1.
1927
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January 1 – The Cristero War erupts in Mexico when Catholic rebels attack the government, which had placed heavy restrictions on the Catholic Church. January 7 – The first transatlantic telephone call is made via radio from New York City to London, january 7 – The Harlem Globetrotters play their first ever road game in Hinckley, Illinois. January 9 – A military rebellion is crushed in Lisbon, Portugal, january 15 – Teddy Wakelam gives the first sports commentary on BBC Radio. January 19 – Great Britain sends troops to China to protect foreign nationals from spreading anti-foreign riots in Central China, january 24 – U. S. marines invade Nicaragua by orders of President Calvin Coolidge, intervening in the Nicaraguan Civil War and remaining in the country until 1933. January 30 – Right-wing veterans and the Republikanischer Schutzbund clash in Schattendorf, Austria, february – Werner Heisenberg formulates his famous uncertainty principle while employed as a lecturer at Niels Bohrs Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of Copenhagen. February 12 – The first British troops land in Shanghai, february 14 – An earthquake in Yugoslavia kills 100. February 19 A general strike in Shanghai protests the presence of British troops, in the United States, the silent romantic comedy film It starring Clara Bow, is released, popularising the concept of the It girl. February 23 – The U. S. Federal Radio Commission begins to regulate the use of radio frequencies, March 4 – A diamond rush in South Africa includes trained athletes that have been hired by major companies to stake claims. March 7 – The 7.0 Mw Kita Tango earthquake kills at least 2,925 in the Toyooka and Mineyama areas, western Honshu, March 10 – Albania mobilizes in case of an attack by Yugoslavia. March 11 In New York City, the Roxy Theatre is opened by Samuel Roxy Rothafel, the first armored car robbery is committed by the Flatheads Gang near Pittsburgh. March 13 – Fritz Langs culturally influential film Metropolis premieres in Germany. S, Navy and the British Royal Navy fire shells and shot to disperse the crowds. April 1 – The U. S. Bureau of Prohibition is founded, April 5 – In Britain, the Trade Disputes and Trade Unions Act 1927 forbids strikes of support. April 7 – Bell Telephone Co. transmits an image of Herbert Hoover, April 12 The Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 renames the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The change acknowledges that the Irish Free State is no part of the Kingdom. Kuomintang troops kill a number of communist-supporting workers in Shanghai, the incident is called the April 12 Incident, or the Shanghai Massacre. The 1st United Front between the Nationalists and Communist ends, and the Civil War lasting until 1949 begins, April 14 – The first Volvo automobile rolled off the production line in Gothenburg, Sweden. April 18 – The Kuomintang set up a government in Nanking, April 21 – A banking crisis hits Japan. April 22–May 5 – The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 strikes 700,000 people in the greatest natural disaster in American history through that time, April 27 The Carabineros de Chile are created
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
1925 in the United States
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Events from the year 1925 in the United States. President, Calvin Coolidge Vice President, vacant, Charles G. Dawes Chief Justice, William Howard Taft Speaker of the House of Representatives, Frederick H. January 27 – February 1 – The 1925 serum run to Nome relays diphtheria antitoxin by dog sled across the U. S. territory of Alaska, February 21 – First issue of The New Yorker magazine is published by Harold Ross. March 4 – Calvin Coolidge becomes the first President of the United States to have his inauguration broadcast on radio, march 15 – The Phi Lambda Chi fraternity is founded on the campus of Arkansas State Teachers College in Conway, Arkansas. March 18 – The Tri-State Tornado rampages through Missouri, Illinois and it hits the towns of Murphysboro, Illinois, Gorham, Illinois, Ellington, Missouri, and Griffin, Indiana. The storms damage path was indicated at 378 km, march 21 – Tennessee Governor Austin Peay signs the Butler Act, prohibiting the teaching of evolution in the states public schools. March 31 – Radio station WOWO in Ft. Wayne, Indiana begins broadcasting, april 1 – Frank Heath and his horse Gypsy Queen leave Washington, D. C. to begin a two-year journey to visit all 48 states. April 10 – F. Scott Fitzgerald publishes The Great Gatsby, may 5 – Scopes Trial, Dayton, Tennessee, biology teacher John Scopes is arrested for teaching Charles Darwins Theory of Evolution. June 6 – The Chrysler Corporation is founded by Walter Percy Chrysler, June 13 – Charles Francis Jenkins achieves the first synchronized transmission of pictures and sound, using 48 lines, and a mechanical system. A 10-minute film of a windmill in motion is sent across 5 miles from Anacostia to Washington. The images are viewed by representatives of the National Bureau of Standards, the U. S. Navy, the Commerce Department, Jenkins calls this the first public demonstration of radiovision. July 21 – Scopes Trial, In Dayton, Tennessee, high school biology teacher John T. Scopes is found guilty of teaching evolution in class, August 14 – The original Hetch Hetchy Moccasin Powerhouse is completed and goes on line. September 3 – The U. S. Navy dirigible Shenandoah breaks up in a line over Ohio en route to Scottfield. October 2 made color TV November 28 – The weekly country music radio program Grand Ole Opry is first broadcast on WSM radio in Nashville, Tennessee, december 16 – Alpha Phi Omega, a national service fraternity, is founded at Lafayette College. New York City becomes the largest city in the world, taking the lead from London, the motel concept originates with the Motel Inn of San Luis Obispo, California, originally called the Milestone Mo-Tel, constructed by Arthur Heineman. The National Football League adds 5 teams, the New York Giants, Detroit Panthers, Providence Steam Roller, a new Canton Bulldogs team, Calvin Coolidge signs into law the act establishing a U. S. Senator from North Carolina from 1975 to 1981 October 7 – Mildred Earp, baseball player October 11 – Elmore Leonard, novelist October 13 – Lenny Bruce, comic October 16 – Daniel J. Evans, U. S. S. Senator from Idaho from 1890 to 1891 June 1 – Thomas R. Marshall, 28th Vice President of the United States from 1913 to 1921 August 7 – George Gray, U. S
4.
1926 in the United States
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Events from the year 1926 in the Monroeville, Alabama President, Calvin Coolidge Vice President, Charles G. March 16 – Robert Goddard launches the first liquid-fuel rocket, at Auburn, Massachusetts. April 12 – By a vote of 45–41, the United States Senate unseats Iowa Senator Smith W. Brookhart and seats Daniel F. Steck, april 30 – African-American pilot Bessie Coleman is killed after falling 2,000 feet from an airplane. May 10 – Planes piloted by Major Harold Geiger and Horace Meek Hickam, students at the Air Corps Tactical School, collide in mid-air at Langley Field, may 18 – Evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson disappears while visiting a Venice, California beach. May12 – The United States Congress passes the Air Commerce Act, licensing pilots, june 19 – DeFord Bailey is the first African-American to perform on Nashvilles Grand Ole Opry. July 12 – A lightning strike destroys an ammunition depot in Dover, july 26 – The National Bar Association incorporates in the United States. August 6 – In New York City, the Warner Brothers Vitaphone system premieres with the movie Don Juan starring John Barrymore, august 18 – A weather map is televised for the first time, sent from NAA Arlington to the Weather Bureau Office in Washington, D. C. September 11 – Aloha Tower is officially dedicated at Honolulu Harbor in the Territory of Hawaii, september 16 – Philip Dunning and George Abbotts play Broadway premieres in New York City. September 18 – Great Miami Hurricane, A strong hurricane devastates Miami, Florida, leaving over 100 dead, september 20 – Twelve cars full of gangsters open fire at the Hawthorne Inn, Al Capones Chicago headquarters. Only one of Capones men is wounded, november 10 – In San Francisco, California, a necrophiliac serial killer named Earle Nelson kills and then rapes his 9th victim, a boardinghouse landlady named Mrs. William Edmonds. November 11 – The plan for a United States Numbered Highway System is approved by the American Association of State Highway Officials, november 15 – The NBC radio network opens with 24 stations. November 27 – In Williamsburg, Virginia, the restoration of Colonial Williamsburg begins, december 23 – Conservative Nicaraguan President Adolfo Díaz requests U. S. military assistance in the Nicaraguan civil war. Marines immediately set up neutral zones in Puerto Cabezas and at the mouth of the Rio Grande to protect American and foreign lives, American microbiologist Selman Waksman publishes Enzymes. The Pike School in Andover, Massachusetts, is founded, lochner era U. S. Cummins, United States Senator from Iowa from 1908 till 1926. List of American films of 1926 Media related to 1926 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
5.
