1.
1917 in poetry
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Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. February — The Little Review moves from Chicago to New York City with the help of Ezra Pound. May 2 — English poet Marian Allen completes the poem To A. T. G. a few days after hearing of the death in action of her fiancé Arthur Greg, the first of several to his memory. May–June — T. S. Eliot takes over as editor of The Egoist, a London literary monthly, when Richard Aldington leaves for the British Army. With his encouragement, Owen writes Anthem for Doomed Youth and Dulce et Decorum est, like almost all Owens poetry, these remain unpublished until after his death in action next year. With the United States not yet fighting in World War I, Americans John Dos Passos, E. E. Cummings,60 of the Norton-Harjes Ambulance Corps. S. Eliot, Amy Lowell, Hilda Doolittle, Djuna Barnes, Man Ray, Skipwith Cannell and this becomes known as The Eisteddfodd of the Black Chair. Summer — The Siuru expressionistic and neo-romantic literary movement in Estonia is formed by a group of young poets, october 20 — 51-year-old poet W. B. November — Publication of The Muse in Arms, an anthology of British war poetry, listed alphabetically by first name, regardless of surname, Balawantrai Thakore, Bhanakar, Gujarati language Ci. Subrahamaniya Bharati, Kannan Pattu, Tamil language C. R. N. E
2.
Hermann Hesse
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Hermann Karl Hesse was a German-born Swiss poet, novelist, and painter. His best-known works include Demian, Steppenwolf, Siddhartha, and The Glass Bead Game, each of which explores an individuals search for authenticity, self-knowledge, in 1946, he received the Nobel Prize in Literature. Hermann Karl Hesse was born on 2 July 1877 in the Black Forest town of Calw in Württemberg and his grandparents served in India at a mission under the auspices of the Basel Mission, a Protestant Christian missionary society. Hesses mother, Marie Gundert, was born at such a mission in India in 1842, in describing her own childhood, she said, A happy child I was not. As was usual among missionaries at the time, she was left behind in Europe at the age of four when her parents returned to India, Hesses father, Johannes Hesse, the son of a doctor, was born in 1847 in the Estonian town of Paide. Johannes Hesse belonged to the German minority in the Russian-ruled Baltic region, Hermann had five siblings, but two of them died in infancy. In 1873, the Hesse family moved to Calw, where Johannes worked for the Calwer Verlagsverein, maries father, Hermann Gundert, managed the publishing house at the time, and Johannes Hesse succeeded him in 1893. Hesse grew up in a Swabian Pietist household, with the Pietist tendency to insulate believers into small, furthermore, Hesse described his fathers Baltic German heritage as an important and potent fact of his developing identity. His father, Hesse stated, always seemed like a polite, very foreign, lonely. His fathers tales from Estonia instilled a sense of religion in young Hermann. An exceedingly cheerful, and, for all its Christianity, a merry world and we wished for nothing so longingly as to be allowed to see this Estonia. Where life was so paradisiacal, so colorful and happy, from childhood, Hesse appeared headstrong and hard for his family to handle. In a letter to her husband, Hermanns mother Marie wrote, The little fellow has a life in him, a strength, a powerful will, and, for his four years of age. How can he express all that, Hesse showed signs of serious depression as early as his first year at school. The fictional town of Gerbersau is pseudonymous for Calw, imitating the real name of the town of Hirsau. It is derived from the German words gerber, meaning tanner, Calw had a centuries-old leather-working industry, and during Hesses childhood the tanneries influence on the town was still very much in evidence. Hesses favorite place in Calw was the St. Nicholas-Bridge, which is why the Hesse monument was built there in 2002, all this instilled a sense in Hermann Hesse that he was a citizen of the world. His family background became, he noted, the basis of an isolation, young Hesse shared a love of music with his mother
3.
