he was elected to parliament in 1918, becoming treasurer in 1921 and then prime minister in 1923. In office Bruce pursued an energetic and diverse agenda and he comprehensively overhauled federal government administration and oversaw its transfer to the new capital city of Canberra. He implemented many reforms to the Australian federal system that strengthened the role of the Commonwealth and he established the Commonwealth Peace Officers and Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, the forerunners of the Australian Federal Police and the CSIRO. In the resounding loss at the subsequent election the Prime Minister lost his seat, although he returned to parliament in 1931, Bruces service in the Lyons Government was brief. Instead he pursued a career, accepting appointment as High Commissioner to the United Kingdom in 1933. He was elevated to the peerage in 1947 and became the first Australian to sit in the House of Lords, Stanley Melbourne Bruce was born on 15 April 1883 in St Kilda, Victoria, a suburb of Melbourne, and was the youngest of five children. His father, John Munro Bruce, was of Ulster Scottish descent and had emigrated from Ireland to Australia in 1858 at the age of 18. His mother, Mary Ann Henderson, was Irish and had married her cousin John after emigrating to Australia in 1872 at the age of 24, as his wealth grew, John became increasingly influential in colonial Victorias social and political life. An avid golfer, he was one of the founders of the Royal Melbourne Golf Club and he was prominent in the liberal protectionist political movement within the state, and an early supporter of future prime minister Alfred Deakin. Johns success ensured that Bruce, his sister Mary and brothers Ernest, William, shortly after Bruces birth the family relocated to the stately Wombalano manor in Toorak. However, John was an aloof and remote figure in the lives of his children, despite their familys Presbyterian faith, Bruce was sent to Melbourne Church of England Grammar School and subsequently Bruce would come to identify principally as Anglican. Bruce was a student but extremely active in the sporting life of the school and captain of its football team. The economic depression of the 1880s and 1890s hit the Bruce family fortunes hard, John Bruce lost much of his fortune in the Victorian bank collapse of 1894 and incurred large debts to buy out his partners in the importing business in 1897. The family suffered a great deal more tragedy over the coming decades, stanleys brother William committed suicide in 1899, shortly after seeking treatment for mental illness. Just two years later John Bruce took his own life during a trip to Paris, he had suffered from depression as a result of the great pressures on his business
12.
Election
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An election is a formal decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold public office. Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern representative democracy has operated since the 17th century, Elections may fill offices in the legislature, sometimes in the executive and judiciary, and for regional and local government. This process is used in many other private and business organizations. Electoral reform describes the process of introducing fair electoral systems where they are not in place, psephology is the study of results and other statistics relating to elections. To elect means to choose or make a decision, and so other forms of ballot such as referendums are referred to as elections. Elections were used as early in history as ancient Greece and ancient Rome, and throughout the Medieval period to select rulers such as the Holy Roman Emperor, in Vedic period of India, the raja of a gana was apparently elected by the gana. The raja belonged to the noble Kshatriya varna, and was typically a son of the previous raja, however, the gana members had the final say in his elections. The Pala king Gopala in early medieval Bengal was elected by a group of feudal chieftains, such elections were quite common in contemporary societies of the region. In Chola Empire, around 920 CE, in Uthiramerur, palm leaves were used for selecting the village committee members, the leaves, with candidate names written on them, were put inside a mud pot. To select the members, a young boy was asked to take out as many leaves as the number of positions available. This was known as the Kudavolai system, ancient Arabs also used election to choose their caliph, Uthman and Ali, in the early medieval Rashidun Caliphate. Questions of suffrage, especially suffrage for minority groups, have dominated the history of elections, males, the dominate cultural group in North America and Europe, often dominated the electorate and continue to do so in many countries. Early elections in such as the United Kingdom and the United States were dominated by landed or ruling class males. However, by 1920 all Western European and North American democracies had universal male suffrage. Despite legally mandated universal suffrage for males, political barriers were sometimes erected to prevent fair access to elections. The question of who may vote is an issue in elections. In Australia Aboriginal people were not given the right to vote until 1962, suffrage is typically only for citizens of the country, though further limits may be imposed. However, in the European Union, one can vote in municipal elections if one lives in the municipality and is an EU citizen, the nationality of the country of residence is not required
13.
Monarchy of Australia
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The monarchy of Australia is a form of government in which a hereditary king or queen serves as the nations sovereign. The present monarch is Elizabeth II, styled Queen of Australia and she is represented in Australia by the governor-general, in accordance with the Australian constitution and letters patent from the Queen. In each of the states, the monarch is represented by a governor, the Australian monarch, besides reigning in Australia, separately serves as monarch for each of 15 other Commonwealth nations known as realms. This developed from the colonial relationship between these countries and the United Kingdom, but they are now independent of each other and are legally distinct. Likewise, on all matters relating to any Australian state, the monarch is advised by the ministers of the Crown of that state, the British government is thus considered a foreign power in regard to Australias domestic and foreign affairs. The sovereigns Australian title is currently Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God Queen of Australia and Her other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth. Typically, the monarch is styled King or Queen of Australia and is addressed as such when in Australia or performing duties on behalf of Australia abroad, prior to 1953, the title had simply been the same as that in the United Kingdom. Australia, however, wished to have the United Kingdom mentioned as well, thus, the resolution was a title that included the United Kingdom but, for the first time, also separately mentioned Australia and the other Commonwealth realms. The passage of a new Royal Style and Titles Act by the Parliament of Australia put these recommendations into law, Queen Elizabeth II signed her assent at Government House, Canberra, on 19 October 1973. Australia does not pay any money to the Queen, either for personal income or to support the royal residences outside Australia, only when the Queen is in Australia does the Australian government support her in the performance of her duties. This rule applies equally to members of the Royal Family. Succession is according to British laws that have incorporated into Australian law. By adhering to the Statute of Westminster in 1942, Australia agreed to change its rules of only in agreement with the UK. Parallel proclamations are made by the governors in each state, regardless of any proclamations, the late sovereigns heir immediately and automatically succeeds, without any need for confirmation or further ceremony. After an individual ascends the throne, he or she continues to reign until death. The legal personality of a component of the Australian state is expressed by reference to the sovereign. In criminal prosecutions, the state as a party is named as The Queen—for instance. However, the prosecutors themselves are referred to as representing the Crown, more commonly and conveniently, however, the entity is referred to directly—for example, as The Commonwealth or The State of New South Wales or simply New South Wales
14.
Governor-General of Australia
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The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia is the representative in Australia of the Australian monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II. The Governor-General is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister of Australia, when travelling abroad, the Governor-General is seen as the representative of Australia, and of the Queen of Australia, so is treated as a head of state. The Governor-General is supported by a staff headed by the Official Secretary to the Governor-General, a Governor-General is not appointed for a specific term, but is generally expected to serve for five years subject to a possible short extension. Since 28 March 2014, the Governor-General has been General Sir Peter Cosgrove, from Federation in 1901 until 1965,11 out of the 15 Governors-General were British aristocrats, they included four barons, three viscounts, three earls, and one prince. Since then, all but one of the Governors-General have been Australian-born, as of 2017, only one Governor-General, Dame Quentin Bryce, was a woman. The selection of a Governor-General is a responsibility for the Prime Minister of Australia, the candidate is approached privately to confirm whether they are willing to accept the appointment. The prime minister advises the monarch to appoint his nominee. This has been the procedure since November 1930, when James Scullins proposed appointment of Sir Isaac Isaacs was fiercely opposed by the British government, Scullin was equally insistent that the monarch must act on the relevant prime ministers direct advice. Both of these appointments had been agreed to despite British government objections, despite these precedents, George V remained reluctant to accept Scullins recommendation of Isaacs and asked him to consider Field Marshal Sir William Birdwood. However, Scullin stood firm, and, on 29 November, the King agreed to Isaacss appointment and this right to not only advise the monarch directly, but also to expect that advice to be accepted, was soon taken up by all the other Dominion prime ministers. This, among other things, led to the Statute of Westminster 1931, having agreed to the appointment, the monarch then permits it to be publicly announced in advance, usually several months before the end of the current Governor-Generals term. During these months, the person is referred to as the Governor-General-designate, the actual appointment is made by the monarch. Governors-General have during their tenure the style His/Her Excellency the Honourable, since May 2013, the style used by a former Governor-General is the Honourable, it was at the same time retrospectively granted for life to all previous holders of the office. From the creation of the Order of Australia in 1975, the Governor-General was, ex officio, Chancellor and Principal Companion of the Order, and therefore became entitled to the post-nominal AC. In 1986 the Letters Patent were amended again, and Governors-General appointed from that time were again, ex officio, until 1989, all Governors-General were members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom and thus held the additional style the Right Honourable for life. The same individuals were also usually either peers, knights, or both, in 1989, Bill Hayden, a republican, declined appointment to the British Privy Council and any imperial honours. Dame Quentin Bryce was the first Governor-General to have had no title or pre-nominal style. Until 2015, the honour continued after the retirement from office of the Governor-General, formerly, the Governor-General automatically became a knight or dame upon being sworn in
15.
