1.
1916 in architecture
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The year 1916 in architecture involved some significant events. Colony Club at Park Avenue & 62nd Streer in New York City by Delano & Aldrich with interiors by Elsie de Wolfe, later the East Coast school of the American Academy of Dramatic Arts, completed. Main building of St Hughs College, Oxford in England by Herbert Tudor Buckland, church of St Paul, Liverpool in England by Giles Gilbert Scott completed. Holland House in the City of London, designed by Hendrik Petrus Berlage, november - The Incorporation of Architects in Scotland founded in Edinburgh. Publication of the White Pine Series of Architectural Monographs is initiated, royal Gold Medal - Robert Rowand Anderson. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, not held
2.
1917 in architecture
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The year 1917 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. The journal De Stijl is first published by Theo van Doesburg, the Het Schip housing scheme designed by Michel de Klerk in Amsterdam is started. The Lister County Courthouse designed by Erik Gunnar Asplund in a Mannerist style in Solvesborg, edificio Correos, San José, Costa Rica Livermore House, San Francisco, California, USA, designed by Julia Morgan. RIBA Royal Gold Medal - Henri Paul Nenot
3.
1918 in architecture
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The year 1918 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. November 3 – A Baroque Marian column in Prague, the Czech Republic, is destroyed by nationalists, december 3 - The Novembergruppe is formed in Germany, and shortly afterwards merges with the Arbeitsrat für Kunst. Hallidie Building is built in San Francisco, credited as the first glass curtain wall building. D. L. James House is built in Carmel Highlands, designed by Greene and Greene in an Arts and Crafts style. Police Headquarters are built in Copenhagen, Denmark, designed by Hack Kampmann in a Neoclassical style. Our Lady of the Victories Basilica in Melbourne, Australia is completed, newman College in Melbourne, Australia designed by Walter Burley Griffin, is completed. The Chapel of St. James, of the Archbishop Quigley Preparatory Seminary in Chicago, designed by Zachary Taylor Davis, Stockholm Library, designed by Erik Gunnar Asplund is built in Stockholm, Sweden in a Mannerist early modern style. The Woodland Chapel is built in Stockholm, Sweden, royal Gold Medal - Ernest Newton. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, not held, march 16 - Aldo van Eyck, Dutch architect April 10 - Jørn Utzon, Danish architect best known for Sydney Opera House July 3 - Benjamin C
4.
1919 in architecture
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The year 1919 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. 25 April - The Bauhaus architectural and design movement is founded in Weimar, Germany, November - Start of the Glass Chain correspondence. Julia Morgan is selected as the architect for William Randolph Hearsts La Cuesta Encantada, better known as Hearst Castle, in San Simeon, California, USA. 5 March - Rebuilt Helsinki Central railway station, designed by Eliel Saarinen April - First Congregational Church of Albany, New York, USA,27 November - Laie Hawaii Temple, Oʻahu, Hawaii, USA, dedicated. 29 November - Großes Schauspielhaus in Berlin with interior remodelled as a theater by Hans Poelzig, Church of the Madonna della Difesa, Montreal, Canada. McMahon Building, better known as the Worlds littlest skyscraper, by J. D. McMahon, in downtown Wichita Falls,11 November - Hart House, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Het Schip, Amsterdam, Netherlands, by Michel de Klerk. First Goetheanum, Dornach, Switzerland, by Rudolf Steiner, royal Gold Medal - Leonard Stokes. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture - Jacques Carlu and Jean-Jacques Haffner, edelsvärd, Swedish architect 6 November - Hans Christian Amberg, Danish architect
5.
1920 in architecture
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The year 1920 in architecture involved some significant events. Construction of Welwyn Garden City in England begins with Louis de Soissons as architect, edith Hughes establishes her own architectural practice, in Glasgow, the first British woman to do so. In the first issue of the Purist art magazine L’ Esprit Nouveau co-founded by him, november 11 - The Cenotaph, Whitehall, London, designed by Edwin Lutyens. Ajuria Enea, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain, designed by Alfredo Baeschlin, manitoba Legislative Building in Winnipeg, Canada. Oak Tower, Downtown Kansas City, Missouri, USA
6.
1921 in architecture
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The year 1921 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. The Einstein Tower near Potsdam, Germany, designed by Erich Mendelsohn, berliner Tageblatt, designed by Erich Mendelsohn. The current Sydney Central railway station in Australia, harkness Tower in Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, United States, after 4 years of construction. The Corn Palace in Mitchell, South Dakota, United States is completed, the Wong Tai Sin Temple is moved to its current site and completed. New Hindu Durgiana Temple in Amritsar, the Ohel Rachel Synagogue in Shanghai, designed by Robert Bradshaw Moorhead and Sidney Joseph Halse, is dedicated on January 23. Michel de Klerks Het Schip housing development for Eigen Haard in Amesterdam, monument to the March Dead, by Walter Gropius in Weimar, Germany. The Mayslake Peabody Estate in Oak Brook, Illinois, United States, the Chicago Theatre movie palace in the United States. The Theater Pathé Tuschinski movie/live theatre in Amsterdam, designed by Hijman Louis de Jong, is opened on October 28, adolf Loos designed a mausoleum for Max Dvořák that has remained unbuilt. March - Puhl & Wagner are contracted to decorate the interior of the Golden Hall with neo-Byzantine mosaics designed by Einar Forseth, March 21 - Teatro Yagüez in Puerto Rico, designed by José Sabàs Honoré, reopens. May 27 - A Buddha image is enshrined in the hall of the Daifukuji Soto Zen Mission in Hawaii. September 5 - The Cervantes Theatre in Buenos Aires, Argentina, hugo Häring and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe submit a competition entry for a Friedrichstrasse office building, fully made of glass. Construction work begins on the Watts Towers in Los Angeles, designed by Simon Rodia, american Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medal – Cass Gilbert. Royal Gold Medal - Edwin Lutyens
7.
1922 in architecture
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The year 1922 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. Construction work begins on The Los Angeles Central Library in Los Angeles, California, construction of Böttcherstraße in Bremen, Germany, in the style of Brick Expressionism begins. Monument to the Third International, designed by Vladimir Tatlin, is cancelled, march 21 - Rebuilt London Waterloo station is officially opened. May 30 - Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D. C, United States is dedicated by William H. Taft, in the presence of Abraham Lincolns son, 79-year-old Robert Todd Lincoln. June 9 - Spalding War Memorial in England, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, is dedicated, october 14 - Gerrards Cross Memorial Building in England, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, is dedicated. November 26 - Rochdale Cenotaph in England, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, is dedicated, estonian Constituent Assembly building in Toompea Castle, designed by Eugen Habermann and Herbert Johanson. Antiguo Casino de Ponce, Puerto Rico, by Agustin Camilo Gonzalez, shabolovka tower in Moscow, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, by Vladimir Shukhov. Wolseley Motors showrooms,160 Piccadilly, London, by W. Curtis Green, wrigley Building in Chicago, Illinois, by Graham, Anderson, Probst & White. AIA Gold Medal - Victor Laloux Royal Gold Medal - Thomas Hastings Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Robert Giroud
8.
1923 in architecture
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The year 1923 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. Vers une architecture by Le Corbusier is published, liebenberg and Kaplan architectural practice established in Minneapolis. June 23 - Stockholm City Hall, designed by Ragnar Östberg, December 26 - Ottawa Auditorium, Canada. Chilehaus in Hamburg, designed by Fritz Höger, imperial Hotel, Tokyo, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright. Église Notre-Dame du Raincy in France, designed by Auguste Perret, roeschlaub, Colorado architect November 24 - Michel de Klerk, Dutch Amsterdam School architect December 27 - Gustave Eiffel, French civil engineer and architect
9.