1928 in the United States
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6th Pan-American Conference opens in Havana. Calvin Coolidge becomes the last sitting U. S. President until 2016 to visit Cuba, february 8 – British inventor John Logie Baird broadcasts a transatlantic television signal from London to Hartsdale, New York. February 25 – Charles Jenkins Laboratories of Washington, D. C. becomes the first holder of a license from the Federal Radio Commission. March 12 – In California, the St. Francis Dam north of Los Angeles fails, march 21 – Charles Lindbergh is presented the Medal of Honor for his first trans-Atlantic flight. April 10 – Pineapple Primary, The U. S, Republican Party primary elections in Chicago are preceded by assassinations and bombings. May 10 – The first regular schedule of television programming begins in Schenectady, may 15 – The animated short Plane Crazy is released by Disney Studios in Los Angeles, featuring the first appearances of Mickey and Minnie Mouse. June 17 – Aviator Amelia Earhart starts her attempt to become the first woman to cross the Atlantic Ocean. June 29 – New York Governor Alfred E. Smith becomes the first Catholic nominated by a political party for U. S. President, at the Democratic National Convention in Houston. June 29 – Outerbridge Crossing and Goethals Bridge in Staten Island, July 6 – The worlds largest hailstone falls in Potter, Nebraska. July 7 – The first machine-sliced and machine-wrapped loaf of bread is sold in Chillicothe, Missouri, July 12 – Mexican aviator Emilio Carranza dies in a solo plane crash in the New Jersey Pine Barrens, while returning from a goodwill flight to New York City. July 25 – The United States recalls its troops from China, august 16 – Murderer Carl Panzram is arrested in Washington, D. C. after killing about 20 people. August 22 – Alfred E. Smith accepts the Democratic presidential nomination, with WGY/W2XB simulcasting the event on radio, September 1 – Richard Byrd leaves New York for the Arctic. September 11 – Kenmores WMAK station starts broadcasting in Buffalo, New York, September 16 – The 1928 Okeechobee Hurricane kills at least 2,500 people in Florida. October 12 – An iron lung respirator is used for the first time at Childrens Hospital, october 22 – The Phi Sigma Alpha Fraternity is founded at the University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus. November 4 – At Park Central Hotel in Manhattan, Arnold Rothstein, november 6 – U. S. presidential election,1928, Republican Herbert Hoover wins by a wide margin over Democratic Governor of New York Alfred E. Smith. November 17 – The Boston Garden opens in Boston, november 18 – Mickey Mouse appears in Steamboat Willie, the third Mickey Mouse cartoon released, but the first sound film. December 5 – Police disperse a Sicilian gangs meeting in Cleveland, december 21 – The U. S. Congress approves the construction of Boulder Dam, later renamed Hoover Dam. W2XBS, RCAs first television station, is established in New York City, eliot Ness begins to lead the prohibition unit in Chicago
6.
1929 in the United States
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Events from the year 1929 in the United States. President, Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover Vice President, Charles G. January 9 – The Seeing Eye is established with the mission to train dogs to assist the blind, in Nashville, february 11 – Eugene ONeills Dynamo premieres in New York. February 14 – St. Valentines Day Massacre, Seven gangsters, february 26 – The Grand Teton National Park is established by Congress. March 2 – The longest bridge in the world, the San Francisco Bay Toll-Bridge, March 4 – Herbert Hoover is inaugurated as the 31st President of the United States, succeeding Calvin Coolidge. March 16 – A part-talkie film version of Show Boat, based on Edna Ferbers novel rather than the musical and it is critically panned and not successful at the box office. May 13 – The National Crime Syndicate is founded in Atlantic City, may 16 – The 1st Academy Awards are presented at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel in Hollywood, California, with Wings winning Academy Award for Best Picture. Joseph W. Farnham wins the only ever given for Best Writing. May 17 – Al Capone and his bodyguard are arrested for concealing deadly weapons, may 20 – The Wickersham Commission begins its investigation of alcohol prohibition in the United States. June 16 – Otto E. Funk,62, ends his marathon walk, June 21 – An agreement brokered by U. S. Ambassador Dwight Whitney Morrow ends the Cristero War in Mexico. June 27 – The first public demonstration of television is held, by H. E. Ives. The first images are a bouquet of roses and an American flag, a mechanical system is used to transmit 50-line color television images between New York and Washington, D. C. August 19 – The radio comedy show Amos and Andy makes its debut, starring Freeman Gosden and Charles Correll. August 31 – The Young Plan, which set the total World War I reparations owed by Germany at US$26,350,000,000 to be paid over a period of 58½ years, is finalized. September 3 – The Dow Jones Industrial Average peaks at 381.17, october 11 – JC Penney opens Store #1252 in Milford, Delaware, making it a nationwide company with stores in all 48 states. October 24–October 29 – Wall Street Crash of 1929, Three multi-digit percentage drops wipe out more than $30 billion from the New York Stock Exchange. Fall is convicted of bribery for his role in the Teapot Dome scandal, November 7 – In New York City, the Museum of Modern Art opens to the public. November 15 – The Ambassador Bridge, connecting Detroit, Michigan, to Windsor, Ontario, November 29 – Bernt Balchen, U. S. Admiral Richard Byrd, Captain Ashley McKinley, and Harold June, become the first to fly over the South Pole. Senator from Georgia from 1971 to 19726 March — Moses E. Timeline
7.
Flag of the United States
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The flag of the United States, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. S. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, the current design of the U. S. flag is its 27th, the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777. The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4,1959, the 50-star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21,1959, and was adopted in July 1960. It is the version of the U. S. flag and has been in use for over 56 years. At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, the flag contemporaneously known as the Continental Colors has historically been referred to as the first national flag. The name Grand Union was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the American flag, the flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era, and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design. Both flags could have been constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign. However, an East India Company flag could have nine to 13 stripes. In any case, both the stripes and the stars have precedents in classical heraldry, Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment. The first official U. S. flag flown during battle was on August 3,1777, Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler. A voucher is extant that Capt. Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag, the 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign. In the late 18th century, the notion of a flag did not yet exist. The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee, on May 10,1779, Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States. However, the term, Standard, referred to a standard for the Army of the United States. Each regiment was to carry the standard in addition to its regimental standard. The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag, the appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows, one arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle, the so-called Betsy Ross flag
8.
Timeline of United States history
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This is a timeline of United States history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political and economic events in the United States and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of the United States, some dates before September 14,1752, when the British government adopted the Gregorian calendar, may be given in the Old Style
9.
Federal government of the United States
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The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms
10.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
11.
Calvin Coolidge
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John Calvin Coolidge Jr. was the 30th President of the United States. A Republican lawyer from Vermont, Coolidge worked his way up the ladder of Massachusetts state politics and his response to the Boston Police Strike of 1919 thrust him into the national spotlight and gave him a reputation as a man of decisive action. Soon after, he was elected as the 29th vice president in 1920, elected in his own right in 1924, he gained a reputation as a small-government conservative, and also as a man who said very little, although having a rather dry sense of humor. Coolidge restored public confidence in the White House after the scandals of his predecessors administration, as a Coolidge biographer wrote, He embodied the spirit and hopes of the middle class, could interpret their longings and express their opinions. That he did represent the genius of the average is the most convincing proof of his strength, Coolidges retirement was relatively short, as he died at the age of 60 in January 1933, less than two months before his immediate successor, Herbert Hoover, left office. Though his reputation underwent a renaissance during the Ronald Reagan administration, John Calvin Coolidge Jr. was born in Plymouth Notch, Windsor County, Vermont, on July 4,1872, the only U. S. president to be born on Independence Day. He held various offices, including justice of the peace and tax collector. Coolidges mother was the daughter of a Plymouth Notch farmer and she was chronically ill and died, perhaps from tuberculosis, when Coolidge was twelve years old. His younger sister, Abigail Grace Coolidge, died at the age of fifteen, probably of appendicitis, Coolidges father remarried in 1891, to a schoolteacher, and lived to the age of eighty. Coolidges family had roots in New England, his earliest American ancestor, John Coolidge, emigrated from Cottenham, Cambridgeshire, England, around 1630 and settled in Watertown. Another ancestor, Edmund Rice, arrived at Watertown in 1638, Coolidges great-great-grandfather, also named John Coolidge, was an American military officer in the Revolutionary War and one of the first selectmen of the town of Plymouth Notch. His grandfather, Calvin Galusha Coolidge, served in the Vermont House of Representatives, many of Coolidges ancestors were farmers, and numerous distant cousins were prominent in politics. Coolidge attended Black River Academy and then Amherst College, where he distinguished himself in the class, as a senior joined the fraternity Phi Gamma Delta. While there, Coolidge was profoundly influenced by philosophy professor Charles Edward Garman, the only hope of perfecting human relationships is in accordance with the law of service under which men are not so solicitous about what they shall get as they are about what they shall give. Yet people are entitled to the rewards of their industry, what they earn is theirs, no matter how small or how great. But the possession of property carries the obligation to use it in a larger service, at his fathers urging after graduation, Coolidge moved to Northampton, Massachusetts to become a lawyer. To avoid the cost of law school, Coolidge followed the practice of apprenticing with a local law firm, Hammond & Field. John C. Hammond and Henry P. Field, both Amherst graduates, introduced Coolidge to law practice in the county seat of Hampshire County, in 1897, Coolidge was admitted to the bar, becoming a country lawyer
12.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
13.