Henry Forster, 1st Baron Forster
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Henry William Forster, 1st Baron Forster GCMG, PC, DL was a British Conservative Party politician who served as the seventh Governor-General of Australia from 1920 to 1925. He was born at Southend Hall, Catford, then in Kent, England, the son of Major John Forster and he was educated at Eton and New College, Oxford. He was a cricketer who played for Oxford University and Hampshire, as well as for various amateur teams as a lower-order right-handed batsman. He served as president of the Marylebone Cricket Club and he was also keen on yachting and horse-racing. Forster entered the House of Commons as Member of Parliament for Sevenoaks at the 1892 general election and he held that seat until 1918, when he was elected for the new Bromley constituency. In 1901, he was appointed a deputy lieutenant of Kent, in 1919 he was elevated to the peerage as Baron Forster, of Lepe in the County of Southampton. In June 1920 Forster was offered the post of Governor-General of Australia, shortly afterwards, on 28 June 1920, he was appointed Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George. This was the first occasion on which the Australian government was consulted about the appointment of a Governor-General. The Colonial Secretary, Lord Milner, sent the Prime Minister, Billy Hughes, Hughes seems to have preferred Forster because he was a man of modest reputation whom he thought he could control. His reputation as a sportsman was also an asset and he found that the congenial atmosphere of pre-war Australian politics had been shattered by the bitter battles of the wartime period. Hughess Nationalist Party dominated the political scene, the Labor Party had moved to the left in opposition and was now anti-imperialist and pacifist, and more markedly socialist. But Forster played almost no role in Australian politics during his five years in the country. There was only one change of government during his term, when Hughes was replaced by Stanley Bruce in February 1923, as Australia became more independent and more confident in its international relations, the role of the Governor-General as an overseer and intermediary declined. Forsters predecessor, Ronald Munro Ferguson, had resisted this trend, instead Forsters role became more like that of a modern Governor-General, opening fetes, visiting hospitals, attending sporting events, hosting balls and banquets. As a result, he became more popular than most of his predecessors. Forster and his wife Rachel devoted themselves to charities, and Forster spent much time travelling to all the states and country areas, unveiling war memorials, the day of the decorative Governor-General had arrived. In 1925, a new hospital in Redfern, Sydney was named the Rachel Forster Hospital for Women in Lady Forsters honour. The hospital is now closed and the site has been redeveloped
16.
Prime Minister of Australia
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The Prime Minister of the Commonwealth of Australia is the head of government of Australia. The individual who holds the office is the most senior Minister of the Crown, the leader of the Cabinet, the office is not mentioned in the Constitution of Australia and exists only through longstanding political convention and tradition. Despite this, in practice it is the most powerful position in Australia. The individual who holds the office is commissioned by the Governor-General of Australia, almost always and according to convention, the Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party or largest party in a coalition of parties in the House of Representatives. However, there is no requirement that the prime minister sit in the House of Representatives. The only case where a member of the Senate was appointed minister was John Gorton. Malcolm Turnbull has held the office of Prime Minister since 15 September 2015, the Prime Minister and Treasurer are traditionally members of the House, but the Constitution does not have such a requirement. Before being sworn in as a Minister of the Crown, a person must first be sworn in as a member of the Federal Executive Council if they are not already a member. Membership of the Federal Executive Council entitles the member to the style of The Honourable for life, the senior members of the Executive Council constitute the Cabinet of Australia. The Prime Minister is, like ministers, normally sworn in by the Governor-General. When defeated in an election, or on resigning, the Prime Minister is said to hand in the commission, in the event of a Prime Minister dying in office, or becoming incapacitated, the Governor-General can terminate the commission. Despite the importance of the office of minister, the Constitution does not mention the office by name. The conventions of the Westminster system were thought to be entrenched in Australia by the authors of the Constitution that it was deemed unnecessary to detail them. The formal title of the portfolio has always been simply Prime Minister, except for the period of the Fourth Deakin Ministry, Page was the leader of the smaller party in the governing coalition, the Country Party. He held the office for three weeks until the UAP elected a new leader, Robert Menzies, in August 1941 Menzies resigned as prime minister. In July 1945 John Curtin died suddenly and his deputy, Frank Forde, was sworn in the next day as prime minister, although the Labor Party had not had an opportunity to meet and elect a new leader. Forde served for eight days until Ben Chifley was elected leader, Chifley was then sworn in, replacing Forde, who became Australias shortest-serving prime minister. Harold Holt disappeared while swimming on 17 December 1967 and was declared presumed dead on 19 December, the governor-general, Lord Casey, commissioned the Leader of the Country Party, John McEwen, to form a government until the Liberal Party elected a new leader
17.
Chief Justice of Australia
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The Chief Justice of Australia is the informal title for the presiding justice of the High Court of Australia and the highest-ranking judicial officer in the Commonwealth of Australia. The incumbent is Susan Kiefel, the first woman to hold the office, the Court was constituted by, and its first members were appointed under, the Judiciary Act 1903, with the first appointments to the High Court commencing on 5 October 1903. The Chief Justice is first among equals among the Justices of the High Court, all Justices, including the Chief Justice, are appointed by the Governor-General of Australia, on the advice of the federal government. They can be removed only by the Governor-General, on a request from both houses of the parliament, although this has never been done. Since 1977, appointment has been until the retirement age of seventy. The Chief Justice often acts as the Governor-Generals deputy, especially at such as the opening of Parliament after an election. Chief Justice Samuel Griffith was several times consulted by Governors-General of Australia on the exercise of the reserve powers, the Chief Justice also administers the Oath of Allegiance to the Monarch and an Oath of Office to the Governor-General-designate when he or she takes up his or her appointment. Chief Justice Sir John Latham was absent from the office when he served from 1940 to 1941 as Australias first ambassador to Japan, Sir George Rich was Acting Chief Justice in Lathams absence
18.