1924 in architecture
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The year 1924 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. Eileen Gray and Jean Badovici begin work on their vacation home E-1027 at Roquebrune-Cap-Martin in the south of France The Chilehaus in Hamburg, Germany, Rietveld Schröder House in Utrecht, Netherlands, designed by Gerrit Rietveld. Queen Marys Dolls House in England, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, olympic silver medal - Alfréd Hajós & Dezso Lauber of Hungary for Plan for Budapest Swimming Stadium. Olympic bronze medal - Julien Médecin of Monaco for Stadium for Monte Carlo, grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Marcel Péchin
10.
1927 in architecture
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The year 1927 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. July 11 -1927 Jericho earthquake destroys or damages many mosques and these buildings are completed in 1928-1929. July 14 - Scottish National War Memorial at Edinburgh Castle, designed by Robert Lorimer, is opened, july 24 - Menin Gate Memorial to the Missing at Ypres, Belgium, designed by Sir Reginald Blomfield, is unveiled. October 9 - Norwich War Memorial in England, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, is unveiled, weissenhof Estate in Stuttgart, Germany, designed by a team led by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Double house in Brno, designed by Otto Eisler, the rebuilt Quadrant in Regent Street, London, England. The Shrine of Remembrance in Melbourne, Australia is completed, the Art Deco LeVeque Tower, designed by C. Howard Crane and John Gill & Sons, in Columbus, Ohio, United States. At 555.5 feet tall, it is just slightly higher than the Washington Monument, the Ahwahnee Hotel in Yosemite National Park, California, designed by Gilbert Stanley Underwood. AIA Gold Medal - Howard Van Doren Shaw, RIBA Royal Gold Medal - Herbert Baker
11.
1928 in architecture
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The year 1928 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. February - Hannes Meyer succeeds Walter Gropius as head of the Bauhaus school, June - Congrès Internationaux dArchitecture Moderne is initiated by Le Corbusier. Le Corbusier wins all three competitions for design of the Tsentrosoyuz building in Moscow, Léon Azéma is appointed Architect of the City of Paris. March 31 - Stockholm Public Library in Sweden, designed by Gunnar Asplund, october 6 - Collège Saint Marc, Alexandria, Egypt, designed by Léon Azéma. October 25 - Großmarkthalle at Frankfurt am Main, designed by Martin Elsaesser, first Dymaxion House is designed by Buckminster Fuller. Second Goetheanum, Dornach, Switzerland, designed by Rudolf Steiner, rusakov Workers Club in Moscow, USSR, designed by Konstantin Melnikov. Firestone Tyre Factory on the Golden Mile of Londons Great West Road, designed by Wallis, Gilbert, granada Theatre and Temple Israel, designed by Liebenberg and Kaplan. Olympic gold medal - Jan Wils of the Netherlands for Olympic Stadium in Amsterdam, Olympic silver medal - Einar Mindedal Rasmussen of Denmark for Swimming pool at Ollerup. Olympic bronze medal - Jacques Lambert of France for Stadium at Versailles, royal Gold Medal - Guy Dawber. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Eugène Beaudouin, E. Doyle, American architect (born 1877 June 23 - Konstantīns Pēkšēns, Latvian-born architect December 10 - Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Scottish-born architect and designer
12.
1929 in architecture
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The year 1929 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. September 7 – Ceremony to lay the foundation stone for the new Palace of Nations in Geneva, november 18 – Ceremony to break the ground for the Umaid Bhawan Palace in Jodhpur, India, designed by Henry Vaughan Lanchester. Plan of White City in Mandatory Palestine by Patrick Geddes agreed, april - Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower, Brooklyn, New York city, designed by Halsey, McCormack and Helmer. July 23 - Landakotskirkja, Reykjavik, Iceland, october 3 - Dominion Theatre, London, England, designed by W. and T. R. Milburn. December 1 - Underground Electric Railways Company of London headquarters,55 Broadway, the Barcelona Pavilion, designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Royal York Hotel in Toronto, Ontario, it becomes the tallest building in the British Empire, Church of Our Lady & St Alphege, Bath, England, designed by Giles Gilbert Scott. Lovell House in Los Angeles, designed by Richard Neutra, e-1027 vacation home at Roquebrune-Cap-Martin in the south of France, designed for themselves by Eileen Gray and her lover Jean Badovici. Nobel House, the headquarters of ICI, on Millbank, Westminster, London, paimio Sanatorium in Finland, designed by Alvar Aalto. Boston Avenue Methodist Church in Tulsa, Oklahoma, richfield Tower in Los Angeles, designed by Stiles O. Clements. Van Nelle Factory in Rotterdam, Netherlands, plaza de Toros de Las Ventas in Madrid, Spain, designed by José Espeliú
13.
1930 in architecture
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The year 1930 in architecture involved some significant events. The lead architects are Gunnar Asplund and Sigurd Lewerentz, architects involved in the exhibition include Sven Markelius, Paul Hedqvist, Nils Ahrbom, Helge Zimdal. Vanessa Bell and Duncan Grant complete the decoration of the room for Dorothy Wellesley at Penns-in-the-Rocks, Withyham. John Betjeman is given an editorial post on the Architectural Review, february 22 - Loews 175th Street Theatre on Manhattan, designed by Thomas W. Lamb with interiors by the Rambusch Decorating Company. March 22 - Le Touret Memorial, France, april 8 - Brisbane City Hall, Brisbane, Australia. June 9 - The Chicago Board of Trade Building, designed by Holabird & Roche, june 17 - Erphokirche in Münster, designed by Carl Moritz. June 21 - Hus House church and community centre in Prague, designed by Karel Truksa, april -40 Wall Street, briefly the tallest building in the world. May 20 - Chrysler Building in New York, designed by William van Alen, succeeds the Bank of Manhattan Trust Building as the tallest building in the world and it remains the worlds tallest steel-supported brick building. IG Farben Building, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Karl-Marx-Hof in Vienna, designed by Karl Ehn, opens, the Terminal Tower complex in Cleveland, designed by Graham, Anderson, Probst, and White. Apartments for social housing in Page Street, Westminster, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, are completed, castle Drogo, a country house in Devon, England designed by Edwin Lutyens. Chachmei Lublin Yeshiva in Lublin, Poland, villa Tugendhat in Brno, Czechoslovakia, designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medal – Charles A. Platt, royal Gold Medal - Percy Scott Worthington
14.
1931 in architecture
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The year 1931 in architecture involved some significant events. December 5 - The Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow is dynamited, the first of the Architects Acts is passed in the United Kingdom. The first of the districts in the United States is designated in Charleston, South Carolina. January 23 - Viceroys House, New Delhi, India, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, may 1 - The Empire State Building is completed in New York City as the tallest building in the world. July 1 - The rebuilt Milano Centrale railway station opens in Italy, july 19 - Sudbury Town station on the London Underground Piccadilly line opens as rebuilt by Charles Holden, the first of his iconic modern designs for the network. Villa Savoye in Paris, designed by Le Corbusier and his cousin, Pierre Jeanneret, using reinforced concrete, commerce Court North is completed in Toronto, Ontario and becomes the tallest building in the British Empire. Royal Corinthian Yacht Club clubhouse, Burnham-on-Crouch, eastern England, designed by Joseph Emberton, is opened, st Olaf House, Tooley Street, London Borough of Southwark, designed by H. S. Goodhart-Rendel. India Tyres offices at Inchinnan, Scotland, designed by Thomas Wallis of Wallis, Gilbert and Partners, atlantis House and Robinson Crusoe House in Böttcherstraße, Bremen, designed by Bernhard Hoetger, complete the streets construction in the style of Brick Expressionism. City Hall, Hilversum, North Holland, designed by Willem Marinus Dudok, is completed, India Gate in New Delhi is completed. Student Union at the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, designed by Sven Markelius, washington Singer Building on the Streatham Campus of the University of Exeter in England, designed by Vincent Harris. New Synagogue, Žilina, Czechoslovakia, designed by Peter Behrens, is completed, high and Over, Amersham, one of the first modernist houses in England, designed by Amyas Connell, is completed. House for two brothers in Brno, designed by Otto Eisler, is completed, apartment Building at 342, Muntaner Street, Barcelona, designed by Josep Lluís Sert, is completed. The Home Insurance Building in Chicago, Illinois is demolished, Royal Gold Medal - Edwin Cooper. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Georges Dengler
15.