T. S. Eliot
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Thomas Stearns Eliot OM was a British essayist, publisher, playwright, literary and social critic, and one of the twentieth centurys major poets. He moved from his native United States to England in 1914 at the age of 25, settling, working and he eventually became a British subject in 1927 at the age of 39, renouncing his American citizenship. Eliot attracted widespread attention for his poem The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock and it was followed by some of the best-known poems in the English language, including The Waste Land, The Hollow Men, Ash Wednesday, and Four Quartets. He was also known for his seven plays, particularly Murder in the Cathedral and he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1948, for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry. The Eliots were a Boston family with roots in Old and New England, Thomas Eliots paternal grandfather, William Greenleaf Eliot, had moved to St. Louis, Missouri to establish a Unitarian Christian church there. Eliot was the last of six surviving children, his parents were both 44 years old when he was born, Eliot was born at 2635 Locust St. property owned by his grandfather, William Greenleaf Eliot. His four sisters were between 11 and 19 years older, his brother was eight years older, known to family and friends as Tom, he was the namesake of his maternal grandfather, Thomas Stearns. Eliots childhood infatuation with literature can be ascribed to several factors, firstly, he had to overcome physical limitations as a child. Struggling from a congenital double inguinal hernia, he could not participate in physical activities. As he was isolated, his love for literature developed. Once he learned to read, the boy immediately became obsessed with books and was absorbed in tales depicting savages. In his memoir of Eliot, his friend Robert Sencourt comments that the young Eliot would often curl up in the window-seat behind an enormous book, setting the drug of dreams against the pain of living. Secondly, Eliot credited his hometown with fuelling his literary vision, I feel that there is something in having passed ones childhood beside the big river, which is incommunicable to those people who have not. I consider myself fortunate to have been here, rather than in Boston, or New York. From 1898 to 1905, Eliot attended Smith Academy, where his studies included Latin, Ancient Greek, French and he began to write poetry when he was fourteen under the influence of Edward Fitzgeralds Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, a translation of the poetry of Omar Khayyam. He said the results were gloomy and despairing and he destroyed them and his first published poem, A Fable For Feasters, was written as a school exercise and was published in the Smith Academy Record in February 1905. Also published there in April 1905 was his oldest surviving poem in manuscript and he also published three short stories in 1905, Birds of Prey, A Tale of a Whale and The Man Who Was King. The last mentioned story significantly reflects his exploration of Igorot Village while visiting the 1904 Worlds Fair of St. Louis, such a link with primitive people importantly antedates his anthropological studies at Harvard
4.
Church of England
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The Church of England is the state church of England. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the most senior cleric, although the monarch is the supreme governor, the Church of England is also the mother church of the international Anglican Communion. It dates its establishment as a church to the 6th-century Gregorian mission to Kent led by Augustine of Canterbury. The English church renounced papal authority when Henry VIII sought to secure an annulment from Catherine of Aragon in the 1530s, the English Reformation accelerated under Edward VIs regents before a brief restoration of papal authority under Queen Mary I and King Philip. This is expressed in its emphasis on the teachings of the early Church Fathers, as formalised in the Apostles, Nicene, in the earlier phase of the English Reformation there were both Catholic martyrs and radical Protestant martyrs. The later phases saw the Penal Laws punish Roman Catholic and nonconforming Protestants, in the 17th century, political and religious disputes raised the Puritan and Presbyterian faction to control of the church, but this ended with the Restoration. Papal recognition of George III in 1766 led to religious tolerance. Since the English Reformation, the Church of England has used a liturgy in English, the church contains several doctrinal strands, the main three known as Anglo-Catholic, Evangelical and Broad Church. Tensions between theological conservatives and progressives find expression in debates over the ordination of women and homosexuality, the church includes both liberal and conservative clergy and members. The governing structure of the church is based on dioceses, each presided over by a bishop, within each diocese are local parishes. The General Synod of the Church of England is the body for the church and comprises bishops, other clergy. Its measures must be approved by both Houses of Parliament, according to tradition, Christianity arrived in Britain in the 1st or 2nd century, during which time southern Britain became part of the Roman Empire. The earliest historical evidence of Christianity among the native Britons is found in the writings of such early Christian Fathers as Tertullian, three Romano-British bishops, including Restitutus, are known to have been present at the Council of Arles in 314. Others attended the Council of Sardica in 347 and that of Ariminum in 360, Britain was the home of Pelagius, who opposed Augustine of Hippos doctrine of original sin. Consequently, in 597, Pope Gregory I sent the prior of the Abbey of St Andrews from Rome to evangelise the Angles and this event is known as the Gregorian mission and is the date the Church of England generally marks as the beginning of its formal history. A later archbishop, the Greek Theodore of Tarsus, also contributed to the organisation of Christianity in England, the Church of England has been in continuous existence since the days of St Augustine, with the Archbishop of Canterbury as its episcopal head. Despite the various disruptions of the Reformation and the English Civil War, while some Celtic Christian practices were changed at the Synod of Whitby, the Christian Church in the British Isles was under papal authority from earliest times. The Synod of Whitby established the Roman date for Easter and the Roman style of monastic tonsure in Britain and this meeting of the ecclesiastics with Roman customs with local bishops was summoned in 664 at Saint Hildas double monastery of Streonshalh, later called Whitby Abbey
5.