Adrian Knox
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Sir Adrian Knox KCMG, KC, Australian judge, was the second Chief Justice of the High Court of Australia, sitting on the bench of the High Court from 1919 to 1930. Knox was born in Sydney on 29 November 1863, the son of English migrant parents who owned the Colonial Sugar Refining Company. Knox was educated first in Sydney, and then in the United Kingdom, attending Harrow School and Trinity College, Cambridge, shortly after, he was admitted to the Inner Temple, one of the Inns of Court in which English barristers are called to the bar. Knox returned to Australia in 1886 and joined his brother George in practising law, when George died in 1888, Adrian took over the practice, and soon became one of the most successful lawyers at the Sydney bar. Between 1888–90, he reported equity cases for the New South Wales Law Reports, in 1894, Knox was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, in the seat of Woollahra. After being reelected in 1895, Knox retired from the parliament in 1898, at this time, he was also a director of the Australian Mutual Provident Society and a founding member of the Walter and Eliza Hall Trust. Knox was made a Kings Counsel in 1906, and shortly after was offered a position on the bench of the Supreme Court of New South Wales, also in 1906, Knox became Chairman of the Australian Jockey Club, indulging his passion for horse-racing. In 1910, Knoxs horse Vavasor won the Sydney Cup, during World War I, Knox left his practice and traveled to Egypt, where he served as a Commissioner for the Red Cross. He served on the NSW Bar Council from its foundation in 1902 until 1910 and he was appointed to the Privy Council in 1920. Knox sat on a number of committees in this capacity. During his time as Chief Justice, Knox presided over such significant cases as the Engineers case of 1920. Knox was one of six justices of the High Court to have served in the Parliament of New South Wales, along with Edmund Barton, Richard OConnor, Albert Piddington, Edward McTiernan, Knox died in Woollahra on 27 April 1932 and is interred in Waverley Cemetery. He was survived by his wife and three children, in 1918, Knox was made a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George, and in 1921 he was elevated to Knight Commander of that order. Knox was an inductee of the Australian Racing Hall of Fame. Parliament of New South Wales – Sir Adrian Knox Australian Racing Hall of Fame – Sir Adrian Knox ADB - Sir Adrian Knox
19.
Premier of New South Wales
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The Premier of New South Wales is the head of government in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The Government of New South Wales follows the Westminster system, with a Parliament of New South Wales acting as the legislature, prior to Federation in 1901 the term Prime Minister of New South Wales was used, Premier was used from 1901. The current Premier is Gladys Berejiklian, the Leader of the New South Wales Liberal Party, Berejiklian replaced Mike Baird on 23 January 2017, after Baird resigned as Premier. As of January 2017, nine former Premiers are alive, the oldest being Barrie Unsworth, the most recent premier to die was Tom Lewis on 25 April 2016. List of Premiers of New South Wales by time in office Deputy Premier of New South Wales
20.
Jack Lang (Australian politician)
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He is the only Premier of an Australian state to have been dismissed by the state Governor. John Thomas Lang was born on 21 December 1876 on George Street, Sydney and he was the third son of James Henry Lang, a watchmaker born in Edinburgh, Scotland, and Mary Whelan, a milliner born in Galway, Ireland. His mother and father had arrived in Australia in 1848 and 1860, respectively, although Langs father had been born Presbyterian, he later became a Catholic like his wife, and the family fitted into the normal low social stratum of the great majority of Sydneys Catholics. His father suffered from fever for most of Langs childhood. Lang returned to New South Wales in the early 1890s to seek employment and his first jobs were in the rural areas to the south-west of Sydney, on a poultry farm at Smithfield, and then as the driver of a horse-drawn omnibus in and around Merrylands and Guildford. Aged 16, he returned to the city, working first in a bookstore. Hildas sister, also named Bertha, was married to the author, Lang became a junior office assistant for an accounting practice, where his shrewdness and intelligence saw his career advance. Lang continued his pursuits, soon becoming an Alderman on Auburn Municipal Council. He was elected as a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly in 1913 for the district of Granville, when Prime Minister Billy Hughes twice tried to introduce conscription to the country in WWI, Lang sided with the anti-conscriptionist wing of the ALP. The mass defection from the ALP of parliamentarians and supporters who supported the military opened up opportunities. His financial skills led him to become Treasurer in Premier John Storeys Labor Government from 1920 to 1922, due to the post-World War I financial recession, the states accounts were in deficit, Lang managed to cut this deficit significantly. From 1920 to 1927, he was a member for the seat of Parramatta. After the Australian Labor Party lost government in 1922, Lang was elected as Opposition Leader in 1923 by his fellow Labor Party MPs and he led the ALP to victory in the 1925 NSW general election and became Premier. Various laws were introduced providing for improvements in the accommodation of rural workers, changes in the arbitration system. Extensions were made to the applicability of the Fair Rents Act whilst compulsory marketing along the lines of what existed in Queensland was introduced, adult franchise for local government elections was also introduced, together with Legislation to safeguard native flora and to penalize ships for discharging oil. His government also carried out improvements, including paving much of the Hume Highway. Lang established universal suffrage in local government elections – previously only those who owned real estate in a city, municipality or shire could vote in areas local council elections. His government also passed legislation to allow women to sit in the house of the New South Wales Parliament in 1926
21.
Premier of Queensland
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The Premier of Queensland is the head of government in the Australian state of Queensland. By convention the Premier is the leader of the party with a majority in the unicameral Legislative Assembly of Queensland. The Premier is appointed by the Governor of Queensland, the incumbent Premier of Queensland since the 2015 election is Annastacia Palaszczuk of the Australian Labor Party. Under section 42 of the Constitution of Queensland the Premier and other members of Cabinet are appointed by the Governor and are responsible to Parliament. The text of the Constitution assigns to the Premier certain powers, such as the power to assign roles to Assistant Ministers, although ministerial appointments are the prerogative of the Governor of Queensland, in normal circumstances the Governor will make these appointments under the advice of the Premier. A re-elected government will be resworn, with adjustments to the ministry as determined by the Premier, the Premier has an office in the Executive Annexe of Parliament House, Brisbane, which is normally used while Parliament is sitting. At other times the Premiers ministerial office is in 1 William Street, before the 1890s, there was no developed party system in Queensland. Political affiliation labels before that time indicate a general tendency only, before the end of the first decade of the twentieth century, political parties were more akin to parliamentary factions, and were fluid, informal and disorganised by modern standards. As of February 2015, six former premiers are alive, the oldest being Russell Cooper, the most recent premier to die was Wayne Goss, on 10 November 2014. List of Premiers of Queensland by time in office Government of Queensland Politics of Queensland
22.
William McCormack
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William McCormack, was Premier of Queensland, Australia, from 1925 to 1929. William McCormack was born in St Lawrence, Queensland, McCormack entered politics as member for Cairns in the Queensland Legislative Assembly at the election of 1912, a seat he held until his retirement from politics in 1930. He was a friend of Ted Theodore, an earlier premier, McCormack died in Brisbane on 21 November 1947 and was buried at the Toowong Cemetery. His funeral cortage proceeded from his Annerley residence to the cemetery
23.
Premier of South Australia
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The Premier of South Australia is the head of government in the state of South Australia, Australia. The Government of South Australia follows the Westminster system, with a Parliament of South Australia acting as the legislature, the current Premier is Jay Weatherill, the Leader of the South Australian Branch of the Australian Labor Party. Weatherill replaced Mike Rann on 21 October 2011, after Rann resigned as Premier, before the 1890s when there was no formal party system in South Australia, MPs tended to have historical liberal or conservative beliefs. The liberals dominated government from the 1893 election to 1905 election with the support of the South Australian United Labor Party, Labor took government with the support of eight dissident liberals in 1905 when Labor won the most seats for the first time. The rise of Labor saw non-Labor politics start to merge into various party incarnations, Labor formed South Australias first majority government after winning the 1910 state election, triggering the merger. The 1910 election came two weeks after federal Labor formed Australias first elected majority government at the 1910 federal election, no Country or rural conservative parties emerged as serious long-term forces in South Australian state politics, often folding into the main non-Labor party. There are six living former premiers, the oldest being Steele Hall, the most recent premier to die was John Bannon on 13 December 2015. In the following timeline, the legend includes the Liberal and Democratic Union, the Liberal Union, the Liberal Party of Australia is represented as Liberal only. The grey area represents the duration of Playmander electoral malapportionment, beginning in 1936, in effect until the 1970 election
24.