1932 in architecture
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The year 1932 in architecture involved some significant events. International Style by Philip Johnson and Henry-Russell Hitchcock is published, the International Exhibition of Modern Architecture at the Museum of Modern Art in New York spreads the International Style. March 19 - Sydney Harbour Bridge, designed by John Bradfield, is opened in Sydney, april 23 - New Shakespeare Memorial Theatre at Stratford-upon-Avon, designed by Elisabeth Scott, is opened, becoming the first important work erected in the United Kingdom by a woman architect. July 19 - Lambeth Bridge, London, designed by Geoffrey Groves, august 1 - Thiepval Memorial, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, is inaugurated in the Somme. September 19 - Arnos Grove tube station, London, designed by Charles Holden, september 22 - Sheffield City Hall, Yorkshire, England, designed by Vincent Harris in 1920. November 16 - Parliament Buildings, Belfast, designed by Sir Arnold Thornely, november 25 - Saint Sophia Cathedral in Harbin, China. November 27 - Bixby Creek Bridge at Big Sur, California, designed by C. H. Purcell, PSFS Building in Center City, Philadelphia, designed by George Howe and William Lescaze, first International Style skyscraper in the United States. High Cross House, Dartington Hall, Devon, England, designed by William Lescaze, alameda Theatre, United States, designed by Timothy L. Pflueger. Church of the Most Sacred Heart of Our Lord in Prague, the Daily Express Building, London, designed by Sir Owen Williams. The Hoover Building on the Western Avenue in Perivale, West London, designed by Wallis, Gilbert, maison de Verre, Paris, France, by Pierre Chareau, Bernard Bijvoet and Louis Dalbet. Paimio Sanatorium in Finland, designed by Alvar Aalto, Unilever House in the City of London, designed by James Lomax-Simpson of Unilever with Sir John Burnet and Thomas S. Tait of Sir John Burnet and Partners. Immeuble Clarté apartment building in Geneva, designed by Le Corbusier and his cousin, narkomfin building in Moscow, designed by Moisei Ginzburg with Ignaty Milinis in 1928. Harnischmacher House in Wiesbaden, Germany, designed by Marcel Breuer, wohnbedarf furniture stores in Switzerland, designed by Marcel Breuer. Douaumont ossuary, designed by Léon Azéma to house the bones of at least 130,000 unidentified soldiers of both sides who died in the Battle of Verdun. Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Complex, Shaft 12, Schacht Albert Vögler, Germany, designed by Fritz Schupp, olympic gold medal - Gustave Saacké, Pierre Bailey and Pierre Montenot for Arena for bulls, Paris. Olympic silver medal - John Russell Pope of the United States for Design for Payne Whitney Gymnasium, olympic bronze medal - Richard Konwiartz of Germany for Design for Schlesierkampfbahn, Breslau. Royal Gold Medal - Hendrik Petrus Berlage, grand Prix de Rome, architecture - Camille Montagné
16.
1933 in architecture
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The year 1933 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. The Bauhaus school in Berlin is permanently closed by the Nazi government, modern Architectural Research Group established as a think tank by younger architects and critics involved in the modernist movement in Great Britain. Completion of restoration of Herstmonceux Castle in England by Walter Godfrey, july - New Midland Hotel, Morecambe, Lancashire, England, designed by Oliver Hill. August 23 - Leeds Civic Hall, Yorkshire, England, designed by Vincent Harris in 1926, Royal Masonic Hospital at Ravenscourt Park in London, designed by Thomas S. Tait of Sir John Burnet, Tait and Lorne. Labworth Café on Canvey Island, England, designed by engineer Ove Arup, myer Emporium renovation, Bourke Street, Melbourne, Australia. The Round House, designed by Berthold Lubetkins Tecton Architectural Group to house gorillas at London Zoo, battersea Power Station, London, with Giles Gilbert Scott as consultant architect, begins operation. College Hall, Royal Air Force College Cranwell, England, designed by James Grey West, mercado de Abastos de Algeciras, Spain, designed by Eduardo Torroja. Villa Markelius in Stockholm, designed by Sven Markelius for himself, schminke house in Löbau, Germany, designed by Hans Scharoun. Töss Footbridge, Winterthur, Switzerland, designed by Robert Maillart, AIA Gold Medal - Ragnar Östberg. Royal Gold Medal - Charles Reed Peers, grand Prix de Rome, architecture - Alexandre Courtois. John Betjeman - Ghastly Good Taste, or the story of the rise. The Information Book of Sir John Burnet, Tait & Lorne, G. R. Sprague, British theatre architect
17.
1934 in architecture
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The year 1934 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. The Architects Act,1934, is passed in the United Kingdom, narkomtiazhprom stage a design contest for construction of a Peoples Commissariat of Construction of Heavy Industry in Red Square, Moscow in the Soviet Union. July 17 - Circular Manchester Central Library, England, designed by Vincent Harris, october 23 - Guildhall, Swansea, Wales, designed by Percy Thomas. November 24 - ANZAC War Memorial in Sydney, Australia, designed by Bruce Dellit, penguin Pool, London Zoo, designed by Berthold Lubetkin and Ove Arup. Isokon building, Hampstead, London, designed by Wells Coates, drapacz Chmur apartment building, Katowice, Poland, designed by architect Tadeusz Kozłowski and structural engineer Stefan Bryła. Helsingborg Concert Hall, designed by Sven Markelius, synagogue at Skořepka 13, Brno, designed by Otto Eisler. New Cambridge University Library and Memorial Court for Clare College, Cambridge, designed as an ensemble, palacio de Bellas Artes, Mexico City, designed by Federico Mariscal. Fronton Recoletos, Madrid, designed by Eduardo Torroja, joyería J. Roca at 18, Paseo de Gracia, and Ciutat de Repòs i de Vacances, both in Barcelona and designed by Josep Lluís Sert. Steen Eiler Rasmussen - London, the Unique City Royal Gold Medal - Henry Vaughan Lanchester, grand Prix de Rome, architecture, André Hilt
18.
1935 in architecture
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The year 1935 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. June 2 - Saint Constantine and Elena Cathedral, Bălți, Moldova, july 6 - New building for Museum Boijmans, Rotterdam, by Ad van der Steur. July 13 - Shoreham Airport terminal building in England, by Stavers Tiltman, july 22 - Odeon, Kingstanding cinema in Birmingham, England, by Harry Weedon and Cecil Clavering. August 5 - Eastbourne Bandstand in Eastbourne, England, september 30 - Boulder Dam, by John L. Savage with Gordon Kaufmann, is dedicated. November 4 - Hornsey Town Hall, London, by Reginald Uren November 18 Freedom Monument in Riga, Latvia, opelwerk Brandenburg, Germany, begins production,190 days after the laying of the foundation stone. Fallingwater in southwestern Pennsylvania, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright Florya Atatürk Marine Mansion, Istanbul, designed by Seyfi Arkan, highpoint I apartment block, Highgate, north London, by Berthold Lubetkin with structural design by Ove Arup. Grand Mosque of Mopti, French Sudan, sacred Heart Cathedral, New Delhi, India, designed by Henry Medd. Gothenburg Concert Hall, Sweden, designed by Nils Einar Ericsson, vyborg Library, Finland, designed by Alvar Aalto. Gemeentemuseum Den Haag, Netherlands, designed by Hendrik Petrus Berlage, may 29 - Compagnie Générale Transatlantique ocean liner SS Normandie, with Art Déco and Streamline Moderne interiors designed under the supervision of Roger-Henri Expert, begins her maiden voyage. Royal Gold Medal - Willem Marinus Dudok, grand Prix de Rome, architecture - Paul Domenc
19.
