1.
1917 in architecture
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The year 1917 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. The journal De Stijl is first published by Theo van Doesburg, the Het Schip housing scheme designed by Michel de Klerk in Amsterdam is started. The Lister County Courthouse designed by Erik Gunnar Asplund in a Mannerist style in Solvesborg, edificio Correos, San José, Costa Rica Livermore House, San Francisco, California, USA, designed by Julia Morgan. RIBA Royal Gold Medal - Henri Paul Nenot
2.
1918 in architecture
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The year 1918 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. November 3 – A Baroque Marian column in Prague, the Czech Republic, is destroyed by nationalists, december 3 - The Novembergruppe is formed in Germany, and shortly afterwards merges with the Arbeitsrat für Kunst. Hallidie Building is built in San Francisco, credited as the first glass curtain wall building. D. L. James House is built in Carmel Highlands, designed by Greene and Greene in an Arts and Crafts style. Police Headquarters are built in Copenhagen, Denmark, designed by Hack Kampmann in a Neoclassical style. Our Lady of the Victories Basilica in Melbourne, Australia is completed, newman College in Melbourne, Australia designed by Walter Burley Griffin, is completed. The Chapel of St. James, of the Archbishop Quigley Preparatory Seminary in Chicago, designed by Zachary Taylor Davis, Stockholm Library, designed by Erik Gunnar Asplund is built in Stockholm, Sweden in a Mannerist early modern style. The Woodland Chapel is built in Stockholm, Sweden, royal Gold Medal - Ernest Newton. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, not held, march 16 - Aldo van Eyck, Dutch architect April 10 - Jørn Utzon, Danish architect best known for Sydney Opera House July 3 - Benjamin C
3.
1919 in architecture
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The year 1919 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. 25 April - The Bauhaus architectural and design movement is founded in Weimar, Germany, November - Start of the Glass Chain correspondence. Julia Morgan is selected as the architect for William Randolph Hearsts La Cuesta Encantada, better known as Hearst Castle, in San Simeon, California, USA. 5 March - Rebuilt Helsinki Central railway station, designed by Eliel Saarinen April - First Congregational Church of Albany, New York, USA,27 November - Laie Hawaii Temple, Oʻahu, Hawaii, USA, dedicated. 29 November - Großes Schauspielhaus in Berlin with interior remodelled as a theater by Hans Poelzig, Church of the Madonna della Difesa, Montreal, Canada. McMahon Building, better known as the Worlds littlest skyscraper, by J. D. McMahon, in downtown Wichita Falls,11 November - Hart House, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Het Schip, Amsterdam, Netherlands, by Michel de Klerk. First Goetheanum, Dornach, Switzerland, by Rudolf Steiner, royal Gold Medal - Leonard Stokes. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture - Jacques Carlu and Jean-Jacques Haffner, edelsvärd, Swedish architect 6 November - Hans Christian Amberg, Danish architect
4.
1920 in architecture
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The year 1920 in architecture involved some significant events. Construction of Welwyn Garden City in England begins with Louis de Soissons as architect, edith Hughes establishes her own architectural practice, in Glasgow, the first British woman to do so. In the first issue of the Purist art magazine L’ Esprit Nouveau co-founded by him, november 11 - The Cenotaph, Whitehall, London, designed by Edwin Lutyens. Ajuria Enea, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain, designed by Alfredo Baeschlin, manitoba Legislative Building in Winnipeg, Canada. Oak Tower, Downtown Kansas City, Missouri, USA
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1921 in architecture
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The year 1921 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. The Einstein Tower near Potsdam, Germany, designed by Erich Mendelsohn, berliner Tageblatt, designed by Erich Mendelsohn. The current Sydney Central railway station in Australia, harkness Tower in Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, United States, after 4 years of construction. The Corn Palace in Mitchell, South Dakota, United States is completed, the Wong Tai Sin Temple is moved to its current site and completed. New Hindu Durgiana Temple in Amritsar, the Ohel Rachel Synagogue in Shanghai, designed by Robert Bradshaw Moorhead and Sidney Joseph Halse, is dedicated on January 23. Michel de Klerks Het Schip housing development for Eigen Haard in Amesterdam, monument to the March Dead, by Walter Gropius in Weimar, Germany. The Mayslake Peabody Estate in Oak Brook, Illinois, United States, the Chicago Theatre movie palace in the United States. The Theater Pathé Tuschinski movie/live theatre in Amsterdam, designed by Hijman Louis de Jong, is opened on October 28, adolf Loos designed a mausoleum for Max Dvořák that has remained unbuilt. March - Puhl & Wagner are contracted to decorate the interior of the Golden Hall with neo-Byzantine mosaics designed by Einar Forseth, March 21 - Teatro Yagüez in Puerto Rico, designed by José Sabàs Honoré, reopens. May 27 - A Buddha image is enshrined in the hall of the Daifukuji Soto Zen Mission in Hawaii. September 5 - The Cervantes Theatre in Buenos Aires, Argentina, hugo Häring and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe submit a competition entry for a Friedrichstrasse office building, fully made of glass. Construction work begins on the Watts Towers in Los Angeles, designed by Simon Rodia, american Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medal – Cass Gilbert. Royal Gold Medal - Edwin Lutyens
6.
1922 in architecture
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The year 1922 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. Construction work begins on The Los Angeles Central Library in Los Angeles, California, construction of Böttcherstraße in Bremen, Germany, in the style of Brick Expressionism begins. Monument to the Third International, designed by Vladimir Tatlin, is cancelled, march 21 - Rebuilt London Waterloo station is officially opened. May 30 - Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D. C, United States is dedicated by William H. Taft, in the presence of Abraham Lincolns son, 79-year-old Robert Todd Lincoln. June 9 - Spalding War Memorial in England, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, is dedicated, october 14 - Gerrards Cross Memorial Building in England, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, is dedicated. November 26 - Rochdale Cenotaph in England, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, is dedicated, estonian Constituent Assembly building in Toompea Castle, designed by Eugen Habermann and Herbert Johanson. Antiguo Casino de Ponce, Puerto Rico, by Agustin Camilo Gonzalez, shabolovka tower in Moscow, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, by Vladimir Shukhov. Wolseley Motors showrooms,160 Piccadilly, London, by W. Curtis Green, wrigley Building in Chicago, Illinois, by Graham, Anderson, Probst & White. AIA Gold Medal - Victor Laloux Royal Gold Medal - Thomas Hastings Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Robert Giroud
7.
1923 in architecture
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The year 1923 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. Vers une architecture by Le Corbusier is published, liebenberg and Kaplan architectural practice established in Minneapolis. June 23 - Stockholm City Hall, designed by Ragnar Östberg, December 26 - Ottawa Auditorium, Canada. Chilehaus in Hamburg, designed by Fritz Höger, imperial Hotel, Tokyo, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright. Église Notre-Dame du Raincy in France, designed by Auguste Perret, roeschlaub, Colorado architect November 24 - Michel de Klerk, Dutch Amsterdam School architect December 27 - Gustave Eiffel, French civil engineer and architect
8.
1924 in architecture
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The year 1924 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. Eileen Gray and Jean Badovici begin work on their vacation home E-1027 at Roquebrune-Cap-Martin in the south of France The Chilehaus in Hamburg, Germany, Rietveld Schröder House in Utrecht, Netherlands, designed by Gerrit Rietveld. Queen Marys Dolls House in England, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, olympic silver medal - Alfréd Hajós & Dezso Lauber of Hungary for Plan for Budapest Swimming Stadium. Olympic bronze medal - Julien Médecin of Monaco for Stadium for Monte Carlo, grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Marcel Péchin
9.
1926 in architecture
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The year 1926 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. June 7 - While walking along the Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes in Barcelona, Antoni Gaudí is struck by a passing tram, delays in receiving medical treatment contribute to his death in hospital a few days later. On June 12, after a procession through the streets of Barcelona lined by thousands. November 27 - In Williamsburg, Virginia, the restoration of Colonial Williamsburg begins, undated British General Post Office K2 red telephone box, designed by Giles Gilbert Scott, is introduced, chiefly in the London area. The Frankfurt kitchen is designed by Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky for Ernst Mays social housing project New Frankfurt in Frankfurt, the russian avant-garde magazine SA is published for the first time. Louis, Missouri, USA, designed by Mauran, Russell & Crowell with I. R, timlin Sourdough Inn, Fort Yukon, Alaska, USA900 Stewart Avenue, USA Royal Gold Medal - Ragnar Ostberg. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Jean-Baptiste Hourlier
10.