John Gunn (Australian politician)
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John Gunn was the 29th Premier of South Australia, leading the South Australian Branch of the Australian Labor Party to government at the 1924 election. Gunn was born in Bendigo, Victoria, the second of nine children to a Scottish miner, Gunns father died when he was young, forcing him to work as a delivery boy to support his mother and siblings while studying at night classes. Gunn worked a variety of jobs in Melbourne and in the Western Australian timber mills before returning to Melbourne to marry Haidee Smith on 8 September 1908 and they then moved to Adelaide where Gunn found work as a horse-lorry driver on the Port Road. Greatly respected for his courtesy and self-control, Gunn entered the South Australian House of Assembly at the 1915 election as a Labor member for the Electoral district of Adelaide. He soon emerged as a leading anti-conscriptionist in the bitter internal Labor fight over conscription led to a split in the party. A media campaign against Gunn began in earnest, Gunn became Premier and Treasurer of South Australia as well as Minister for Irrigation and Minister for Repatriation at age 39. As Premier, Gunn established the State Bank of South Australia and developed Colonel Light Gardens and he also improved public service working conditions, built more roads and encouraged rural settlement. His reforms impressed many and even received grudging praise from the hostile media. Lionel Hill took over the Labor leadership and Premiership, when the position ended, he accepted a federal government appointment in 1930 and moved to Canberra. When Australian Prime Minister Joseph Lyons declined to renew Gunns contract in 1935, Gunn, estranged from his wife and family and possibly in debt, little was known of his subsequent life. Gunn died in poverty in Waterfall, New South Wales, so far was his fall into obscurity that the South Australian media did not become aware of their former Premiers death for some weeks
25.
Lionel Hill
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Lionel Laughton Hill was the thirtieth Premier of South Australia, representing the South Australian Branch of the Australian Labor Party. This led to his appointment as the secretary-treasurer of the Boilermakers Assistants Union in 1901, Hill then gained Australian Labor Party pre-selection for the South Australian House of Assembly electorate of East Torrens, which he duly won at the 1915 election. In the wake of the split, Hill resigned his East Torrens seat in 1917 to unsuccessfully contest the Australian Senate elections as an anti-conscriptionist Labor candidate. Hill returned as Premier and treasurer but faced problems like unemployment, a formidable state debt, a shrinking economy. Hill continued to stagger from crisis to crisis as riots and protests rocked the state and this failed to materialise but Hill was appointed in 1936 by the federal government to chair the ACT Industrial Board. Hill returned to South Australia in 1958 and found the lure of politics too great, successfully standing for the Town of Kensington, any plans of further electoral success were stymied only by his death in 1963. Thirty years after his departure from the ALP, he was disliked by many Laborites with long memories. Ross McMullin, in his history of the Labor Party, The Light on the Hill, first Hill Ministry Australian Dictionary of Biography Norwood Football Club profile Parliament Profile
26.
Premier of Tasmania
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The Premier of Tasmania is the head of the executive government in the Australian state of Tasmania. By convention, the party or political grouping which has majority support in the House of Assembly will nominate its leader to be Premier, the nominated politician is then invited by the Governor of Tasmania to act as their principal adviser. Before the 1890s, there was no party system in Tasmania. Party labels before that time indicate a general tendency only, the current convention of appointing the Premier from the House of Assembly was not generally applied prior to 1920, with Premiers often appointed from the Legislative Council. The incumbent Premier of Tasmania since the 2014 election is Will Hodgman of the Liberal Party of Australia, as of 24 January 2011, eight former premiers are alive, the oldest being Tony Rundle. The most recent premier to die was Sir Angus Bethune, on 27 August 2004, the most recently serving premier to die was Jim Bacon, on 20 June 2004. List of Premiers of Tasmania by time in office Leader of the Opposition Governors of Tasmania PREMIERS OF TASMANIA Parliament of Tasmania
27.
Joseph Lyons
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Joseph Aloysius Lyons, CH was the tenth Prime Minister of Australia, serving from January 1932 until his death. He had earlier served as Premier of Tasmania from 1923 to 1928, Lyons was born in Stanley, Tasmania, and was a schoolteacher and trade unionist before entering politics. He was elected to the Tasmanian House of Assembly in 1909, representing the Labor Party, Lyons was elected party leader after the Labor governments defeat at the 1916 state election. He became premier in October 1923, after Walter Lee lost a no-confidence motion, elected to the Division of Wilmot at the 1929 federal election, Lyons was immediately made a minister in the new government formed by James Scullin. However, he resigned from cabinet in January 1931 over a policy dispute and he and several other Labor defectors subsequently helped to form the new United Australia Party, which elected Lyons as its leader. The UAP won government at the 1931 federal election, and was re-elected in 1934 and 1937, Lyons died of a heart attack in April 1939, becoming the first prime minister to die in office. His widow, Enid Lyons, later became the first woman elected to the House of Representatives, Lyons was born in Stanley, Tasmania, the grandson of Irish immigrants. His father, Michael Lyons, was a farmer who afterwards engaged in a butchery and bakery business, but lost this on account of bad health. His mother did much to keep the family of eight children together, but with the assistance of two aunts, he was able to resume his education at the Philip Smith Teachers Training College, Hobart, and became a teacher. He also became a trade unionist and was an early member of the Australian Labor Party in Tasmania. In 1909 Lyons was elected to the Tasmanian House of Assembly for Wilmot in central Tasmania, from 1914 to 1916 he was Treasurer and Minister for Education and Railways in John Earles state Labor government. As Education Minister he oversaw a number of reforms, including abolition of fees for schools, improving teachers pay and conditions. In 1913, a participant in the Labor discussion groups, Eliza Burnell, introduced him to her 15-year-old daughter, Enid Burnell and she was a strong-minded woman who exercised great influence over Lyons, while raising their eleven children. When the ALP split over conscription during the First World War in 1916, Earle, like most Australians of Irish Catholic background, Lyons was an anti-conscriptionist and stayed in the Labor Party, becoming its new leader in Tasmania. He led the Labor opposition in the Tasmanian Parliament until 1923 when he became Premier and he held office until 1928, also serving as Treasurer during the whole period of his premiership. Lyons government was cautious and pragmatic, establishing relations with business and the conservative government in Canberra. Labor narrowly lost the 1928 state election to the Nationalist Party, at the 1929 election, Lyons ran for the federal seat of Wilmot, covering the same territory as his state seat. He was swept into office in Labors landslide victory under James Scullin and he was appointed Postmaster-General and Minister for Works and Railways
28.
Premier of Victoria
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The Premier of Victoria is the leader of the government in the Australian state of Victoria. The Premier is appointed by the Governor of Victoria, and is the leader of the party able to secure a majority in the Legislative Assembly. Responsible government came to the colony of Victoria in 1855, between 1856 and 1892, the head of the government was commonly called the Premier or the Prime Minister, but neither title had any legal basis. The head of government always held another portfolio, usually Chief Secretary or Treasurer, the first head of government to hold the title of Premier without holding another portfolio was William Shiels in 1892. The incumbent Premier of Victoria since the 2014 election is Daniel Andrews of the Australian Labor Party, as of September 2016, six former premiers are alive, the oldest being John Cain. The most recent premier to die was Joan Kirner, on 1 June 2015, department of Premier and Cabinet, Victoria Deputy Premier of Victoria List of Premiers of Victoria by time in office ABC News - Premiers of Victoria
29.