1936 in architecture
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The year 1936 in architecture involved some significant events. May 27 - RMS Queen Mary begins her maiden Atlantic crossing, interior design, under the direction of E. C. Leach, is by Arthur Joseph Davis and J. C, whipp of Mewès & Davis and Benjamin Wistar Morris with much craftsmanship undertaken by the Bromsgrove Guild of Applied Arts. October 29 - Construction of Via della Conciliazione in Rome begins, johnson Wax Headquarters, Racine, Wisconsin, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright. Campana Factory, Batavia, Illinois, designed by Frank D. Chase and Childs & Smith, owens-Illinois Glass Company building in Toledo, Ohio, built. Lasipalatsi temporary office and commercial building in Helsinki, Finland, designed by Viljo Revell, Heimo Riihimäki and Niilo Kokko, peter Jones in London, designed by William Crabtree of Slater, Crabtree and Moberly, completed. Casa Bloc, Barcelona, designed by Josep Lluís Sert, completed, casa del Fascio, designed by Giuseppe Terragni, completed. Vytautas the Great War Museum in Kaunas, Lithuania completed, olympic Stadium, designed by Werner March, opened. Tilkka military hospital, Helsinki, Finland, designed by Olavi Sortta, florin Court, London, designed by Guy Morgan and Partners. Pullman Court, London, designed by Frederick Gibberd in 1933, beehive terminal at Gatwick Airport, England, designed by Frank Hoar of Hoar, Marlow & Lovett, opened. Airship hangar at Bartolomeu de Gusmão Airport, Rio de Janeiro, zwickau Hauptbahnhof, Germany, designed by Otto Falk, opened. Campion Hall, Oxford, England, designed by Edwin Lutyens, kenwood House, Nairobi, Kenya, designed by Ernst May. The Laughing Water roadhouse, Cobham, Kent, England, designed by Clough Williams-Ellis, obelisk of Buenos Aires designed by Alberto Prebisch. Canadian National Vimy Memorial, designed by Walter Seymour Allward, dedicated, british General Post Office K6 Jubilee red telephone box, designed by Giles Gilbert Scott, introduced. Olympic gold medal - Hermann Kutschera of Austria for Skistadium, olympic silver medal - Werner March of Germany for National sports field. Olympic bronze medal - Hermann Stieglholzer and Herbert Kastinger of Austria for Fighting site in Vienna, royal Gold Medal - Charles Holden. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, André Remondet for a naval museum
20.
1926 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1926. February 8 – Seán OCaseys play The Plough and the Stars opens at the Abbey Theatre, on February 11, the performance is marred by ugly scenes in the audience, one man strikes an actress. February 12 – The Irish Free State minister for Justice, Kevin OHiggins, February 26 – The future English novelist Graham Greene is received into the Catholic Church. April 1 – Hugo Gernsback launches his pioneering science fiction magazine Amazing Stories in the United States, may 11 – C. S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkien meet for the first time in Oxford. October 14 – The childrens book Winnie-the-Pooh, by A. A. Milne, is first published by Methuen in London. December 3 – English detective story writer Agatha Christie disappears from her home in Surrey, December – Thomas Mann begins writing Die Geschichten Jaakobs in Munich, first of the tetralogy Joseph and His Brothers on which he will work until January 1943. Antonin Artaud and Roger Vitrac establish the Théatre Alfred-Jarry in Paris for the production of surrealist drama, bread Loaf Writers Conference is founded in Middlebury, Vermont. Ford Madox Ford publishes A Man Could Stand Up --, the book of a four-volume work titled Parades End published between 1924 and 1928. Vsevolod Meyerhold stages a landmark production of Gogols satirical comedy The Government Inspector in Moscow. Margaret Mitchell begins writing the novel Gone with the Wind, the remains of English poet Isaac Rosenberg are re-interred at Bailleul Road East Cemetery, Plot V, St. Laurent-Blangy, Pas de Calais, France. S. S. Van Dine publishes the first Philo Vance mystery novel, Peter Llewelyn Davies establishes the London publishing house Peter Davies Ltd. Yeats – Autobiographies Paul Zarifopol – Din registrul ideilor gingașe Alfred Eckhard Zimmern – The Third British Empire January 5 – W. D
21.
1926 in music
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This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1926. January - Blind Lemon Jefferson makes his first recordings, april 9 - Leopold Stokowski conducts the world premiere of Edgar Varèses Amériques, with the Philadelphia Orchestra. April 25 - Première of Giacomo Puccinis opera Turandot at the Teatro alla Scala in Milan, may 12 - Dmitri Shostakovichs Symphony No.1 premières in Leningrad. The composer is 19 years old, december 18 - The Estonian National Symphony Orchestra gives its first concert. First recordings by Jelly Roll Morton & His Red Hot Peppers Opening of the Salzburger Festspielhaus Virgilio Savona begins studying music, the Société de Musique de Chambre de Genève is founded by Frank Martin. The National Conservatoire is founded in Athens by composer Manolis Kalomiris, operatic baritone Leslie Rands marries his DOyly Carte co-star Marjorie Eyre. Hamiltons Sisters and Fordyce tour briefly with another female group, Jerry. John Serry Sr. is accepted for studies at the noted Pietro Deiro accordion studio in Greenwich Village starting his education as an instrumentalist at the age of 11, sweetheart of All My Dreams w. m. Art Finch, Kay Finch, & Bert Lowe After I Say Im Sorry w. m. Walter Donaldson & Abe Lyman Alabama Stomp w. Henry Creamer m. James P. Johnson All Alone Monday w. Bert Kalmar m. Harry Ruby Am I Wasting My Time On You. Irving Bibo & Howard Johnson Baby Face w. Benny Davis m. Harry Akst Barcelona w. Gus Kahn m, tolchard Evans Because I Love You w. m. Irving Berlin Big Butter And Egg Man w. m, Sidney Clare, Cliff Friend & Joseph H. Santly The Birth Of The Blues w. B. G. De Sylva & Lew Brown m. Introduced by Harry Richman in the revue George Whites Scandals of 1926 Black Bottom w. B. G. De Sylva & Lew Brown m. Introduced by Ann Pennington, The McCarthy Sisters, Frances Williams, Jelly Roll Morton The Blue Room w. Lorenz Hart m. Introduced by Eva Puck and Sammy White in the musical The Girl Friend Breezin Along With The Breeze w. m, mel Stitzel Charmaine w. Lew Pollack m. Erno Rapee Cherie, I Love You w. m, milton Ager Cross Your Heart w. B. G. De Sylva m. Lewis E. Gensler Deed I Do w. Walter Hirsch m. Fred Rose The Desert Song w. Otto Harbach & Oscar Hammerstein II m, introduced by Vivienne Segal and Robert Halliday in the operetta The Desert Song The Devil Is Afraid Of Music w. m. Willard Robison The Dicky Bird Hop w. Leslie Sarony m, ronald Gourley Do, Do, Do w. Ira Gershwin m. George Gershwin
22.
Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes
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Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes, more simply known as Gran Via, is one of Barcelonas major avenues. With a length of 13.1 km, it is the longest street in Catalonia and the 2nd longest in Spain, after Gran Vía de la Manga, in La Manga del Mar Menor, but is the one with more street numbers in Spain. It was renamed Corts in 1900, as a reference to the Medieval, later on, after the Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed in 1931, it was again renamed as Corts Catalanes. With the Francoist victory after the Civil War, its name was changed to Avenida de José Antonio Primo de Rivera in 1939, with the restoration of democracy, its name became Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes in 1979. The first line in the Barcelona metro system, built in the 1920s under the name Gran Metro, there are several metro stations located on Gran Via nowadays. Ildefons Cerdà Magòria-La Campana Espanya Rocafort Urgell Universitat Passeig de Gràcia Tetuan Glòries Besòs Lines T5, Line H12 of Barcelonas BRT network traverses Gran Via on its entirety. Cinema Coliseum A2001 monument to the victims of Fascist Italian aviation bombings during the Spanish Civil War, opposite Cinema Coliseum
23.