1928 in architecture
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The year 1928 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. February - Hannes Meyer succeeds Walter Gropius as head of the Bauhaus school, June - Congrès Internationaux dArchitecture Moderne is initiated by Le Corbusier. Le Corbusier wins all three competitions for design of the Tsentrosoyuz building in Moscow, Léon Azéma is appointed Architect of the City of Paris. March 31 - Stockholm Public Library in Sweden, designed by Gunnar Asplund, october 6 - Collège Saint Marc, Alexandria, Egypt, designed by Léon Azéma. October 25 - Großmarkthalle at Frankfurt am Main, designed by Martin Elsaesser, first Dymaxion House is designed by Buckminster Fuller. Second Goetheanum, Dornach, Switzerland, designed by Rudolf Steiner, rusakov Workers Club in Moscow, USSR, designed by Konstantin Melnikov. Firestone Tyre Factory on the Golden Mile of Londons Great West Road, designed by Wallis, Gilbert, granada Theatre and Temple Israel, designed by Liebenberg and Kaplan. Olympic gold medal - Jan Wils of the Netherlands for Olympic Stadium in Amsterdam, Olympic silver medal - Einar Mindedal Rasmussen of Denmark for Swimming pool at Ollerup. Olympic bronze medal - Jacques Lambert of France for Stadium at Versailles, royal Gold Medal - Guy Dawber. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Eugène Beaudouin, E. Doyle, American architect (born 1877 June 23 - Konstantīns Pēkšēns, Latvian-born architect December 10 - Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Scottish-born architect and designer
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1929 in architecture
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The year 1929 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. September 7 – Ceremony to lay the foundation stone for the new Palace of Nations in Geneva, november 18 – Ceremony to break the ground for the Umaid Bhawan Palace in Jodhpur, India, designed by Henry Vaughan Lanchester. Plan of White City in Mandatory Palestine by Patrick Geddes agreed, april - Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower, Brooklyn, New York city, designed by Halsey, McCormack and Helmer. July 23 - Landakotskirkja, Reykjavik, Iceland, october 3 - Dominion Theatre, London, England, designed by W. and T. R. Milburn. December 1 - Underground Electric Railways Company of London headquarters,55 Broadway, the Barcelona Pavilion, designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Royal York Hotel in Toronto, Ontario, it becomes the tallest building in the British Empire, Church of Our Lady & St Alphege, Bath, England, designed by Giles Gilbert Scott. Lovell House in Los Angeles, designed by Richard Neutra, e-1027 vacation home at Roquebrune-Cap-Martin in the south of France, designed for themselves by Eileen Gray and her lover Jean Badovici. Nobel House, the headquarters of ICI, on Millbank, Westminster, London, paimio Sanatorium in Finland, designed by Alvar Aalto. Boston Avenue Methodist Church in Tulsa, Oklahoma, richfield Tower in Los Angeles, designed by Stiles O. Clements. Van Nelle Factory in Rotterdam, Netherlands, plaza de Toros de Las Ventas in Madrid, Spain, designed by José Espeliú
12.
1930 in architecture
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The year 1930 in architecture involved some significant events. The lead architects are Gunnar Asplund and Sigurd Lewerentz, architects involved in the exhibition include Sven Markelius, Paul Hedqvist, Nils Ahrbom, Helge Zimdal. Vanessa Bell and Duncan Grant complete the decoration of the room for Dorothy Wellesley at Penns-in-the-Rocks, Withyham. John Betjeman is given an editorial post on the Architectural Review, february 22 - Loews 175th Street Theatre on Manhattan, designed by Thomas W. Lamb with interiors by the Rambusch Decorating Company. March 22 - Le Touret Memorial, France, april 8 - Brisbane City Hall, Brisbane, Australia. June 9 - The Chicago Board of Trade Building, designed by Holabird & Roche, june 17 - Erphokirche in Münster, designed by Carl Moritz. June 21 - Hus House church and community centre in Prague, designed by Karel Truksa, april -40 Wall Street, briefly the tallest building in the world. May 20 - Chrysler Building in New York, designed by William van Alen, succeeds the Bank of Manhattan Trust Building as the tallest building in the world and it remains the worlds tallest steel-supported brick building. IG Farben Building, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Karl-Marx-Hof in Vienna, designed by Karl Ehn, opens, the Terminal Tower complex in Cleveland, designed by Graham, Anderson, Probst, and White. Apartments for social housing in Page Street, Westminster, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, are completed, castle Drogo, a country house in Devon, England designed by Edwin Lutyens. Chachmei Lublin Yeshiva in Lublin, Poland, villa Tugendhat in Brno, Czechoslovakia, designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medal – Charles A. Platt, royal Gold Medal - Percy Scott Worthington
13.
1931 in architecture
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The year 1931 in architecture involved some significant events. December 5 - The Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow is dynamited, the first of the Architects Acts is passed in the United Kingdom. The first of the districts in the United States is designated in Charleston, South Carolina. January 23 - Viceroys House, New Delhi, India, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, may 1 - The Empire State Building is completed in New York City as the tallest building in the world. July 1 - The rebuilt Milano Centrale railway station opens in Italy, july 19 - Sudbury Town station on the London Underground Piccadilly line opens as rebuilt by Charles Holden, the first of his iconic modern designs for the network. Villa Savoye in Paris, designed by Le Corbusier and his cousin, Pierre Jeanneret, using reinforced concrete, commerce Court North is completed in Toronto, Ontario and becomes the tallest building in the British Empire. Royal Corinthian Yacht Club clubhouse, Burnham-on-Crouch, eastern England, designed by Joseph Emberton, is opened, st Olaf House, Tooley Street, London Borough of Southwark, designed by H. S. Goodhart-Rendel. India Tyres offices at Inchinnan, Scotland, designed by Thomas Wallis of Wallis, Gilbert and Partners, atlantis House and Robinson Crusoe House in Böttcherstraße, Bremen, designed by Bernhard Hoetger, complete the streets construction in the style of Brick Expressionism. City Hall, Hilversum, North Holland, designed by Willem Marinus Dudok, is completed, India Gate in New Delhi is completed. Student Union at the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, designed by Sven Markelius, washington Singer Building on the Streatham Campus of the University of Exeter in England, designed by Vincent Harris. New Synagogue, Žilina, Czechoslovakia, designed by Peter Behrens, is completed, high and Over, Amersham, one of the first modernist houses in England, designed by Amyas Connell, is completed. House for two brothers in Brno, designed by Otto Eisler, is completed, apartment Building at 342, Muntaner Street, Barcelona, designed by Josep Lluís Sert, is completed. The Home Insurance Building in Chicago, Illinois is demolished, Royal Gold Medal - Edwin Cooper. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Georges Dengler
14.
