1.
Norway
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The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered part of the Kingdom. Norway also lays claim to a section of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land, until 1814, the kingdom included the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland. It also included Isle of Man until 1266, Shetland and Orkney until 1468, Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres and a population of 5,258,317. The country shares a long border with Sweden. Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east, Norway has an extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea. King Harald V of the Dano-German House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway, erna Solberg became Prime Minister in 2013, replacing Jens Stoltenberg. A constitutional monarchy, Norway divides state power between the Parliament, the Cabinet and the Supreme Court, as determined by the 1814 Constitution, the kingdom is established as a merger of several petty kingdoms. By the traditional count from the year 872, the kingdom has existed continuously for 1,144 years, Norway has both administrative and political subdivisions on two levels, counties and municipalities. The Sámi people have an amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the Sámi Parliament. Norway maintains close ties with the European Union and the United States, the country maintains a combination of market economy and a Nordic welfare model with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system. Norway has extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood, the petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the countrys gross domestic product. On a per-capita basis, Norway is the worlds largest producer of oil, the country has the fourth-highest per capita income in the world on the World Bank and IMF lists. On the CIAs GDP per capita list which includes territories and some regions, from 2001 to 2006, and then again from 2009 to 2017, Norway had the highest Human Development Index ranking in the world. It also has the highest inequality-adjusted ranking, Norway ranks first on the World Happiness Report, the OECD Better Life Index, the Index of Public Integrity and the Democracy Index. Norway has two names, Noreg in Nynorsk and Norge in Bokmål. The name Norway comes from the Old English word Norðrveg mentioned in 880, meaning way or way leading to the north. In contrasting with suðrvegar southern way for Germany, and austrvegr eastern way for the Baltic, the Anglo-Saxon of Britain also referred to the kingdom of Norway in 880 as Norðmanna land. This was the area of Harald Fairhair, the first king of Norway, and because of him
2.
1927 in Norway
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Events in the year 1927 in Norway. Monarch - Haakon VII Norsk Hydro forms a companionship with the German company IG Farben in order to access to the newly developed Haber-Bosch process for manufacturing artificial fertilizer. By 1945 IG Farben has become majority shareholder, the 1927 Parliamentary election takes place. The avant-garde theatre Balkongen is started by Agnes Mowinckel,11 December - Stein Eriksen, alpine skier, Olympic gold medallist and World Champion 11 December - Trygve Moe, journalist 15 December - Ole N
3.
1928 in Norway
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Events in the year 1928 in Norway. Monarch - Haakon VII27 June – The opening of the railway line to Nationaltheatret station in Oslo. At Herøya, outside Porsgrunn, Norsk Hydro establishes what is to become Norways largest industrial park, municipal and county elections are held throughout the country. Bernt Evensen, speed skater, Olympic gold medallist and racing cyclist, is awarded the Egebergs Ærespris for his achievements in speed skating and cycling, husabø, politician 17 May – Dag Skogheim, teacher, poet, novelist, short story writer, biographer and non-fiction writer
4.
Monarchy of Norway
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The Norwegian monarch is the monarchical head of state of Norway, which is a constitutional and hereditary monarchy with a parliamentary system. The present monarch is King Harald V, who has reigned since 17 January 1991, succeeding his father, the heir apparent is his only son, Crown Prince Haakon. The crown prince undertakes various public functions, as does the kings wife. The crown prince also acts as regent in the kings absence, there are several other members of the Royal Family, including the kings daughter, grandchildren and siblings. Whilst the Constitution of Norway grants important executive powers to the King, formally the King appoints the government according to his own judgement, but parliamentary practice has been in place since 1884. Constitutional practice has replaced the meaning of the word King in most articles of the constitution from the king personally to the elected government. The powers vested in the monarch are significant, but are treated only as reserve powers, the King does not, by convention, have direct participation in government. He ratifies laws and royal resolutions, receives and sends envoys from and to foreign countries and he has a more tangible influence as the symbol of national unity. The annual New Years Eve speech is one occasion when the King traditionally raises negative issues, the King is also Supreme Commander of the Norwegian Armed Forces and Grand Master of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav and of the Royal Norwegian Order of Merit. The King has no role in the Church of Norway. The position of King of Norway has been in existence since the unification of Norway in 872. In recent years members of the Socialist Left party have proposed the abolition of the monarchy during each new session of parliament and this gives the Norwegian monarchy the unique status of being a popularly elected royal family and receiving regular formal confirmations of support from the Storting. Prior to and in the phase of the Viking Age Norway was divided into several smaller kingdoms. Harald Fairhair was the first king of Norway, the boundaries of Fairhairs kingdom were not identical to those of present-day Norway, and upon his death the kingship was shared among his sons. Some historians emphasise the actual control over the country and assert that Olaf II, alias Saint Olaf. Olaf is generally held to have been the force behind Norways final conversion to Christianity. In the 12th and 13th centuries the Norwegian kingdom was at its geographical and cultural peak, the kingdom included Norway, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Greenland, Shetland, Orkney and other smaller areas in the British Isles. The king had diplomatic relations with most of the European kingdoms and formed alliances with Scotland and Castile, large castles such as Haakons Hall and cathedrals, the foremost being Nidaros Cathedral, were built
5.