Barcelona
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Founded as a Roman city, in the Middle Ages Barcelona became the capital of the County of Barcelona. Barcelona has a cultural heritage and is today an important cultural centre. Particularly renowned are the works of Antoni Gaudí and Lluís Domènech i Montaner. The headquarters of the Union for the Mediterranean is located in Barcelona, the city is known for hosting the 1992 Summer Olympics as well as world-class conferences and expositions and also many international sport tournaments. It is a cultural and economic centre in southwestern Europe, 24th in the world. In 2008 it was the fourth most economically powerful city by GDP in the European Union, in 2012 Barcelona had a GDP of $170 billion, it is leading Spain in both employment rate and GDP per capita change. In 2009 the city was ranked Europes third and one of the worlds most successful as a city brand, since 2011 Barcelona has been a leading smart city in Europe. During the Middle Ages, the city was known as Barchinona, Barçalona, Barchelonaa. Internationally, Barcelonas name is abbreviated to Barça. However, this refers only to FC Barcelona, the football club. The common abbreviated form used by locals is Barna, another common abbreviation is BCN, which is also the IATA airport code of the Barcelona-El Prat Airport. The city is referred to as the Ciutat Comtal in Catalan. The origin of the earliest settlement at the site of present-day Barcelona is unclear, the ruins of an early settlement have been excavated in the El Raval neighbourhood, including different tombs and dwellings dating to earlier than 5000 BC. The founding of Barcelona is the subject of two different legends, the first attributes the founding of the city to the mythological Hercules. In about 15 BC, the Romans redrew the town as a castrum centred on the Mons Taber, under the Romans, it was a colony with the surname of Faventia, or, in full, Colonia Faventia Julia Augusta Pia Barcino or Colonia Julia Augusta Faventia Paterna Barcino. It enjoyed immunity from imperial burdens, the city minted its own coins, some from the era of Galba survive. Some remaining fragments of the Roman walls have incorporated into the cathedral. The cathedral, also known as the Basilica La Seu, is said to have founded in 343
24.
Williamsburg, Virginia
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Williamsburg is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 14,068, in 2014, the population was estimated to be 14,691. Located on the Virginia Peninsula, Williamsburg is in the part of the Hampton Roads metropolitan area. It is bordered by James City County and York County, Williamsburg was founded in 1632 as Middle Plantation, a fortified settlement on high ground between the James and York rivers. The city served as the capital of the Colony of Virginia from 1699 to 1780 and was the center of events in Virginia leading to the American Revolution. S. Presidents as well as other important figures in the nations early history. The citys tourism-based economy is driven by Colonial Williamsburg, the restored Historic Area of the city, along with nearby Jamestown and Yorktown, Williamsburg forms part of the Historic Triangle, which attracts more than four million tourists each year. Modern Williamsburg is also a town, inhabited in large part by William & Mary students. Prior to the arrival of the English colonists at Jamestown in the Colony of Virginia in 1607, by the 1630s, English settlements had grown to dominate the lower portion of the Virginia Peninsula, and the Powhatan tribes had abandoned their nearby villages. Jamestown was the capital of Virginia Colony, but was burned down during the events of Bacons Rebellion in 1676. The members of the House of Burgesses discovered that the location was both safer and more pleasant environmentally than Jamestown, which was humid and plagued with mosquitoes. A school of education had long been an aspiration of the colonists. An early attempt at Henricus failed after the Indian Massacre of 1622, the location at the outskirts of the developed part of the colony had left it more vulnerable to the attack. In the 1690s, the colonists tried again to establish a school and they commissioned Reverend James Blair, who spent several years in England lobbying, and finally obtained a royal charter for the desired new school. It was to be named the College of William & Mary in honor of the monarchs of the time, when Reverend Blair returned to Virginia, the new school was founded in a safe place, Middle Plantation in 1693. Classes began in temporary quarters in 1694, and the College Building, four years later, in 1698, the rebuilt Statehouse in Jamestown burned down again, this time accidentally. The government again relocated temporarily to Middle Plantation, and in addition to the better climate now also enjoyed use of the Colleges facilities. The College students made a presentation to the House of Burgesses, a village was laid out and Middle Plantation was renamed Williamsburg in honor of King William III of England, befitting the towns newly elevated status
25.
Colonial Williamsburg
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Colonial Williamsburg is a living-history museum and private foundation presenting part of a historic district in the city of Williamsburg, Virginia, United States. Colonial Williamsburgs 301-acre Historic Area includes buildings from the century, as well as 17th-century, 19th-century, Colonial Revival structures. The Historic Area is an interpretation of a colonial American city, with exhibits of dozens of restored or re-created buildings related to its colonial, Colonial Williamsburgs motto has been That the future may learn from the past. One of the largest history projects in the nation and a tourist attraction, it is part of the Historic Triangle of Virginia, the site was once used for conferences by world leaders and heads of state, including U. S. presidents. It was designated a National Historic Landmark District in 1960, costumed employees work and dress as people did in the era, sometimes using colonial grammar and diction. Colonial Williamsburgs portion of the Historic Area begins east of the College of William & Marys College Yard, Colonial Williamsburg is a historical landmark and a living history museum. Its core runs along Duke of Gloucester Street and the Palace Green that extends north and south perpendicular to it and this area is largely flat, with ravines and streams branching off on the periphery. Surviving colonial structures have been restored as close as possible to their 18th-century appearance, with traces of later buildings, many of the missing colonial structures were reconstructed on their original sites beginning in the 1930s. Animals, gardens, and dependencies add to the environment, four taverns have been reconstructed for use as restaurants and two for inns. There are craftsmens workshops for period trades, including a shop, a shoemakers, blacksmiths, a cooperage, a cabinetmaker, a gunsmiths, a wigmakers. There are merchants selling tourist souvenirs, books, reproduction toys, pewterware, pottery, the Public Gaol served as a jail for the colonists. Former notorious inmates include the pirate Blackbeards crew who were kept in the jail while they awaited trial in 1704, Colonial Williamsburg operations extend to Merchants Square, a Colonial Revival commercial area designated a historic district in its own right. Nearby are the Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum and DeWitt Wallace Decorative Arts Museum, locals, students, and employees frequently call Colonial Williamsburg CW. The Jamestown statehouse, housing Virginias government at the time, burned down on October 20,1698, the legislators consequently moved their meetings to the College of William and Mary in Virginia at Middle Plantation, putting an end to Jamestowns 92-year run as Virginias colonial capital. Interested Middle Plantation landowners donated some of their holdings to advance the plan, Middle Plantation was renamed Williamsburg by Governor Francis Nicholson, who was first among the proponents of the change, in honor of King William III of England. Nicholson said that at Williamsburg clear and crystal springs burst from the champagne soil, by champagne, he meant excellent or fertile. Nicholson had the city surveyed and a laid out by Theodorick Bland taking into consideration the brick College Building. The grid seems to have obliterated all but the remnants of a plan that laid out the streets in the monogram of King William and Queen Mary
26.