John Allan (Australian politician)
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John Allan, Australian politician, was the 29th Premier of Victoria. He was born near Lancefield, where his father was a farmer of Scottish origin and he took up wheat and dairy farming at Wyuna and was director of a butter factory at Kyabram. In 1892 he married Annie Stewart, with whom he had six children, northern Victoria was a centre of the movement of militant small farmers who founded first the Victorian Farmers Union and later the Country Party as an outlet for their grievances. In 1917 Allan was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly as VFU member for Rodney, in 1919 he became a founding member of the Country Party and its first parliamentary leader, and was a member of its Victorian Central Council. The result was a state election in which the Nationalists won 31 seats, Labor 21. The Country Party then split over the issue of whether to support Lawson or Labor, with Allan in favour of Lawson, allans faction propped up Lawsons government until 1923, when a new coalition government was formed with Lawson as Premier and Allan as Minister for Lands and Immigration. This was the first Nationalist-Country coalition state government, george Prendergast then formed a minority Labor government. This in turn fell in November when the Nationalists and Country Party came to a new agreement, under the new coalition agreement, Allan became Australias first Country Party Premier, with Peacock as his deputy. Dunstans faction seceded from the party and formed the Country Progressive Party, attempts by both Labor and Nationalists to reduce the over-representation of country areas were resisted by Allan and blocked by the Legislative Council. As a result, the April 1927 state election saw a big swing to Labor, which won 28 seats to the Nationalists 15, the Country Partys 10, the Country Progressives four and independents eight. This was Labors best result yet, and enough for the Labor leader Edmond Hogan to form a minority government with Progressive support, Allan resigned in May, and the Country Party stayed in opposition until 1935. In 1930 Dunstan led his followers back into a united party, Allan refused to serve in this government, and remained on the backbench until his death in 1936. A1928 oil portrait of Allan by artist Aileen Dent hangs in the Victorian Parliament House
30.
Premier of Western Australia
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The Premier of Western Australia is the head of the executive branch of government in the Australian state of Western Australia. The Premier has similar functions in Western Australia to those performed by the Prime Minister of Australia at the national level, subject to the different Constitutions. The incumbent Premier of Western Australia is Mark McGowan who won the 2017 state election and was sworn in on 17 March 2017 by Governor Kerry Sanderson as the 30th Premier of Western Australia. The premier must be a member of one of the two Houses of the Parliament of Western Australia, and by convention the premier is a member of the lower house, the Legislative Assembly. He or she is appointed by the governor on the advice of the lower house, consequently, the premier is almost always the leader of the political party or coalition of parties with the majority of seats in the lower house. The office of premier of Western Australia was first formed in 1890, the Constitution of Western Australia does not explicitly provide for a premier, and the office was not formally listed as one of the executive offices until the appointment of Ross McLarty in 1947. Nonetheless, John Forrest immediately adopted the title on taking office as first premier of Western Australia in 1890, John Forrest was the only premier of Western Australia as a self-governing colony. Following the Federation of Australia in 1901, Western Australia became an Australian state, Party politics began in Western Australia with the rise of the Labor party in 1901. By 1904, the party system was entrenched in Western Australian politics, since then the premiers have been associated with political parties. Western Australias constitution contains nothing to preclude the premier being a member of the upper house, historically and by convention, however, the premier is a member of the Assembly. During the economic boom of the 1980s, the Western Australian government became involved with a number of large businesses. A succession of deals were made between the government and businesses, and these ultimately caused great losses for the state, a subsequent royal commission found evidence of widespread corruption. Three former premiers were found to have acted improperly and two of them, Ray OConnor and Brian Burke, were jailed and this scandal became popularly known as WA Inc. As of 4 April 2017, seven former premiers are alive, the oldest being Peter Dowding, the most recent premier to die was Ray OConnor, on 25 February 2013, aged 86. He served as premier for a month before resigning after no seat could be found. b Prior to the 1904 election, no organised political parties existed, walter Kingsmill served as Acting Premier during this time
31.
Philip Collier
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Philip Collier was an Australian politician who served as Premier of Western Australia from 1924 to 1930 and from 1933 to 1936. He was leader of the Labor Party from 1917 to 1936, Collier was born in Victoria and came to Western Australia to work in the mines. He became involved in the movement on the Eastern Goldfields. In 1911, Collier became a minister in the government of John Scaddan and he replaced Scaddan as Labor leader in 1917, in the aftermath of the split over conscription, and became premier when Labor recorded a narrow victory at the 1924 state election. His government was on terms with trade unions, and its improvements to industrial arbitration laws have been credited with reducing the number of industrial disputes relative to other states. It also had various workers rights enshrined in legislation, including a basic wage, Collier himself was a political moderate, and borrowed policies from his predecessors in certain areas, notably rural development. Later writers have praised his statesmanship and his handling of his opponents. Philip Collier was born at Woodstock near Melbourne, Victoria on 21 April 1873, the son of a farmer of the same name, he was educated locally but left school at the age of 16. He spent some time gold mining at Steiglitz, Victoria and then in New South Wales, on 27 June 1900, he married Ellen Heagney, with whom he would have two sons and two daughters. Collier began to take an interest in the movement, joining the Labor Party. He was campaign director for at least three Labor candidates in State and Federal election, including Frank Anstey, in 1904 Collier moved to Western Australia. On 27 October 1905, Collier was elected to the Western Australian Legislative Assembly for the seat of Boulder and he would retain the seat until his death nearly 43 years later. He was appointed Minister for Mines and Minister for Railways in the Scaddan Ministry on 7 October 1911 and he retained these portfolios until the defeat of the Scaddan government on 17 July 1916. Collier retained the leadership of the Labor party throughout the Liberal and nationalist governments of Frank Wilson, Henry Lefroy, Hal Colebatch, during this time Collier joined with John Curtin and J. J. Simons in leading an anti-conscription campaign. His public comments got him in trouble with censors a number of times, on 17 April 1924, the Labor party had a landslide election victory, and Collier became Premier, Treasurer and Minister for Forests. The Labor party was defeated by Mitchell in the election of 23 April 1930 and he won another term as Premier in the election of 24 April 1933. Simultaneously with the election, a referendum had been held in which the people of Western Australia had overwhelmingly voted in favour of secession from the Commonwealth of Australia. Although the Labor party opposed secession, Collier nonetheless agreed to act on the result of the referendum by petitioning the British government for secession
32.
Governor of New South Wales
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The Governor of New South Wales is the viceregal representative of the Australian monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, in the state of New South Wales. In an analogous way to the Governor-General of Australia at the national level, the Governor is appointed by the queen on the advice of the Premier of New South Wales, for an unfixed period of time—known as serving At Her Majestys pleasure—though five years is the norm. The current Governor is retired General David Hurley, who succeeded Dame Marie Bashir on 2 October 2014, the office has its origin in the 18th-century colonial governors of New South Wales upon its settlement in 1788, and is the oldest continuous institution in Australia. The office of Governor is required by the New South Wales Constitution Act,1902, besides the administration of the oaths of office, there is no set formula for the swearing-in of a governor-designate. The sovereign will also hold an audience with the appointee and will at that time induct the governor-designate as a Companion of the Order of Australia. The incumbent will generally serve for at least five years, though this is only a convention. The premier may therefore recommend to the Queen that the remain in her service for a longer period of time. A governor may also resign and three have died in office, furthermore, if the Lieutenant Governor becomes incapacitated while serving in the office of Governor, the next most senior judge of the Supreme Court is sworn in as the Administrator. Between 1788 and 1957, all governors were born outside of New South Wales and were members of the Peerage. Taylor once noted that out and governing New South Wales became the British aristocracys abiding consolation. Coincidentally the first Australian-born Governor, Sir John Northcott on 1 August 1946, was also the first Australian-born Governor of any state, the first Governors were all military officers and the majority of governors since have come from a military background, numbering 19. Samuels was the first governor in New South Wales history without either a political, public service or military background, the first woman to hold this position is also the first Lebanese-Australian governor, Dame Marie Bashir. In this capacity, the governor will issue royal proclamations and sign orders in council, the Governor alone is constitutionally mandated to summon parliament. The governor grants Royal Assent in the Queens name, legally, if the governor withholds the Queens assent, the sovereign may within two years disallow the bill, thereby annulling the law in question. No modern viceroy has denied Royal Assent to a bill, with most constitutional functions delegated to Cabinet, the governor acts in a primarily ceremonial fashion. He or she will host members of Australias royal family, as well as foreign royalty, also as part of international relations, the governor receives letters of credence and of recall from foreign consul-generals appointed to Sydney. The governor is also tasked with fostering unity and pride, the governor also traditionally serves as Honorary and Regimental Colonel in the Royal New South Wales Regiment and as Honorary Air Commodore of No.22 Squadron, Royal Australian Air Force. Since 1946, the governor has also always made the Chief Scout of New South Wales
33.