1932 in architecture
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The year 1932 in architecture involved some significant events. International Style by Philip Johnson and Henry-Russell Hitchcock is published, the International Exhibition of Modern Architecture at the Museum of Modern Art in New York spreads the International Style. March 19 - Sydney Harbour Bridge, designed by John Bradfield, is opened in Sydney, april 23 - New Shakespeare Memorial Theatre at Stratford-upon-Avon, designed by Elisabeth Scott, is opened, becoming the first important work erected in the United Kingdom by a woman architect. July 19 - Lambeth Bridge, London, designed by Geoffrey Groves, august 1 - Thiepval Memorial, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, is inaugurated in the Somme. September 19 - Arnos Grove tube station, London, designed by Charles Holden, september 22 - Sheffield City Hall, Yorkshire, England, designed by Vincent Harris in 1920. November 16 - Parliament Buildings, Belfast, designed by Sir Arnold Thornely, november 25 - Saint Sophia Cathedral in Harbin, China. November 27 - Bixby Creek Bridge at Big Sur, California, designed by C. H. Purcell, PSFS Building in Center City, Philadelphia, designed by George Howe and William Lescaze, first International Style skyscraper in the United States. High Cross House, Dartington Hall, Devon, England, designed by William Lescaze, alameda Theatre, United States, designed by Timothy L. Pflueger. Church of the Most Sacred Heart of Our Lord in Prague, the Daily Express Building, London, designed by Sir Owen Williams. The Hoover Building on the Western Avenue in Perivale, West London, designed by Wallis, Gilbert, maison de Verre, Paris, France, by Pierre Chareau, Bernard Bijvoet and Louis Dalbet. Paimio Sanatorium in Finland, designed by Alvar Aalto, Unilever House in the City of London, designed by James Lomax-Simpson of Unilever with Sir John Burnet and Thomas S. Tait of Sir John Burnet and Partners. Immeuble Clarté apartment building in Geneva, designed by Le Corbusier and his cousin, narkomfin building in Moscow, designed by Moisei Ginzburg with Ignaty Milinis in 1928. Harnischmacher House in Wiesbaden, Germany, designed by Marcel Breuer, wohnbedarf furniture stores in Switzerland, designed by Marcel Breuer. Douaumont ossuary, designed by Léon Azéma to house the bones of at least 130,000 unidentified soldiers of both sides who died in the Battle of Verdun. Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Complex, Shaft 12, Schacht Albert Vögler, Germany, designed by Fritz Schupp, olympic gold medal - Gustave Saacké, Pierre Bailey and Pierre Montenot for Arena for bulls, Paris. Olympic silver medal - John Russell Pope of the United States for Design for Payne Whitney Gymnasium, olympic bronze medal - Richard Konwiartz of Germany for Design for Schlesierkampfbahn, Breslau. Royal Gold Medal - Hendrik Petrus Berlage, grand Prix de Rome, architecture - Camille Montagné
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1933 in architecture
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The year 1933 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. The Bauhaus school in Berlin is permanently closed by the Nazi government, modern Architectural Research Group established as a think tank by younger architects and critics involved in the modernist movement in Great Britain. Completion of restoration of Herstmonceux Castle in England by Walter Godfrey, july - New Midland Hotel, Morecambe, Lancashire, England, designed by Oliver Hill. August 23 - Leeds Civic Hall, Yorkshire, England, designed by Vincent Harris in 1926, Royal Masonic Hospital at Ravenscourt Park in London, designed by Thomas S. Tait of Sir John Burnet, Tait and Lorne. Labworth Café on Canvey Island, England, designed by engineer Ove Arup, myer Emporium renovation, Bourke Street, Melbourne, Australia. The Round House, designed by Berthold Lubetkins Tecton Architectural Group to house gorillas at London Zoo, battersea Power Station, London, with Giles Gilbert Scott as consultant architect, begins operation. College Hall, Royal Air Force College Cranwell, England, designed by James Grey West, mercado de Abastos de Algeciras, Spain, designed by Eduardo Torroja. Villa Markelius in Stockholm, designed by Sven Markelius for himself, schminke house in Löbau, Germany, designed by Hans Scharoun. Töss Footbridge, Winterthur, Switzerland, designed by Robert Maillart, AIA Gold Medal - Ragnar Östberg. Royal Gold Medal - Charles Reed Peers, grand Prix de Rome, architecture - Alexandre Courtois. John Betjeman - Ghastly Good Taste, or the story of the rise. The Information Book of Sir John Burnet, Tait & Lorne, G. R. Sprague, British theatre architect
16.
1934 in architecture
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The year 1934 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. The Architects Act,1934, is passed in the United Kingdom, narkomtiazhprom stage a design contest for construction of a Peoples Commissariat of Construction of Heavy Industry in Red Square, Moscow in the Soviet Union. July 17 - Circular Manchester Central Library, England, designed by Vincent Harris, october 23 - Guildhall, Swansea, Wales, designed by Percy Thomas. November 24 - ANZAC War Memorial in Sydney, Australia, designed by Bruce Dellit, penguin Pool, London Zoo, designed by Berthold Lubetkin and Ove Arup. Isokon building, Hampstead, London, designed by Wells Coates, drapacz Chmur apartment building, Katowice, Poland, designed by architect Tadeusz Kozłowski and structural engineer Stefan Bryła. Helsingborg Concert Hall, designed by Sven Markelius, synagogue at Skořepka 13, Brno, designed by Otto Eisler. New Cambridge University Library and Memorial Court for Clare College, Cambridge, designed as an ensemble, palacio de Bellas Artes, Mexico City, designed by Federico Mariscal. Fronton Recoletos, Madrid, designed by Eduardo Torroja, joyería J. Roca at 18, Paseo de Gracia, and Ciutat de Repòs i de Vacances, both in Barcelona and designed by Josep Lluís Sert. Steen Eiler Rasmussen - London, the Unique City Royal Gold Medal - Henry Vaughan Lanchester, grand Prix de Rome, architecture, André Hilt
17.
1935 in architecture
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The year 1935 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. June 2 - Saint Constantine and Elena Cathedral, Bălți, Moldova, july 6 - New building for Museum Boijmans, Rotterdam, by Ad van der Steur. July 13 - Shoreham Airport terminal building in England, by Stavers Tiltman, july 22 - Odeon, Kingstanding cinema in Birmingham, England, by Harry Weedon and Cecil Clavering. August 5 - Eastbourne Bandstand in Eastbourne, England, september 30 - Boulder Dam, by John L. Savage with Gordon Kaufmann, is dedicated. November 4 - Hornsey Town Hall, London, by Reginald Uren November 18 Freedom Monument in Riga, Latvia, opelwerk Brandenburg, Germany, begins production,190 days after the laying of the foundation stone. Fallingwater in southwestern Pennsylvania, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright Florya Atatürk Marine Mansion, Istanbul, designed by Seyfi Arkan, highpoint I apartment block, Highgate, north London, by Berthold Lubetkin with structural design by Ove Arup. Grand Mosque of Mopti, French Sudan, sacred Heart Cathedral, New Delhi, India, designed by Henry Medd. Gothenburg Concert Hall, Sweden, designed by Nils Einar Ericsson, vyborg Library, Finland, designed by Alvar Aalto. Gemeentemuseum Den Haag, Netherlands, designed by Hendrik Petrus Berlage, may 29 - Compagnie Générale Transatlantique ocean liner SS Normandie, with Art Déco and Streamline Moderne interiors designed under the supervision of Roger-Henri Expert, begins her maiden voyage. Royal Gold Medal - Willem Marinus Dudok, grand Prix de Rome, architecture - Paul Domenc
18.
1936 in architecture
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The year 1936 in architecture involved some significant events. May 27 - RMS Queen Mary begins her maiden Atlantic crossing, interior design, under the direction of E. C. Leach, is by Arthur Joseph Davis and J. C, whipp of Mewès & Davis and Benjamin Wistar Morris with much craftsmanship undertaken by the Bromsgrove Guild of Applied Arts. October 29 - Construction of Via della Conciliazione in Rome begins, johnson Wax Headquarters, Racine, Wisconsin, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright. Campana Factory, Batavia, Illinois, designed by Frank D. Chase and Childs & Smith, owens-Illinois Glass Company building in Toledo, Ohio, built. Lasipalatsi temporary office and commercial building in Helsinki, Finland, designed by Viljo Revell, Heimo Riihimäki and Niilo Kokko, peter Jones in London, designed by William Crabtree of Slater, Crabtree and Moberly, completed. Casa Bloc, Barcelona, designed by Josep Lluís Sert, completed, casa del Fascio, designed by Giuseppe Terragni, completed. Vytautas the Great War Museum in Kaunas, Lithuania completed, olympic Stadium, designed by Werner March, opened. Tilkka military hospital, Helsinki, Finland, designed by Olavi Sortta, florin Court, London, designed by Guy Morgan and Partners. Pullman Court, London, designed by Frederick Gibberd in 1933, beehive terminal at Gatwick Airport, England, designed by Frank Hoar of Hoar, Marlow & Lovett, opened. Airship hangar at Bartolomeu de Gusmão Airport, Rio de Janeiro, zwickau Hauptbahnhof, Germany, designed by Otto Falk, opened. Campion Hall, Oxford, England, designed by Edwin Lutyens, kenwood House, Nairobi, Kenya, designed by Ernst May. The Laughing Water roadhouse, Cobham, Kent, England, designed by Clough Williams-Ellis, obelisk of Buenos Aires designed by Alberto Prebisch. Canadian National Vimy Memorial, designed by Walter Seymour Allward, dedicated, british General Post Office K6 Jubilee red telephone box, designed by Giles Gilbert Scott, introduced. Olympic gold medal - Hermann Kutschera of Austria for Skistadium, olympic silver medal - Werner March of Germany for National sports field. Olympic bronze medal - Hermann Stieglholzer and Herbert Kastinger of Austria for Fighting site in Vienna, royal Gold Medal - Charles Holden. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, André Remondet for a naval museum
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1937 in architecture
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The year 1937 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. May - The Georgian Group is set up as part of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings in England, J. M. Richards becomes editor of the Architectural Review, continuing until 1971. Icelandic State Architect Guðjón Samúelssons design for the Hallgrímskirkja in Reykjavík is commissioned, may 27 - The Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, designed by Joseph B. July 18 - Haus der deutschen Kunst in Munich, designed by Paul Troost, thousand Islands Bridge over the Saint Lawrence River, linking Canada and the United States. Holy Trinity Church, Sighișoara, Romania, designed by Dumitru Petrescu Gopeş, bethlehem Church, Copenhagen, Denmark, by Kaare Klint after original designs by his father, Peder Vilhelm Jensen-Klint. Church of St Michael and All Angels, Northenden, Manchester, England, senate House, designed by Charles Holden. Dolphin Square in Pimlico, London, designed by Gordon Jeeves, villa Myrdal, designed by Sven Markelius. St Anns Court, near Chertsey in England, a modernist circular house designed by Raymond McGrath for Gerald L. Schlesinger and his partner landscape architect Christopher Tunnard. Republic pavilion, Barcelona, and Spanish Republican government pavilion at the Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne in Paris, club Moderne, Anaconda, Montana, designed by Fred F. Willson, built RIBA Royal Gold Medal - Raymond Unwin
20.
