1.
1917 in poetry
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Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. February — The Little Review moves from Chicago to New York City with the help of Ezra Pound. May 2 — English poet Marian Allen completes the poem To A. T. G. a few days after hearing of the death in action of her fiancé Arthur Greg, the first of several to his memory. May–June — T. S. Eliot takes over as editor of The Egoist, a London literary monthly, when Richard Aldington leaves for the British Army. With his encouragement, Owen writes Anthem for Doomed Youth and Dulce et Decorum est, like almost all Owens poetry, these remain unpublished until after his death in action next year. With the United States not yet fighting in World War I, Americans John Dos Passos, E. E. Cummings,60 of the Norton-Harjes Ambulance Corps. S. Eliot, Amy Lowell, Hilda Doolittle, Djuna Barnes, Man Ray, Skipwith Cannell and this becomes known as The Eisteddfodd of the Black Chair. Summer — The Siuru expressionistic and neo-romantic literary movement in Estonia is formed by a group of young poets, october 20 — 51-year-old poet W. B. November — Publication of The Muse in Arms, an anthology of British war poetry, listed alphabetically by first name, regardless of surname, Balawantrai Thakore, Bhanakar, Gujarati language Ci. Subrahamaniya Bharati, Kannan Pattu, Tamil language C. R. N. E
2.
1918 in poetry
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Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. January 23 — English poet Robert Graves marries the painter Nancy Nicholson in London, wedding guests include Wilfred Owen, who will be killed by the end of the year, and whose first nationally published poem appears 3 days later. June — English poet Basil Bunting is imprisoned as a conscientious objector, august 17 — English poets Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon meet for the last time, in London, and spend what Sassoon later describes as the whole of a hot cloudless afternoon together. November 4 — English war poet Wilfred Owen is killed in action, aged 25, news of his death reaches his parents in Oswestry a week later on Armistice Day. Marie Joussaye, Selections from Anglo-Saxon Songs, wilson MacDonald, The Song Of The Prairie Land and Other Poems. The Bengali Writers of English Verse, A Record and an Appreciation, Calcutta, Thacker, john Gogarty, The Ship, and Other Poems Helen Hamilton, Napoo. A. P. Herbert, The Bomber Gipsy, and Other Poems Gerard Manley Hopkins, Poems of Gerard Manley Hopkins C. H. C
3.
1919 in poetry
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—From A Prayer for My Daughter by W. B. Yeats, first published this year Nationality words link to articles with information on the poetry or literature. April 2 — Vladimir Nabokov, novelist and poet, leaves Russia with his family, yeats travels to the United States and begins a lecture tour lasting until May,1920. December — The Egoist, a London literary magazine founded by Dora Marsden which published early modernist works, including those of James Joyce, two paintings by E. E. Cummings appear in a show of the New York Society of Independent Artists. The journal Littérature founded in France by André Breton, Philippe Soupault, hilda Doolittle writes Notes on Thought and Vision, a prose work, published posthumously in 1982. Squire, The Birds and Other Poems W. B. B. R. D
4.
1920 in poetry
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— Wilfred Owen, concluding lines of Dulce et Decorum est, written 1917, published posthumously this year Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. Yeats concludes a lecture tour in the United States and crosses the Atlantic to settle in Oxford, Ezra Pound moves from London to Paris where he moves among a circle of artists, musicians and writers who are revolutionising modern art. E. Cummings, Charles Demuth, Kahlil Gibran, Gaston Lachaise, Amy Lowell, Marianne Moore, Ezra Pound, Odilon Redon, Bertrand Russell, Carl Sandburg, Van Wyck Brooks and this is his first real step towards recognition as a poet. Du Bois, Darkwater Robert Frost, Miscellaneous Poems William Ellery Leonard, The Lynching Bee Edgar Lee Masters, Domesday Book Edna St. Pithawalla, Sacred Sparks, Karachi, M. B. Moore, the Sweet Singer of Michigan,72, American poetaster, famed for her notoriously bad poetry July 3 – Charles E
5.
1922 in poetry
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— Opening lines from The Waste Land by T. S. Eliot, first published this year Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. February 2 Who Goes with Fergus. by W. B, yeats is the song that haunts James Joyces autobiographical character Stephen Dedalus in the novel Ulysses, first published complete in book form today. Stephen sings it to his mother as she lies dying, the poem is Joyces favorite lyric, and he has composed his own musical setting. In a savage creative storm of less than three weeks beginning today at the Château de Muzot in Switzerland, Rainer Maria Rilke writes his Sonnets to Orpheus and completes his Duino Elegies. April – The Fugitive is established in Nashville, Tennessee, by John Crowe Ransom, june – Over a single night at his home in Shaftsbury, Vermont, Robert Frost completes the long poem New Hampshire and at sunrise writes Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening. His poem Bidrohi is first collected this year in his first anthology, october 15 – T. S. Eliot establishes The Criterion magazine, containing the first publication of his poem The Waste Land. This first appears in the United States later this month in The Dial and is first published complete with notes in book form by Boni, november – Robert Bridges publishes his essay on free verse, Humdrum and Harum-Scarum. Yeats becomes a member of the Seanad Éireann in the Irish Free State. William Wilfred Campbell, The Poetical Works of Wilfred Campbell, W. J. Sykes ed. posthumously published William Douw Lighthall, Marjorie Pickthall, The Woodcarver’s Wife, and Later Poems]. Squire, Poems, Second Series Muriel Stuart, Poems W. B. B. V. de L. B, yeats April 19 - Marjorie Pickthall, English-born Canadian writer. May 13 – Sir Walter Raleigh, Scottish scholar, poet and author July 8 – Mori Ōgai 森 鷗外 / 森 鴎外, Japanese physician, translator, novelist and poet August 2 – M
6.
1923 in poetry
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In Paris, Basil Bunting meets Ezra Pound, whose poems will have a strong influence on Bunting throughout his career. McFarlane and others found the Jamaican Poetry League, xu Zhimo founds the Crescent Moon Society in China. D. H. Stevens first book, it was published by Knopf when he was in middle age, yet by 1960 the cottage industry of Stevens studies was becoming a multinational conglomerate. Vincent Millay, The Ballad of the Harp-Weaver, A Few Figs from Thistles, Eight Sonnets in American Poetry,1922
7.