Massachusetts
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It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the Massachusett tribe, which inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston, over 80% of Massachusetts population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution, during the 20th century, Massachusetts economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance. Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, in 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of Americas most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances, in 1786, Shays Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention. In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept the Atlantic World, in the late 18th century, Boston became known as the Cradle of Liberty for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution. The entire Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, in the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams, both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world. Massachusetts public school students place among the top nations in the world in academic performance, the official name of the state is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. While this designation is part of the official name, it has no practical implications. Massachusetts has the position and powers within the United States as other states. Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the Algonquian language family such as the Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Mahican, and Massachusett. While cultivation of crops like squash and corn supplemented their diets, villages consisted of lodges called wigwams as well as longhouses, and tribes were led by male or female elders known as sachems. Between 1617 and 1619, smallpox killed approximately 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans, the first English settlers in Massachusetts, the Pilgrims, arrived via the Mayflower at Plymouth in 1620, and developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag people. This was the second successful permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, the event known as the First Thanksgiving was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World which lasted for three days
14.
Vice President of the United States
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The executive power of both the vice president and the president is granted under Article Two, Section One of the Constitution. The vice president is elected, together with the president. The Office of the Vice President of the United States assists, as the president of the United States Senate, the vice president votes only when it is necessary to break a tie. Additionally, pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment, the president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College. Currently, the president is usually seen as an integral part of a presidents administration. The Constitution does not expressly assign the office to any one branch, causing a dispute among scholars whether it belongs to the executive branch, the legislative branch, or both. The modern view of the president as a member of the executive branch is due in part to the assignment of executive duties to the vice president by either the president or Congress. Mike Pence of Indiana is the 48th and current vice president and he assumed office on January 20,2017. The formation of the office of vice president resulted directly from the compromise reached at the Philadelphia Convention which created the Electoral College, the delegates at Philadelphia agreed that each state would receive a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that states allocation of Representatives and Senators. The delegates assumed that electors would typically choose to favor any candidate from their state over candidates from other states, under a plurality election process, this would tend to result in electing candidates solely from the largest states. Consequently, the delegates agreed that presidents must be elected by a majority of the number of electors. To guard against such stratagems, the Philadelphia delegates specified that the first runner-up presidential candidate would become vice president, the process for selecting the vice president was later modified in the Twelfth Amendment. Each elector still receives two votes, but now one of those votes is for president, while the other is for vice president. The requirement that one of those votes be cast for a candidate not from the electors own state remains in effect. S, other statutorily granted roles include membership of both the National Security Council and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. As President of the Senate, the president has two primary duties, to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over. For example, in the first half of 2001, the Senators were divided 50-50 between Republicans and Democrats and Dick Cheneys tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority, as President of the Senate, the vice president oversees procedural matters and may cast a tie-breaking vote. As President of the Senate, John Adams cast 29 tie-breaking votes that was surpassed by John C. Calhoun with 31. Adamss votes protected the presidents sole authority over the removal of appointees, influenced the location of the national capital, on at least one occasion Adams persuaded senators to vote against legislation he opposed, and he frequently addressed the Senate on procedural and policy matters
15.
Charles G. Dawes
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Charles Gates Dawes was an American banker, politician, and military general who was the 30th Vice President of the United States. For his work on the Dawes Plan for World War I reparations, Dawes served in the First World War, was the Comptroller of the Currency, the first director of the Bureau of the Budget, and, in later life, the Ambassador to the United Kingdom. Dawes was born in Marietta, Ohio, in Washington County, son of Civil War General Rufus Dawes, Rufus Dawes had commanded the 6th Wisconsin Regiment of the Iron Brigade from 1863 to 1864 during the American Civil War. Dawes, Beman Gates Dawes, and Henry May Dawes, all prominent businessmen or politicians and he also had two sisters, Mary Frances Dawes Beach, and Betsey Gates Dawes Hoyt. Dawes was a great-great-grandson of Revolutionary War figure William Dawes, in 1915, Dawes joined the Illinois Society of the Sons of the American Revolution by right of his descent from William Dawes. Dawes married Caro Blymyer in 1889 and they had a son, Rufus Fearing Dawes, and a daughter, Carolyn. They later adopted two children, Dana and Virginia and he graduated from Marietta College in 1884, and from the Cincinnati Law School in 1886. Dawes was admitted to the bar in Nebraska, and he practiced in Lincoln, Nebraska, Dawes was a self-taught pianist and a composer. His composition Melody in A Major became a piano and violin song in 1912. Marie Edwards made an arrangement of the work in 1921. Also, in 1921, it was arranged for an orchestra by Adolf G. Hoffmann. Melody in A Major was played at official functions which Dawes attended. In 1951, Carl Sigman added lyrics to Melody in A Major transforming the song into Its All in the Game, tommy Edwards recording of Its All in the Game was a number-one hit on the American Billboard record chart for six weeks in the fall of 1958. Edwards version of the song hit number one on the United Kingdom chart that year. Since then, it has become a pop standard. Dawes is the vice president to be credited with a No.1 pop hit. Dawes and Sonny Bono are the people credited with a No.1 pop hit who were also members of the United States Senate or House of Representatives. Dawes and Bob Dylan are the only credited with a No.1 pop hit to have also won a Nobel Prize
16.
Illinois
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Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars, the Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago, who created the citys famous jazz and blues cultures. Three U. S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only U. S. president born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official slogan, Land of Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the capital of Springfield. Illinois is the spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers name for the Illinois Native Americans. American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant man or men in the Miami-Illinois language and this etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for man is ireniwa and plural men is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has also said to mean tribe of superior men. The name Illinois derives from the Miami-Illinois verb irenwe·wa he speaks the regular way and this was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·. The French borrowed these forms, changing the ending to spell it as -ois. The current spelling form, Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, the Illinois name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms. American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation
17.
Chief Justice of the United States
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The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the United States federal court system and the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. The Chief Justice is one of nine Supreme Court justices, the eight are the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. From 1789 until 1866, the office was known as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice also serves as a spokesperson for the judicial branch. The Chief Justice leads the business of the Supreme Court and presides over oral arguments, when the court renders an opinion, the Chief Justice—when in the majority—decides who writes the courts opinion. The Chief Justice also has significant agenda-setting power over the courts meetings, in the case of an impeachment of a President of the United States, which has occurred twice, the Chief Justice presides over the trial in the Senate. In modern tradition, the Chief Justice also has the duty of administering the oath of office of the President of the United States. The first Chief Justice was John Jay, the 17th and current Chief Justice is John G. Roberts, Jr. The office was known as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and is still informally referred to using that title. However,28 U. S. C. §1 specifies that the title is Chief Justice of the United States, the title was changed from Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by Congress in 1866 at the suggestion of the sixth Chief Justice, Salmon P. Chase. Chase wished to emphasize the Supreme Courts role as a branch of government. The first Chief Justice commissioned using the new title was Melville Fuller in 1888, use of the previous title when referring to Chief Justices John Jay through Roger B. Taney is technically correct, as that was the title during their time on the court. The other eight members of the court are officially Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, the Chief Justice is the only member of the court to whom the Constitution refers as a Justice, and only in Article I. Article III of the Constitution refers to all members of the Supreme Court simply as Judges, the Chief Justice is nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed to sit on the Court by the United States Senate. The salary of the Chief Justice is set by Congress, the Constitution prohibits Congress from lowering the salary of any judge, including the Chief Justice, while that judge holds office. As of 2015, the salary is $258,100 per year, which is higher than that of the Associate Justices. Three serving Associate Justices have received promotions to Chief Justice, Edward Douglass White in 1910, Harlan Fiske Stone in 1941, Associate Justice Abe Fortas was nominated to the position of Chief Justice of the United States, but his nomination was filibustered by Senate Republicans in 1968. Despite the failed nomination, Fortas remained an Associate Justice until his resignation the following year, there have been 21 individuals nominated for Chief Justice, of whom 17 have been confirmed by the Senate, although a different 17 have served
18.