General Post Office
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The General Post Office was officially established in England in 1660 by Charles II and it eventually grew to combine the functions of state postal system and telecommunications carrier. Similar General Post Offices were established across the British Empire, in 1969 the GPO was abolished and the assets transferred to The Post Office, changing it from a Department of State to a statutory corporation. For the more recent history of the system in the United Kingdom, see the article Royal Mail. Originally, the GPO was a monopoly covering the despatch of items from a sender to a specific receiver. The postal service was known as the Royal Mail because it was built on the system for royal. In 1661 the office of Postmaster General was created to oversee the GPO, the GPO created a network of post offices where senders could submit items. All post was transferred from the post office of origination to distribution points called sorting stations, initially it was the recipient of the post who paid the fee, and he had the right to refuse to accept the item if he did not wish to pay. The charge was based on the distance the item had been carried so the GPO had to keep an account for each item. The first general post office in London opened in 1643, just 8 years after King Charles I legalised use of the posts for private correspondence. It was probably on Cloak Lane near Dowgate Hill, coffee houses in the City such as Lloyds and Garraways organised private transport of mail among their patrons. The Royal Mail moved its headquarters to Lombard Street in the City in 1678 to better curtail such practices, when the Central London Railway was built in 1900 its nearby station was named Post Office. Smirkes building was felt to be too small by this time, however, in 1912, the former GPO East was demolished, the current headquarters of BT, a post World War II building, occupies the site of the old Telegraph Office. The theory was used to state control of the mail service into every form of electronic communication possible on the basis that every sender used some form of distribution service. These distribution services were considered in law as forms of electronic post offices and this applied to telegraph and telephone switching stations. In the mid 19th century several private companies were established in the UK. The responsibility for the electric telegraphs was officially transferred to the GPO on Friday,4 February 1870, overseas telegraphs did not fall within the monopoly. The private telegraph companies that existed were bought out. The new combined telegraph service had 1,058 telegraph offices in towns,6,830,812 telegrams were transmitted in 1869 producing revenue of £550,000
27.
Red telephone box
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The red telephone box, a telephone kiosk for a public telephone designed by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott, was a familiar sight on the streets of the United Kingdom, Malta, Bermuda and Gibraltar. The colour red was chosen to make easy to spot. From 1926 onwards, the fascias of the kiosks were emblazoned with a prominent crown, the red phone box is often seen as a British cultural icon throughout the world. In 2006 the K2 telephone box was voted one of Britains top 10 design icons, which included the Mini, Supermarine Spitfire, London tube map, World Wide Web, Concorde and the AEC Routemaster bus. Although production of the boxes ended with the advent of the KX series in 1985. The paint colour used most widely today is known as currant red and is defined by a British Standard and this slightly brighter red was introduced with the K8 model in 1968, but went on to be used across the estate on previous models too. Hence, for historical accuracy, any kiosks in pre-1968 settings should really be painted in the previous. The first standard public telephone kiosk introduced by the United Kingdom Post Office was produced in concrete in 1920 and was designated K1 and this design was not of the same family as the familiar red telephone boxes. One early example is located in Trinity Market in Kingston-upon-Hull, where it is still in use, most survivors are the later version, with full height glazing – the Mk236. The Royal Fine Art Commission was instrumental in the choice of the British standard kiosk, because of widespread dissatisfaction with the GPOs design, the Metropolitan Boroughs Joint Standing Committee organised a competition for a superior one in 1923, but the results were disappointing. The original wooden prototypes of the entries were put into public service at under-cover sites around London. That of Scotts design is the one known to survive and is still where it was originally placed. The Post Office chose to make Scotts winning design in cast iron and to paint it red and, with minor changes of detail. From 1926 K2 was deployed in and around London and the K1 continued to be erected elsewhere, K3, introduced in 1929, again by Giles Gilbert Scott, was similar to K2 but was constructed from concrete and intended for nationwide use. Cheaper than the K2, it was significantly more costly than the K1. The standard colour scheme for both the K1 and the K3 was cream, with red glazing bars, K4 incorporated a post box and machines for buying postage stamps on the exterior. Only a single batch of 50 K4 kiosks were built, some contemporary reports said the noise of the stamp-machines in operation disturbed phone-users, and the rolls of stamps in the machines became damp and stuck together in wet weather. This has been repeated but Johannessen chose not to, having found no evidence to support the story
28.
Giles Gilbert Scott
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Scott came from a family of architects. He was noted for his blending of Gothic tradition with modernism, born in Hampstead, London, Scott was one of six children and the third son of George Gilbert Scott Jr. and his wife, Ellen King Samson. His father was an architect, the son of Sir George Gilbert Scott, a famous architect, known for designing the Albert Memorial. When Scott was three, his father was declared to be of unsound mind and was confined to the Bethlem Royal Hospital. Consequently, his sons saw little of him, giles later said that he remembered seeing his father only twice. A bequest from an uncle in 1889 gave the young Scott ownership of Hollis Street Farm, near Ninfield, Sussex, during the week Ellen Scott and her three sons lived in a flat in Battersea, spending weekends and holidays at the farm. She regularly took them on bicycling trips to sketch buildings in the area, Scott and his brothers were raised as Roman Catholics, their father was a Catholic convert. Giles attended Beaumont College on the recommendation of his father who admired the buildings of its preparatory school, in January 1899 Scott became an articled pupil in the office of Temple Moore, who had studied with Scotts father. From Moore, or Ellen Scott, or from his fathers former assistant P. B, Freeman, Scott got to know the work of his father. In a 2005 study of Scotts work, John Thomas observes that Scott seniors important church of St Agnes, Kennington clearly influenced Giless early work, in later years Scott remarked to John Betjeman, I always think that my father was a genius. … He was a far better architect than my grandfather and yet look at the reputations of the two men and he had an unusually free hand in working out his ideas, as Moore generally worked at home, leaving Freeman to run the office. In 1901, while Scott was still a pupil in Moores practice, two well-known architects were appointed as assessors for an open competition for architects wishing to be considered. G. F. Bodley was an exponent of the Gothic revival style. R. Norman Shaw was an architect, having begun in the Gothic style. Architects were invited by public advertisement to submit portfolios of their work for consideration by Bodley, from these, the two assessors selected a first shortlist of architects to be invited to prepare drawings for the new building. The competition attracted 103 entries, from architects including Temple Moore, Charles Rennie Mackintosh, with Moores approval, Scott submitted his own entry, on which he worked in his spare time. In 1903, the assessors recommended that Scott should be appointed, there was widespread comment at the nomination of a twenty-two-year-old with no existing buildings to his credit. Scott admitted that so far his only design to be constructed had been a pipe-rack, the choice of winner was even more contentious when it emerged that Scott was a Roman Catholic, but the assessors recommendation was accepted by the diocesan authorities
29.
Frankfurt kitchen
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It was designed in 1926 by Austrian architect Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky for architect Ernst Mays social housing project New Frankfurt in Frankfurt, Germany. Some 10,000 units were built in the late 1920s in Frankfurt, German cities after the end of World War I were plagued by a serious housing shortage. Various social housing projects were built in the 1920s to increase the number of rental apartments and these large-scale projects had to provide affordable apartments for a great number of typical working class families and thus were subject to tight budget constraints. As a consequence, the apartments designed were comfortable but not spacious and her design departed from the then common kitchen-cum-living room. Firstly, it is work, and secondly it is relaxing, company, — Margarethe Schütte-Lihotzky in Schlesisches Heim 8/1921 Schütte-Lihotzkys design was strongly influenced by the ideas of Taylorism, which was in vogue at the beginning of the 20th century. These ideas were received well in Germany and Austria and formed the base of German architect Erna Meyers work and were instrumental in Schütte-Lihotzkys design of the Frankfurt kitchen. The problem of rationalising the work is equally important to all classes of the society. — Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky in Das neue Frankfurt, 5/1926-1927 This quote succinctly sums up the reasons for the appeal of Taylorism at the time. On the one hand, the trend to rationalise the household was reinforced by the intention to reduce the time spent in unproductive housework, so that women had more time for factory work. On the other hand, emancipatory efforts to improve womens status, also in the home, called for rationalisation to relieve women, the Frankfurt kitchen was a narrow double-file kitchen measuring 1.9 m ×3.4 m. The entrance was located in one of the walls, opposite which was the window. Along the left side, the stove was placed, followed by a door connecting the kitchen to the dining and living room. On the right wall were cabinets and the sink, in front of the window a workspace, there was no refrigerator, but there was a foldable ironing board visible in the image folded against the left wall. The sliding door also helped minimise the distance between the kitchen and the table in the adjacent room. It was the first fitted kitchen, the wooden door and drawer fronts were painted blue because researchers had found that flies avoided blue surfaces. Lihotzky used oak wood for flour containers, because it repelled mealworms, and beech for table tops because beech is resistant to staining, acids, the seating was a revolving stool on castors for maximum flexibility. Schütte-Lihotzky actually designed three different variations of the Frankfurt kitchen, Type 1, the one described here, was the most common and least costly. She also designed Type 2 and Type 3, which were larger, had tables and these two latter types, however, did not have the impact her Type 1 model had
30.