1928 in poetry
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Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. September 21 – The Gorseth Kernow is set up at Boscawen-Un in Cornwall by Henry Jenner, november 6 – Xu Zhimo writes his poem 再別康橋. The clerihew, the comic pseudo-biographical verse form associated with Edmund Clerihew Bentley, is mentioned in print for the first time, seranus, Later Poems and New Villanelles. Arthur Stringer, A Woman At Dusk and Other Poems. V. N. Bhusan, Silhouettes, Masulpatam, Youth of Asia Society, India, Indian poetry in English Joseph Furtado, A Goan Fiddler Shyam Sunder Lal Chordia, Chitor and Other Poems, Bombay, D. B. Taraporevala Sons and Co. H. Davies, Collected Poems T. S. Eliot, a Song for Simeon printed in September by Faber & Gwyer as part of its Ariel poems series. Poet Laureate September 22 – Irving Feldman, American poet and educator September 22 – Édouard Glissant, French-Martiniquan poet and writer
8.
1933 in poetry
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Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. June – W. H. Auden has his Vision of Agape, a. E. Black Mountain College founded as a progressive, experimental educational institution which attracts poets who become known as the Black Mountain School of poetry. Wilson MacDonald, Paul Marchand and Other Poems, lotika Ghose, White Dawns of Awakening, Calcutta, Thacker, Spink and Co
9.
1935 in poetry
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Links to nations or nationalities point to articles with information on that nations poetry or literature. For example, United Kingdom links to English poetry and India links to Indian poetry, june 3 – Canadian poet Charles G. D. Roberts is knighted. June 15 W. H. Auden enters a marriage of convenience with Erika Mann, premiere of T. S. Eliots verse drama Murder in the Cathedral at Canterbury Cathedral in England. George Oppen joins the Communist Party, where his work will increasingly take precedence over his poetry. Picassos poetry begins to be written, tomb of Hafez in Shiraz, Persia, is rebuilt. E. J. Pratt, The Titanic, Toronto, Macmillan, halifax, McCurdy Wilson MacDonald, The Song Of The Undertow and Other Poems. Wilson MacDonald, Quintrains Of Callender and Other Poems, tom MacInnes, Rhymes of a Rounder, Canada Duncan Campbell Scott, The Green Cloister, Canada Francis Sherman, The Complete Poems of Francis Sherman
10.
1936 in poetry
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Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. January – Canadian Poetry Magazine first published by the Canadian Authors Association and it becomes associated with more traditional poetry, very popular in Canada at this time. May – In Nazi Germany, the SS magazine Das Schwarze Korps attacks the expressionist and experimental poetry of German Gottfried Benn as degenerate, Jewish, james Laughlin founds New Directions Publishing in New York, which publishes many modern poets for the first time. A version of J. R. R. Tolkiens influential lecture Beowulf, The Monsters, yeats begins delivering broadcast lectures on the BBC, and makes recordings of his own verse. New Provinces, first anthology of modernist poetry in Canada, including work by F. R. Scott, E. J. Pratt, Robert Finch, A. J. M. Smith, Leo Kennedy, A. M. Klein. Marjorie Pickthall, The Complete Poems of Marjorie Pickthall, 2nd edition, posthumously published Charles G. D. Roberts, Selected Poems of Sir Charles G. D. Roberts. Yeats, editor, The Oxford Book of Modern Verse 1892-1935 Conrad Aiken, Time in the Rock W. H. Auden, Look, stephen Vincent Benét, Burning City Lilian Bowes Lyon, Bright Feather Fading E. E. T. The vast majority of the first editions are collected and destroyed
11.
1926 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1926. February 8 – Seán OCaseys play The Plough and the Stars opens at the Abbey Theatre, on February 11, the performance is marred by ugly scenes in the audience, one man strikes an actress. February 12 – The Irish Free State minister for Justice, Kevin OHiggins, February 26 – The future English novelist Graham Greene is received into the Catholic Church. April 1 – Hugo Gernsback launches his pioneering science fiction magazine Amazing Stories in the United States, may 11 – C. S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkien meet for the first time in Oxford. October 14 – The childrens book Winnie-the-Pooh, by A. A. Milne, is first published by Methuen in London. December 3 – English detective story writer Agatha Christie disappears from her home in Surrey, December – Thomas Mann begins writing Die Geschichten Jaakobs in Munich, first of the tetralogy Joseph and His Brothers on which he will work until January 1943. Antonin Artaud and Roger Vitrac establish the Théatre Alfred-Jarry in Paris for the production of surrealist drama, bread Loaf Writers Conference is founded in Middlebury, Vermont. Ford Madox Ford publishes A Man Could Stand Up --, the book of a four-volume work titled Parades End published between 1924 and 1928. Vsevolod Meyerhold stages a landmark production of Gogols satirical comedy The Government Inspector in Moscow. Margaret Mitchell begins writing the novel Gone with the Wind, the remains of English poet Isaac Rosenberg are re-interred at Bailleul Road East Cemetery, Plot V, St. Laurent-Blangy, Pas de Calais, France. S. S. Van Dine publishes the first Philo Vance mystery novel, Peter Llewelyn Davies establishes the London publishing house Peter Davies Ltd. Yeats – Autobiographies Paul Zarifopol – Din registrul ideilor gingașe Alfred Eckhard Zimmern – The Third British Empire January 5 – W. D
12.