James Joyce
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James Augustine Aloysius Joyce was an Irish novelist, short story writer, and poet. He contributed to the modernist avant-garde and is regarded as one of the most influential, other well-known works are the short-story collection Dubliners, and the novels A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man and Finnegans Wake. His other writings include three books of poetry, a play, occasional journalism and his published letters, Joyce was born in 41 Brighton Square, Rathgar, Dublin—about half a mile from his mothers birthplace in Terenure—into a middle-class family on the way down. He went on to attend University College Dublin, in 1904, in his early twenties, Joyce emigrated permanently to continental Europe with his partner Nora Barnacle. They lived in Trieste, Paris and Zurich, Ulysses in particular is set with precision in the streets and alleyways of the city. In the particular is contained the universal, James Augustine Aloysius Joyce was born on 2 February 1882 to John Stanislaus Joyce and Mary Jane May Murray, in the Dublin suburb of Rathgar. He was baptised according to the Rites of the Catholic Church in the nearby St Josephs Church in Terenure on 5 February by Rev. John OMulloy and his godparents were Philip and Ellen McCann. He was the eldest of ten surviving children, two of his siblings died of typhoid and his fathers family, originally from Fermoy in County Cork, had once owned a small salt and lime works. Joyces father and paternal grandfather both married into families, though the familys purported ancestor, Seán Mór Seoighe was a stonemason from Connemara. In 1887, his father was appointed rate collector by Dublin Corporation, around this time Joyce was attacked by a dog, which engendered in him a lifelong cynophobia. He also suffered from astraphobia, as an aunt had described thunderstorms to him as a sign of Gods wrath. In 1891 Joyce wrote a poem on the death of Charles Stewart Parnell, the Irish Party had dropped Parnell from leadership. But the Vaticans role in allying with the British Conservative Party to prevent Home Rule left an impression on the young Joyce. The elder Joyce had the printed and even sent a part to the Vatican Library. In November of that year, John Joyce was entered in Stubbs Gazette. In 1893, John Joyce was dismissed with a pension, beginning the familys slide into poverty caused mainly by his drinking and general financial mismanagement. Joyce had begun his education at Clongowes Wood College, a Jesuit boarding school near Clane, County Kildare and this came about because of a chance meeting his father had with a Jesuit priest who knew the family and Joyce was given a reduction in fees to attend Belvedere. In 1895, Joyce, now aged 13, was elected to join the Sodality of Our Lady by his peers at Belvedere, the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas continued to have a strong influence on him for most of his life
6.