Haakon VII of Norway
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Haakon VII, known as Prince Carl of Denmark until 1905, was a Danish prince who became the first king of Norway after the 1905 dissolution of the union with Sweden. He reigned from November 1905 until his death in September 1957, as one of the few elected monarchs, Haakon quickly won the respect and affection of his people. He played a role in uniting the Norwegian nation in its resistance to the Nazi invasion. He became King of Norway before his father and older brother became kings of Denmark, during his reign, he saw his father, his brother and his nephew, Frederick IX, ascend the throne of Denmark, respectively in 1906,1912 and 1947. He died at the age of 85 on 21 September 1957 and he was succeeded by his only son, Olav V. Prince Carl of Denmark was the son of King Frederik VIII of Denmark. Furthermore, he was a brother of Christian X, a paternal grandson of King Christian IX of Denmark. Prince Carl was born at Charlottenlund Palace near Copenhagen and he belonged to the Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg branch of the House of Oldenburg. The House of Oldenburg had been the Danish royal family since 1448, the house was originally from northern Germany, where the Glucksburg branch held their small fief. The family had permanent links with Norway beginning from the late Middle Ages, several of his paternal ancestors had been kings of independent Norway. Christian Frederick, who was King of Norway briefly in 1814, Prince Carl was raised in the royal household in Copenhagen and educated at the Royal Danish Naval Academy. Their son, Prince Alexander, the future Crown Prince Olav, was born on 2 July 1903, gradually, Prince Carl became the leading candidate, largely because he was descended from independent Norwegian kings. The new royal family of Norway left Denmark on the Danish royal yacht Dannebrog, at Oscarsborg Fortress, they boarded the Norwegian naval ship Heimdal. After a three-day journey, they arrived in Kristiania early on the morning of 25 November 1905, two days later, Haakon took the oath as Norways first independent king in 518 years. The coronation of Haakon and Maud took place in Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim on 22 June 1906, King Haakon gained much sympathy from the Norwegian people. Although the Constitution of Norway vests the King with considerable executive powers, Haakon confined himself to non-partisan roles without interfering in politics, a practice continued by his son and grandson. However, his long rule gave him moral authority as a symbol of the countrys unity. Haakon, Maud and Crown Prince Olav became interested in skiing and this sport is often viewed as typically Norwegian
6.
Norge (airship)
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The Norge was a semi-rigid Italian-built airship that carried out the first verified trip of any kind to the North Pole and likely the first verified overflight on 12 May 1926. It was also the first aircraft to fly over the ice cap between Europe and America. Norge was the first N class semi-rigid airship designed by Umberto Nobile, as part of the selling contract it was refitted for Arctic conditions. The pressurised envelope was reinforced by metal frames at the nose and tail and this was covered by fabric and used as storage and crew space. Three engine gondolas and the control cabin were attached to the bottom of the keel. Norge was the first Italian semi-rigid to be fitted with the tail fins first developed by the Schütte-Lanz company. In 1925, Amundsen telegrammed Nobile asking to meet him at Oslo, with a contract in place Nobile modified the N-1 for cold conditions. As the expedition was being financed by the Aero Club of Norway the modified N-1 was given the name Norge, on 29 March 1926 at a ceremony at Ciampino aerodrome the Norge was handed over to the Aero Club of Norway. The flight north was due to leave Rome on 6 April but was delayed due to strong winds, the ship arrived at RNAS Pulham Airship Station in England at 15,20, because of the bad weather it was not hangared until 18,30. Delayed again by weather, the Norge left Pulham for Oslo at 11,45 on 12 April. On 15 April at 01,00 the Norge left the mooring mast at Ekeberg in Oslo for Gatchina near Leningrad, after a 17-hour flight it arrived at 19,30, delayed by dense fog along the way. Although expected to leave Gatchina as soon as the weather allowed after the 24 April, although Nobile was keen to get to Spitsbergen even if the mast and shed were not completed as he was concerned about the weather, the departure for Gatchina was postponed again. The airship finally left Gatchina at 09,40 on 5 May to proceed to Vadsø in northern Norway, the expedition then crossed the Barents Sea to reach Kings Bay at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. There Nobile met Richard Evelyn Byrd preparing his Fokker for his North Pole attempt, Nobile explained the Norge trip was to observe the uncharted sea between the Pole and Alaska where some thought land was, at the time he believed Robert Edwin Peary had already reached the pole. This would be the last stop before crossing the pole, the airship left Ny-Ålesund for the final stretch across the polar ice on May 11 at 9,55. Nobiles dog, Titina, also came aboard as mascot, on 12 May at 01.25 they reached the North Pole, at which point the Norwegian, American and Italian flags were dropped from the airship onto the ice. Amundsen later recalled with scorn that under Nobile, the airship had become a circus wagon in the sky, after crossing the pole, ice encrustations kept growing on the airship to such an extent that pieces breaking off would be blown by the propellers and strike the fabric hull. We had used up all our cement in repairing the fabric, on 14 May the Norge reached the Eskimo village of Teller, Alaska where in view of worsening weather, the decision was made to land rather than continue to Nome
7.