1928 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1928. January Mikhail Sholokhovs novel And Quiet Flows the Don begins serialization in the Soviet magazine Oktyabr, Ford Madox Ford publishes Last Post in the U. K. last in his World War I tetralogy Parades End published since 1924. March 31 – Stockholm Public Library, designed by Gunnar Asplund, is opened, april 19 – Publication of the Oxford English Dictionary is completed. Spring – George Orwell moves from London to Paris, his first articles as a writer are published later in the year. June – The literary magazine Contemporáneos is first published in Mexico by Jaime Torres Bodet, in September the authors first completed novel, the satire Decline and Fall, is published by Chapman & Hall, it reaches its 3rd printing by the end of the year. The marriage lasts until the following September, july – D. H. Lawrences Lady Chatterleys Lover is published in Florence, it will not be published in an unexpurgated edition in Britain until 1960. September S. S. Van Dine publishes Twenty Rules for Writing Detective Stories in The American Magazine, leslie Charteris publishes Meet the Tiger in the U. K. the first adventure of Simon Templar, alias The Saint. Charteris will write dozens of novels and short stories featuring the character on a regular basis between 1928 and 1963, and others continue the series until 1983. September 21 – The Gorseth Kernow is set up at Boscawen-Un in Cornwall by Henry Jenner, october – Publication of Siburapha s Luk Phu Chai, perhaps the first substantial original Thai novel. Autumn – W. H. Auden goes to Berlin, where he is joined by Christopher Isherwood. November–December – Erich Maria Remarques antiwar novel All Quiet on the Western Front is first published in the German newspaper Vossische Zeitung, hans Herbert Grimms Schlump is published by Kurt Wolff in Berlin this year also. November 6 – Xu Zhimo writes his poem 再別康橋, sherriffs drama Journeys End, set on the Western Front, is premièred by the Incorporated Stage Society at the Apollo Theatre in London with Laurence Olivier in a principal rôle. December 19 – Italo Svevo, returning from an Alpine health resort to Trieste, is involved in an automobile accident, bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyays novel Pather Panchali first appears as a serial in a Calcutta periodical. The clerihew, the comic pseudo-biographical verse form associated with Edmund Clerihew Bentley, is mentioned in print for the first time and it is estimated that one in four of all secular books printed and sold in England is written by Edgar Wallace. Dixon – Hunting for Hidden Gold W. E. B
13.
1929 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1929. February–August – Voltaires Candide is held to be obscene by the United States Customs Service in Boston, february – The first of Margery Allinghams crime novels to feature Albert Campion, The Crime at Black Dudley, is published in England. April 1 – The Faber and Faber publishing house is established in London by Geoffrey Faber with T. S. Eliot as literary editor, – The first of Gladys Mitchells crime novels, introducing her psychologist detective character Mrs Bradley, Speedy Death, is published in England. July – British publisher William Collins, Sons launches The Detective Story Club as an imprint with Edgar Wallaces novelization of The Terror. July 5 – Scotland Yard seizes 13 paintings of male and female nudes by D. H. Lawrence from a Mayfair gallery on grounds of indecency under the Vagrancy Act 1838, August – Censorship of Publications Act sets up the Censorship of Publications Board in the Irish Free State. August 15 – The first Ellery Queen mystery novel, The Roman Hat Mystery, is published in New York City, midyear – Serialization begins of one of the first original Thai novels Dokmai Sot s Sattru Khǫng Čhaolon followed shortly by publication of M. C. Akat s semi-autobiographical Lakhǫn Haeng Chiwit, Thai writers join with Kulap Saipradit in the Suphapburut literary group. October – Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir become a couple, twenty-one-year-old de Beauvoir becomes the youngest person ever to obtain the agrégation in philosophy, and comes second in the final examination, beaten only by Sartre. Rejected the previous year by W. B, yeats for the Abbey Theatre in Dublin, it will not be seen in Ireland until 1935. October 29 – Release of the first sound adaptation of a Shakespeare play, The Taming of the Shrew, starring Mary Pickford. December – George Orwell returns to England after living in Paris, hugo Gernsback first uses the term science fiction in its modern sense to refer to the content of his pulp magazine Amazing Stories. Father Ronald Knox codifies the rules for the Golden Age of Detective Fiction in a Decalogue, samuel Roth publishes a pirated edition of James Joyces 1922 novel Ulysses in New York, he serves two prison terms for publishing an obscene work. The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes is prohibited in the Soviet Union because of Sir Arthur Conan Doyles interest in the occult, Foyles bookshop in London moves to new larger premises in the Foyles Building in Charing Cross Road. Monotype introduce Stanley Morisons revival of the Bembo typeface for book printing, S. B. S. Van Dine – The Scarab Murder Case Lynd Ward – Gods Man Thomas Wolfe – Look Homeward, Angel S. John Ervine – The First Mrs. B. White and James Thurber – Is Sex Necessary, a. Fanthorpe, English poet July 31 – Lynne Reid Banks, English novelist August 14 – Thomas Meehan, American screenwriter August 18 – Anatoly Kuznetsov, Russian dissident novelist August 21 – X. J. B
14.
1930 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1930. January 6 – An early literary character licensing agreement is signed by A. A. Milne, granting Stephen Slesinger U. S. february – Censorship of Publications Board begins to function in the Irish Free State. Among the first 13 books to be banned are Point Counter Point by Aldous Huxley, The Well of Loneliness by Radclyffe Hall and several books on sex and marriage by Margaret Sanger and Marie Stopes. February 23 – Erich Maria Remarques anti-war novel All Quiet on the Western Front is banned in all Thuringian schools by Education Minister Wilhelm Frick, march 19 – Paul Robeson appears in the title role of Othello at the Savoy Theatre, London, with Peggy Ashcroft as Desdemona. May 6 – Collins Crime Club is launched as an imprint, may 10 – John Masefield becomes Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom. July 14 – Luigi Pirandellos The Man with the Flower in His Mouth becomes the first-ever broadcast television drama, by the BBC in England and it will appear in book form in 1931 as the fifth of the 75 novels Simenon will eventually write featuring the pipe-smoking Paris detective. September 11 – Agatha Christie marries archaeologist Max Mallowan in Edinburgh, september 24 – First performance of Noël Cowards comedy Private Lives at the Phoenix Theatre featuring Coward, Gertrude Lawrence and Laurence Olivier in the cast. September 29 – English satirical novelist Evelyn Waugh is received into the Catholic Church, November 5 – Sinclair Lewis is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. John Langalibalele Dube publishes the historical novella Insila kaShaka, the first work of fiction in the Zulu language, franz Kafkas novel The Castle is first translated into English, by Willa and Edwin Muir. Sellar and R. J. R. Gurney, American dramatist November 5 – Clifford Irving, American literary forger November 16 – Chinua Achebe, Nigerian writer, academic and literary critic November 18 – J. G. H
15.