1927 in music
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This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1927. January 8 - Alban Bergs Lyric Suite is premièred in Vienna, april 21 - Electric re-recording of George Gershwins Rhapsody in Blue by Paul Whitemans Orchestra directed by Nathaniel Shilkret, with Gershwin at the piano. June - Hamilton Sisters and Fordyce, vocalists, record My Heart Stood Still, july 1 - Béla Bartóks Piano Concerto No.1 is premiered in Frankfurt, with the composer at the piano and Wilhelm Furtwängler conducting. August 4 - Jimmie Rodgers records his first sides for Victor in Camden, publishers Chappell & Co withdraw their financial support for the Promenade Concerts, to be replaced by the BBC. Benjamin Britten becomes a pupil of Frank Bridge, witold Lutosławski enters the Warsaw conservatory. Blind Willie McTells recording career begins, the Soul Stirrers recording career begins. Big Bill Broonzys recording career begins, the Carter Familys recording career begins. Louis Armstrong and His Hot Seven record, Hamilton Sisters and Fordyce, harmony trio, tour Variety Theaters with Savoy Havana Band, record with Orpheans, Bert Ambrose, and others in England June–November. Adios Muchachos w. Cesar Felipe Vedani m, julio Cesar Sanders Aint She Sweet w. Jack Yellen m. Milton Ager Among My Souvenirs w. Edgar Leslie m, horatio Nicholls Are You Lonesome Tonight. W. Roy Turk m. Lou Handman At Sundown w. m, Walter Donaldson The Babbitt And The Bromide w. Ira Gershwin m. George Gershwin The Best Things In Life Are Free w. B. G. De Sylva & Lew Brown m. Ray Henderson Black And Tan Fantasy m, Duke Ellington Bless This House w. Helen Taylor m. Irving Berlin Broken Hearted w. B. G. De Sylva & Lew Brown m, ray Henderson Cant Help Lovin Dat Man w. Oscar Hammerstein II m. Jerome Kern. Introduced by Helen Morgan in the musical Show Boat Changes w. m, Walter Donaldson Chlo-e w. Gus Kahn m. Neil Moret Creole Love Call w. m, edward Duke Ellington Dew-Dew-Dewy Day w. m. Al Sherman, Charles Tobias & Howard Johnson Diane w. m, ernie Rapee & Lew Pollack Did You Mean It. W. Abe Lyman & Sid Silvers m, phil Baker The Doll Dance m. Nacio Herb Brown Everywhere You Go w. m, larry Shay, Joe Goodwin & Mark Fisher Fifty Million Frenchmen Cant Be Wrong w. Willie Raskin & Billy Rose m
21.
1927 Jericho earthquake
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The 1927 Jericho earthquake was a devastating event that shook Mandatory Palestine and Transjordan on July 11 at 15,08 local time. The epicenter of the earthquake was in the area of the Dead Sea. The cities of Jerusalem, Jericho, Ramle, Tiberias, and Nablus were heavily damaged, vered and Striem located the earthquake epicenter to be near the Damya Bridge in the Jordan Valley, and close to the city of Jericho. Later research by Avni, located the epicenter to be around 50 km south of this location near the Dead Sea, the death toll in Jerusalem included more than 130 people and around 450 were injured. About 300 houses collapsed or were damaged to the point of not being usable. The earthquake also caused damage to the domes of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. The earthquake was especially severe in Nablus where it destroyed around 300 buildings, including the Mosque of Victory, the death toll in Nablus included more than 150 people and around 250 were injured. In Jericho, a number of collapsed, including several relatively new hotels in one of which three female tourists from India were killed. Ramla and Tiberias were also heavily damaged, the most affected city in Transjordan was Salt in which 80 people were killed, in the rest of Transjordan another 20 were killed by the earthquake
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Mosque
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A mosque is a place of worship for followers of Islam. There are strict and detailed requirements in Sunni jurisprudence for a place of worship to be considered a mosque, many mosques have elaborate domes, minarets, and prayer halls, in varying styles of architecture. Mosques originated on the Arabian Peninsula, but are now found in all inhabited continents, the mosque serves as a place where Muslims can come together for salat as well as a center for information, education, social welfare, and dispute settlement. The imam leads the congregation in prayer, the first mosque in the world is often considered to be the area around the Kaaba in Mecca now known as the Masjid al-Haram. Others regard the first mosque in history to be the Quba Mosque in present-day Medina since it was the first structure built by Muhammad upon his emigration from Mecca in 622. The Islamic Prophet Muhammad went on to another mosque in Medina. Built on the site of his home, Muhammad participated in the construction of the mosque himself and helped pioneer the concept of the mosque as the focal point of the Islamic city. The Masjid al-Nabawi introduced some of the still common in todays mosques, including the niche at the front of the prayer space known as the mihrab. The Masjid al-Nabawi was also constructed with a courtyard, a motif common among mosques built since then. Mosques had been built in Iraq and North Africa by the end of the 7th century, the Imam Husayn Shrine in Karbala is reportedly one of the oldest mosques in Iraq, although its present form – typical of Persian architecture – only goes back to the 11th century. The shrine, while operating as a mosque, remains one of the holiest sites for Shia Muslims, as it honors the death of the third Shia imam. The Mosque of Amr ibn al-As was reportedly the first mosque in Egypt, serving as a religious, like the Imam Husayn Shrine, though, nothing of its original structure remains. With the later Shia Fatimid Caliphate, mosques throughout Egypt evolved to include schools, hospitals and it was the first to incorporate a square minaret and includes naves akin to a basilica. Those features can also be found in Andalusian mosques, including the Grand Mosque of Cordoba, still, some elements of Visigothic architecture, like horseshoe arches, were infused into the mosque architecture of Spain and the Maghreb. The first mosque in East Asia was reportedly established in the 8th century in Xian, however, the Great Mosque of Xian, whose current building dates from the 18th century, does not replicate the features often associated with mosques elsewhere. Indeed, minarets were initially prohibited by the state, mosques in western China were more likely to incorporate elements, like domes and minarets, traditionally seen in mosques elsewhere. In turn, the Javanese style influenced the styles of mosques in Indonesias Austronesian neighbors—Malaysia, Brunei, Muslim empires were instrumental in the evolution and spread of mosques. Although mosques were first established in India during the 7th century, reflecting their Timurid origins, Mughal-style mosques included onion domes, pointed arches, and elaborate circular minarets, features common in the Persian and Central Asian styles
23.
Mandatory Palestine
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Mandatory Palestine was a geopolitical entity under British administration, carved out of Ottoman Southern Syria after World War I. British civil administration in Palestine operated from 1920 until 1948, further confusing the issue was the Balfour Declaration of 1917, promising British support for a Jewish national home in Palestine. At the wars end the British and French set up a joint Occupied Enemy Territory Administration in what had been Ottoman Syria, the British achieved legitimacy for their continued control by obtaining a mandate from the League of Nations in June 1922. The civil Mandate administration was formalized with the League of Nations consent in 1923 under the British Mandate for Palestine, the land west of the Jordan River, known as Palestine, was under direct British administration until 1948. The land east of the Jordan, a region known as Transjordan, under the rule of the Hashemite family from the Hijaz. The divergent tendencies regarding the nature and purpose of the mandate are visible already in the discussions concerning the name for this new entity. As a set-off to this, certain of the Arab politicians suggested that the country should be called Southern Syria in order to emphasise its close relation with another Arab State. During the British Mandate period the area experienced the ascent of two major nationalist movements, one among the Jews and the other among the Arabs, following its occupation by British troops in 1917–1918, Palestine was governed by the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration. In July 1920, the administration was replaced by a civilian administration headed by a High Commissioner. The first High Commissioner, Herbert Samuel, a Zionist recent cabinet minister, arrived in Palestine on 20 June 1920, following the arrival of the British, Muslim-Christian Associations were established in all the major towns. In 1919 they joined to hold the first Palestine Arab Congress in Jerusalem and its main platforms were a call for representative government and opposition to the Balfour Declaration. The Zionist Commission was formed in March 1918 and was active in promoting Zionist objectives in Palestine, on 19 April 1920, elections were held for the Assembly of Representatives of the Palestinian Jewish community. The Zionist Commission received official recognition in 1922 as representative of the Palestinian Jewish community, Rutenberg soon established an electric company whose shareholders were Zionist organizations, investors, and philanthropists. Palestinian-Arabs saw it as proof that the British intended to favor Zionism, when Grand Mufti of Jerusalem Kamil al-Husayni died in March 1921, High Commissioner Samuel appointed his half-brother Mohammad Amin al-Husseini to the position. Amin al-Husseini, a member of the clan of Jerusalem, was an Arab nationalist. As Grand Mufti, as well as the influential positions that he held during this period. In 1922, al-Husseini was elected President of the Supreme Muslim Council which had created by Samuel in December 1921. The Council controlled the Waqf funds, worth annually tens of thousands of pounds, in addition, he controlled the Islamic courts in Palestine
24.