North Pole
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The North Pole, also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole, is defined as the point in the Northern Hemisphere where the Earths axis of rotation meets its surface. The North Pole is the northernmost point on the Earth, lying diametrically opposite the South Pole and it defines geodetic latitude 90° North, as well as the direction of true north. At the North Pole all directions point south, all lines of longitude converge there, along tight latitude circles, counterclockwise is east and clockwise is west. The North Pole is at the center of the Northern Hemisphere, while the South Pole lies on a continental land mass, the North Pole is located in the middle of the Arctic Ocean amid waters that are almost permanently covered with constantly shifting sea ice. This makes it impractical to construct a permanent station at the North Pole, however, the Soviet Union, and later Russia, constructed a number of manned drifting stations on a generally annual basis since 1937, some of which have passed over or very close to the Pole. Since 2002, the Russians have also established a base, Barneo. This operates for a few weeks during early spring, studies in the 2000s predicted that the North Pole may become seasonally ice-free because of Arctic ice shrinkage, with timescales varying from 2016 to the late 21st century or later. The sea depth at the North Pole has been measured at 4,261 m by the Russian Mir submersible in 2007 and at 4,087 m by USS Nautilus in 1958. The nearest land is said to be Kaffeklubben Island, off the northern coast of Greenland about 700 km away. The nearest permanently inhabited place is Alert in the Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut, Canada, around the beginning of the 20th century astronomers noticed a small apparent variation of latitude, as determined for a fixed point on Earth from the observation of stars. Part of this variation could be attributed to a wandering of the Pole across the Earths surface, the wandering has several periodic components and an irregular component. The component with a period of about 435 days is identified with the eight-month wandering predicted by Euler and is now called the Chandler wobble after its discoverer and it is desirable to tie the system of Earth coordinates to fixed landforms. Of course, given plate tectonics and isostasy, there is no system in all geographic features are fixed. Yet the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service and the International Astronomical Union have defined a framework called the International Terrestrial Reference System. As early as the 16th century, many eminent people correctly believed that the North Pole was in a sea and it was therefore hoped that passage could be found through ice floes at favorable times of the year. Several expeditions set out to find the way, generally with whaling ships, one of the earliest expeditions to set out with the explicit intention of reaching the North Pole was that of British naval officer William Edward Parry, who in 1827 reached latitude 82°45′ North. In 1871 the Polaris expedition, a US attempt on the Pole led by Charles Francis Hall, another British Royal Navy attempt on the pole, part of the British Arctic Expedition, by Commander Albert H. Markham reached a then-record 83°2026 North in May 1876 before turning back. An 1879–1881 expedition commanded by US naval officer George W. DeLong ended tragically when their ship, over half the crew, including DeLong, were lost
8.
Roald Amundsen
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Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen was a Norwegian explorer of polar regions. He led the Antarctic expedition of 1910–12 which was the first to reach the South Pole, in 1926, he was the first expedition leader for the air expedition to the North Pole. Amundsen is recognized as the first person, without dispute, as having reached both poles and he is also known as having the first expedition to traverse the Northwest Passage in the Arctic. In June 1928, while taking part in a mission for the airship Italia. Amundsen was a key leader during the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration, in the class of Douglas Mawson, Robert Falcon Scott. Amundsen was born to a family of Norwegian shipowners and captains in Borge and his parents were Jens Amundsen and Hanna Sahlqvist. Roald was the son in the family. His mother wanted him to avoid the family trade and encouraged him to become a doctor. He promptly quit university for a life at sea, Amundsen had hidden a lifelong desire inspired by Fridtjof Nansens crossing of Greenland in 1888 and Franklins lost expedition. He decided on a life of exploration of wilderness places. Amundsen joined the Belgian Antarctic Expedition as first mate and this expedition, led by Adrien de Gerlache using the ship the RV Belgica, became the first expedition to winter in Antarctica. The Belgica, whether by mistake or design, became locked in the sea ice at 70°30′S off Alexander Island, the crew endured a winter for which they were poorly prepared. By Amundsens own estimation, the doctor for the expedition, the American Frederick Cook, probably saved the crew from scurvy by hunting for animals and feeding the crew fresh meat. In cases where citrus fruits are lacking, fresh meat from animals that make their own vitamin C contains enough of the vitamin to prevent scurvy and this was an important lesson for Amundsens future expeditions. In 1903, Amundsen led the first expedition to successfully traverse Canadas Northwest Passage between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and he planned a small expedition of six men in a 45-ton fishing vessel, Gjøa, in order to have flexibility. His ship had relatively shallow draft and his technique was to use a small ship and hug the coast. Amundsen had the ship outfitted with a gasoline engine. They traveled via Baffin Bay, the Parry Channel and then south through Peel Sound, James Ross Strait, Simpson Strait and they spent two winters at King William Island in the harbor of what is today Gjoa Haven, Nunavut, Canada
9.