1927 in architecture
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The year 1927 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. July 11 -1927 Jericho earthquake destroys or damages many mosques and these buildings are completed in 1928-1929. July 14 - Scottish National War Memorial at Edinburgh Castle, designed by Robert Lorimer, is opened, july 24 - Menin Gate Memorial to the Missing at Ypres, Belgium, designed by Sir Reginald Blomfield, is unveiled. October 9 - Norwich War Memorial in England, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, is unveiled, weissenhof Estate in Stuttgart, Germany, designed by a team led by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Double house in Brno, designed by Otto Eisler, the rebuilt Quadrant in Regent Street, London, England. The Shrine of Remembrance in Melbourne, Australia is completed, the Art Deco LeVeque Tower, designed by C. Howard Crane and John Gill & Sons, in Columbus, Ohio, United States. At 555.5 feet tall, it is just slightly higher than the Washington Monument, the Ahwahnee Hotel in Yosemite National Park, California, designed by Gilbert Stanley Underwood. AIA Gold Medal - Howard Van Doren Shaw, RIBA Royal Gold Medal - Herbert Baker
16.
1927 in music
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This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1927. January 8 - Alban Bergs Lyric Suite is premièred in Vienna, april 21 - Electric re-recording of George Gershwins Rhapsody in Blue by Paul Whitemans Orchestra directed by Nathaniel Shilkret, with Gershwin at the piano. June - Hamilton Sisters and Fordyce, vocalists, record My Heart Stood Still, july 1 - Béla Bartóks Piano Concerto No.1 is premiered in Frankfurt, with the composer at the piano and Wilhelm Furtwängler conducting. August 4 - Jimmie Rodgers records his first sides for Victor in Camden, publishers Chappell & Co withdraw their financial support for the Promenade Concerts, to be replaced by the BBC. Benjamin Britten becomes a pupil of Frank Bridge, witold Lutosławski enters the Warsaw conservatory. Blind Willie McTells recording career begins, the Soul Stirrers recording career begins. Big Bill Broonzys recording career begins, the Carter Familys recording career begins. Louis Armstrong and His Hot Seven record, Hamilton Sisters and Fordyce, harmony trio, tour Variety Theaters with Savoy Havana Band, record with Orpheans, Bert Ambrose, and others in England June–November. Adios Muchachos w. Cesar Felipe Vedani m, julio Cesar Sanders Aint She Sweet w. Jack Yellen m. Milton Ager Among My Souvenirs w. Edgar Leslie m, horatio Nicholls Are You Lonesome Tonight. W. Roy Turk m. Lou Handman At Sundown w. m, Walter Donaldson The Babbitt And The Bromide w. Ira Gershwin m. George Gershwin The Best Things In Life Are Free w. B. G. De Sylva & Lew Brown m. Ray Henderson Black And Tan Fantasy m, Duke Ellington Bless This House w. Helen Taylor m. Irving Berlin Broken Hearted w. B. G. De Sylva & Lew Brown m, ray Henderson Cant Help Lovin Dat Man w. Oscar Hammerstein II m. Jerome Kern. Introduced by Helen Morgan in the musical Show Boat Changes w. m, Walter Donaldson Chlo-e w. Gus Kahn m. Neil Moret Creole Love Call w. m, edward Duke Ellington Dew-Dew-Dewy Day w. m. Al Sherman, Charles Tobias & Howard Johnson Diane w. m, ernie Rapee & Lew Pollack Did You Mean It. W. Abe Lyman & Sid Silvers m, phil Baker The Doll Dance m. Nacio Herb Brown Everywhere You Go w. m, larry Shay, Joe Goodwin & Mark Fisher Fifty Million Frenchmen Cant Be Wrong w. Willie Raskin & Billy Rose m
17.
Irish poetry
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Irish poetry includes poetry in two languages, Irish and English. The earliest surviving poems in Irish date back to the 6th century and this culminated in the work of the poets of the Irish Literary Revival in the late 19th and early 20th century. Poetry in Irish represents the oldest vernacular poetry in Europe, the earliest examples date from the 6th century, and are generally short lyrics on themes from religion or the world of nature. They were frequently written by their authors in the margins of the illuminated manuscripts that they were copying. The best known example is Pangur Bán and it was practical for poems to be short because the Irish recognized that it was necessary to use any means necessary to make the poems lasting in their oral culture. To accomplish such a feat as well as they have, they used complicated rhyme schemes that would render a poem nonsensical if any of the key words were changed from the original version, in an oral culture, Irish poetry had many uses. A poem could be used to both the poet and the subject of the poem, oftentimes kings would commission poets to create a piece about them. Such poems would be passed on to descendants so they would remember the deeds of past generations. Kings would also commission poets to write poems of advertisement, speaking of the greatness and worthiness. Oral poetry, because it was in the vernacular, was used for entertainment. Poems that were entertaining could also be informative, teaching people lessons or offering them wisdom of experience for dealing with situations they would encounter in their everyday lives. Finally, poems, especially those featured in the sagas, were thought to be an instrument of the supernatural, Another source of early Irish poetry is the poems in the tales and sagas, such as the Táin Bó Cúailnge. Unlike many other European epic cycles, the Irish sagas were written in prose, Irish bards formed a professional hereditary caste of highly trained, learned poets. As officials of the court of king or chieftain, they performed a number of official roles and they were chroniclers and satirists whose job it was to praise their employers and damn those who crossed them. It was believed that a well-aimed bardic satire, glam dicin, the Metrical Dindshenchas, or Lore of Places, is probably the major surviving monument of Irish bardic verse. It is a great onomastic anthology of naming legends of significant places in the Irish landscape, the earliest of these date from the 11th century, and were probably originally compiled on a provincial basis. As a national compilation, the Metrical Dindshenchas has come down to us in two different recensions. Knowledge of the real or putative history of local places formed an important part of the education of the elite in ancient Ireland, verse tales of Fionn and the Fianna, sometimes known as Ossianic poetry, were extremely common in Ireland and Scotland throughout this period
18.