William Howard Taft
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William Howard Taft served as the 27th President of the United States and as the tenth Chief Justice of the United States, the only person to have held both offices. In 1921, President Warren G. Harding appointed Taft to be chief justice, Taft was born in Cincinnati in 1857. His father, Alphonso Taft, was a U. S. Attorney General, William Taft attended Yale and was a member of Skull and Bones secret society like his father, and after becoming a lawyer was appointed a judge while still in his twenties. He continued a rapid rise, being named Solicitor General and as a judge of the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, in 1901, President William McKinley appointed Taft civilian governor of the Philippines. In 1904, Roosevelt made him Secretary of War, and he became Roosevelts hand-picked successor, despite his personal ambition to become chief justice, Taft declined repeated offers of appointment to the Supreme Court of the United States, believing his political work to be more important. With Roosevelts help, Taft had little opposition for the Republican nomination for president in 1908, in the White House, he focused on East Asia more than European affairs, and repeatedly intervened to prop up or remove Latin American governments. Taft sought reductions to trade tariffs, then a source of governmental income. Controversies over conservation and over antitrust cases filed by the Taft administration served to separate the two men. Roosevelt challenged Taft for renomination in 1912, Taft used his control of the party machinery to gain a bare majority of delegates, and Roosevelt bolted the party. The split left Taft with little chance of re-election, he took only Utah, after leaving office, Taft returned to Yale as a professor, continuing his political activity and working against war through the League to Enforce Peace. In 1921, President Harding appointed Taft as chief justice, an office he had long sought, Chief Justice Taft was a conservative on business issues, but under him, there were advances in individual rights. In poor health, he resigned in February 1930, after his death the next month, he was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, the first president and first Supreme Court justice to be interred there. Taft is generally listed near the middle in historians rankings of U. S. presidents, William Howard Taft was born September 15,1857 in Cincinnati, Ohio, to Alphonso Taft and Louise Torrey. The Taft family was not wealthy, living in a modest home in the suburb of Mount Auburn, Alphonso served as a judge, ambassador and in the cabinet, as War Secretary and Attorney General under Ulysses S. Grant. William Taft was not seen as brilliant as a child, but was a worker, Tafts demanding parents pushed him and his four brothers toward success. He attended Woodward High School in Cincinnati, at Yale College, which he entered in 1874, the heavyset, jovial Taft was popular. One classmate described him succeeding through hard work rather than being the smartest, in 1878, Taft graduated, second in his class out of 121. He attended Cincinnati Law School, and graduated with a Bachelor of Laws in 1880, while in law school, he worked on The Cincinnati Commercial newspaper, edited by Murat Halstead
19.
Ohio
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Ohio /oʊˈhaɪ. oʊ/ is a Midwestern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Ohio is the 34th largest by area, the 7th most populous, the states capital and largest city is Columbus. The state takes its name from the Ohio River, the name originated from the Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning great river or large creek. Partitioned from the Northwest Territory, the state was admitted to the Union as the 17th state on March 1,1803, Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives, Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections. Six Presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state, Ohios geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo, Ohio has the nations 10th largest highway network, and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North Americas population and 70% of North Americas manufacturing capacity. To the north, Lake Erie gives Ohio 312 miles of coastline, Ohios southern border is defined by the Ohio River, and much of the northern border is defined by Lake Erie. Ohios neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Ontario Canada, to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. Ohio has only that portion of the river between the rivers 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark, the border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River. Much of Ohio features glaciated plains, with a flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills, in 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, at attempt to address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region. This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia, the worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood, the entire Miami River watershed flooded, as a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States. Grand Lake St. Marys in the west central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the era of 1820–1850. For many years this body of water, over 20 square miles, was the largest artificial lake in the world and it should be noted that Ohios canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their emergence to location on canals. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold, precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round
20.
Nicholas Longworth
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Nicholas Nick Longworth III was an American Republican politician who became Speaker of the United States House of Representatives. A lawyer by training, he was elected to the Ohio Senate, as congressman for Ohios 1st congressional district, he soon became a popular social figure of Washington, and married the president’s daughter Alice Lee Roosevelt. But their relationship cooled when he opposed her father in the Republican Party split of 1912, Longworth became Majority Leader of the House in 1923, and Speaker from 1925 to 1931. In this post, he exercised powerful leadership, tempered by charm, Longworth was the son of Nicholas Longworth II and Susan Walker. The Longworths were an old, prominent, and wealthy family which dominated Cincinnati and he had two younger sisters, Anna and Clara. Nicholas Longworth II was the son of Joseph Longworth and grandson of winemaker Nicholas Longworth I, both distinguished citizens of Cincinnati. Nicholas Longworth III attended the Franklin School, a school for boys in Cincinnati, and then went on to attend Harvard College, where he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon and the Porcellian Club. He was a talented, but not necessarily an industrious student, one friend wrote about him, after receiving his bachelors degree from Harvard, he attended Harvard Law School for one year, but transferred to and received his law degree from Cincinnati Law School in 1894. Later she observed that In Washington, Nick never had time to play his violin. In Cincinnati there were the orchestra, the College of Music, and the Conservatory to draw on, and soon we were having musical parties, at least once, and often two or three times a week. Until then I had not heard much chamber music—only an occasional concert that I felt was far too high-brow for me to try to understand. But week after week of quartets and trios at our house or at the houses of friends opened even my ears to a new capacity for hearing. We would all have dinner first, the musicians and a few others who cared for music, from then on music and yet more music until midnight and usually long after. They all played because they loved it, there never were more delightful evenings, in a letter to Longworths sister Clara, Leopold Stokowski wrote Your brother had a rare understanding of music. He penetrated directly into the spirit of music, Longworth began a law practice in Cincinnati after being admitted to the Ohio bar in 1894. His political career began with a position on the citys Board of Education in 1898, as the protégé of Republican boss George B. Cox, Longworth was elected to the Ohio General Assembly, serving in the Ohio House of Representatives in 1899 and 1900, the new representative, still a bachelor, quickly became a popular bon vivant in Washington, D. C. society. He successfully wooed Alice Lee Roosevelt, the daughter of President Theodore T. R. Roosevelt, Jr. and Alice Hathaway Lee, and they married in 1906
21.
Party leaders of the United States Senate
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The Senate Majority and Minority Leaders are two United States Senators and members of the party leadership of the United States Senate. They are elected to their positions in the Senate by their party caucuses, the Senate Democratic Caucus. By rule, the Presiding Officer gives the Majority Leader priority in obtaining recognition to speak on the floor of the Senate, the Assistant Majority and Minority Leaders of the United States Senate are the second-ranking members of each partys leadership. The main function of the Majority and Minority Whips is to gather votes on major issues, because they are the second ranking member of the Senate, if there is no floor leader present, the whip may become acting floor leader. Before 1969, the titles were Majority Whip and Minority Whip. The Senate is currently composed of 52 Republicans,46 Democrats, the current leaders are Republican Majority Leader Mitch McConnell of Kentucky and Democratic Minority Leader Chuck Schumer of New York. The current Assistant Majority Leader is Republican John Cornyn of Texas, the current Assistant Minority Leader/Whip is Democrat Dick Durbin of Illinois. The Democrats began the practice of electing floor leaders in 1920 while they were in the minority, John W. Kern was a Democratic Senator from Indiana. While the title was not official, he is considered to be the first Senate party leader from 1913 through 1917, the Constitution designates the Vice President of the United States as President of the United States Senate. The Constitution also calls for a President pro tempore to serve as the leader of the body when the President of the Senate is absent, for these reasons, it is the Majority Leader who, in practice, manages the Senate. This is in contrast to the House of Representatives where the elected Speaker of the House has a deal of discretionary power. The Democratic Party first selected a leader in 1920, the Republican Party first formally designated a leader in 1925. gov Republican Majority Democratic Minority
22.
Charles Curtis
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Charles Curtis was an American attorney and politician, elected as the 31st Vice President of the United States with President Herbert Hoover. After serving as a United States Representative and being repeatedly re-elected as United States Senator from Kansas and he also was an Executive Branch officer born in a territory rather than a state. As an attorney, Curtis entered political life at the age of 32 and he won multiple terms from his district in Topeka, Kansas, beginning in 1892 as a Republican to the US House of Representatives. He was elected to the US Senate first by the Kansas Legislature in 1906, Curtis served one six-year term from 1907 to 1913, and then most of three terms from 1915 to 1929. In these positions, he was instrumental in managing legislation and accomplishing Republican national goals, Curtis ran for Vice President with Herbert Hoover as President in 1928. When they ran again in 1932, because Hoover had failed to alleviate the Great Depression. Born on January 25,1860 in Topeka, Kansas Territory, prior to its admission as a state in January 1861 and his mother Ellen Papin was Kaw, Osage, Potawatomi, and French. His father Orren Curtis was of English, Scots, and Welsh ancestry, on his mothers side, Curtis was a descendant of chief White Plume of the Kaw Nation and chief Pawhuska of the Osage. Curtiss first words as an infant were in French and Kansa and she died when he was three, but he lived for some time with her parents on the Kaw reservation and returned to them in later years. He learned to love racing horses, later he was a successful jockey in prairie horse races. On June 1,1868,100 Cheyenne warriors invaded the Kaw Reservation, terrified white settlers took refuge in nearby Council Grove. The Kaw men painted their faces, donned regalia, and rode out on horseback to confront the Cheyenne, the rival Indian warriors put on display of superb horsemanship, accompanied with war cries and volleys of bullets and arrows. After about four hours, the Cheyenne retired with a few stolen horses, no one had been injured on either side. During the battle, Joe Jim, a Kaw interpreter, galloped 60 miles to Topeka to seek assistance from the governor, riding with Joe Jim was eight-year-old Charles Curtis, then nicknamed Indian Charley. After Curtiss mothers death in 1863, his father remarried but soon divorced, Orren Curtis was captured and imprisoned during his Civil War service, and during this period, the infant Charles was cared for by his maternal grandparents. They helped him gain possession of his mothers land in North Topeka and his father tried unsuccessfully to get control of this land. Orren Curtis married a third time and had a daughter, Theresa Permelia Dolly Curtis, Curtis was strongly influenced by both sets of grandparents. After living on the reservation with his grandparents, M. Papin and Julie Gonville
23.