Airship
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An airship or dirigible balloon is a type of aerostat or lighter-than-air aircraft that can navigate through the air under its own power. Aerostats gain their lift from large gas bags filled with a gas that is less dense than the surrounding air. In early dirigibles, the gas used was hydrogen, due to its high lifting capacity. Helium gas has almost the same lifting capacity and is not flammable, unlike hydrogen, significant amounts were first discovered in the United States and for a while helium was only used for airships by the United States. Most airships built since the 1960s have used helium, though some have used hot air, the envelope of an airship may form a single gas bag, or may contain a number of internal gas-filled cells. An airship also has engines, crew, and optionally also payload accommodation, the main types of airship are non-rigid, semi-rigid, and rigid. Non-rigid airships, often called blimps, rely on internal pressure to maintain the shape of the airship, semi-rigid airships maintain the envelope shape by internal pressure, but have some form of supporting structure, such as a fixed keel, attached to it. Rigid airships have a structural framework which maintains the shape and carries all structural loads. Rigid airships were first flown by Count Zeppelin and the vast majority of rigid airships built were manufactured by the firm he founded, as a result, rigid airships are called zeppelins. S. Navy helium-filled rigids, the USS Akron and USS Macon respectively, during the pioneer years of aeronautics, terms such as airship, air-ship, air ship and ship of the air meant any kind of navigable or dirigible flying machine. In 1919 Frederick Handley Page was reported as referring to ships of the air, in the 1930s, large intercontinental flying boats were also sometimes referred to as ships of the air or flying-ships. Nowadays the term airship is used only for powered, dirigible balloons, semirigid architecture is the more recent and the late appearance is caused by both advancements about deformable structures and exigiency of reducing weight and volume of the airships. They have a structure that ensure to keep the shape jointly with overpressure of the gas envelope. An aerostat is an aircraft which remain aloft using buoyancy or static lift, Airships are a type of aerostat. The term aerostat has also used to indicate a tethered or moored balloon as opposed to a free-floating balloon. A blimp is a non-rigid aerostat, in American usage it refers specifically to a non-rigid type of dirigible balloon or airship. In British usage it refers to any non-rigid aerostat, including balloons and other kite balloons, having a streamlined shape. The initials LZ, for Luftschiff Zeppelin, usually prefixed their crafts serial identifiers, streamlined Parsifal-shaped rigid airships are usually referred to as Zeppelin, because of the fame that this company has acquired due to the number of airships it produced
10.
Spitsbergen
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Spitsbergen is the largest and only permanently populated island of the Svalbard archipelago in northern Norway. Constituting the westernmost bulk of the archipelago, it borders the Arctic Ocean, the Norwegian Sea, Spitsbergen covers an area of 39,044 km2, making it the largest island in Norway and the 36th-largest in the world. Other settlements, in addition to research outposts, are the Russian mining community of Barentsburg, the community of Ny-Ålesund. The island was first used as a base in the 17th and 18th centuries. Coal mining started at the end of the 19th century and several permanent communities were established, the Svalbard Treaty of 1920 recognized Norwegian sovereignty and established Svalbard as a free economic zone and a demilitarized zone. The Norwegian Store Norske and the Russian Arktikugol remain the mining companies. Research and tourism have become important supplementary industries, featuring among others the University Centre in Svalbard, no roads connect the settlements, instead snowmobiles, aircraft, and boats serve as local transport. Svalbard Airport, Longyear provides the point of entry and exit. The island has an Arctic climate, although significantly higher temperatures than other places at the same latitude. The flora benefits from the period of midnight sun, which compensates for the polar night. Svalbard is a ground for many seabirds, and also supports polar bears, reindeer. Six national parks protect the largely untouched, yet fragile environment, the island has many glaciers, mountains and fjords. Spitsbergen was named by its discoverer, the Dutch navigator Willem Barentsz, the name Spitsbergen, meaning “pointed mountains”, was at first applied to both the main island and the archipelago as a whole. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, English whalers referred to the islands as Greenland, the Spitzbergen spelling was used in English during the 19th century, for instance by Beechey, Laing, and the Royal Society. In 1906, the Arctic explorer Sir Martin Conway thought that the Spitzbergen spelling was incorrect, preferring Spitsbergen as he noted that the name was Dutch and this had little effect on British practice. In 1920, the international treaty determining the fate of the islands was entitled the Spitsbergen Treaty, the islands were generally referred to in the USA as Spitsbergen from that time, although the spelling Spitzbergen was also commonly used through the 20th century. Under Norwegian governance, the archipelago was named Svalbard in 1925, by the end of the 20th century, this usage had become common. The first confirmed and recorded sighting of the island by a European was by Willem Barentsz, the first good map with the east coast roughly indicated, appeared in 1623, printed by Willem Janszoon Blaeu
11.