Hermann Hesse
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Hermann Karl Hesse was a German-born Swiss poet, novelist, and painter. His best-known works include Demian, Steppenwolf, Siddhartha, and The Glass Bead Game, each of which explores an individuals search for authenticity, self-knowledge, in 1946, he received the Nobel Prize in Literature. Hermann Karl Hesse was born on 2 July 1877 in the Black Forest town of Calw in Württemberg and his grandparents served in India at a mission under the auspices of the Basel Mission, a Protestant Christian missionary society. Hesses mother, Marie Gundert, was born at such a mission in India in 1842, in describing her own childhood, she said, A happy child I was not. As was usual among missionaries at the time, she was left behind in Europe at the age of four when her parents returned to India, Hesses father, Johannes Hesse, the son of a doctor, was born in 1847 in the Estonian town of Paide. Johannes Hesse belonged to the German minority in the Russian-ruled Baltic region, Hermann had five siblings, but two of them died in infancy. In 1873, the Hesse family moved to Calw, where Johannes worked for the Calwer Verlagsverein, maries father, Hermann Gundert, managed the publishing house at the time, and Johannes Hesse succeeded him in 1893. Hesse grew up in a Swabian Pietist household, with the Pietist tendency to insulate believers into small, furthermore, Hesse described his fathers Baltic German heritage as an important and potent fact of his developing identity. His father, Hesse stated, always seemed like a polite, very foreign, lonely. His fathers tales from Estonia instilled a sense of religion in young Hermann. An exceedingly cheerful, and, for all its Christianity, a merry world and we wished for nothing so longingly as to be allowed to see this Estonia. Where life was so paradisiacal, so colorful and happy, from childhood, Hesse appeared headstrong and hard for his family to handle. In a letter to her husband, Hermanns mother Marie wrote, The little fellow has a life in him, a strength, a powerful will, and, for his four years of age. How can he express all that, Hesse showed signs of serious depression as early as his first year at school. The fictional town of Gerbersau is pseudonymous for Calw, imitating the real name of the town of Hirsau. It is derived from the German words gerber, meaning tanner, Calw had a centuries-old leather-working industry, and during Hesses childhood the tanneries influence on the town was still very much in evidence. Hesses favorite place in Calw was the St. Nicholas-Bridge, which is why the Hesse monument was built there in 2002, all this instilled a sense in Hermann Hesse that he was a citizen of the world. His family background became, he noted, the basis of an isolation, young Hesse shared a love of music with his mother
19.
T. S. Eliot
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Thomas Stearns Eliot OM was a British essayist, publisher, playwright, literary and social critic, and one of the twentieth centurys major poets. He moved from his native United States to England in 1914 at the age of 25, settling, working and he eventually became a British subject in 1927 at the age of 39, renouncing his American citizenship. Eliot attracted widespread attention for his poem The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock and it was followed by some of the best-known poems in the English language, including The Waste Land, The Hollow Men, Ash Wednesday, and Four Quartets. He was also known for his seven plays, particularly Murder in the Cathedral and he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1948, for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry. The Eliots were a Boston family with roots in Old and New England, Thomas Eliots paternal grandfather, William Greenleaf Eliot, had moved to St. Louis, Missouri to establish a Unitarian Christian church there. Eliot was the last of six surviving children, his parents were both 44 years old when he was born, Eliot was born at 2635 Locust St. property owned by his grandfather, William Greenleaf Eliot. His four sisters were between 11 and 19 years older, his brother was eight years older, known to family and friends as Tom, he was the namesake of his maternal grandfather, Thomas Stearns. Eliots childhood infatuation with literature can be ascribed to several factors, firstly, he had to overcome physical limitations as a child. Struggling from a congenital double inguinal hernia, he could not participate in physical activities. As he was isolated, his love for literature developed. Once he learned to read, the boy immediately became obsessed with books and was absorbed in tales depicting savages. In his memoir of Eliot, his friend Robert Sencourt comments that the young Eliot would often curl up in the window-seat behind an enormous book, setting the drug of dreams against the pain of living. Secondly, Eliot credited his hometown with fuelling his literary vision, I feel that there is something in having passed ones childhood beside the big river, which is incommunicable to those people who have not. I consider myself fortunate to have been here, rather than in Boston, or New York. From 1898 to 1905, Eliot attended Smith Academy, where his studies included Latin, Ancient Greek, French and he began to write poetry when he was fourteen under the influence of Edward Fitzgeralds Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, a translation of the poetry of Omar Khayyam. He said the results were gloomy and despairing and he destroyed them and his first published poem, A Fable For Feasters, was written as a school exercise and was published in the Smith Academy Record in February 1905. Also published there in April 1905 was his oldest surviving poem in manuscript and he also published three short stories in 1905, Birds of Prey, A Tale of a Whale and The Man Who Was King. The last mentioned story significantly reflects his exploration of Igorot Village while visiting the 1904 Worlds Fair of St. Louis, such a link with primitive people importantly antedates his anthropological studies at Harvard
20.
Church of England
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The Church of England is the state church of England. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the most senior cleric, although the monarch is the supreme governor, the Church of England is also the mother church of the international Anglican Communion. It dates its establishment as a church to the 6th-century Gregorian mission to Kent led by Augustine of Canterbury. The English church renounced papal authority when Henry VIII sought to secure an annulment from Catherine of Aragon in the 1530s, the English Reformation accelerated under Edward VIs regents before a brief restoration of papal authority under Queen Mary I and King Philip. This is expressed in its emphasis on the teachings of the early Church Fathers, as formalised in the Apostles, Nicene, in the earlier phase of the English Reformation there were both Catholic martyrs and radical Protestant martyrs. The later phases saw the Penal Laws punish Roman Catholic and nonconforming Protestants, in the 17th century, political and religious disputes raised the Puritan and Presbyterian faction to control of the church, but this ended with the Restoration. Papal recognition of George III in 1766 led to religious tolerance. Since the English Reformation, the Church of England has used a liturgy in English, the church contains several doctrinal strands, the main three known as Anglo-Catholic, Evangelical and Broad Church. Tensions between theological conservatives and progressives find expression in debates over the ordination of women and homosexuality, the church includes both liberal and conservative clergy and members. The governing structure of the church is based on dioceses, each presided over by a bishop, within each diocese are local parishes. The General Synod of the Church of England is the body for the church and comprises bishops, other clergy. Its