Shakespeare and Company (bookstore)
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Shakespeare and Company is the name of two independent English-language bookstores that have existed on Pariss Left Bank. The first was opened by Sylvia Beach, an American, on 19 November 1919, at 8 rue Dupuytren, before moving to larger premises at 12 rue de lOdéon in the 6th arrondissement in 1922. During the 1920s, Beachs shop was a place for many then-aspiring writers such as Ezra Pound, Ernest Hemingway, Djuna Barnes, James Joyce. It closed in 1941 during the German occupation of Paris and never re-opened, the second bookstore is situated at 37 rue de la Bûcherie, in the 5th arrondissement, and is still in operation today. Today, it continues to serve as a purveyor of new and second-hand books, as an antiquarian bookseller, additionally, the shop houses aspiring writers and artists in exchange for their helping out around the bookstore. Since the shop opened in 1951, more than 30,000 people have slept in the beds found tucked between bookshelves, the shops motto, Be Not Inhospitable to Strangers Lest They Be Angels in Disguise, is written above the entrance to the reading library. Sylvia Beach, an American expatriate from New Jersey, established Shakespeare, the store functioned as a lending library as well as a bookstore. In 1921, Beach moved it to a location at 12 rue de lOdéon. During this period, the store was the center of Anglo-American literary culture, the shop was nicknamed Stratford-on-Odéon by James Joyce, who used it as his office. Its books were considered high quality and reflected Beachs own taste, the store and its literary denizens are mentioned in Hemingways A Moveable Feast. Patrons could buy or borrow books like D. H. Lawrences controversial Lady Chatterleys Lover, which had been banned in Britain, Beach published Joyces controversial book Ulysses in 1922. It, too, was banned in the United States and Britain, later editions were also published under the Shakespeare and Company imprint. She also encouraged the publication in 1923, and sold copies of Hemingways first book, Three Stories, the original Shakespeare and Company closed in December 1941 during the German occupation of France in World War II. It has been suggested that it may have been ordered shut because Beach denied a German officer the last copy of Joyces Finnegans Wake, when the war ended, Hemingway personally liberated the store, but it never re-opened. In 1951, a new English-language bookstore was opened on Pariss Left Bank by American ex-serviceman George Whitman under the name of Le Mistral. Its premises, the site of a 16th-century monastery, are at 37 rue de la Bûcherie, near Place Saint-Michel, just steps from the Seine, Notre Dame and the Île de la Cité. Much like Sylvia Beachs Shakespeare and Company, Whitmans store quickly became the point of literary culture in bohemian Paris. George Whitman had modeled his shop after Sylvia Beachs, in 1958, while dining with Whitman at a party for James Jones who had newly arrived in Paris, Beach announced that she was handing the name to him for his bookshop
7.
Chennai
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Chennai /ˈtʃɛnnaɪ/, formerly known as Madras /məˈdrɑːs/ or /-ˈdræs/) is the capital of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Located on the Coromandel Coast off the Bay of Bengal, it is one of the biggest cultural, economic, according to the 2011 Indian census, it is the sixth-largest city and fourth-most populous urban agglomeration in India. The city together with the adjoining regions constitute the Chennai Metropolitan Area, Chennai is among the most visited Indian cities by foreign tourists. It was ranked 43rd most visited city in the world for year 2015, the Quality of Living Survey rated Chennai as the safest city in India. Chennai attracts 45 percent of tourists visiting India, and 30 to 40 percent of domestic health tourists. As such, it is termed Indias health capital, as a growing metropolitan city in a developing country, Chennai confronts substantial pollution and other logistical and socio-economic problems. Chennai has the third-largest expatriate population in India at 35,000 in 2009,82,790 in 2011, tourism guide publisher Lonely Planet named Chennai as one of the top ten cities in the world to visit in 2015. Chennai is ranked as a city in the Global Cities Index and was ranked the best city in India by India Today in the 2014 annual Indian city survey. In 2015 Chennai was named the hottest city by the BBC, National Geographic ranked Chennais food as second best in the world, it was the only Indian city to feature in the list. Chennai was also named the ninth-best cosmopolitan city in the world by Lonely Planet, the Chennai Metropolitan Area is one of the largest city economies of India. Chennai is nicknamed The Detroit of India, with more than one-third of Indias automobile industry being based in the city, in January 2015, it was ranked third in terms of per capita GDP. Chennai has been selected as one of the 100 Indian cities to be developed as a city under PM Narendra Modis flagship Smart Cities Mission. The name Madras originated even before the British presence was established in India, the name Madras is said to have originated from a Portuguese phrase mae de Deus which means mother of god, due to Portuguese influence on the port city. According to some sources, Madras was derived from Madraspattinam, a north of Fort St George. However, it is whether the name was in use before the arrival of Europeans. The British military mapmakers believed Madras was originally Mundir-raj or Mundiraj, Madras might have also been derived from the word Madhuras meaning juice of honey or sugarcane in Sanskrit. The nativity of name Chennai, being of Telugu origin is clearly proved by the historians. The first official use of the name Chennai is said to be in a deed, dated 8 August 1639
8.