Kansas
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Kansas /ˈkænzəs/ is a U. S. state located in the Midwestern United States. Its capital is Topeka and its largest city is Wichita, Kansas is named after the Kansa Native American tribe, which inhabited the area. The tribes name is said to mean people of the wind or people of the south wind. For thousands of years, what is now Kansas was home to numerous, tribes in the eastern part of the state generally lived in villages along the river valleys. Tribes in the part of the state were semi-nomadic and hunted large herds of bison. When it was opened to settlement by the U. S. Thus, the area was a hotbed of violence and chaos in its early days as these forces collided. The abolitionists eventually prevailed, and on January 29,1861, after the Civil War, the population of Kansas grew rapidly when waves of immigrants turned the prairie into farmland. By 2015, Kansas was one of the most productive agricultural states, producing high yields of wheat, corn, sorghum, and soybeans. Kansas, which has an area of 82,278 square miles is the 15th largest state by area and is the 34th most populous of the 50 United States with a population of 2,911,641, residents of Kansas are called Kansans, officially. Mount Sunflower is Kansass highest point at 4,041 feet, for a millennia, the land that is currently Kansas was inhabited by Native Americans. The first European to set foot in present-day Kansas was Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, in 1803, most of modern Kansas was secured by the United States as part of the Louisiana Purchase. Southwest Kansas, however, was still a part of Spain, Mexico, from 1812 to 1821, Kansas was part of the Missouri Territory. The Santa Fe Trail traversed Kansas from 1821 to 1880, transporting manufactured goods from Missouri and silver and furs from Santa Fe, wagon ruts from the trail are still visible in the prairie today. In 1827, Fort Leavenworth became the first permanent settlement of white Americans in the future state, the Kansas–Nebraska Act became law on May 30,1854, establishing the U. S. territories of Nebraska and Kansas, and opening the area to broader settlement by whites. Kansas Territory stretched all the way to the Continental Divide and included the sites of present-day Denver, Colorado Springs, Missouri and Arkansas sent settlers into Kansas all along its eastern border. These settlers attempted to sway votes in favor of slavery, the secondary settlement of Americans in Kansas Territory were abolitionists from Massachusetts and other Free-Staters, who attempted to stop the spread of slavery from neighboring Missouri. Directly presaging the American Civil War, these forces collided, entering into skirmishes that earned the territory the name of Bleeding Kansas, Kansas was admitted to the United States as a free state on January 29,1861, making it the 34th state to enter the Union. He was roundly condemned by both the conventional Confederate military and the partisan rangers commissioned by the Missouri legislature and his application to that body for a commission was flatly rejected due to his pre-war criminal record
24.
United States Congress
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The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington, D. C, both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment. Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party, Congress has 535 voting members,435 Representatives and 100 Senators. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members and these members can, however, sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation. Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency, known as a district. Congressional districts are apportioned to states by using the United States Census results. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, currently, there are 100 senators representing the 50 states. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a term, with terms staggered. The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process—legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers, however, the Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue-raising bills, the House initiates impeachment cases, while the Senate decides impeachment cases. A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before a person can be forcibly removed from office. The term Congress can also refer to a meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years, the current one, the 115th Congress, began on January 3,2017, the Congress starts and ends on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, members of the House of Representatives are referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played a role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. Several academics described Congress, Congress reflects us in all our strengths, Congress is the governments most representative body. Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the public policy issues of the day. —Smith, Roberts, and Wielen Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux, most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent
25.
69th United States Congress
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It met in Washington, D. C. from March 4,1925 to March 4,1927, during the third and fourth years of Calvin Coolidges presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Thirteenth Decennial Census of the United States in 1910, both chambers had a Republican majority. A special session of the Senate was called by President Coolidge on February 14,1925. Impeachment of Judge George W. English — On April 1,1926, both Houses adjourned on July 3,1926, with the Senate scheduled to reconvene on November 10,1926 as a Court of Impeachment. English resigned before the impeachment trial began, the Senate met as planned on November 10,1926 to adjourn the court of impeachment sine die. On December 13,1926 the Senate, acting on advice from the House managers of the impeachment, january 17,1927, U. S. Supreme Court held that Congress has the power to compel witness and testimony. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the Changes in membership section, american Labor,1 Democratic,183 Farmer-Labor,3 Republican,247 Socialist,1 TOTAL members,435 President, Charles G. Dawes President pro tempore, Albert B. Cummins, elected March 4,1925 George H. Moses, elected March 6,1925 Majority Leader, Charles Curtis Majority Whip, Wesley L. Jones Republican Conference Secretary, James Wolcott Wadsworth Jr. Minority Leader, Joseph T. Robinson Minority Whip, Peter G. Gerry Democratic Caucus Secretary, William H. King Speaker, Nicholas Longworth Majority Leader, senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district. Senators were elected two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, the count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress. Page Clerk at the Speaker’s Table, Lehr Fess, resigned February 1,1927 Lewis Deschler, appointed February 1,1927 Doorkeeper, Bert W. Kennedy Postmaster, Frank W. Collier Sergeant at Arms, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, biographical Directory of the U. S. Congress U. S. House of Representatives, House History U. S. Senate, Statistics and Lists Official Congressional Directory for the 69th Congress, 1st Session. Official Congressional Directory for the 69th Congress, 1st Session, Official Congressional Directory for the 69th Congress, 2nd Session. Official Congressional Directory for the 69th Congress, 2nd Session
26.
70th United States Congress
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It met in Washington, D. C. from March 4,1927 to March 4,1929, during the last two years of Calvin Coolidges presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Thirteenth Decennial Census of the United States in 1910, both chambers had a Republican majority. November 6,1928, U. S. Senate elections, Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the Changes in membership section. This list is arranged by chamber, then by state, senators are listed in order of seniority at the beginning of this Congress. Senators were elected two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, members of the House of Representatives are listed by district. The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress. McCarl Librarian of Congress, Herbert Putnam Public Printer of the United States, George H. Carter Chaplain, John J. Muir, ZeBarney T. Phillips, from December 5,1927 Secretary, thayer Sergeant at Arms, David S. Barry Chaplain, James S. Page Doorkeeper, Bert W. Kennedy Sergeant at Arms, Joseph G. Rodgers Parliamentarian, Lewis Deschler Postmaster, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, biographical Directory of the U. S. Congress U. S. House of Representatives, House History U. S. Senate, Statistics and Lists Official Congressional Directory for the 70th Congress, 1st Session. Official Congressional Directory for the 70th Congress, 1st Session, Official Congressional Directory for the 70th Congress, 2nd Session
27.
Governor of Alabama
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The Governor of Alabama is the chief executive of the U. S. state of Alabama. The governor is the head of the branch of Alabamas state government and is charged with enforcing state laws. The governor has the power to approve or veto bills passed by the Alabama Legislature, to convene the legislature. The governor is also the commander-in-chief of the military forces. There have officially been 53 governors of the state of Alabama, the first governor, William Wyatt Bibb, served as the only governor of the Alabama Territory. Five people have served as acting governor, bringing the number of people serving as governor to 58. Four governors have served multiple terms, Bibb Graves, Jim Folsom. Officially, these terms are numbered only with the number of their first term. William D. Jelks also served non-consecutive terms, but his first term was in an acting capacity, the longest-serving governor was George Wallace, who served sixteen years over four terms. The shortest term for a governor was that of Hugh McVay, who served four. Lurleen Wallace, wife of George Wallace, was the first and so far only woman to serve as governor of Alabama, the current governor is Republican Robert J. Bentley, who took office on January 17,2011. For the period before Alabama Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of Mississippi Territory, Alabama Territory was formed on March 3,1817, from Mississippi Territory. It had only one appointed by the President of the United States before it became a state. Alabama was admitted to the Union on December 14,1819, following the end of the American Civil War, Alabama during Reconstruction was part of the Third Military District, which exerted some control over governor appointments and elections. Alabama was readmitted to the Union on July 14,1868, the first Alabama Constitution, ratified in 1819, provided that a governor be elected every two years, limited to serve no more than four out of every six years. This limit remained in place until the constitution of 1868, which simply allowed governors to serve terms of two years, the current constitution of 1901 increased terms to four years, but prohibited governors from succeeding themselves. Amendment 282 to the constitution, passed in 1968, allowed governors to succeed themselves once, the constitution had no set date for the commencement of a governors term until 1901, when it was set at the first Monday after the second Tuesday in the January following an election. The office of lieutenant governor was created in 1868, abolished in 1875, earlier constitutions said the powers of the governor devolved upon the successor, rather than them necessarily becoming governor, but the official listing includes these as full governors
28.