Ernst May
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Ernst May was a German architect and city planner. It is said Mays brigade of German architects and planners established twenty cities in three years, including Magnitogorsk, Mays travels left him stateless when the Nazis seized power in Germany, and he spent many years in African exile before returning to Germany near the end of his life. May was born in Frankfurt am Main, the son of a leather goods manufacturer and his education from 1908 through 1912 included time in the United Kingdom, studying under Raymond Unwin, and absorbing the lessons and principles of the garden city movement. He finished a study at the Technical University of Munich, working with Friedrich von Thiersch and Theodor Fischer, working for himself and others through the 1910s, in 1921 he helped win a competition for rural housing estate developments in Breslau. His concepts of decentralized planning, some of which had imported from the garden city movement, he won the job of city architect. Working under Mayor Ludwig Landmann, the position gave him powers of zoning, financing. There was copious funding and an available labor pool, Mays developments were remarkable for the time for being compact, semi-independent, well-equipped with community elements like playgrounds, schools, theatres, and common washing areas. For the sake of economy and construction speed May used simplified, prefabricated forms and these settlements are still marked by their functionality and the way they manifest egalitarian ideals such as equal access to sunlight, air, and common areas. Of these settlements the best known is probably Siedlung Römerstadt, in 1926 May sent for Austrian architect Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky to join him in Frankfurt. Mays Frankfurt was a civic and critical success and this has been described as one of the most remarkable city planning experiments in the twentieth century. This also brought him to the attention of the Soviet Union, catherine Bauer Wurster visited the buildings in 1930 and was inspired by the work of May In 1930 May took virtually his entire New Frankfurt-team to Russia. The promise of the Socialist paradise was still fresh, and Mays Brigade, the first was to be Magnitogorsk. Although Mays group is indeed credited with building 20 cities in three years, the reality was that May found Magnitogorsk already under construction and the town dominated by the mine. Officials were indecisive, then distrustful, corruption and delay frustrated their efforts, Mays contract expired in 1933, and he left for British East Africa. Some of his architects found themselves unwanted by Russia, and stateless, after Mays departure, the Soviet government began promoting the criticism of his ideas, methods and achievements. Criticism was severe, widespread, and had ideological underpinnings and he was characterized as an undesirable capitalistic and Western influence that should be contraposed to the socialistic and Soviet architectural trends. In the mid-1930s, the Soviet government adopted the policy of not inviting any foreign architects, may worked as a farmer in Kenya, but soon sold his farm and opened an architectural office, designing commercial buildings, hotels and schools. In some projects he collaborated with architect and urban planner Erica Mann, in 1953 the Mau-Mau uprisings made it difficult to work
31.
Public housing
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Public housing may be a form of housing tenure in which the property is owned by a government authority, which may be central or local. Social housing can also be seen as a remedy to housing inequality. Some social housing organizations construct for purchase, particularly in Spain, although the common goal of public housing is to provide affordable housing, the details, terminology, definitions of poverty and other criteria for allocation vary within different contexts. The origins of municipal housing lie in the urban population increase caused by the Industrial Revolution of the 19th century. In the large cities of the period, many commentators, such as Octavia Hill and Charles Booth reported on the squalor, sickness. Henry Mayhew, visiting Bethnal Green, wrote in the The Morning Chronicle, roads were unmade, often mere alleys, houses small and without foundations, subdivided and often around unpaved courts. An almost total lack of drainage and sewerage was made worse by the ponds formed by the excavation of brickearth. Pigs and cows in back yards, noxious trades like boiling tripe, melting tallow, or preparing cats meat, and slaughter houses, dustheaps, and lakes of putrefying night soil added to the filth. Some philanthropists began to provide housing in tenement blocks, and some factory owners built entire villages for their workers, such as Saltaire in 1853 and it was in 1885, after the report from a Royal Commission in England, that the state first took an interest. This led to the Housing of the Working Classes Act of 1885, nearly 6,000 individuals were crammed into the packed streets, where one child in four died before his or her first birthday. Arthur Morrison wrote the influential A Child of the Jago, an account of the life of a child in the slum, construction of the Boundary Estate was begun in 1890 by the Metropolitan Board of Works and completed by the recently formed London County Council in 1900. The success of this project spurred many local councils to embark on similar construction schemes in the early 20th century. The Arts and Crafts movement and Ebenezer Howards Garden city ideas led to the leafy London County Council cottage estates such as firstly Totterdown Fields and later Wormholt and Old Oak. The First World War indirectly provided a new impetus, when the physical health. In 1916, 41% of conscripts were unfit to serve, Public housing projects were tried out in some European countries and the United States in the 1930s, but only became widespread globally after the Second World War. Minha Casa Minha Vida, the Brazilian governments social housing program, was launched in March 2009 with a budget of R$36 billion to one million homes. The second stage of the program, included within the government Growth Acceleration Program was announced in March 2010 and this stage foresees the construction of a further two million homes. Of the total 3 million homes,1, all funds for Minha Casa Minha Vida properties are provided by the Brazilian public bank, Caixa Econômica Federal
32.
New Frankfurt
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New Frankfurt was an affordable public housing program in Frankfurt started in 1925 and completed in 1930. It was also the name of the magazine that was published from 1926 to 1931 dedicated to international tendencies in architecture. The project was initiated by Frankfurts mayor Ludwig Landmann, who hired the architect Ernst May as a manager of many communal departments. Renowned architects like Max Cetto, Martin Elsaesser, Walter Gropius, Ferdinand Kramer, Adolf Meyer, Bruno Taut, Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky, under May 12,000 apartments were built,2,000 more than planned. The buildings not only met the needs of housing, they set standards for urban development and design. All apartments and mansions were equipped with a Frankfurt kitchen, catherine Bauer Wurster visited the buildings in 1930 and was inspired by the work of May. The Nazis stopped all activities and presented the estates to foreign visitors as their own new Nationalsocialist architecture. After some demolitions of houses designed by Mart Stam and protest, one two-storey terrace house was renovated and restored into the standard of 1928 by the Ernst May Society, it is called the Ernst May House and is a museum today. The reconstruction was underpinned by research by architectural historians, ed.1985 https, //www. frankfurt. de/sixcms/detail. php. id=317578&_ffmpar=5021021 Informations on frankfurt. de Website of the Ernst-May-Society
33.