Bakhmetevsky Bus Garage
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Bakhmetevsky Bus Garage was a public bus garage in Moscow, designed in 1926 by Konstantin Melnikov and Vladimir Shukhov. The building, completed in 1927, was an example of applying avant-garde architectural methods to an industrial facility, neglected for decades and nearly condemned to demolition, it was restored in 2007–2008 and reopened in September 2008 as a gallery of modern art. In 1925, Melnikov travelled to Paris, supervising construction of his Soviet Pavilion at the Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes, there, he received private commissions for garage buildings integrated with bridges over Seine river. These drafts never got beyond concept stage, however, Melnikov found an economical layout that enabled parking large number of cars without using reverse gear. Back in Moscow, Melnikov saw a new fleet of Leyland buses tucked into a yard in Bolshaya Ordynka Street. He approached city transportation board and quickly sold his idea for a free-flow garage and it was built on a large lot in Bakhmetevskaya Street,11. Roof structure was designed by Vladimir Shukhov, next year, Melnikov and Shukhov worked together on another building, bakhmetevsky garage housed 104 buses on an area of 8500 square meters. What makes it out as an avant-garde landmark is its unorthodox, parallelogram-shaped floorplan. The whole project was more than just a garage, Melnikov also designed workshops and office buildings on the same lot, filling the irregular voids made by placing a parallelogram-shaped garage on a larger, rectangular lot. His original, unpublished 1927 master plan was found in 1999, in preparation to Melnikov memorial exhibition, however, in 1928 Melnikov changed this plan, and, after completing the office building himself, passed construction management to Andrey Kurochkin. In 1990, the garage was listed as an architectural memorial. The Community Center approached architect Alexey Vorontsov to design the whole project, before the drafts were completed in 2001, the builders removed the roofing and began disassembling the roof trusses, destroying eight spans. Public intervention suspended further destruction, Vorontsov persuaded the client to hire a professional restoration bureau to assess the extent, eventually, in 2003, the Community Center and the authorities agreed upon a compromise development plan by Vorontsov that would retain the original exterior walls. After years of neglect, work accelerated in the half of 2007. The garage was restored externally in the first half of 2008 complete with 1920-s style lettering on the eastern facade. The building was reopened to the public in September as the Garage Center for Contemporary Culture, featuring an exhibition of Ilya, a new gallery provides 8,500 square meters of exhibition space. The museum will share space with the art gallery, the Jewish Museum and Tolerance Center opened on November 10th,2012 and is since 2013 home of about fivehundred books as part of the Schneerson-Library confiscated by the Soviet-Union in the 1920s
25.
Moscow
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Moscow is the capital and most populous city of Russia, with 13.2 million residents within the city limits and 17.8 million within the urban area. Moscow has the status of a Russian federal city, Moscow is a major political, economic, cultural, and scientific center of Russia and Eastern Europe, as well as the largest city entirely on the European continent. Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity and metropolis on Earth and it is home to the Ostankino Tower, the tallest free standing structure in Europe, the Federation Tower, the tallest skyscraper in Europe, and the Moscow International Business Center. Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia, the city is well known for its architecture, particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basils Cathedral with its brightly colored domes. Moscow is the seat of power of the Government of Russia, being the site of the Moscow Kremlin, the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square are also one of several World Heritage Sites in the city. Both chambers of the Russian parliament also sit in the city and it is recognized as one of the citys landmarks due to the rich architecture of its 200 stations. In old Russian the word also meant a church administrative district. The demonym for a Moscow resident is москвич for male or москвичка for female, the name of the city is thought to be derived from the name of the Moskva River. There have been proposed several theories of the origin of the name of the river and its cognates include Russian, музга, muzga pool, puddle, Lithuanian, mazgoti and Latvian, mazgāt to wash, Sanskrit, majjati to drown, Latin, mergō to dip, immerse. There exist as well similar place names in Poland like Mozgawa, the original Old Russian form of the name is reconstructed as *Москы, *Mosky, hence it was one of a few Slavic ū-stem nouns. From the latter forms came the modern Russian name Москва, Moskva, in a similar manner the Latin name Moscovia has been formed, later it became a colloquial name for Russia used in Western Europe in the 16th–17th centuries. From it as well came English Muscovy, various other theories, having little or no scientific ground, are now largely rejected by contemporary linguists. The surface similarity of the name Russia with Rosh, an obscure biblical tribe or country, the oldest evidence of humans on the territory of Moscow dates from the Neolithic. Within the modern bounds of the city other late evidence was discovered, on the territory of the Kremlin, Sparrow Hills, Setun River and Kuntsevskiy forest park, etc. The earliest East Slavic tribes recorded as having expanded to the upper Volga in the 9th to 10th centuries are the Vyatichi and Krivichi, the Moskva River was incorporated as part of Rostov-Suzdal into the Kievan Rus in the 11th century. By AD1100, a settlement had appeared on the mouth of the Neglinnaya River. The first known reference to Moscow dates from 1147 as a place of Yuri Dolgoruky. At the time it was a town on the western border of Vladimir-Suzdal Principality
26.
Konstantin Melnikov
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Konstantin Stepanovich Melnikov was a Russian architect and painter. His architectural work, compressed into a decade, placed Melnikov on the front end of 1920s avant-garde architecture. Although associated with the Constructivists, Melnikov was an independent artist, in 1930s, Melnikov refused to conform with the rising Stalinist architecture, withdrew from practice and worked as a portrait painter and teacher until the end of his life. Konstantin Melnikov was born and died in Moscow and he was the fourth child of the family. His father, Stepan Illarionovich Melnikov, originally from Nizhny Novgorod region, was a maintenance foreman. Mother, Yelena Grigorievna, came from the peasants of Zvenigorod district, the whole family occupied a single room of a state-managed working class barrack in Hay Lodge, then a quiet northern suburb of Moscow. Melnikovs tried hard to rise above bitter poverty, to return to farming and eventually relocated to their own small house, Konstantin Melnikov later praised his father, who noticed the little boys addiction to drawing and regularly brought him scrap paper for drawing from the Academy. However, all the education they could afford was a parish school. Konstantin met his golden day in life through a delivery woman, who happened to serve the family of Vladimir Chaplin. She recommended Konstantins drawings to Chaplin, who was so impressed that he hired the teenager to his firm, Chaplin overestimated Melnikovs basic education, and Konstantin failed his grammar test at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture in 1904. One year later, he passed the admissions that selected a class of 11 out of 270 applicants, Melnikov studied at the School for 12 years, first completing General Education, then graduating in Arts and Architecture. Despite Chaplins calls to concentrate on architecture, Melnikov leaned to painting, by the time he joined the Architecture classes, he already was a well-recognized portrait painter. Later, he recalled Konstantin Korovin, Sergey Malyutin and Abram Arkhipov as his mentors in art, as for architecture, he gave his regards only to Ivan Zholtovsky, Melnikov married Anna Yablokova in 1912, they had two children, born in 1913 and 1915. During World War I and the first years after Russian Revolution of 1917, before the Revolution, he was involved in AMO Truck Plant project. In 1918-1920, he was employed by the New Moscow planning workshop headed by Zholtovsky and Alexey Shchusev, designing Khodynka, meanwhile, the Russian educational system collapsed, the new art college, VKhUTEMAS, was formed in 1920. Its architectural faculty was split between three factions, An Academic Workshop, left-wing United Workshops, and a joint workshop of Melnikov and Ilya Golosov, known as New Academy and Workshop No.2. Melnikov and Golosov resisted both the academic and left-wing camps, in 1924, when the management merged New Academy with Academic Workshop, Melnikov quit VKhUTEMAS. In 1923-1924, Melnikov temporarily associated himself with the ASNOVA and LEF artistic groups, however, he was not involved in public disputes, in particular, he clearly distanced himself from the Constructivist group, led by Moisei Ginzburg and Alexander Vesnin
27.