William W. Brandon
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William Woodward Brandon was an American Democratic politician who was the 37th governor of Alabama from 1923 to 1927. Born June 5,1868, in Talladega, Alabama, the son of a minister, Rev. Frank T. J. Brandon and he attended Cedar Bluff Institute and Tuscaloosa High School, and studied law at the University of Alabama from 1891 to 1892. While still a law student, the colorful Brandon was elected City Clerk of Tuscaloosa and he set up a law practice in Tuscaloosa in 1892, and was appointed a justice of the peace the same year. As a member of the Warrior National Guard from 1886, Brandon eventually led the unit as a major of the U. S. Army in the Spanish–American War. Appointed Adjutant General of the Alabama National Guard in 1899 by Governor William J. Samford, Brandon was a member of the Alabama House of Representatives from 1896 to 1901. In 1906 he was elected to the office of State Auditor, from 1911 until 1923 he served as the Probate Judge of Tuscaloosa County. Judge Brandon was a candidate for governor twice, losing in 1918 to Thomas E. Kilby but defeating Bibb Graves in 1922 with a calling for economy in government. As governor, he kept his promise to levy no new taxes. On leaving office, he left the treasury with a surplus. He also strengthened child labor laws and created the Alabama Forestry Commission, Brandon left the state for 21 days in 1924, under the 1901 state constitution, if a governor is out of the state for more than 20 days, the lieutenant governor becomes acting governor. Thus, Charles McDowell became Governor of Alabama for July 10 and 11,1924, known as Plain Bill, Brandon led the Alabama delegation to the 1924 Democratic National Convention, the first such convention to be broadcast via radio. Neither candidate was able to get the required two-thirds of the delegates as critical delegations, including Alabamas, in Alabamas case, the favorite son was Senator Oscar Underwood. The Convention became the longest continually running convention in history, as 103 ballots were taken before a compromise candidate, John W. Davis, was nominated. Alabama, as the first state alphabetically, led every ballot, for a time, his booming southern drawl, heard on the radio again and again declaring Alabama casts twenty-four votes for Oscar W. Underwood, became one of the most recognizable voices in the country. After leaving the governorship in 1927, Brandon was appointed to his office of Probate Judge of Tuscaloosa County by his onetime political opponent Governor Graves. Brandon married Elizabeth Andrews Nabors, a widow with two daughters, on June 27,1900 and he died in Tuscaloosa aged 66 on December 7,1934, and is interred at Tuscaloosa Memorial Park. Biography from the Alabama Department of Archives and History
29.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
30.
Bibb Graves
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David Bibb Graves was a Democratic politician and the 38th Governor of Alabama 1927-1931 and 1935–1939, the first Alabama governor to serve two four-year terms. Graves was born in Hope Hull, Alabama, son of David and Mattie Bibb Graves, Graves father died when he was one year old, and he was reared first by his paternal grandfather on an Alabama farm and then by an uncle in Texas. Graves attended the University of Alabama, where he was a member of the inaugural football team. After graduating with a degree in engineering, Graves earned a degree from Yale Law School. Graves was then elected to the Alabama legislature and later served as the city attorney in Montgomery, as adjutant general of the Alabama National Guard, he helped organize the 1st Alabama Cavalry and served on the Mexican border in 1916. In World War I, Graves commanded as a colonel the 117th U. S. Field Artillery in France, and upon his return to Alabama, he helped organize the state section of the American Legion. Graves lost his first campaign for governor in 1922, but four years later, with the endorsement of the Ku Klux Klan. After receiving solid gold passports from the Klan, Graves and Black were collectively known in some Alabama circles as The Gold Dust Twins. As governor, Graves earned a reputation as a reformer, abolishing the convict leasing system and raising taxes on utilities, railroads. During his second administration he supported Franklin D. Roosevelts “court packing” plan. Graves appointed his own wife, Dixie Bibb Graves, to serve the remainder of Blacks term and she thus became Alabamas first woman U. S. senator. Graves was a member of Phi Beta Kappa and an elder of the Christian Church, the historically black Alabama A&M University has a Bibb Graves Hall, and the historically black Alabama State University has a womens dormitory named Bibb Graves Hall. Jacksonville State University also has a building named Bibb Graves Hall. Bob Jones University had a hall named for Graves until 2011. Bibb Graves High School in Millerville, Clay County, Alabama, a bridge in Wetumpka, Elmore County, Alabama, built in 1937, is named for Graves. Dictionary of American Biography William E. Gilbert, Bibb Graves as a Progressive, 1927-1930, Alabama Review 10, new York Times, March 15,1942,43. Arnold S. Rice, The Ku Klux Klan in American Politics David Bibb Graves
31.
Governor of Arizona
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The Governor of Arizona is the head of the executive branch of Arizonas state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. Twenty-two people have served as governor over 26 distinct terms, one governor, Evan Mecham, was successfully impeached, and one, Fife Symington III, resigned upon being convicted of a felony. The longest-serving governor was Hunt, who was elected seven times, bolin had the shortest tenure, dying less than five months after succeeding as governor. Four governors were born in Arizona, Campbell, Sidney Preston Osborn, Rose Mofford. Arizona has had four governors, the most in the United States. The current Governor is Doug Ducey, who was elected on November 4,2014 and this proposed territory consisted of the part of New Mexico Territory south of 33°40 N. On April 2, they elected a governor, Lewis Owings, the provisional territory was to exist until such time as an official territory was created, but that proposal was rejected by the U. S. Congress at the time. On March 16,1861, soon before the American Civil War broke out, Lewis Owings remained as territorial governor. The Confederacy took ownership of the territory on August 1,1861, when led by Lieutenant Colonel John Baylor won decisive control of the territory. The territory was organized on February 14,1862, on March 20,1862, Baylor issued an order to kill all the adult Apache and take their children into slavery. When Confederate President Jefferson Davis learned of this order, he strongly disapproved and demanded an explanation. Baylor wrote a letter December 29,1862, to justify his decision, by that time, the government of Confederate Arizona was in exile in San Antonio, Texas, as the territory had been effectively lost to Union forces in July 1862, no new governor was appointed. For the period before Arizona Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of New Mexico Territory, Arizona Territory was formed on February 24,1863 from New Mexico Territory, remaining a territory for 49 years. On January 18,1867, the corner of the territory was transferred to the state of Nevada. The state of Arizona was admitted to the Union on February 14,1912, the state constitution of 1912 called for the election of a governor every two years. The term was increased to four years by a 1968 amendment, gubernatorial terms begin on the first Monday in the January following the election. Governors who have served the two term limit can run again after four years out of office. Arizona is one of seven states which does not have a lieutenant governor, instead, in the event of a vacancy in the office of governor, the Secretary of State, if elected, succeeds to the office
32.
George W. P. Hunt
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George Wylie Paul Hunt was an American politician and businessman. He was the first Governor of Arizona, serving a total of seven terms, in addition, Hunt served in both houses of the Arizona Territorial Legislature and was posted as U. S. Calling himself the Old Walrus, Hunt was 5 feet 9 inches tall, close to 300 pounds, bald, Hunt was also an opponent of capital punishment and a supporter of organized labor. Hunt was born in Huntsville, Missouri, to George Washington and his family was originally well-to-do, with the town of Huntsville having been named for Hunts grandfather, but lost its fortune as a result of the American Civil War. After being educated in a combination of public and private schools, for three years, his family believed he had been killed by Indians while Hunt traveled through Kansas, Colorado and rafted down the Rio Grande. Hunt arrived in Globe, Arizona, his home for the rest of his life and his first job was as a waiter in the Pasco Café. This was followed by a series of odd jobs, including a mucker in a mine and work on a cattle ranch, early experience in the grocery department led Hunt to perform most of his households shopping. The store was purchased by a concern, the Old Dominion Commercial Company. Following his election as governor, he sold his company stock, Hunt married Helen Duett Ellison in Holbrook, Arizona, on February 24,1904. The couple had a daughter, named Virginia. Hunts personal interests included cultivation of rare shrubs and trees along with collection of Southwestern Indian art and he was a Freemason and an Oddfellow. Hunts first foray into politics was an unsuccessful 1890 run for county recorder of Gila County and this was followed by successful runs for the Territorial House of Representatives in 1892 and 1894. During his first term as a Representative, Hunt sponsored legislation authorizing a US$5,000 reward for capture of the Apache Kid, after two terms in the lower house Hunt successfully ran for a seat in the upper house, the Council, in 1896. During the 1897 legislative session, he sponsored legislation requiring children between eight and fourteen years of age attend school for a minimum of twelve weeks per year, Hunt was reelected to the Council in 1898 before voluntarily leaving politics till 1904. Upon reentering politics, he was elected to the council in 1904,1906. During the 23rd Arizona Territorial Legislature, Hunt was President of the Council but was unable to secure passage of his bill providing primary elections to nominate political candidates, during the 1907 legislative session he secured passage of a bill outlawing gambling within the territory. During his final session, Hunt once again served as President of the Council. Following passage of Arizonas Enabling Act, an election was called to select delegates to a constitutional convention, Hunt won election as one of five delegates from Gila County
33.