Dudley de Chair
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Admiral Sir Dudley Rawson Stratford de Chair KCB, KCMG, KBE, MVO was a senior Royal Navy officer and later Governor of New South Wales. De Chair joined the Royal Navy in 1878 and took part in the bombardment of Alexandria during the Anglo-Egyptian War in 1882 and he was promoted to commander on 22 July 1897, and to captain on 26 June 1902. He became Assistant Controller of the Navy in 1910 and Secretary to First Lord of the Admiralty in 1912, De Chair was appointed Governor of New South Wales on 8 November 1923. His uncle, Sir Harry Rawson, had held the same twenty years earlier. Arriving in Sydney in 1924, De Chair became Governor in stable political times, while Langs attempts ultimately failed, De Chair failed to gain the support of an indifferent Dominions Office. With Langs departure in 1927, the Nationalist Government of Thomas Bavin invited him in 1929 to stay on as Governor for a further term, De Chair agreed only to a years extension and retired on 8 April 1930. Returning to London after a trip, de Chair worked on his memoirs until his death in 1958. De Chair married Enid Struben in 1903, together they had three children, Henry Graham de Chair, Elaine de Chair and Somerset de Chair. Following the King Edward VIIs visit to the Russian Empire, de Chair was appointed Member of the Royal Victorian Order on 10 June 1908 for his role in the visit as commander HMS Cochrane. In the 1914 Kings Birthday Honours, he was appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath, on 6 March 1911, de Chair was appointed a Naval aide-de-camp to King George V. He relinquished the appointment on 31 July 1912, having promoted to flag rank on that day. Sir Dudley Rawson Stratford de Chair at Australian Dictionary of Biography
34.
Governor of Queensland
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The Governor of Queensland is the representative in the state of Queensland of the Queen of Australia. In an analogous way to the Governor-General of Australia at the national level, in particular the Governor has the power to appoint and dismiss the Premier of Queensland and all other Ministers in the Cabinet, and issue writs for the election of the state Parliament. The current Governor, Paul de Jersey, was sworn in on 29 July 2014, as from June 2014, The Queen, upon the recommendation of then-Premier Campbell Newman, accorded all current, future and living former Governors the title The Honourable in perpetuity. The Governor of Queensland has resided at Government House, Brisbane since 1910, the mansion, set in 14 hectares of gardens and bushland in the Brisbane suburb of Bardon, is also known as Fernberg. Unlike Fernberg, the original Government House was purpose-built and was used from 1862 to 1910, the office of Governor is established by the Constitution of Queensland. Nevertheless, the Governor retains the powers of the Crown, and has the right to appoint and dismiss Ministers, issue pardons. Sir Joh elected to resign on 1 December 1987, the Governor is head of the Executive Council, a Queensland equivalent to the Federal Executive Council. The Council is composed of ministers from the government of the day, the Chief Justice of Queensland and other judges in the Queensland judicial system are appointed by the Governor acting on the advice of the Executive Council. The first Australian- born Governor of Queensland was Lieutenant-General Sir John Lavarack and his successor, Sir Henry Abel Smith was British. All subsequent governors have been Australian-born, except for Leneen Forde, four former governors of Queensland are alive, the oldest being Leneen Forde. The most recent death of a governor was that of Sir Walter Campbell. Administrators and Lieutenant-Governors are deputy roles generally appointed to carry out the duties of the Governor when the Governor is unavailable, the following are the Administrators and Lieutenant-Governors of Queensland, Official Website of the Governor of Queensland
35.
Governor of South Australia
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The Governor of South Australia is the representative in the Australian state of South Australia of Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia. The Governor performs the same constitutional and ceremonial functions at the level as does the Governor-General of Australia at the national level. The Governors official residence is Government House, in Adelaide, the states capital, nevertheless, the Governor retains the reserve powers of the Crown, and has the right to dismiss the Premier. The Westminster system is a form of constitutional monarchy, the first Australian-born Governor of South Australia was Major-General Sir James Harrison, and most subsequent governors have been Australian-born. The first South Australian-born governor was Sir Mark Oliphant, the current governor is Hieu Van Le. The term of the governor, Rear Admiral Kevin Scarce. As from June 2014, the Queen, upon the recommendation of the Premier, accorded all current, future and these people administered the government in the absence of the official governor. Three former governors are alive, the oldest being Sir Eric Neal, the latest-serving former governor to die was Dame Roma Mitchell, on 5 March 2000. The most recent death of a governor was that of Sir Keith Seaman. The Official Website of the Governor of South Australia Previous governors on official website
36.
Tom Bridges
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Sir George Tom Molesworth Bridges, KCB, KCMG, DSO known as Sir Tom Bridges, was a British military officer and Governor of South Australia. After the First World War, he served in Greece, Russia and he was Governor of South Australia from 1922–27. Bridges was born at Park Farm, Eltham, Kent, England, to Major Thomas Walker Bridges and he was educated at Newton Abbot College and later at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. After graduating from the Royal Military Academy, Bridges joined the Royal Artillery as a lieutenant on 19 February 1892. He was promoted to lieutenant on 19 February 1895, and received the rank of captain supernumerary to the establishment on 5 April 1900, serving in the Second Boer War in South Africa, for a few months in 1901 he commanded two West Australian Mounted infantry contingents. In 1908, he became the instructor at the Cavalry School at Netheravon. Seeking a more rapid promotion in the army, Bridges transferred to the 4th Queens Own Hussars in 1909 and he was appointed military attaché to the Low Countries and Scandinavia between 1910 and 1914. Early in World War I, Bridges was involved in the Battle of Mons, during the British Armys retreat, he met two battalions of exhausted British soldiers at Saint Quentin, whose officers planned to surrender to save the town from bombardment. In a celebrated incident on 27 August, the injured Bridges used a tin whistle and toy drum purchased from a toy shop to rally the men, in October, French flew Bridges to the besieged Belgian city of Antwerp to provide intelligence there for the British headquarters. In 1916 he was promoted to major general and he set about turning the 19th Division into an efficient fighting unit, purging the senior officers. The division was in reserve on the disastrous first day of the Battle of the Somme and it acquitted itself well in the small subsequent attacks around La Boiselle in July. In 1917, Bridges was sent on the liaison to the United States under Arthur Balfour, soon after the Americans entered the war. This caused much friction as the American general staff felt that US troops should be commanded by US officers, Bridges returned in time to lead his division at Passchendaele in 1917. He was severely injured on 20 September at the Battle of the Menin Road Ridge, the rate of reinforcements was soon increased threefold. Subsequently, Bridges was appointed to liaison missions to Greece, the Balkans and his final active service was in Greece, fighting against the Turks in Asia Minor. After the war, he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George and his uncle, the Poet Laureate Robert Bridges, also honoured him with an ode To His Excellency. Bridges was appointed Governor of South Australia in 1922, at the instigation of his friend Winston Churchill, Bridges arrived in Adelaide in December of the same year. Bridges was a governor, defending capital punishment, supporting the Legislative Council
37.