1918 in poetry
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Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. January 23 — English poet Robert Graves marries the painter Nancy Nicholson in London, wedding guests include Wilfred Owen, who will be killed by the end of the year, and whose first nationally published poem appears 3 days later. June — English poet Basil Bunting is imprisoned as a conscientious objector, august 17 — English poets Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon meet for the last time, in London, and spend what Sassoon later describes as the whole of a hot cloudless afternoon together. November 4 — English war poet Wilfred Owen is killed in action, aged 25, news of his death reaches his parents in Oswestry a week later on Armistice Day. Marie Joussaye, Selections from Anglo-Saxon Songs, wilson MacDonald, The Song Of The Prairie Land and Other Poems. The Bengali Writers of English Verse, A Record and an Appreciation, Calcutta, Thacker, john Gogarty, The Ship, and Other Poems Helen Hamilton, Napoo. A. P. Herbert, The Bomber Gipsy, and Other Poems Gerard Manley Hopkins, Poems of Gerard Manley Hopkins C. H. C
9.
1920 in poetry
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— Wilfred Owen, concluding lines of Dulce et Decorum est, written 1917, published posthumously this year Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. Yeats concludes a lecture tour in the United States and crosses the Atlantic to settle in Oxford, Ezra Pound moves from London to Paris where he moves among a circle of artists, musicians and writers who are revolutionising modern art. E. Cummings, Charles Demuth, Kahlil Gibran, Gaston Lachaise, Amy Lowell, Marianne Moore, Ezra Pound, Odilon Redon, Bertrand Russell, Carl Sandburg, Van Wyck Brooks and this is his first real step towards recognition as a poet. Du Bois, Darkwater Robert Frost, Miscellaneous Poems William Ellery Leonard, The Lynching Bee Edgar Lee Masters, Domesday Book Edna St. Pithawalla, Sacred Sparks, Karachi, M. B. Moore, the Sweet Singer of Michigan,72, American poetaster, famed for her notoriously bad poetry July 3 – Charles E
10.
1936 in poetry
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Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. January – Canadian Poetry Magazine first published by the Canadian Authors Association and it becomes associated with more traditional poetry, very popular in Canada at this time. May – In Nazi Germany, the SS magazine Das Schwarze Korps attacks the expressionist and experimental poetry of German Gottfried Benn as degenerate, Jewish, james Laughlin founds New Directions Publishing in New York, which publishes many modern poets for the first time. A version of J. R. R. Tolkiens influential lecture Beowulf, The Monsters, yeats begins delivering broadcast lectures on the BBC, and makes recordings of his own verse. New Provinces, first anthology of modernist poetry in Canada, including work by F. R. Scott, E. J. Pratt, Robert Finch, A. J. M. Smith, Leo Kennedy, A. M. Klein. Marjorie Pickthall, The Complete Poems of Marjorie Pickthall, 2nd edition, posthumously published Charles G. D. Roberts, Selected Poems of Sir Charles G. D. Roberts. Yeats, editor, The Oxford Book of Modern Verse 1892-1935 Conrad Aiken, Time in the Rock W. H. Auden, Look, stephen Vincent Benét, Burning City Lilian Bowes Lyon, Bright Feather Fading E. E. T. The vast majority of the first editions are collected and destroyed
11.