Teller, Alaska
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Teller is a city in Nome Census Area, Alaska, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 229 and it is situated on the southern half of the spit called Nook in Inupiaq, which separates Port Clarence Bay and Grantley Harbor, at the outlet of the Imuruk Basin. The Inupiat had a camp called Nook 32 km south of Teller in the early 19th century. An expedition from the Western Union telegraph spent the winter at the present site of Teller in 1866 and 1867, when the United States Government introduced reindeer herding in Alaska, the Teller Reindeer Station operated from 1892 to 1900 at a nearby site. The station was named for United States Senator and Secretary of the Interior Henry Moore Teller in 1892 by Sheldon Jackson, Teller was established in 1900 after the Bluestone Placer Mine discovery 25 km to the south. It took its name from the reindeer herding station, during the boom years in the early 20th century, Teller had a population of about 5,000 and was a major regional trading center. Natives from Diomede, Wales, Marys Igloo, and King Island came to trade there, the Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Church built Teller Mission across the harbor from Teller in 1900. The mission was renamed Brevig Mission in 1903, after the Reverend T. L. Brevig, who served briefly as Tellers first postmaster. The dirigible Norge detoured to Teller on its first flight over the North Pole from Norway to Nome in 1926, many present residents of Teller came from Marys Igloo. Marys Igloo is now a fishing camp and has no permanent residents. Today, Teller is an Inupiat village that depends on subsistence hunting and fishing, Teller is located on a spit 116 km northwest of Nome on the Seward Peninsula. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 2.1 square miles. Teller has a subarctic climate, although its climate nearly qualifies as a tundra climate. As of the census of 2000, there were 268 people,76 households, the population density was 139.9 people per square mile. There were 87 housing units at a density of 45.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 7. 46% White and 92. 54% Native American,0. 37% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 18. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 5. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 3.53 and the average family size was 3.80. In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 41. 4% under the age of 18,9. 7% from 18 to 24,26. 5% from 25 to 44,15. 7% from 45 to 64, the median age was 24 years
12.
Ivar Ballangrud
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Ivar Eugen Ballangrud was a Norwegian speed skater, a four-time Olympic champion in speed skating. As the only gold medalist at the 1936 Winter Olympics. Ivar Ballangrud was one of the best speed skaters in the world for a period of 15 years, coming from the small place Lunner on Hadeland, he was a member of the famous Hadeland Trio, consisting of himself, Michael Staksrud and Hans Engnestangen. He represented the club Trondhjems Skøiteklub, Ballangrud was four times World Allround Champion, four times European Allround Champion, five times Norwegian Allround Champion, and four times Olympic Champion. He won three Olympic titles at the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen,500 m,5000 m, and 10,000 m. On the 1500 m during those Winter Olympics, he won silver – his teammate Charles Mathiesen being the one to keep him from winning gold in all four speed skating events. Ballangrud had won his first Olympic gold 8 years earlier on the 5000 m at the 1928 Winter Olympics, in addition, he won a bronze medal in 1928 and a silver medal at the 1932 Winter Olympics. He made his debut as a 19-year-old rising star in 1924. However, he was paired with Julius Skutnabb – who had just become the Olympic 10,000 m Champion – in his first World Championships in Helsinki in 1924, and beat the champion on his homeground. In 1930, he dethroned Oscar Mathisen from the top of the Adelskalender, in addition to his five official world records, Ballangrud skated 16,46.4 in a 10,000 m packstyle test race before the Olympic Games in 1932. This time was 31 seconds below the then-current world record and it would stand unbeaten as the fastest 10,000 m time for twenty years, Ballangrud was born as Ivar Eriksen. His mother changed his last name when she remarried following her husbands death, in retirement Ballangrud worked at his sporting good store in Drammen, and later in Trondheim. A statue in his honor was raised in his native Jevnaker, Source, EvertStenlund. se Note that Ballangruds personal record on the 1500 m was not a world record because Hans Engnestangen skated 2,13.8 at the same tournament. Ballangrud has an Adelskalender score of 188.806 points and he was number one on the Adelskalender for a total of 3,675 days, divided over two periods between 1930 and 1942. An overview of medals won by Ballangrud at important championships he participated in, listing the years in which he won each, Source, SpeedSkatingStats. com & Skoyteforbundet. no Eng, all Time International Championships, Complete Results,1889 –2002. Eng, Trond, Gjerde, Arild and Teigen, Magne, norsk Skøytestatistikk Gjennom Tidene, Menn/Kvinner,1999. Eng, Trond, Gjerde, Arild, Teigen, Magne and Teigen, norsk Skøytestatistikk Gjennom Tidene, Menn/Kvinner,2004. Komplette Resultater fra offisielle Norske Mesterskap på skøyter,1894 –2005, komplette Resultater Norske Mesterskap På Skøyter,1887 –1989, Menn/Kvinner, Senior/Junior
13.