Governor of Arkansas
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The Governor of Arkansas is the head of the executive branch of Arkansass state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. The state has had 45 elected governors, as well as 10 acting governors who assumed powers and duties following the resignation or death of the governor, before becoming a state, Arkansas Territory had four governors appointed to it by the President of the United States. Orval Faubus served the longest term as governor, being elected six times to serve twelve years. Bill Clinton, elected five times over two terms, fell only one month short of twelve years. The current governor is Asa Hutchinson, who took office on January 13,2015 after his election on November 4,2014, for the period before Arkansas Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of Missouri Territory. Arkansaw Territory was split from Missouri Territory on July 4,1819 and it lost land twice, on November 15,1824, and May 6,1828, with the land being made unorganized territory both times, this land eventually became part of Oklahoma. As secretary of the territory from 1819 to 1829, Robert Crittenden served as acting governor whenever the governor was not in the state. This meant he was in fact the first person to perform the office of Governor of Arkansas Territory, Arkansas was admitted to the Union on June 15,1836. It seceded from the Union on May 6,1861, following the end of the American Civil War, it was part of the Fourth Military District. Arkansas was readmitted to the Union on June 22,1868, the first state constitution of 1836 established four-year terms for governors, which was lowered to two years in the 1874, and current, constitution. Amendment 63 to the Arkansas Constitution, passed in 1984, increased the terms of governor and lieutenant governor to four years. Governors were originally limited only to serving no more than eight out of twelve years. A referendum in 1992 limited governors to two terms and this led to some situations where the governorship changed hands in quick succession, due to senate terms ending or new senate presidents being elected. For example, after John Sebastian Little resigned in 1907, three senate presidents acted as governor before the elected governor took office. Should the president of the senate be similarly incapacitated, the next in line for the governorship was the speaker of the house of representatives. The 1864 constitution created the office of lieutenant governor who would act as president of the senate. The 1868 constitution maintained the position, but the 1874 constitution removed it, amendment 6 to the constitution, passed in 1914 but not recognized until 1925, recreated the office of lieutenant governor, who becomes governor in case of vacancy of the governors office. The governor and lieutenant governor are not elected on the same ticket, Arkansas was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only candidates from the Democratic party
34.
Tom Jefferson Terral
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Thomas Jefferson Terral was the 27th Governor of Arkansas. Terral was born in Union Parish in northern Louisiana and he attended the University of Kentucky at Lexington, Kentucky, and transferred to the University of Arkansas School of Law in Fayetteville, from which he graduated in 1910. He was admitted to the bar in 1910, and established a law practice in Little Rock. He also worked as a school teacher, from 1911 to 1915, Terral worked as an assistant secretary of the Arkansas Senate where he learned the mechanics of state politics. In addition to the Senate position, Terral served as deputy superintendent of public instruction from 1912 to 1916. These dual positions allowed Terral to assembly a range of political contacts. In 1916, Terral was elected Arkansas Secretary of State and served two terms from 1917 to 1921. He ran unsuccessfully for governor in the 1920 Democratic primary, having lost to Thomas Chipman McRae, preparing to run again for governor in 1924, Terral joined the Ku Klux Klan in Morehouse Parish, which adjoins his native Union Parish. Apparently, he was rejected for Klan membership by various chapters in Arkansas, Terral also defeated John Ellis Martineau, who came back in 1926 to unseat Terral in the primary. Terral received 99,598 votes to Grabiels 25,152, Terral served as governor from 1925 to 1927. During Terrals term the first state park was opened at Petit Jean Mountain, construction of the state hospital was commenced during his tenure and the post of Commissioner of Insurance and Revenue was created. After his term as governor, Terral never again sought public office and returned to his law practice in Little Rock. Terral is interred at Roselawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Little Rock and he and his wife, Eula Terral, originally from Pine Bluff in Jefferson County, had no children. List of Governors of Arkansas Tom Jefferson Terral at Find a Grave Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture entry, Thomas Jefferson Terral State of Arkansas Governors
35.
John Ellis Martineau
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John Ellis Martineau was the 28th Governor of Arkansas, having served for less than one term from 1927 to 1928. His term was marked by the Great Mississippi Flood, when he was named president of the Tri-State Flood Commission, after graduation, he served as a school administrator. From 1902 to 1905, he was a member of the Arkansas House of Representatives and he was appointed chancellor of the First Chancery Court in 1907 and served in that capacity until 1927. While serving in that court he issued a writ of habeas corpus for defendants in the criminal prosecutions arising out of the Elaine Race Riot in Phillips County in eastern Arkansas. Although the Arkansas Supreme Court later vacated that order, it allowed the defendants time to avoid execution. Their guilty verdicts were reversed by the United States Supreme Court in its groundbreaking decision in Moore v. Dempsey. Martineau ran unsuccessfully for governor in the 1924 Democratic primary, Martineau received 76.5 percent of the vote to Bowerss 23.6 percent. Bowers was an assistant U. S. attorney for the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas in both the Coolidge and Eisenhower administrations, Martineau was the first governor of Arkansas to broadcast his inaugural address on radio. The Martineau administration established a Confederate pensions board and authorized state aid to cities for highway construction through the Martineau Road Plan. Governor Martineau was forced to deal with a crisis when the Mississippi River broke free of its banks. Martineau was named president of the Tri-State Flood Commission, in May 1927, Martineau called out the National Guard in response to the lynching of an African-American prisoner by a mob of 2,000 to 5,000 people in Little Rock. The appointment was recommended by then United States Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover, the selection stood in sharp contrast to the partisanship usually evident in the selection of federal judges. Martineau served in this position until his death nearly a decade later in Little Rock, Martineau earned the reputation of fairness, integrity, and as a progressive politician. His role in politics and effective management of crisis situations further secured his reputation as one of Arkansas better governors. Martineau died in 1937 from influenza and like numerous Arkansas governors is interred at Roselawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Little Rock, list of Governors of Arkansas Moore v. Dempsey Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture entry, John Ellis Martineau
36.
Governor of California
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The position was created in 1849, the year before California became a state. The current governor is Jerry Brown, a Democrat who was inaugurated January 3,2011, in October 2013, Jerry Brown surpassed Earl Warren for the longest cumulative period of time served as governor. Governors are elected by ballot and serve terms of four years. Governors take office on the first Monday after January 1 after their election, there are two methods available to remove a governor before the expiration of the gubernatorial term of office. Impeachment and removal by the legislature The governor can be impeached for misconduct in office by the State Assembly, recall by the voters Petitions signed by California state voters equal in number to 12% of the last vote for the office of governor can launch a gubernatorial recall election. The voters can vote on whether or not to recall the incumbent governor. If a majority of the voters in the vote to recall the governor. The 2003 California recall began with a drive that successfully forced sitting Democratic Governor Gray Davis into a special recall election. It marked the first time in the history of California that a governor faced a recall election and he was subsequently voted out of office, becoming the second governor in the history of the United States to be recalled after Lynn Frazier of North Dakota in 1921. He was replaced by Republican Arnold Schwarzenegger, the Lieutenant Governor of California is separately elected during the same election, not jointly as the running mate of the gubernatorial candidate. California has had a governor and a lieutenant governor of different parties 26 of the past 31 years, the lieutenant governor is also the President of the California State Senate. In practice, there is an agreement for the Lieutenant Governor not to perform more than perfunctory duties while the Governor is away from the state. This agreement was violated when Mike Curb was in office, as he signed several executive orders at odds with the Brown administration when Brown was out of the state. Court rulings have upheld the lieutenant governors right to perform the duties, peter Burnett had the longest post-governorship,44 years. He left office in 1851 and died in 1895, excluding governors who died in office, Robert Waterman had the shortest post-governorship. He died on April 12,1891, a three months and four days after the expiration of his term. Sworn in at the age of 30, J. Neely Johnson was the youngest governor from 1856 to 1858, sworn in at the age of 72, Jerry Brown became the oldest governor in 2011. Earl Warren was the governor to serve more than two consecutive terms in office
37.