Vladimir Shukhov
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He is also the inventor of the first cracking method. Besides the innovations he brought to the oil industry and the construction of bridges and buildings. These forms, based on non-Euclidean hyperbolic geometry, are known today as hyperboloids of revolution, Shukhov developed not only many varieties of light-weight hyperboloid towers and roof systems, but also the mathematics for their analysis. Shukhov is particularly reputed for his designs of hyperboloid towers such as the Shukhov Tower. Vladimir Shukhov was born in a town of Graivoron, Belgorod uezd and his father Grigory Ivanovich Shukhov was a minor government official, promoted for his efforts in the Crimean War. For a while, Grigory served as Mayor of Graivoron and later as an administrator in Warsaw, in 1864 Vladimir entered Saint Petersburg gymnasium from which he graduated with distinction in 1871. During his high school years he showed mathematical talents, once demonstrating to his classmates, the teacher praised his skills but he failed the grade for violating the textbooks guidelines. After graduating from the gymnasium, Shukhov entered the Imperial Moscow Technical School, in which his teachers included Pafnuty Chebyshev, Aleksey Letnikov, in the beginning of the year 1876 Shukhov graduated from school with distinction and a Gold Medal. Chebyshev offered him a job as a lecturer in mathematics at the Imperial Moscow Technical School, during his stay in the US, Shukhov came to know a Russian-American entrepreneur, Alexander Veniaminovich Bari who also worked on the organization of the Fair. In 1877 Shukhov returned to Russia and joined the office of the Warsaw–Vienna railroad. Within several months, Shukhovs frustration with standard and routine engineering made him abandon the office, on his coming to Russia in 1877, Bari persuaded Shukhov to give up his medical education and to assume the office of Chief Engineer in a new company specializing in innovative engineering. Shukhov worked with Bari at this company until the October Revolution and their works revolutionized many areas of civil engineering, ship engineering, and oil industry. The thermal cracking method, the Shukhov cracking process, was patented by Vladimir Shukhov in 1891, Shukhov always found time for a passionate hobby – photography. The photographic works of Shukhov opened new trends ahead of their flourishing of Fine art photography and he made photos in various genres, reporting, city landscape, portrait, constructivism. About two thousand photos and negatives made by Shukhov have survived until this day, after the October Revolution Shukhov decided to stay in the Soviet Union despite having received alluring job offers from around the world. Many signal Soviet engineering projects of the 1920s were associated with his name, in 1919 he framed his slogan, We should work independently from politics. The buildings, boilers, beams would be needed and so would we, in the later 1930s during the Great Purge he retired from engineering work but was not arrested or persecuted. Shukov died on 2 February 1939 in Moscow and was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery and his many honours included the Lenin Prize and the title of Hero of Labour
28.
Kauchuk Factory Club
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Kauchuk rubber factory, originally based in Riga, relocated to Khamovniki in Moscow in 1915, threatened by German offensive, and was considerably expanded afterwards. Construction of a club was part of a 1920s nationwide drive to replace religion with more appropriate entertainment, melnikov theorized that Club is not a stern temple of some deity. We must attain such an atmosphere, that we would not need to drag a worker in and he would run there himself, past his home and past his pub. the club, if it succeeds, will show what the new private life is all about. Kauchuk club is shaped as a quarter of cylinder, housing an 800-seat theatre hall with two balcony levels. Today, its shape and size is concealed by poplar trees, melnikovs trademark exterior stairs were never intended for regular use, they are actually fire escapes connected to the second floor lobby. The club, like all 1920s buildings, is under threat of demolition, in 2003, despite the federal protective listing, the City of Moscow placed the building on a condemned property list. As of March,2007, preservationists succeeded to delay demolition, the building operates a night club and a restaurant, and is in adequate external condition, huge neon lettering that existed in 2003, has been removed. However, its interiors are lost to indiscriminate renovation, original windows are replaced with improperly-sized modern frames. Khan-Magomedov, Pioneers of Soviet Architecture, The Search for New Solutions in the 1920s and 1930s, Thames and Hudson Ltd, ISBN 978-0-500-34102-5 Russian bio, Russian, Хан-Магомедов, Константин Мельников, М,2006 ISBN 5-9647-0095-0
29.
Rusakov Workers' Club
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The Rusakov Workers Club in Moscow is a notable example of constructivist architecture. Designed by Konstantin Melnikov, it was constructed in 1927–28, the club is built on a fan-shaped plan, with three cantilevered concrete seating areas rising above the base. Each of these volumes can be used as a separate auditorium, at the rear of the building are more conventional offices. The only visible materials used in its construction are concrete, brick, the function of the building is to some extent expressed in the exterior, which Melnikov described as a tensed muscle. The building was included in the 1998 World Monuments Watch by the World Monuments Fund to call attention to its poor condition. According to the Fund the roof and foundations had weakened, the columns were in need of reinforcment, the site was listed again in the 2000 World Monuments Watch. With a grant from American Express, World Monuments Fund provided a replacement roof for the building. The project was overseen by the Moscow Committee for Monuments Protection, in 2005 a commemorative coin was issued by the Central Bank of Russia, featuring the Rusakov Workers Club building
30.
Svoboda Factory Club
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It is located at 41A, Vyatskaya Street, in Savyolovsky District. The larger project was set in a remote working-class neighborhood north-west from Savyolovsky Rail Terminal, initial concept for Svoboda Club was a flat elliptical tube raised above ground floor pilotis. The main hall inside the tube could be used as a single arena, each end of the tube terminated in a cubical block housing stage mechanisms and smaller halls. A perfectly symmetrical structure was visually centered with two staircases connecting the raised main hall to the ground. Melnikov had to minimize the use of steel to the bare minimum, thus, the tube was replaced with a conventional rectangular masonry block, the staircase was built straight, not curved. In fact, the only element is the central rostrum column, balancing left. They are not identical, north side end block is considerably higher than the opposite one, Melnikov also had to omit the swimming pool that he planned for the basement level. Inside, the hall is quite close to the original concept. As of March,2007, Svoboda Club is in quite good exterior condition, the building is painted to its original white-red color scheme. The only difference with 1920s photographs is the lack of color accent around end block windows, however, the street has been widened considerably, trees, lawns and pedestrian walkways of the 1920s were replaced with street asphalt. 2007 photographs Russian,2006 biography of Melnikov by Selim Khan-Magomedov, Хан-Магомедов, С. О
31.
Centre Block
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It is also the location of several ceremonial spaces, such as the Hall of Honour, the Memorial Chamber, and Confederation Hall. Built in the Gothic Revival style, the present Centre Block is the second iteration. The first was destroyed by fire in 1916, all remains of the original building is the Library of Parliament. Though construction began immediately after the blaze, sculpting work on the interior continued through the 1970s, one of the most recognizable buildings in Canada, the Centre Block is depicted on the Canadian $10 bill, $20 bill, and the $50 bill. Designed by Jean Omer Marchand and John A. Pearson, the Centre Block is a 144 m long by 75 m deep, and six storey high, symmetrical structure built in the modern Gothic Revival style. As such, it displays a multitude of stone carvings, including gargoyles, grotesques, the roof is of reinforced concrete covered with copper, and dotted with dormer windows. These surfaces are augmented by sculptural decoration done in Indiana limestone, further, there are numerous parliamentary committee rooms and the Parliamentary Press Gallery. The Centre Block is arranged symmetrically around Confederation Hall, located immediately inside the main entrance and it is an octagonal chamber, the perimeter of which is divided by limestone clustered columns into eight bays of two different sizes, themselves subdivided by dark green syenite pillars. Behind these runs a vaulted ambulatory that supports the upper gallery and this column is borne on a stone carved with an image of Neptune amongst sea lions and fish in a mythical sea. The overall pattern represents the element of water, alluding to Canadas motto. Still, the carving, the designs for which had been finalised by Cléophas Soucy in 1941, remained incomplete until 1953. The remaining territorial coats of arms are located in the southeast and southwest corners, the gable springers all display the coats of arms of the provincial and territorial capitals, while the gable ramparts bear symbols of Canadas fauna. It is a long, rib vaulted space of Tyndall limestone divided into five bays by superimposed double arcades of lancet arches atop clustered columns on pedestals. The north end of the hall is crossed on both levels by the Centre Blocks north corridor, with an overlooking gallery lined by iron railings by Paul Beau. The Hall of Honour was intended to be a gallery where statues of notable Canadians would be arranged in the niches along each side. That plan was abandoned in favour of a more general purpose of commemorating the 1916 fire. The sculptures remain incomplete, only the end, closest to the Library of Parliament, has completed carvings. Two other pieces mark the efforts of early nation-building, such as donated by Canadians living in the United States
32.