World Allround Speed Skating Championships for Men
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The International Skating Union has organised the World Allround Speed Skating Championships for Men since 1893. Unofficial Championships were held in the years 1889–1892, in 1889, three distances had to be skated, 1/2 mile –1 mile –2 miles. In the years 1890-1892, four distances had to be skated, since 1893, four distances have to be skated,500 m –1,500 m –5,000 m –10,000 m. In 1889, one could win the World Championships by winning all three distances. If no one won all three distances, no winner would be declared, silver and bronze medals were not awarded. In the years 1890-1907, one could win the World Championships by winning at least three of the four distances, so there would be no World Champion if no skater won at least three distances. Silver and bronze medals were never awarded, in the years 1908-1925, ranking points were awarded, the final ranking was then decided by ordering the skaters by lowest point totals. The rule that a skater winning at least three distances was automatically World Champion was still in effect, though, so the ranking could be affected by that, silver and bronze medals were awarded now as well. In the years 1926-1927, the points on each distance were percentage points, calculated from a skaters time. Apart from that, the system used was the same as in the preceding years. Since 1928, the system has been in use. However, the rule that a skater winning at least three distances was automatically World Champion remained in effect until 1986 and it was abolished as a result of three-distance-winner Rolf Falk-Larssen having a worse samalog score than silver medal winner Tomas Gustafson in 1983. Sven Kramer has won a total of nine championships, in 2007,2008,2009,2010,2012,2013,2015,2016 and 2017. Before Kramer, Clas Thunberg and Oscar Mathisen held the record with five world championships, Kramer has won four consecutive world championships, in 2007,2008,2009 and 2010. World Allround Speed Skating Championships for Women
14.
Erik Bye
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Erik Erikssønn Bye was a versatile Norwegian journalist, artist, author, film actor, folk singer and radio and television personality. He was one of the 20th centurys most well-known and popular radio, born in Brooklyn, New York, to Rønnaug and opera singer Erik Ole Bye, his family moved home to Norway when he was six years old. After a few years in Ringerike they settled in the Nordstrand borough in Oslo, in his teens, Bye joined the Norwegian resistance movement during the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany during World War II. During his studies he traveled extensively throughout the United States, taking odd jobs. In 1953, Bye took his first job as a reporter with the Associated Press, in 1955, he moved to London and worked three years at the BBC Overseas Service as an apprentice to Anthony Martin before returning home. Bye enjoyed immense popularity with generations of Norwegians, and his songs and programs on radio and he was noted for his gift of being equally comfortable with the King of Norway and a random character met on the street. Bye was well known for his support of Norwegian sailors, the society also named one of their rescue vessels after the artist. In 1978 the King of Norway made him a Knight, 1st Class in the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav, in 2005 he was voted the third greatest Norwegian of the 20th century by the viewers of NRK, behind King Olav V and Einar Gerhardsen. Bye was married to politician Tove Billington Jørgensen from 1953 until his death from cancer, which took place in Hvalstad, Asker, Norway
15.
2004 in Norway
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Events in the year 2004 in Norway. 19 January – The freighter MS Rocknes capsizes in Vatlestraumen,26 March – Norsk Hydros fertilizer business was spun off as a separately stock-listed company under the name of Yara International. 4 April – NOKAS robbery, the NOKAS teller central in Stavanger was robbed, the outcome of the robbery was approximately NOK57,4 million, making it the largest robbery in Norwegian history. A policeman was shot and killed during the robbery,15 June – The Norwegian Directorate for Education and Training is created. 20 June – The first edition of Skolelinux is released,22 August – Armed robbers steal Edvard Munchs The Scream, Madonna, and other paintings from the Munch Museum in Oslo, Norway. 6 March – Selection of the participant for Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 2004,20 July – Maria Mena performs Youre the Only One on Late Show with David Letterman. 21 January – Princess Ingrid Alexandra of Norway, the daughter of Crown Prince Haakon of Norway,13 January – Arne Næss, Jr
16.
2006 in Norway
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Events in the year 2006 in Norway. Monarch, Harald V Prime Minister, Jens Stoltenberg 10 January – The Christian newspaper Magazinet publishes caricatures of the Prophet Muhammed,22 January – Islamic scholars threaten Denmark and Norway with boycotts after the publication of the Muhammed cartoons. 20 February – Agreement is reached between Denmark and Norway about where the border between Svalbard and Greenland should go,4 March – Prince Sverre Magnus of Norway is baptized in Slottskapellet in Oslo. 20 March – The Norwegian Food Safety Authority reports that Gilde is responsible for an outbreak of e. coli in Norway that has led to the death of one child and 13 hospitalized children,6 May – The Progress Party elects Siv Jensen as their new leader. 12 May – An Al-Qaida video on the internet encourages Muslims to attack Denmark, Norway,25 May – The FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2011 is awarded to Oslo during the congress of the International Ski Federation in Faro, Portugal. 3 June – Salmonella is found in First Price salami, which in recent weeks has infected 35,7 June – A meteorite impact event occurs in northern Troms County, Norway. Locals compare the resultant explosion to the explosion at Hiroshima. The impact location was apparently desolate, and no damage or casualties are reported. 10 June – A man fires several shots at police in Herøy, the man later takes his own life. 19 June - The decision is made to build the Svalbard Global Seed Vault,1 July – The Norwegian Labour and Welfare Administration is established. This is one of the biggest changes in the history of Norwegian welfare aid,24 August – Fritz Moen is acquitted of murder charges. 31 August – The Edvard Munch paintings The Scream and Madonna are found by the police, the paintings were stolen on 22 August 2004. The case made headlines locally and nationally, with accusations of unnecessary use of force and racism leveled at the local police, as well as uproar in African societies in Norway. 10 October – Atlantic Airways Flight 670, a BAe 146, slides off the runway at Stord, Norway,13 October – Solveig Fiske is appointed bishop of Hamar. December – Norsk Hydro reveals a proposal to merge its oil business with compatriate oil, gaining approval from both the EU and the Storting, the merger is completed by 1 October 2007. The service station chain HydroTexaco which was established in 1995 through a merger between Norsk Hydro and Texaco is sold to Reitangruppen, for football, see 2006 in Norwegian football 23 July – Tour de France 2006 is won by the Norwegian Thor Hushovd. 17 December – Norway wins the 2006 European Womens Handball Championship in Sweden, Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 200621 April – Free Jimmy, directed by Christopher Nielsen, was released in Norway. 26 May – The Bothersome Man, directed by Jens Lien, was released in Norway,25 August – Uro, directed by Stefan Faldbakken, was released in Norway
17.