Frankfurt
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The city is at the centre of the larger Frankfurt Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region, which has a population of 5.8 million and is Germanys second-largest metropolitan region after Rhine-Ruhr. Since the enlargement of the European Union in 2013, the centre of the EU is about 40 km to the east of Frankfurts CBD. Frankfurt is culturally and ethnically diverse, with half of the population. A quarter of the population are foreign nationals, including many expatriates, Frankfurt is an alpha world city and a global hub for commerce, culture, education, tourism and traffic. Its the site of many global and European headquarters, Frankfurt Airport is among the worlds busiest. Automotive, technology and research, services, consulting, media, Frankfurts DE-CIX is the worlds largest internet exchange point. Messe Frankfurt is one of the worlds largest trade fairs, major fairs include the Frankfurt Motor Show, the worlds largest motor show, the Music Fair, and the Frankfurt Book Fair, the worlds largest book fair. Frankfurt is home to educational institutions, including the Goethe University, the UAS, the FUMPA. Its renowned cultural venues include the concert hall Alte Oper, Europes largest English Theatre and many museums, Frankfurts skyline is shaped by some of Europes tallest skyscrapers. In sports, the city is known as the home of the top football club Eintracht Frankfurt, the basketball club Frankfurt Skyliners, the Frankfurt Marathon. Its the seat of German sport unions for Olympics, football, Frankfurt is the largest financial centre in continental Europe. It is home to the European Central Bank, Deutsche Bundesbank, Frankfurt Stock Exchange, the Frankfurt Stock Exchange is one of the worlds largest stock exchanges by market capitalization and accounts for more than 90 percent of the turnover in the German market. Frankfurt is considered a city as listed by the GaWC groups 2012 inventory. Among global cities it was ranked 10th by the Global Power City Index 2011, among financial centres it was ranked 8th by the International Financial Centers Development Index 2013 and 9th by the Global Financial Centres Index 2013. Its central location within Germany and Europe makes Frankfurt a major air, rail, Frankfurt Airport is one of the worlds busiest international airports by passenger traffic and the main hub for Germanys flag carrier Lufthansa. Frankfurter Kreuz, the Autobahn interchange close to the airport, is the most heavily used interchange in the EU, in 2011 human-resource-consulting firm Mercer ranked Frankfurt as seventh in its annual Quality of Living survey of cities around the world. According to The Economist cost-of-living survey, Frankfurt is Germanys most expensive city, Frankfurt has many high-rise buildings in the city centre, forming the Frankfurt skyline. It is one of the few cities in the European Union to have such a skyline and because of it Germans sometimes refer to Frankfurt as Mainhattan, the other well known and obvious nickname is Bankfurt
34.
Germany
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Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
35.
Hercilio Luz Bridge
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Located in Florianopolis, the capital city of Santa Catarina State in southern Brazil, the Hercilio Luz Bridge is the first bridge constructed to link the Island of Santa Catarina to the mainland. It is the longest suspension bridge in Brazil, the central span was considered quite long at the time of its opening and is still one of the 100 largest suspension bridges. Construction commenced on 14 November 1922 with the bridge being inaugurated on May 13,1926, the total length is 819.471 metres, with 259 metres of viaduct from the island, a central span of 339.471 metres and 221 metres of viaduct from the mainland. The steel structure weighs approximately five thousand tons, and the foundations. The two towers rise 74 metres from sea level, and the span is 43 metres tall. It has been closed to the public since May 13,1991, the bridge was commissioned by Hercílio Luz, then governor of the state of Santa Catarina, to be the first permanent link between the island and the mainland. At the time, other cities in the considered the island to be too remote to be the administrative and political centre. The bridge was designed by the firm of Robinson & Steinman, all the material it used was brought from the United States. It has the unusual feature that the truss carrying the roadway is above the roadway itself. A similar bridge, the Walter Taylor Bridge, was built over the Brisbane River in Brisbane, when completed the bridge was the longest eyebar suspension span in existence at that time. The 1, 113’ long design features towers with rocker bearings, ABC brought to the project its own experimental heat-treated eyebars, and as project contractor pioneered stiffening techniques that saved materials and money while providing greater rigidity. Another bridge of similar design, the Silver Bridge over the Ohio River in the U. S. collapsed in 1967 due to a failure in one of the eyebars. Luz didnt get to see his bridge completed, dying in 1924 twelve days after having inaugurated a wooden replica built in XV Square specifically for the symbolic act, originally intended to be named the Independence Bridge this was changed after Luzs death in a posthumous tribute. The bridge was inaugurated on May 13,1926, from the beginning, the funding process was complicated. The first bank that had lent to the Catarina government failed, thus, a new loan had to be obtained delaying the works. In addition, a manoeuvre of the U. S. bankers arranging the financing made the state of Santa Catarina liable for debts of the failed institution. In the end, the cost reached 14.478 trillion reis, ten times the original estimate, the repayment of loans, made by U. S. banks, was completed in 1978, more than 50 years after the inauguration of the bridge. With two other bridges now linking the island to the mainland, the Hercílio Luz Bridge was closed in 1982 on safety concerns and it reopened again on March 15,1988 to pedestrian traffic, bicycles, motorcycles and horse-drawn vehicles only
36.
David B. Steinman
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David Barnard Steinman was an American structural engineer. He was the designer of the Mackinac Bridge and many other bridges. He grew up in New York Citys lower Manhattan, and lived with the ambition of making his mark on the Brooklyn Bridge that he lived under. In 1906 he earned a degree from City College and in 1909, a Master of Arts from Columbia University. He was awarded the Franklin Institutes Louis E. Levy Medal in 1957, David B. Steinman built bridges in the United States, Thailand, England, Portugal, Italy, Brazil, Haiti, Puerto Rico, Canada, Korea, Iraq and Pakistan. He had a bent, and was a published author with several books, articles in advancement of his craft. Steinman was the child of Jewish immigrants, little is known of his family and early childhood other than that he had 6 siblings. There is some controversy about where and when he was born, some sources have him born in Khomsk, Brest, Belarus in 1886, and emigrating to the United States with his family in 1890. However other sources, including Ratigan, and Steinman himself have him born in New York in 1887, Steinman grew up in New York City, New York, and was raised in the shadows of the Brooklyn Bridge. The Williamsburg Bridge was constructed as he grew up, the late Nineteenth and early Twentieth centuries were a time of significant bridge construction in the area, and he later said this is where he got his first interest in bridges. His PhD thesis was on a truss arch design for the Henry Hudson Bridge. While he was attending Columbia he did fellowships as well as taught nighttime classes at the City College and he accepted a teaching position at the University of Idaho in Moscow, Idaho but longed to return to New York. It was said this experience of working together led to their 40-year professional rivalry, pay was typical for the era, 200-225 USD/month. Lindenthal gave his protégés advice about engineering such as, Steinman and it is the financial engineering that is hard. While working with Lindenthal, Steinman also worked on the Sciotoville Bridge, after this work Steinman sought other employment, working as assistant engineer on the Rondout Creek Bridge, and as an assistant engineer for the New York Central Railroad. In May 1920, Holton D. Robinson contacted Steinman and requested that they join forces to create a design for the Florianópolis Bridge in Florianópolis, Brazil. After getting advice from Charles Fowler, Steinman agreed and they formed the firm of Robinson & Steinman in 1921 and they did not win the contract immediately but continued to collaborate on it and other projects. For example, Robinson and Steinman changed the plans for the Florianopolis bridge
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Clapham South tube station
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Clapham South is a station on London Undergrounds Northern line between Clapham Common and Balham. The station is located at the corner of Balham Hill and Nightingale Lane and it is in both Travelcard Zone 2 and Travelcard Zone 3. The station was designed by Charles Holden and was opened on 13 September 1926 as the first station of the Morden extension of the City & South London Railway, other proposed names for the station prior to opening were Balham North and Nightingale Lane. The apartments above the station, named Westbury Court, were an addition to the architecture. The parade of shops along Balham Hill was extended as part of the development using the same style as the original three closest to the station. Clapham South tube station is at the edge of Clapham Common. It is one of eight London Underground stations with a deep-level air-raid shelter underneath it, in 1948, the deep shelter was used as temporary accommodation for immigrants from the West Indies. The MV Empire Windrush arrived at Tilbury in 1948 carrying 492 immigrants, London had a severe labour shortage after the war and the Colonial Office had sought to recruit a labour force from Jamaica. An advertisement had appeared in Jamaicas Daily Gleaner on 13 April 1948 offering transport to the UK, as there was no accommodation for the new arrivals, the Colonial Office housed them temporarily in the deep-level shelter at Clapham South. The station is served by London Buses routes 50,155,249,355, G1,690, London Transport Museum Photographic Archive Clapham South station,1926 Station with recently built apartments,1936 Entrance to deep level shelter,1942 CharlesHolden. com Early photograph of station