Parliament of Canada
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The Parliament of Canada is the federal legislative branch of Canada, seated at Parliament Hill in the national capital, Ottawa, Ontario. The body consists of the Canadian monarch, represented by a viceroy, the general, an upper house, the Senate, and a lower house. Each element has its own officers and organization, by constitutional convention, the House of Commons is the dominant branch of parliament, the Senate and Crown rarely opposing its will. The Senate reviews legislation from a less partisan standpoint and the monarch or viceroy provides the necessary Royal Assent to make bills into law. The governor general also summons parliament, while either the viceroy or monarch can prorogue or dissolve parliament, either will read the Throne Speech. The most recent parliament, summoned by Governor General David Johnston in 2015, is the 42nd since Confederation in 1867, the Parliament of Canada is composed of three parts, the monarch, the Senate, and the House of Commons. Each has a role, but work in conjunction within the legislative process. Only those who sit in the House of Commons are called members of parliament, though legislatively less powerful, senators take higher positions in the national order of precedence. No individual may serve in more than one chamber of parliament at the same time, the sovereigns place in the legislature, formally called the Queen-in-Parliament, is defined by the Constitution Act,1867, and various conventions. All federal bills begin with the phrase Now, therefore, Her Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and House of Commons of Canada. And, as such, the Crown is immune from acts of parliament unless expressed otherwise in the act itself. As both the monarch and his or her representatives are traditionally barred from the House of Commons, any parliamentary ceremonies in which they are involved take place in the Senate chamber. The upper and lower houses do, however, each contain a mace, which indicate the authority of the Queen-in-Parliament, following the burning of the Centre Block on 3 February 1916, the City of London, England, donated a replacement, which is still used today. The temporary mace, made of wood, and used until the new one arrived from the United Kingdom in 1917, is carried into the Senate each 3 February. The Senates 1. 6-metre-long mace comprises brass and gold, senators served for life until 1965, when a constitutional amendment imposed a mandatory retirement age of 75. Senators may, however, resign their seats prior to that mark, the Senate is divided equally amongst four geographic regions,24 for Ontario,24 for Quebec,24 for the Maritimes, and 24 for the Western provinces. Newfoundland and Labrador, which became a Canadian province in 1949, is represented by six senators, further, Canadas three territories—the Northwest Territories, Yukon, and Nunavut—are allocated one senator each. The elected component of the Canadian parliament is the House of Commons, with each member chosen by a plurality of voters in each of the countrys federal electoral districts
33.
Parliament Hill
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Parliament Hill, colloquially known as The Hill, is an area of Crown land on the southern banks of the Ottawa River in downtown Ottawa, Ontario. Its Gothic revival suite of buildings is the home of the Parliament of Canada and has elements of national symbolic importance. Parliament Hill attracts approximately 3 million visitors each year, law enforcement on parliament hill and in the parliamentary precinct is the responsibility of the Parliamentary Protective Service. Since 2002, an extensive $1 billion renovation and rehabilitation project has been underway throughout all of the precincts buildings, Parliament Hill is a limestone outcrop with a gently sloping top that was originally covered in primeval forest of beech and hemlock. After Ottawa—then called Bytown—was founded, the builders of the Rideau Canal used the hill as a location for a military base, a large fortress was planned for the site, but was never built, and by the mid 19th century the hill had lost its strategic importance. On 7 May, the Department of Public Works issued a call for proposals for the new parliament buildings to be erected on Barrack Hill. After the entries were narrowed down to three, Governor General Sir Edmund Walker Head was approached to break the stalemate, and the winners were announced on 29 August 1859. The team of Thomas Stent and Augustus Laver, under the pseudonym of Stat nomen in umbra, won the prize for the second category, $300,000 was allocated for the main building, and $120,000 for each of the departmental buildings. Ground was broken on 20 December 1859, and the first stones laid on 16 April of the following year, the construction of Parliament Hill became the largest project undertaken in North America to that date. By early 1861, Public Works reported that $1,424,882, two years later, the unfinished site hosted a celebration of Queen Victorias birthday, further cementing the areas position as the central place for national outpouring. The site was still incomplete when three of the British North American colonies entered Confederation in 1867, with Ottawa remaining the capital of the new country, thus, the offices of parliament spread to buildings beyond Parliament Hill even at that early date. The British military gave a nine-pound naval cannon to the British army garrison stationed in Ottawa in 1854 and it was purchased by the Canadian government in 1869 and fired on Parliament Hill for many years as the Noonday Gun. By 1876, the structures of Parliament Hill were finished, along with the surrounding fence, fire destroyed the Centre Block on 3 February 1916. Eleven years later, the new tower was completed and dedicated as the Peace Tower, the Queen was back on Parliament Hill on 17 April 1982, to issue a royal proclamation of the enactment of the Constitution Act that year. In April 1989, a Greyhound Lines bus with 11 passengers on board travelling to New York City from Montreal was hijacked by an armed man, a standoff with police ensued and lasted eight hours, though three shots were fired, there were no injuries. The following year, Queen Elizabeth IIs Golden Jubilee was marked on 13 October, on 22 October 2014, several shooting incidents occurred around Parliament Hill. A gunman, after shooting a Canadian Army soldier mounting the ceremonial guard at the National War Memorial. There, he was killed in a shootout with RCMP officers, the gunman also injured one House of Commons constable, who was shot in the foot
34.
Ottawa
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Ottawa is the capital city of Canada. It stands on the bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of southern Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec, the two form the core of the Ottawa–Gatineau census metropolitan area and the National Capital Region. The 2016 census reported a population of 934,243, making it the fourth-largest city in Canada, the City of Ottawa reported that the city had an estimated population of 960,754 as of December 2015. Founded in 1826 as Bytown, and incorporated as Ottawa in 1855, the city name Ottawa was chosen in reference to the Ottawa River nearby, the name of which is derived from the Algonquin Odawa, meaning to trade. The city is the most educated in Canada, and is home to a number of post-secondary, research, and cultural institutions, including the National Arts Centre, Ottawa also has the highest standard of living in the nation and low unemployment. It ranked second out of 150 worldwide in the Numbeo quality of life index 2014–2015, with the draining of the Champlain Sea around ten thousand years ago the Ottawa Valley became habitable. The area was used for wild harvesting, hunting, fishing, trade, travel. The Ottawa river valley has archaeological sites with arrow heads, pottery, the area has three major rivers that meet, making it an important trade and travel area for thousands of years. The Algonquins called the Ottawa River Kichi Sibi or Kichissippi meaning Great River or Grand River, Étienne Brûlé, the first European to travel up the Ottawa River, passed by Ottawa in 1610 on his way to the Great Lakes. Three years later, Samuel de Champlain wrote about the waterfalls of the area and about his encounters with the Algonquins, the early explorers and traders were later followed by many missionaries. The first maps of the area used the word Ottawa to name the river, philemon Wright, a New Englander, created the first settlement in the area on 7 March 1800 on the north side of the river, across from Ottawa in Hull. He, with five other families and twenty-five labourers, set about to create a community called Wrightsville. Wright pioneered the Ottawa Valley timber trade by transporting timber by river from the Ottawa Valley to Quebec City, the following year, the town would soon be named after British military engineer Colonel John By who was responsible for the entire Rideau Waterway construction project. Colonel By set up military barracks on the site of todays Parliament Hill and he also laid out the streets of the town and created two distinct neighbourhoods named Upper Town west of the canal and Lower Town east of the canal. Similar to its Upper Canada and Lower Canada namesakes, historically Upper Town was predominantly English speaking and Protestant whereas Lower Town was predominantly French, Irish, bytowns population grew to 1,000 as the Rideau Canal was being completed in 1832. In 1855 Bytown was renamed Ottawa and incorporated as a city, William Pittman Lett was installed as the first city clerk guiding it through 36 years of development. On New Years Eve 1857, Queen Victoria, as a symbolic, in reality, Prime Minister John A. Macdonald had assigned this selection process to the Executive Branch of the Government, as previous attempts to arrive at a consensus had ended in deadlock
35.
John A. Pearson
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John Andrew Pearson was an early 20th-century Canadian architect and partner to the Toronto-based firm of Pearson and Darling. Pearson was born in Chesterfield, UK, and emigrated to Canada in 1888 as a young man, Pearson worked for Henry Sproatt beginning in 1890, and joined Darling, Curry, Sproatt, & Pearson in 1892, with fellow partners Frank Darling and S. George Curry. Curry departed, and from 1893 through 1896 that office was known as Darling, in 1896 Sproatt left the partnership, and the firm was renamed Pearson and Darling. This partnership lasted from 1897 through Pearsons death in 1940, Pearson was the first Vice-President of Ontario Association of Architects. The previous Centre Block burned in 1916, entirely destroyed except for the Library of Parliament, by 1920 the Centre Block was rebuilt with a design by Pearson and collaborator Jean Omer Marchand of Montreal. The Peace Tower commemorating the end of the First World War was completed in 1927, in 1928 Pearson was commissioned to design a building to house the head office of the Canadian Bank of Commerce in Toronto. The 34-story building was completed in 1931 in spite of the onset of the Great Depression, Pearson died in Toronto in 1940, aged 72. He is buried at Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Henry Sproatt - partnered with Pearson from 1890 to 1896 JA Pearson John A Pearson at The Canadian Encyclopedia Pearson and Darling Historic Places in Canada
36.