Joralf Gjerstad
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Joralf Gjerstad is a Norwegian self identified psychic and faith healer. He was born in Snåsa and is known as the man with warm hands, Joralf Gjerstad claims that his ability to heal people comes from his Christian faith, and that he is not the only one in his family with psychic powers. A biography about him written by Ingar Sletten Kolloen that was published in 2008 became a bestseller in Norway, Gjerstad has worked as a control assistant at a dairy farm for 25 years and for the Snåsa church for 16 years. He has written several history books together with many biographies. He has also worked as a politician and served as the deputy mayor for the Labor Party in Snåsa. He is one of the founders of “Marthe and Joralf’s help fund”. Gjerstad has also collected a lot of information on the emigration from Snåsa to America, the connection between Snåsa and St. Olaf College in Minnesota was established through him. He received the King’s medal of Merit in silver in 2001, in honor of his good work, the Gjerstad Foundation decided to renovate his childhood home and it is now turned into a museum. There is also a museum with information about Joralf and his life located at Snåsa Hotel and he has, until now, refused to be tested by ‘scientists and other experts’. Prominent Norwegian scientists and researchers have expressed scepticism over his claims, leading sceptic James Randi offered Gjerstad a million dollar prize if he could demonstrate his abilities under controlled conditions
18.
2005 in Norway
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Events in the year 2005 in Norway. Monarch, Harald V Prime Minister, Kjell Magne Bondevik to 17 October Jens Stoltenberg 1 January – The University of Stavanger is established,11 March – Ole Christian Kvarme is appointed bishop of Oslo. 8 June – At least 10 are dead after an outbreak of Legionnaires disease, the source is localized to a Borregaard teatment plant in Sarpsborg. 13 June – The new Svinesund Bridge is opened joining Norway, the old Svinesund Bridge still stands 1 kilometre to the east. 14 July – The Nærøyfjord, the Geiranger Fjord and the Struve Geodetic Arc are designated by UNESCO as World Heritage Sites,12 September – The 2005 Parliamentary election takes place. The election was won by the opposition centre-left Red-Green Coalition, which took 87 seats,19 September – The trial of the accused in the NOKAS robbery starts in Stavanger. 17 October – Stoltenbergs Second Cabinet was appointed, Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 2005 Rock band Accidents Never Happen forms 7 June – Centennial of the dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden. Metliaas, civil servant and politician Ove Skaug, engineer and civil servant
19.
2008 in Norway
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Monarch, Harald V Prime Minister, Jens Stoltenberg January 1 – The Agency for Public Management and eGovernment is established. January 1 – Nordic Battlegroup consisting of forces from Sweden, Finland, Norway, Republic of Ireland. January 1 – Mercury becomes banned from use in Norway, January 11 – Norwegian police announce that they have arrested a 55-year-old man suspected of being the sexual predator known as The Pocket Man. 13 January – A school in Lørenskog is closed after threats of a school shooting came from a video on YouTube, a 15-year-old was arrested for the threat. January 21 – The OBX Index drops 6. 4%, then the second biggest fall since August 1991, February 21 – An earthquake measuring 6.1 on the moment magnitude scale hits Svalbard. This oblique-slip shock had a maximum Mercalli intensity of IV and was the strongest earthquake ever to hit Norway, February 23 – The 8 km Eiksund Tunnel near Volda in Møre og Romsdal is opened. February 26 – The Svalbard Global Seed Vault is officially opened,28 February – Three people were arrested in Oslo, accused of having participated in the financing of terrorist acts abroad. February 29 – Anniken Huitfeldt is appointed Minister of Children and Equality, March 1 – Austrian Matthias Lanzinger collides with a gate during a World Cup Super-G run at Kvitfjell, resulting in injuries that lead to his left leg being amputated below the knee two days later. 28 March – Norway recognizes Kosovo as an independent state,12 April – Official opening of the Oslo Opera House. 15 May – Ingeborg Synnøve Midtømme is appointed bishop of the diocese of Møre, june 11 – Norway legalises same-sex marriage. September 9 – The OBX Index drops 5. 57%, then the fourth biggest drop ever. September 29 – In conjunction with the liquidity crisis the index of Oslo Stock Exchange drops 8. 3%, then its third largest drop ever in one day. October 6 – The OBX Index drops 9. 71%, the third largest drop ever in one day, October 8 – The OBX Index drops 6. Author Stig Sæterbakken resigns as the content director in protest over the decision. October 15 – The OBX Index drops 8. 81% October 24 – The OBX Index drops 9, March 29– The Norwegian Premier League 2008 kicks off, lasting through November 2. November 2– The Norwegian Premier League 2008 ends, september 29 – Emma Tallulah Behn, the daughter of Princess Märtha Louise of Norway and Ari Behn. December 15 – Anne-Catharina Vestly, childrens author December 27 – Arild Andresen, footballer and ice hockey player
20.