Governor of Tasmania
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The Governor of Tasmania is the representative in the Australian state of Tasmania of Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia. The Governor performs the same constitutional and ceremonial functions at the level as the Governor-General of Australia does at the national level. Nevertheless, the Governor retains the powers of the Crown. See Governors of the Australian states for a description and history of the office of Governor, the official residence of the Governor is Government House located at the Queens Domain. The first Australian-born Governor of Tasmania was Sir Stanley Burbury, the first Tasmanian-born governor was Sir Guy Green. Since Burbury, all Tasmanian governors have been Australian-born, except for Peter Underwood, on 10 November, Premier Will Hodgman announced that University of Tasmania legal academic Kate Warner would be appointed as the states first female governor. Warner was sworn in on 10 December, between 1804 and 1813, Van Diemens Land was divided along the 42nd parallel, and the two sections governed as separate Lieutenant-Governorships under the Governor of New South Wales. Collins was the officially appointed Lieutenant-Governor—upon his death in 1810. The northern settlement at Port Dalrymple was administered by four Commandants until the settlements were merged to form the colony under the governorship of Thomas Davey in 1813. The colony was called Van Diemens Land until 1856, four former governors are alive, the oldest being Sir Phillip Bennett. The latest-serving former governor to die was Sir Stanley Burbury, on 24 April 1995, the most recently serving governor to die was Peter Underwood, who died in office on 7 July 2014. Governors and Lieutenant Governors of Tasmania Parliamentary Library - Governors of Tasmania
38.
James O'Grady
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Sir James OGrady, KCMG was a trade unionist and Labour Party politician in the United Kingdom. He was the first colonial governor appointed by the Labour Party from within its own ranks, OGrady was born in Bristol to Irish parents. His father was a labourer, and after leaving school at ten, OGrady did various jobs, before training as a cabinet-maker. A member of the Independent Labour Party and supported by the Labour Representation Committee and he had benefited from an electoral pact negotiated between Herbert Gladstone and Ramsay MacDonald, and faced only a Unionist opponent, who he defeated by a wide margin. He held that seat until he stepped down from Parliament at the 1924 general election, in the House of Commons, he spoke frequently, particularly on foreign affairs, and was noted as a strong supporter of the First World War, speaking at recruitment rallies. He was also Labours only Roman Catholic MP, through his role in the Amalgamated Union of Cabinet Makers, he had been President of the Trades Union Congress in 1898, and he continued his union activities whilst an MP. After a variety of posts in unions related to the furniture trades, in 1924, Ramsay MacDonalds First Labour Government offered OGrady the post of British Ambassador to the Soviet Union, and he accepted. Instead he became Governor of Tasmania from 1924 to 1930, the first Labour politician to be appointed as a colonial governor by a Labour government, his appointment was resisted by the Australian Labor Party, which wanted the job to go to an Australian. He was knighted with a KCMG and moved to Tasmania, taking office on 23 December and his governorship was marked by conflicts with the Legislative Council, and his governors reports were outspoken, but he appears to have parted on good terms. His next appointment was in 1931, as Governor of the Falkland Islands and he died later that year, aged 68. In 1910, OGrady and three other MPs, along with Professor Stanley Poole, formally nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize the Polish physician L. L. Zamenhof, inventor of Esperanto
39.
Governor of Victoria
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The Governor of Victoria is the representative in the Australian state of Victoria of its monarch, Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia and is one of the Governors of the Australian states. The governor performs the same constitutional and ceremonial functions at the level as does the Governor-General of Australia at the federal level. The governors office and official residence is Government House next to the Royal Botanic Gardens, the Governor of Victoria is appointed by the Queen of Australia on the advice of the Premier of Victoria. The current Governor of Victoria is former judge Linda Dessau, Victorias first female governor, nevertheless, the governor retains the reserve powers of the Crown, and has the right to dismiss the premier. The governor of Victoria is appointed by the queen of Australia, on the advice of the premier of Victoria, to act as her representative as head of state in Victoria. The governor acts at the pleasure, meaning that the term of the governor can be terminated at any time by the queen acting upon the advice of the premier. Upon appointment, he or she becomes a viceroy, the governors main responsibilities fall into three categories – constitutional, ceremonial and community engagement. In 1984, the Personal Standard of the Governor of Victoria was changed to the State Flag of Victoria, with the blue background replaced by gold, above the Southern Cross is the Royal Crown. Previously, the used by Victorian governors after 1870 had been the Union Jack with the Badge of the State of Victoria emblazoned in the centre. Between 1903 and 1953, the Tudor Crown was used on the State Flag and Governors Standard, the Governor’s Standard is flown at Government House and on vehicles conveying the governor. The Standard is lowered over Government House when the governor is absent from Victoria, there is also a lieutenant-governor and an administrator. The Chief Justice of Victoria is ex officio the Administrator, unless he or she is the lieutenant-governor, in which case, the lieutenant-governor takes on the responsibilities of the governor when that post is vacant or when the governor is out of the state or unable to act. The administrator takes on those duties if both the governor and lieutenant-governor are not able to act for the above reasons, see Governors of the Australian states for a description and history of the office of governor. Until the appointment of Victorian-born Sir Henry Winneke in 1974, the Governors of Victoria were British, prior to the separation of the colony of Victoria from New South Wales in 1851, the area was called the Port Phillip District of New South Wales. The Governor of New South Wales appointed superintendents of the District, in 1839 Charles La Trobe was appointed superintendent. La Trobe became Lieutenant-Governor of Victoria on separation on 1 July 1851, between 1850 and 1861, the Governor of New South Wales was titled Governor-General of New South Wales, in an attempt to form a federal structure. Until Victoria obtained responsible government in 1855, the Governor-General of New South Wales appointed lieutenant-governors to Victoria, on Victoria obtaining responsible government in May 1855, the title of the then incumbent lieutenant-governor, Captain Sir Charles Hotham, became governor. As of July 2015, four former governors are alive, the oldest being John Landy, the most recent governor to die was Davis McCaughey, on 25 March 2005
40.
George Rous, 3rd Earl of Stradbroke
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He was born on 19 November 1862, the only son and heir of John Rous, 2nd Earl of Stradbroke. Under the courtesy title of Viscount Dunwich, he was educated at Harrow School and he succeeded his father as 3rd Earl of Stradbroke and owner of the family seat at Henham Park in Suffolk on 27 January 1886. Viscount Dunwich was commissioned captain in the 1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers in 1882 and he was promoted major in 1884, and lieutenant colonel to command the unit in 1888. He was promoted to colonel in the Volunteers in 1902 and was awarded the Volunteer Decoration. He was appointed an aide-de-camp to King Edward VII in the 1902 Coronation Honours list on 26 June 1902 and he led the 3rd East Anglian Brigade and its successor units on active service on the Western Front in Egypt and Palestine during World War I. He was awarded the Territorial Decoration, CBE and KCMG and he also served as chairman of the Suffolk Territorial Army Association and as president of the Council of the National Artillery Association. He finally retired from a role with the Territorial Army. Stradbroke was appointed as Governor of Victoria in 1920 and held the position until 1926 and he also served as Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries from 1928 until the defeat of the 1924–1929 Conservative Government. As ex. officio the Chief Scout of Victoria as governor, Lord Stradbroke also sponsored the Victorian Scouting competition and this event is still held every year and is immensely popular. A Freemason, Stradbroke was initiated to the craft in the Lodge of Prudence No.388, after he became Worshipful Master of the Lodge, he was appointed Provincial Grand Master of Suffolk in 1902 holding the position for forty-five years. Two years after being appointed Governor of Victoria, he was elected Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Victoria and he was also Provincial Grand Master of Mark Masons of East Anglia. He was also president of the National Sea Fisheries Protection Association, helena Violet Alice Fraser, daughter of Lt. -Gen. James Keith Fraser, married Stradbroke on 23 July 1898, as Countess of Stradbroke she was created a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1927. His widow, the Dowager Countess of Stradbroke, died in an accident on 14 April 1949. In addition to the honours noted above, the Earl of Stradbroke was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1904 and he was a Knight of the Order of St John and held the Grand Cross of the Order of the Savior of Greece
41.