Scottish National War Memorial
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The monument was formally opened in 1927. It is housed in a barrack block in Crown Square, at the heart of the castle. Proposals for a Scottish National War Memorial were put forward in 1917, during the First World War, by John Stewart-Murray, 8th Duke of Atholl, and Capt George Swinton of Kimmerghame. A more modest scheme to remodel the North Barrack Block was finally agreed in 1923, after the Second World War 50,000 names were added to the rolls of honour. Names continue to be added from successive conflicts, however the memorial itself has been left unchanged, the stained-glass windows are by Douglas Strachan. After the Second World War the limiting dates were modified, with another 50,000 names inscribed on the Rolls of Honour within the Hall, the memorial is maintained by a charitable trust known as the Scottish National War Memorial. McWilliam, Colin, Gifford, John, Walker, David, media related to Scottish National War Memorial at Wikimedia Commons Scottish National War Memorial website
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Edinburgh Castle
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Edinburgh Castle is a historic fortress which dominates the skyline of the city of Edinburgh, Scotland, from its position on the Castle Rock. Archaeologists have established human occupation of the rock since at least the Iron Age, there has been a royal castle on the rock since at least the reign of David I in the 12th century, and the site continued to be a royal residence until 1633. From the 15th century the residential role declined, and by the 17th century it was principally used as military barracks with a large garrison. Research undertaken in 2014 identified 26 sieges in its 1100-year-old history, giving it a claim to having been the most besieged place in Great Britain, few of the present buildings pre-date the Lang Siege of the 16th century, when the medieval defences were largely destroyed by artillery bombardment. The castle also houses the Scottish regalia, known as the Honours of Scotland and is the site of the Scottish National War Memorial, the British Army is still responsible for some parts of the castle, although its presence is now largely ceremonial and administrative. Some of the buildings house regimental museums which contribute to its presentation as a tourist attraction. The castle, in the care of Historic Scotland, is Scotlands most-visited paid tourist attraction, the castle stands upon the plug of an extinct volcano, which is estimated to have risen about 350 million years ago during the lower Carboniferous period. The Castle Rock is the remains of a pipe, which cut through the surrounding sedimentary rock before cooling to form very hard dolerite. Subsequent glacial erosion was resisted by the dolerite, which protected the softer rock to the east, leaving a crag and tail formation. The summit of the Castle Rock is 130 metres above sea level, with rocky cliffs to the south, west and north and this means that the only readily accessible route to the castle lies to the east, where the ridge slopes more gently. The defensive advantage of such a site is self-evident, but the geology of the rock also presents difficulties, archaeological investigation has yet to establish when the Castle Rock was first used as a place of human habitation. There is no record of any Roman interest in the location during General Agricolas invasion of northern Britain near the end of the 1st century AD. Ptolemys map of the 2nd century AD shows a settlement in the territory of the Votadini named Alauna, meaning rock place and this could, however, refer to another of the tribes hill forts in the area. The Orygynale Cronykil of Andrew of Wyntoun, a source for Scottish history, names Ebrawce. According to the chronicler, Geoffrey of Monmouth, Ebraucus had fifty children by his twenty wives, and was the founder of Kaerebrauc, Alclud. The 16th-century English writer John Stow, credited Ebraucus with building the Castell of Maidens called Edenbrough in 989 BC, the name Maidens Castle occurs frequently up until the 16th century. It appears in charters of David I and his successors, although the reason for it is not known. According to the 17th-century antiquarian Father Richard Hay, the maidens were a group of nuns, however, this story was considered apocryphal by the 19th-century antiquarian Daniel Wilson and has been ignored by historians since
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Robert Lorimer
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Lorimer was born in Edinburgh, the son of James Lorimer, who was Regius Professor of Public Law at Edinburgh University from 1862 to 1890. In his youth the family lived at 21 Hill Street, a Georgian house in Edinburghs South Side, very close to Old College and he was educated at Edinburgh Academy and later at Edinburgh University. He was part of a family, being the younger brother of painter John Henry Lorimer. In 1878 the Lorimer family acquired the lease of Kellie Castle in Fife and he was influenced by Scottish domestic architecture of the 16th and 17th centuries and the Scots Baronial style of Kellie Castle where he had spent much time as a young man. From his time in Bodleys office, Lorimer was influenced by the ideas of William Morris, in 1896 he was elected to the Art Workers Guild. Lorimer designed a series of cottages in the Arts and Crafts style in the Colinton area of Edinburgh, constructed using traditional methods and materials, each cottage included a garden layout and interior design, including furniture, in keeping with the Arts and Crafts concept. By 1900, eight cottages had been built and four others were under construction, of these, Ardkinglas, on Loch Fyne was the only one built as originally designed and, Lorimer having been given carte blanche, represents his masterpiece. His important restorations at this time include Lennoxlove House, Haddington and probably his most evocative, at Dunderave, a good representative of this sort of work is Hunterston Castle in Ayrshire. The World War I restricted the demand for new houses and his attention shifted to smaller scale projects, war memorials. Although much of his work, and reputation, was in the sphere of domestic architecture, principal amongst these include his design for the new chapel for the Knights of the Thistle in St Giles Cathedral, Edinburgh in 1911. One of his last works was Knightswood St Margarets Parish Church, Glasgow, Lorimer was a fellow of the North British Academy of Arts. He lived here for 26 years and died here in 1929 and he was cremated at the newly opened Warriston Crematorium and his ashes were thereafter buried with his parents at Newburn in rural south-east Fife, close to the family home of Kellie Castle. The grave lies in the extreme south-west corner of this tiny and very remote churchyard, the Work of Sir Robert Lorimer. Lorimer and the Edinburgh craft designers, a Comment on Tradition, Robert S. Lorimers Furniture Design. ISBN 0-9520345-0-6 Richardson, Harriet and Lord, Gay, Lorimer and his craftsmen, A National Trust for Scotland Exhibition, Summer 1986
39.
Menin Gate
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The memorial is located at the eastern exit of the town and marks the starting point for one of the main roads out of the town that led Allied soldiers to the front line. Designed by Sir Reginald Blomfield and built and maintained by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, in medieval times, the original narrow gateway on the eastern side of the city of Ypres was called the Hangoartpoort, poort being the Dutch word for gate. In order to prosper and maintain its wealth, the city of Ypres had to be fortified, during the 17th and 18th centuries, while under the occupation of the Habsburgs and the French, the city was increasingly fortified. Major works were completed at the end of the 17th century by the French military engineer Sebastien Le Prestre, at the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914, the eastern exit simply cut through the remains of the ramparts and crossed a moat. The gateway was by this time known as the Menenpoort, or Menin Gate in English, because the road leading through the gateway led to the small town of Menen. Ypres occupied a position during the First World War because it stood in the path of Germanys planned sweep across the rest of Belgium. By October 1914, the much battered Belgian Army broke the dykes on the Yser River to the north of the City to keep the tip of Belgium out of German hands. For the Allies, Ypres was also important because it became the last major Belgian town that was not under German control. The importance of the town is reflected in the five major battles that occurred around it during the war, during the First Battle of Ypres the Allies halted the German Armys advance to the east of the city. The German army eventually surrounded the city on three sides, bombarding it throughout much of the war, the Second Battle of Ypres marked a second German attempt to take the city in April 1915. The third battle is more commonly referred to as Passchendaele, the fourth and fifth battles occurred during 1918. British and Commonwealth soldiers often passed through the Menenpoort on their way to the front lines with some 300,000 of them being killed in the Ypres Salient,90,000 of these soldiers have no known graves. From September to November 1915, the British 177th Tunnelling Company built tunnelled dugouts in the city ramparts near the Menin Gate and these were the first British tunnelled dugouts in the Ypres Salient. The carved limestone lions adorning the original gate were damaged by shellfire and they were restored in 1987, and currently reside at the entrance to that Memorial, so that all visitors to the Memorial pass between them. Reginald Blomfields triumphal arch, designed in 1921, is the entry to the passage for traffic through the mausoleum that honours the Missing. The patient lion on the top is the lion of Britain and it was chosen to be a memorial as it was the closest gate of the town to the fighting, and so Allied Troops would have marched past it on their way to fight. Actually, most troops passed out of the gates of Ypres. Its large Hall of Memory contains names on stone panels of 54,395 Commonwealth soldiers who died in the Salient, on completion of the memorial, it was discovered to be too small to contain all the names as originally planned