2007 in Norway
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Events in the year 2007 in Norway. Monarch – Harald V Prime Minister – Jens Stoltenberg 13 January – The Greek ship Server breaks in half off the Norwegian coast,15 January – TV2 Nyhetskanalen starts broadcasting and becomes Norways first 24-hour news channel. 9 March – Gerd-Liv Valla resigns as the leader of the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions,10 March – Workers Communist Party and Red Electoral Alliance, as well as their common youth organization Red Youth, merge to become the Red Party. 12 March – In a radio interview on NRK P3, painter Marianne Aulie names two people who attempted to drug and rape her,3 April – A 41-year-old man admits to have killed Inger Johanne Apenes in 1978 as a 13-year-old. 26–27 April – NATO summit in Oslo,30 April – A 35-year-old woman and her 7-year-old niece is found murdered in Overhalla, Nord-Trøndelag. The womans ex-husband was later arrested for the murder,17 May – Docks located in Trondheim is completely destroyed in a fire. 23 August – Per Ditlev-Simonsen resigned as mayor of Oslo after it was revealed that he held a secret Swiss bank account for which he did not pay the Norwegian wealth tax on,10 September – Municipal and county elections are held throughout the country. 1 October – The merging of the oil businesses between the two Norwegian companies Norsk Hydro and Statoil, to form StatoilHydro, which was announced in December 2006, is completed. 24 November –3 people are killed and 24 are injured when a bus overturns in the Verdal municipality,28 November – Terra Securities files for bankruptcy as a result of the Terra Securities scandal. 1 December – The Lofoten Mainland Connection officially opens, giving access to Lofoten from the surrounding municipalities. 12 December – Statfjord oil spill, thousands of tonnes of oil were spilled into the North Sea during the loading of a tanker at the Statfjord oil field, the spill, estimated at 21,750 barrels, was Norways second largest ever oil spill. 30 December – Five people were injured after an explosion in a residential building in Lund, Rogaland. The explosion occurred due to tampering with fireworks, Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 20072 February – The Junior Olsen Gang and the Silver Mine Mystery, directed by Arne Lindtner Næss, was released in Norway. 23 February – USA vs. Al-Arian, directed by Line Halvorsen, was released in Norway,2 March – Mirush, directed by Marius Holst, was released in Norway. 30 March – On a Tightrope, directed by Petr Lom, was released in Norway, the film was awarded Grand Prix at the Chicago International Documentary Film Festival 2007. 18 July – Sigurd Kalheim, politician 25 July – Bjørn Egge, military officer 27 July – Arnt Gudleik Hagen, politician 6 August – Atle Selberg, mathematician
21.
Sverre Stenersen
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Sverre Stenersen was a Norwegian Nordic combined skier who dominated the event throughout the 1950s. His biggest triumphs were winning gold medals at the 1954 World Championships and 1956 Olympics. He also won a bronze at the 1952 Olympics and a silver at the 1958 World Championships, Stenersen won the Nordic combined event at the national championships in 1954–58 and at the Holmenkollen ski festival in 1955,1956 and 1959. In 1955 he received the Holmenkollen medal, Stenersen was born on a small farm in Målselv. In the late 1940s, seeking better training conditions, he moved to the Oslo area and he retired after placing seventh at the 1960 Winter Olympics and for several years ran a sport store in Målselv. After that he served as secretary for culture and sport in his municipality until retiring by age
22.
2003 in Norway
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Events in the year 2003 in Norway. 25 May – After docking in Miami at 05,00, SS Norway is severely damaged by an explosion at 06,30, that kills 7. A few weeks later it is announced by NCL that she will never again as a commercial ocean liner. 15 September – Norwegian county council elections,15 September – Municipal and county elections are held throughout the country. 1 December – King Harald V was announced to be suffering from bladder cancer,8 December – King Harald V successfully undergoes a 5½-hour cancer operation in which his bladder is removed and a new one constructed, at Rikshospitalet University Hospital in Oslo. 10 December – Shirin Ebadi of Iran receives the Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo, Norway. 12 December – Keiko, the orca whale who starred in the 1993 film Free Willy, dies of pneumonia while in the Taknes Bay located at the Arasvikfjord in Norway, where he had lived in the recent years. 6 March – Claus Helberg, resistance fighter and mountain guide 17 March – Anne-Olaug Ingeborgrud, politician 29 March – Herbjørn Sørebø, media personality