measures must be approved by both Houses of Parliament, according to tradition, Christianity arrived in Britain in the 1st or 2nd century, during which time southern Britain became part of the Roman Empire. The earliest historical evidence of Christianity among the native Britons is found in the writings of such early Christian Fathers as Tertullian, three Romano-British bishops, including Restitutus, are known to have been present at the Council of Arles in 314. Others attended the Council of Sardica in 347 and that of Ariminum in 360, Britain was the home of Pelagius, who opposed Augustine of Hippos doctrine of original sin. Consequently, in 597, Pope Gregory I sent the prior of the Abbey of St Andrews from Rome to evangelise the Angles and this event is known as the Gregorian mission and is the date the Church of England generally marks as the beginning of its formal history. A later archbishop, the Greek Theodore of Tarsus, also contributed to the organisation of Christianity in England, the Church of England has been in continuous existence since the days of St Augustine, with the Archbishop of Canterbury as its episcopal head. Despite the various disruptions of the Reformation and the English Civil War, while some Celtic Christian practices were changed at the Synod of Whitby, the Christian Church in the British Isles was under papal authority from earliest times. The Synod of Whitby established the Roman date for Easter and the Roman style of monastic tonsure in Britain and this meeting of the ecclesiastics with Roman customs with local bishops was summoned in 664 at Saint Hildas double monastery of Streonshalh, later called Whitby Abbey
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British nationality law
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British nationality law is the law of the United Kingdom which concerns citizenship and other categories of British nationality. The law is due to the United Kingdoms historical status as an imperial power. Some thought the single Imperial status of British subject as increasingly inadequate to deal with a Commonwealth with independent member states. The British Nationality Act 1948 established the status of Citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies, the national citizenship of the United Kingdom and colonies on 1 January 1949. Until the early 1960s there was little difference, if any, in UK law between the rights of CUKCs and other British subjects, all of whom had the right at any time to enter and live in the UK. Independence Acts, passed when the colonies were granted independence. In general, these provisions withdrew the status of CUKC from anyone who became citizens of the independent country. Exceptions were sometimes made in cases where the colonies did not become independent, the principal British nationality law now in force is the British Nationality Act 1981, which established the current system of multiple categories of British nationality, viz. British citizens, British Overseas Territories citizens, British Overseas citizens, British Nationals, British subjects, only British citizens and certain Commonwealth citizens have the automatic right of abode in the UK. The 1981 Act ceased to recognise Commonwealth citizens as British subjects, British subjects connected with former British India lose British nationality if they acquire any other. There are currently six classes of British national, British citizen British citizens usually hold this status through a connection with the United Kingdom, Channel Islands and Isle of Man. British citizenship is the most common type of British nationality, other rights can vary according to how the British citizenship was acquired. In particular there are restrictions for British citizens by descent transmitting British citizenship to children born outside the UK and these restrictions do not apply to British citizens otherwise than by descent. British Overseas Territories citizen BOTC is the form of British nationality held by connection with a British Overseas Territory and it is possible to hold BOTC and British citizenship simultaneously. Nearly all are now also British citizens as a result of the British Overseas Territories Act 2002, the four residual categories are expected to become extinct with the passage of time. They can be passed to only in exceptional circumstances, e. g. if the child would otherwise be stateless. There is consequently little provision for the acquisition of these classes of nationality by people who do not already have them, British Overseas citizen In general, most BOCs are CUKCs who did not qualify for British citizenship or British Dependent Territories citizenship. This is fairly uncommon, most CUKCs lost their CUKC status upon independence, in 1997, BDTCs with a connection to Hong Kong became BOCs after they did not register as British Nationals and would become stateless after the withdrawal of BDTC status from Hong Kong residents
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James Joyce
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James Augustine Aloysius Joyce was an Irish novelist, short story writer, and poet. He contributed to the modernist avant-garde and is regarded as one of the most influential, other well-known works are the short-story collection Dubliners, and the novels A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man and Finnegans Wake. His other writings include three books of poetry, a play, occasional journalism and his published letters, Joyce was born in 41 Brighton Square, Rathgar, Dublin—about half a mile from his mothers birthplace in Terenure—into a middle-class family on the way down. He went on to attend University College Dublin, in 1904, in his early twenties, Joyce emigrated permanently to continental Europe with his partner Nora Barnacle. They lived in Trieste, Paris and Zurich, Ulysses in particular is set with precision in the streets and alleyways of the city. In the particular is contained the universal, James Augustine Aloysius Joyce was born on 2 February 1882 to John Stanislaus Joyce and Mary Jane May Murray, in the Dublin suburb of Rathgar. He was baptised according to the Rites of the Catholic Church in the nearby St Josephs Church in Terenure on 5 February by Rev. John OMulloy and his godparents were Philip and Ellen McCann. He was the eldest of ten surviving children, two of his siblings died of typhoid and his fathers family, originally from Fermoy in County Cork, had once owned a small salt and lime works. Joyces father and paternal grandfather both married into families, though the familys purported ancestor, Seán Mór Seoighe was a stonemason from Connemara. In 1887, his father was appointed rate collector by Dublin Corporation, around this time Joyce was attacked by a dog, which engendered in him a lifelong cynophobia. He also suffered from astraphobia, as an aunt had described thunderstorms to him as a sign of Gods wrath. In 1891 Joyce wrote a poem on the death of Charles Stewart Parnell, the Irish Party had dropped Parnell from leadership. But the Vaticans role in allying with the British Conservative Party to prevent Home Rule left an impression on the young Joyce. The elder Joyce had the printed and even sent a part to the Vatican Library. In November of that year, John Joyce was entered in Stubbs Gazette. In 1893, John Joyce was dismissed with a pension, beginning the familys slide into poverty caused mainly by his drinking and general financial mismanagement. Joyce had begun his education at Clongowes Wood College, a Jesuit boarding school near Clane, County Kildare and this came about because of a chance meeting his father had with a Jesuit priest who knew the family and Joyce was given a reduction in fees to attend Belvedere. In 1895, Joyce, now aged 13, was elected to join the Sodality of Our Lady by his peers at Belvedere, the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas continued to have a strong influence on him for most of his life
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Pomes Penyeach