1927 in music
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This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1927. January 8 - Alban Bergs Lyric Suite is premièred in Vienna, april 21 - Electric re-recording of George Gershwins Rhapsody in Blue by Paul Whitemans Orchestra directed by Nathaniel Shilkret, with Gershwin at the piano. June - Hamilton Sisters and Fordyce, vocalists, record My Heart Stood Still, july 1 - Béla Bartóks Piano Concerto No.1 is premiered in Frankfurt, with the composer at the piano and Wilhelm Furtwängler conducting. August 4 - Jimmie Rodgers records his first sides for Victor in Camden, publishers Chappell & Co withdraw their financial support for the Promenade Concerts, to be replaced by the BBC. Benjamin Britten becomes a pupil of Frank Bridge, witold Lutosławski enters the Warsaw conservatory. Blind Willie McTells recording career begins, the Soul Stirrers recording career begins. Big Bill Broonzys recording career begins, the Carter Familys recording career begins. Louis Armstrong and His Hot Seven record, Hamilton Sisters and Fordyce, harmony trio, tour Variety Theaters with Savoy Havana Band, record with Orpheans, Bert Ambrose, and others in England June–November. Adios Muchachos w. Cesar Felipe Vedani m, julio Cesar Sanders Aint She Sweet w. Jack Yellen m. Milton Ager Among My Souvenirs w. Edgar Leslie m, horatio Nicholls Are You Lonesome Tonight. W. Roy Turk m. Lou Handman At Sundown w. m, Walter Donaldson The Babbitt And The Bromide w. Ira Gershwin m. George Gershwin The Best Things In Life Are Free w. B. G. De Sylva & Lew Brown m. Ray Henderson Black And Tan Fantasy m, Duke Ellington Bless This House w. Helen Taylor m. Irving Berlin Broken Hearted w. B. G. De Sylva & Lew Brown m, ray Henderson Cant Help Lovin Dat Man w. Oscar Hammerstein II m. Jerome Kern. Introduced by Helen Morgan in the musical Show Boat Changes w. m, Walter Donaldson Chlo-e w. Gus Kahn m. Neil Moret Creole Love Call w. m, edward Duke Ellington Dew-Dew-Dewy Day w. m. Al Sherman, Charles Tobias & Howard Johnson Diane w. m, ernie Rapee & Lew Pollack Did You Mean It. W. Abe Lyman & Sid Silvers m, phil Baker The Doll Dance m. Nacio Herb Brown Everywhere You Go w. m, larry Shay, Joe Goodwin & Mark Fisher Fifty Million Frenchmen Cant Be Wrong w. Willie Raskin & Billy Rose m
12.
Edward McKnight Kauffer
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Edward McKnight Kauffer was an American-born artist noted for his avant garde graphic design and poster art, especially in Britain. Edward Kauffer was born on December 14,1890, in Great Falls, by 1910 he had moved to San Francisco working as a bookseller and studying art at the California School of Design from 1910 to 1912. At around this time Professor Joseph McKnight of the University of Utah became aware of Kauffers work, sponsored him, in gratitude Kauffer took his sponsors name as a middle name. Kauffer stopped in Chicago for six months in 1912/1913 and studied at the Art Institute of Chicago, while there he witnessed the Armory Show, one of the first major exhibitions to introduce the styles of modernism to American viewers. This likely had a impact on Kauffer, who would work in many of the same styles throughout his career. He arrived in Paris in 1913 and studied at the Académie Moderne until 1914, in Paris in 1923 he met the textile designer Marion Dorn, and subsequently resided with her in London, from late 1923 to July 1940. They married in 1950 and moved to New York until his death in 1954, Kauffer moved to London upon the start of the First World War, and remained there for most of his career. He was briefly associated with Robert Bevans Cumberland Market Group and had a show at the Omega Workshops. In Brighton on the south coast, he designed a novel mural for the lobby of Embassy Court, the mural consisted of monochrome photographs. Printed directly on to a cellulose coating. Kauffer may be best known for the 140 posters that he produced for London Underground, the posters span many styles, many show abstract influences, including futurism, cubism, and vorticism, others evoke impressionist influences such as Japanese woodcuts. He created posters for Shell Oil and other clients, and also illustrated books. Later he also became interested in textiles, interior design and theatrical design and he returned to New York City in 1940 at the beginning of the Second World War, and tried to find work in advertising. He struggled in the competitive atmosphere until he was approached to do a series of posters for American Airlines in 1947. American Airlines remained his primary client until his death in 1954, E. McKnight Kauffer, a designer and his public. London, V & A. ISBN1851774661, works by or about Edward McKnight Kauffer at Internet Archive