Arthur Somers-Cocks, 6th Baron Somers
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Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Herbert Tennyson Somers-Cocks, 6th Baron Somers KCMG, DSO, MC, DL, son of Herbert Haldane Somers-Cocks by Blanche Margaret Standish Clogstoun. He was an Army officer in the First World War, a British administrator, in 1906 he joined the 1st Regiment of Life Guards of the British Army, later taking leave to farm in Canada before rejoining his regiment in 1914 at the start of World War I. He commanded the 6th Battalion of the new Tank Corps in 1918 and he was twice wounded, mentioned in dispatches, awarded the Military Cross, the Distinguished Service Order, and appointed to the Légion dhonneur. A Freemason, he was initiated in the House Brigade Lodge 18 years before he arrived in Victoria and he was appointed as Chief Scout of the British Empire in March 1941, on the death of Baden-Powell. He served until his death in 1944 and he was succeeded by Lord Rowallan. In 1929, at his own expense, he brought together boys from different backgrounds in Australia to what was named Lord Somers Camp which continues to this day. Somers revisited Australia and his camp in 1933, and again in 1937 when, as president of the Marylebone Cricket Club, Lord Somers was also an able cricketer, and played 17 first-class games. In 1904, whilst a schoolboy at Charterhouse, he made 115 against Westminster and he rarely had enough time to play cricket, but in the 1920s he made a further 16 first-class appearances for Worcestershire, his highest score being 52 against Essex in May 1925. Lord Somers became both a vice-president of Worcestershire CCC and, in 1936, President of MCC and he should not be confused with the Arthur Somers-Cocks who played ten games for Barbados around the turn of the twentieth century. During his term as Governor of Victoria, he was also Grand Master of Victorias Grand Lodge, Arthur Somers-Cocks, 6th Baron Somers at CricketArchive Arthur Somers-Cocks, 6th Baron Somers at ESPNcricinfo
42.
Governor of Western Australia
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The Governor of Western Australia is the representative in Western Australia of the Queen of Australia, Elizabeth II. Furthermore, all Bills passed by the Parliament of Western Australia require the Governors signature before they become Acts, the current governor is Kerry Sanderson, who is the first woman to hold the position. She succeeded Malcolm McCusker in October 2014, until the appointment of Sir James Mitchell in 1948, all governors of Western Australia had been British officials. The Governor of Western Australia is styled Her Excellency during her term in office, in August 2014, three of the four living past governors – John Sanderson, Ken Michael, and Malcolm McCusker – were given the title The Honourable, on the recommendation of the premier. The other living former governor, Michael Jeffery, already held the title and this is a list of Governors and Lieutenant-Governors of Western Australia. Stirling had said of his own position, I believe I am the first Governor who ever formed a settlement without Commission, Laws, Instructions, four former governors are alive, the oldest being Michael Jeffery. The most recent governor to die was Sir Francis Burt, on 8 September 2004, Government House, Perth Government House, Western Australia, The Official Website of the Governor of Western Australia
43.
William Campion
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Colonel Sir William Robert Campion KCMG DSO TD DL, was a British politician and Governor of Western Australia from 1924 to 1931. Born in England in 1870, he was educated at Eton and Oxford University, Campion was commissioned into the 2nd Volunteer Battalion, Royal Sussex Regiment in 1888. He served in the First World War, as a Colonel at Gallipoli then later in France in 1916 reaching the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order in 1918. In June 1924 Campion was appointed governor of Western Australia, from October 1924 to June 1931 Campion worked with Labor and Nationalist premiers alike in harmony during a period without major political crises. He presided with dignity over the States centennial celebrations in 1929 and he returned to England in 1931 and retired to his country house in Sussex, but spoke frequently in favour of organized migration to Australia. He was a member of the Empire Settlement Committee in 1935 and he accepted appointment as chairman of two Australian based gold-mining companies. He visited Australia in 1935-36 to inspect properties and again in 1939 and he died in Sussex on 2 January 1951, survived by his wife and three children. Leigh Rayments Historical List of MPs Hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by William Campion
44.
High Court of Australia
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The High Court of Australia is the supreme court in the Australian court hierarchy and the final court of appeal in Australia. The High Court is mandated by Constitution section 71, which vests in it the power of the Commonwealth of Australia. The Court was constituted by, and its first members were appointed under and it now operates under Constitution sections 71 to 75, the Judiciary Act, and the High Court of Australia Act 1979. It is composed of seven Justices, the Chief Justice of Australia, currently Susan Kiefel and they are appointed by the Governor-General of Australia, on the advice of the federal government, and under the constitution must retire at age 70. Since 1979, The High Court has been located in Canberra, the majority of its sittings are held in the High Court building, situated in the Parliamentary Triangle, overlooking Lake Burley Griffin. With an increasing utilisation of video links, sittings are also held in the state capitals. The High Court exercises both original jurisdiction and appellate jurisdiction, the High Court is the court of final appeal with the ability to interpret the common law for the whole of Australia, not just the state or territory in which the matter arose. The High Courts broad jurisdiction is similar to that of the Supreme Court of Canada, as such, the court is able to develop the common law consistently across all the states and territories. This role, alongside its role in constitutional interpretation, is one of the courts most significant and this broad array of jurisdiction enables the High Court to take a leading role in Australian law and contributes to a consistency and uniformity among the laws of the different states. The original jurisdiction of the High Court refers to matters that are heard in the High Court. The Constitution confers actual and potential original jurisdiction, Section 75 of the Constitution confers original jurisdiction in regard to all matters, The conferral of original jurisdiction creates some problems for the High Court. For example, challenges against immigration-related decisions are brought against an officer of the Commonwealth within the original jurisdiction of the High Court. However, the inclusion of constitutional matters in section 76, rather than section 75, in practice, section 75 and section 75 are broad enough that many constitutional matters would still be within jurisdiction. The 1998 Constitutional Convention recommended an amendment to the constitution to prevent the possibility of the jurisdiction being removed by Parliament, failure to proceed on this issue suggests that it was considered highly unlikely that Parliament would ever take this step. The requirement of a matter in section 75 and section 76 of the means that a concrete issue must need to be resolved. The High Courts appellate jurisdiction is defined under Section 73 of the Constitution, however, section 73 allows the appellate jurisdiction to be limited with such exceptions and subject to such regulations as the Parliament prescribes. Parliament has prescribed a large limitation in section 35A of the Judiciary Act 1903 and this requires special leave to appeal. Special leave is granted only where a question of law is raised that is of public importance, therefore, while the High Court is the final court of appeal, it cannot be considered a general court of appeal
45.
Clyde Engineering Co Ltd v Cowburn
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Clyde Engineering Co Ltd v Cowburn 37 CLR466 is a High Court of Australia case about inconsistency between a Commonwealth and a State law, which is dealt with in s 109 of the Australian Constitution. It contains classic statements of the denial of rights test and the covering the field test for inconsistency, Cowburn was an employee of Clyde Engineering, and worked a 44-hour week. However, the Commonwealth award stated that a worker who performed less than 48 hours of work should have pay deducted for non-attendance, Knox CJ and Gavan Duffy J noted that the impossibility of obedience test may not be appropriate in all circumstances. Isaacs and Rich JJ agreed with Knox CJ and Gavan Duffy J regarding the denial of rights test, isaacs and Starke JJ also concluded an inconsistency based on the covering the field test. An inconsistency may arise where the Commonwealth law, expressly or impliedly, intends to cover the field completely, Australian constitutional law Section 109 of the Australian Constitution Winterton, G. et al. Australian federal constitutional law, commentary and materials,1999