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Pomes Penyeach is a collection of thirteen short poems written by James Joyce. Pomes Penyeach was written over a period from 1904 to 1924 and originally published on 7 July 1927 by Shakespeare. The title is a play on poems and pommes which are offered at a penny each in either currency. The first poem of Pomes Penyeach is entitled Tilly and represents the bonus offering of this penny-a-poem collection, the poems were initially rejected for publication by Ezra Pound. Although paid scant attention on its publication, this slender volume has proven surprisingly durable. Pomes Penyeach contains a number of Joycean neologisms created by melding two words into a new compound, the word love appears thirteen times in this collection of thirteen short poems in a variety of contexts. Sometimes romantic love is intended, in tones that vary from sentimental or nostalgic to scathing, yet at its best Joyces poetry achieves, like his prose, a sense of vitality and loving compassion. com
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Shakespeare and Company (bookstore)
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Shakespeare and Company is the name of two independent English-language bookstores that have existed on Pariss Left Bank. The first was opened by Sylvia Beach, an American, on 19 November 1919, at 8 rue Dupuytren, before moving to larger premises at 12 rue de lOdéon in the 6th arrondissement in 1922. During the 1920s, Beachs shop was a place for many then-aspiring writers such as Ezra Pound, Ernest Hemingway, Djuna Barnes, James Joyce. It closed in 1941 during the German occupation of Paris and never re-opened, the second bookstore is situated at 37 rue de la Bûcherie, in the 5th arrondissement, and is still in operation today. Today, it continues to serve as a purveyor of new and second-hand books, as an antiquarian bookseller, additionally, the shop houses aspiring writers and artists in exchange for their helping out around the bookstore. Since the shop opened in 1951, more than 30,000 people have slept in the beds found tucked between bookshelves, the shops motto, Be Not Inhospitable to Strangers Lest They Be Angels in Disguise, is written above the entrance to the reading library. Sylvia Beach, an American expatriate from New Jersey, established Shakespeare, the store functioned as a lending library as well as a bookstore. In 1921, Beach moved it to a location at 12 rue de lOdéon. During this period, the store was the center of Anglo-American literary culture, the shop was nicknamed Stratford-on-Odéon by James Joyce, who used it as his office. Its books were considered high quality and reflected Beachs own taste, the store and its literary denizens are mentioned in Hemingways A Moveable Feast. Patrons could buy or borrow books like D. H. Lawrences controversial Lady Chatterleys Lover, which had been banned in Britain, Beach published Joyces controversial book Ulysses in 1922. It, too, was banned in the United States and Britain, later editions were also published under the Shakespeare and Company imprint. She also encouraged the publication in 1923, and sold copies of Hemingways first book, Three Stories, the original Shakespeare and Company closed in December 1941 during the German occupation of France in World War II. It has been suggested that it may have been ordered shut because Beach denied a German officer the last copy of Joyces Finnegans Wake, when the war ended, Hemingway personally liberated the store, but it never re-opened. In 1951, a new English-language bookstore was opened on Pariss Left Bank by American ex-serviceman George Whitman under the name of Le Mistral. Its premises, the site of a 16th-century monastery, are at 37 rue de la Bûcherie, near Place Saint-Michel, just steps from the Seine, Notre Dame and the Île de la Cité. Much like Sylvia Beachs Shakespeare and Company, Whitmans store quickly became the point of literary culture in bohemian Paris. George Whitman had modeled his shop after Sylvia Beachs, in 1958, while dining with Whitman at a party for James Jones who had newly arrived in Paris, Beach announced that she was handing the name to him for his bookshop
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Journey of the Magi
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Journey of the Magi is a 43-line poem written in 1927 by T. S. Eliot. It is one of five poems that Eliot contributed for a series of 38 pamphlets by several authors collectively titled Ariel poems and released by British publishing house Faber and Gwyer. Published in August 1927, Journey of the Magi was the eighth in the series and was accompanied by illustrations drawn by American-born avant garde artist Edward McKnight Kauffer. The poems, including Journey of the Magi, were published in both editions of Eliots collected poems in 1936 and 1963. In the previous year, Eliot had converted to Anglo-Catholicism and his poetry, starting with the Ariel Poems and Ash Wednesday, in the poem, Eliot retells the story of the Magi who travelled to Palestine to visit the newborn Jesus according to the Gospel of Matthew. It is a narrative, told from the point of view of one of the magi, that expresses themes of alienation, the poems dramatic monologue incorporates quotations and literary allusions to works by earlier writers Lancelot Andrewes and Matthew Arnold. In these years, Eliot gravitated away from his Unitarian upbringing and he was baptised into the Anglican faith on 29 June 1927 at Finstock, in Oxfordshire, and was confirmed the following day in the private chapel of Thomas Banks Strong, Bishop of Oxford. Eliots conversion and his adherence to Anglo-Catholicism informed and influenced his later poetry, critical reviews of Eliots poems shifted as well, with some critics asserting that Eliots work suffered with the addition of Christian themes. One critic, Morton Zabel said that this deprived his art of its once incomparable distinction in style and this series, called the Ariel Series, would release 38 pamphlets from a selection of English writers and poets from 1927 through 1931. The first poem that Eliot wrote, Journey of the Magi, was released as the eighth in the series in August 1927. Eliot would follow with four poems, A Song for Simeon in August 1928, Animula in October 1929, Marina in September 1930. Four of Eliots five Ariel poems, including Journey of the Magi, were accompanied by illustrations by American-born avant garde artist, E. McKnight Kauffer. Faber & Gwyer, Ltd. printed the Journey of the Magi in a 7¼ ×4 ¾, Octavo pamphlet line block in black with brown and grey, casing, thin card covered with yellow laid paper. The font of the cover and poem text was Imprint created by Gerard Meynell & J. H. Mason in 1913 for the trade magazine The Imprint. The poem was printed on two pages, accompanied a colour images by Kauffer, and included one page of advertisements, Faber & Gwyer contracted with the Curwen Press in Plaistow to print 5,000 copies. There was an edition of 350 copies that was printed on Zanders hand-made paper. According to Gilmour, the edition was printed in batches of eight, a yellow cover was used for Eliots poem after Curwens designer Paul Nash objected for its use in the seventh Ariel pamphlet, Siegfried Sassoons Nativity. In 1936, Faber & Faber, the firm to Faber & Gwyer, collected Journey of the Magi
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Faber and Faber
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Faber and Faber Limited, often abbreviated to Faber, is an independent publishing house in the United Kingdom. Faber has published some of the most well-known literature in the English language, Poet T. S. Eliot was once a Faber editor. In 2006 the company was named the KPMG Publisher of the Year, Faber and Faber Inc. formerly the American branch of the London company, was sold in 1998 to the Holtzbrinck company Farrar, Straus and Giroux, which now operates as part of the Macmillan Group. Faber and Faber began as a firm in 1929, but its roots go back to the Scientific Press, owned by Sir Maurice, the Scientific Press derived much of its income from the weekly magazine The Nursing Mirror. The Gwyers desire to expand into trade publishing led them to Geoffrey Faber, after four years, The Nursing Mirror was sold and Geoffrey Faber and the Gwyers agreed to go their separate ways. Faber selected the name of Faber and Faber, although there was no other Faber involved. T. S. Eliot, who had suggested to Faber by Charles Whibley, had left Lloyds Bank in London to join Faber as a literary adviser, in the first season. In 1928, Faber and Faber published its first commercial success, the book was at first published anonymously, the authors name, Siegfried Sassoon, was added to the title page for the second impression. Over the next six months, it was reprinted eight times, under Geoffrey Fabers chairmanship, the board in 1929 included Eliot, Richard de la Mare, Charles Stewart, and Frank Morley. Faber published biographies, memoirs, fiction, poetry, political and religious essays, art and architecture monographs, childrens books, and it also published Eliots literary review, The Criterion. Eliot rejected two books by George Orwell, A Scullions Tale and Animal Farm, during the Second World War, paper shortages meant profits were large, but almost all went to taxes, and subsequent years were difficult. Faber and Faber has continued to prosper in recent years, established names have been joined by new voices, including Kazuo Ishiguro, Peter Carey, Orhan Pamuk, and Barbara Kingsolver. Having published the works of Samuel Beckett for many years. Faber announced in October 2011 that Jarvis Cocker, lead singer of the band Pulp, would be joining as editor-at-large, in 2008, the imprint Faber Finds was set up to make copyrighted out-of-print books available again, using print-on-demand technology. In 2009, Faber Finds began to release e-books, Fabers American arm was sold in 1998 to Farrar, Straus and Giroux, where it remained as an imprint focused on arts, entertainment, media, and popular culture. In February 2015, Faber announced the end of its partnership with FSG, in June 2012, to coincide with the Queens Diamond Jubilee, Faber launched a website – Sixty Years in Sixty Poems. In 2008, Faber launched The Faber Academy, a creative writing business offering courses for aspiring writers, courses include The Art of Publication, Writing Fiction, and Becoming a Poet. At times, courses are tutored by famous writers, such as Mike Figgis, Jeanette Winterson, notable students have included S. J. Watson
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Edward McKnight Kauffer
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Edward McKnight Kauffer was an American-born artist noted for his avant garde graphic design and poster art, especially in Britain. Edward Kauffer was born on December 14,1890, in Great Falls, by 1910 he had moved to San Francisco working as a bookseller and studying art at the California School of Design from 1910 to 1912. At around this time Professor Joseph McKnight of the University of Utah became aware of Kauffers work, sponsored him, in gratitude Kauffer took his sponsors name as a middle name. Kauffer stopped in Chicago for six months in 1912/1913 and studied at the Art Institute of Chicago, while there he witnessed the Armory Show, one of the first major exhibitions to introduce the styles of modernism to American viewers. This likely had a impact on Kauffer, who would work in many of the same styles throughout his career. He arrived in Paris in 1913 and studied at the Académie Moderne until 1914, in Paris in 1923 he met the textile designer Marion Dorn, and subsequently resided with her in London, from late 1923 to July 1940. They married in 1950 and moved to New York until his death in 1954, Kauffer moved to London upon the start of the First World War, and remained there for most of his career. He was briefly associated with Robert Bevans Cumberland Market Group and had a show at the Omega Workshops. In Brighton on the south coast, he designed a novel mural for the lobby of Embassy Court, the mural consisted of monochrome photographs. Printed directly on to a cellulose coating. Kauffer may be best known for the 140 posters that he produced for London Underground, the posters span many styles, many show abstract influences, including futurism, cubism, and vorticism, others evoke impressionist influences such as Japanese woodcuts. He created posters for Shell Oil and other clients, and also illustrated books. Later he also became interested in textiles, interior design and theatrical design and he returned to New York City in 1940 at the beginning of the Second World War, and tried to find work in advertising. He struggled in the competitive atmosphere until he was approached to do a series of posters for American Airlines in 1947. American Airlines remained his primary client until his death in 1954, E. McKnight Kauffer, a designer and his public. London, V & A. ISBN1851774661, works by or about Edward McKnight Kauffer at Internet Archive
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Wilson MacDonald
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Wilson Pugsley MacDonald was a popular Canadian poet who was known mainly in his own time for his considerable platform abilities as a reader of his poetry. By reading fees, and by selling his books at readings, in the 1920s he was so popular that his fame eclipsed that of Robert Service and Pauline Johnson. Wilson MacDonald was born in Cheapside, now part of the municipality of Haldimand and he attended McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, and graduated in 1902. He began publishing poetry in the Toronto Globe in 1899, while still a student. Canadian poet Albert E. S. Smythe described MacDonald as a slight, lithe, graceful Italian figure, the dark eyes and olive complexion. After graduating, MacDonald worked at a number of jobs, when my poetry would not sell, circumstances forced these other tasks upon me. His first collection of poetry, Song of the Prairie Land, was published in 1918, in 1921 MacDonald self-published a book of Christian poetry called The Miracle Songs of Jesus. He became what Doug Fetherling in the Canadian Encyclopedia called a barnstorming versifier with a faith in his own greatness. MacDonald travelled both Canada and the northern United States reciting his poetry in large city and small town alike. His personal shyness disappeared on stage, where he became dynamic, humming, chanting, MacDonald was not the first Canadian poet to make a living from performance, Pauline Johnson had done so 30 years before. But he is the first noted for merchandising his tours, Fetherling noted, with an apparent shudder, MacDonalds books that he himself hawked at his recitals. MacDonald was something of an artist, a designer, frequently he illustrated his own poems and dabbled with illumination and typography. There are many examples online of individual poems illustrated and/or calligraphed by MacDonald, of course, everything bought at a performance could also be autographed, MacDonald, like George Moore before him, or A. Edward Newton, was an author whose books are seldom found unsigned. MacDonalds most popular work, Out of the Wilderness, went into ten editions, critics seldom paid attention to his work, and his work was not taught in schools. MacDonald went around that barrier by reciting his poetry for free in school auditoriums across Canada. He was the one poet a generation or two of Canadian students had ever seen or heard, a fan club, the Wilson MacDonald Poetry Society, was active in several cities, including in the United States, and at least one such group still survives. From 1953 on, when MacDonald was in his 70s and no longer performing, the Poetry Society supported him financially. In a 1933 talk on “Canadian Poetry in its Relation to The Poetry of England and America”, Roberts said of him, Wilson MacDonald is purely a lyricist, with a very wide range of form and theme