Friend Richardson
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Friend William Richardson, was an American newspaper publisher and politician. William Richardson was born in December 1865 to William and Rhoda Richardson at Friends Colony, Michigan, early in his life, William legally changed his first name to Friend, the traditional Quaker greeting. In his young life, Richardson worked as a county clerk and law librarian. Five years later, Richardson became the owner and newspaper editor of The San Bernardino Times Index, in 1900, Richardson relocated to Berkeley where he purchased within a year The Berkeley Daily Gazette and became active in the California Press Association. Due to greater recognition, Richardson was increasingly noticed by the state government. In 1901, Richardson was appointed as Superintendent of the State Printing Office with the consent of the California State Legislature and Governor Henry Gage. The Richardson family relocated to Sacramento where he assumed state printing responsibilities, while at the same time, in 1914, Richardson officially entered politics, running as a Progressive for California State Treasurer. Richardson easily defeated his Socialist and Prohibitionist rivals by a gap of 66 percent.2 percent of the vote. After two successful terms as treasurer, Richardson set his sights on the governorship as the Republican Partys nomination in 1922. Running against incumbent William Stephens in the primary election, Richardson campaigned on a conservative platform. The campaign worked, successfully defeating Governor Stephens and effectively returned the state Republican Party to a conservative bent. With Stephens out of the 1922 general election, Richardson faced Democrat Thomas L. Woolwine, amongst Richardsons supporters in the election were the Ku Klux Klan, which deeply opposed Woolwines Catholicism, as well as being an organization that was rumored to count Richardson as a member. His campaign manager in the election, California State Assemblyman Frank Merriam, in the end, Richardson triumphed in the election, defeating Woolwine by nearly 24 percent of the vote. Richardson began his governorship on January 9,1923, promising a no-frills administration to cut governmental expenditures. In 1911 the people did a job of political house cleaning, Richardson spoke, alluding the Hiram Johnson. During the past few years another great political machine has come into power which has cost the people millions of dollars and it will be necessary to first wreck this political machine before the state can be put on an economical basis and the government again handed back to the people. Richardson embarked on a program to eliminate unnecessary boards and officers, by consolidation, in his various modifications to the state bureaucracy, Richardson appointed various individuals that were favorable to corporate interests. A proposal by Richardson to close two state universities, believing that education had become too costly for state coffers, was defeated by the Progressives
38.
C. C. Young
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Clement Calhoun Young was an American teacher and politician who was affiliated with the original Progressive Party and later the Republican Party. He was elected to five terms in the California State Assembly, serving from 1909 to 1919, then as the 28th lieutenant governor of California. In the 1926 general election, he was elected in a victory as the 26th governor of California. Young is considered to have one of the last governors from the Progressive movement. Born in Lisbon, New Hampshire, Young moved to California at an early age, students at Lowell popularly nicknamed Young C-Square, due to his initializing of his first and middle names, Clement Calhoun. In 1904, Young, along with Charles Mills Gayley, published The Principles, published and distributed by the Macmillan Company. While teaching, he established his home in Berkeley, where he lived until his death, Young was a close friend of realtor and conservationist Duncan McDuffie, and worked for Mason-McDuffie, a real estate general partnership based in Berkeley. Young would work or consult for Mason-McDuffie until 1944 and he also helped McDuffie, who had served as president of the Save the Redwoods League and Sierra Club, establish the State Parks system upon his election as governor. After his departure from Lowell in 1906, Young became involved in state politics, in 1908, he was elected to the California State Assembly for the district that included Berkeley. In the Assembly, Young became an ally of Governor Hiram Johnson and quickly rose through the chambers ranks. In the following years elections, Young was elected as a member of the Progressive Party. In the 1918 general elections, Young won the race for Lieutenant Governor of California, in the 1920 U. S. presidential election, Young was a member of the Electoral College. By 1926, frustration within inner Republican ranks with the fiscally conservative governorship of Friend Richardson had reached its zenith, in the gubernatorial primary election, Progressive Republicans overcame conservative and corporate opposition to win the nomination for Young, knocking Richardson out of the general election. In the 1926 general election campaign, Young earned vocal support from former governor Hiram Johnson, Young won in a landslide, garnering 71.3 percent of the vote and crushing his rivals, who included Democrat Justus S. Wardell and Socialist author Upton Sinclair. Beginning his governorship on January 4,1927, Youngs agenda included reorganizing the states various commissions, in his first year of office, Young signed a bill passed by the California State Legislature authorizing the creation of a California State Parks Commission. Headed by Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. the survey commission investigated lands across the state suitable for state protection, a year later in a voter initiative supported by Young, state voters approved the creation of California State Park system. In 1919, Whitney had been arrested in Oakland after defying civic authorities in making a speech in behalf of John McHugh, following the high courts decision, Young granted Whitney an unconditional pardon, believing that putting her into a cell was unthinkable. On November 23,1927, inmates at Folsom Prison rioted, taking control of a majority of the interior facilities, the heavy show of military force in full view of the rioters forced the revolting prisoners to capitulate peacefully
39.
Governor of Colorado
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The Governor of the State of Colorado is the head of the executive branch of Colorados state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. Seven people served as governor of Colorado Territory over eight terms, since statehood, there have been 36 governors, serving 41 distinct terms. The longest-serving governors were Richard Dick Lamm and Roy Romer, who served twelve years over three terms. Thus, Peabody served only a few minutes as governor, the current governor is John Hickenlooper, who took office on January 11,2011. The self-proclaimed Provisional Government of the Territory of Jefferson was organized on November 7,1859, Jefferson Territory included all of present-day Colorado, but extended about 3 miles farther east,138 miles farther north, and about 50 miles farther west. The territory was never recognized by the government in the tumultuous days before the American Civil War. The Jefferson Territory had only one governor, Robert Williamson Steele and he proclaimed the territory dissolved on June 6,1861, several months after the official formation of the Colorado Territory, but only days after the arrival of its first governor. For the period before Colorado Territory was formed, see the lists of Governors of New Mexico Territory, Utah Territory, Kansas Territory, the State of Colorado was admitted to the Union on August 1,1876. To serve as governor, one must be at least 30 years old, be a citizen of the United States, and have been a resident of the state for at least two years prior to election. The state constitution of 1876 originally called for election of the governor two years, with their term beginning on the second Tuesday of the January following the election. An amendment passed in 1956, taking effect in 1959, increased terms to four years, originally, there was no term limit applied to the governor, a 1990 amendment allowed governors to succeed themselves only once. There is however no limit on the number of terms one may serve as long as one who has served the two term limit is out of office for four years. Should the office of governor become vacant, the lieutenant governor becomes governor, the lieutenant governor was elected separately from the governor until a 1968 amendment to the constitution made it so that they are elected on the same ticket. There are four living former governors of Colorado, the oldest being Roy Romer, the most recent death of a former governor was that of John David Vanderhoof, who died on September 19,2013
40.
Clarence Morley
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Clarence Joseph Morley was the 24th Governor of Colorado from 1925 to 1927, serving one two-year term. Before becoming governor he was a judge in Denver, Colorado and he was virulently anti-Catholic and is reputedly one of the most extreme governors in the states history. After office, Morley established C. J. Morley & Company, a brokerage firm in Indianapolis, Indiana. Welcome to Kolorado, Klan Kountry, When the Invisible Empire ran the state, only one major city escaped, Colorado Springs, Local News, Cover Story, Colorado Springs Indepe. at www. csindy. com
41.
Billy Adams
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William Herbert Adams, better known as Billy Adams, was the 25th Governor of the State of Colorado, United States, from 1927 until 1933. Adams was born in Blue Mounds, Wisconsin, in 1878, when he was 17, Adams moved to Alamosa, Colorado. He was later elected to City Treasurer, then Mayor of Alamosa, in 1886, he was elected to the Colorado General Assembly as a member of the Colorado House of Representatives. In 1888, he was elected to the Colorado Senate where he served until 1926, in 1921, during his term as Colorado Senate Senator, Adams received approval on a bill that formed Alamosa State Normal School in Alamosa, Colorado. The college’s name was changed to Adams State Teachers College in honor of its founder. Adams died on February 4,1954, in Alamosa, Colorado, john Adams, Billys father, was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly and the Wisconsin State Senate. Billy’s older brother, Alva Adams, was governor of Colorado from 1887 to 1889, from 1897 to 1899. Billys nephew, Alva Blanchard Adams, was a United States Senator from Colorado from 1923 until 1925, Governor of the State of Colorado List of Governors of Colorado The Governor William H. Adams Collection at the Colorado State Archives Billy Adams at Find a Grave
42.
Governor of Connecticut
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The Governor of Connecticut is the elected head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The current governor is Dan Malloy, who took office on January 5,2011, Connecticut is among the few U. S. states that includes its colonial governors of Connecticut Colony in an unbroken list of chief executives spanning over 350 years to the present day. John Haynes became the first governor in 1639, the first incumbent after the Revolution, Jonathan Trumbull, is therefore numbered the sixteenth governor of Connecticut. For the period before independence, see the list of governors of Connecticut. Connecticut was one of the original Thirteen Colonies and was admitted as a state on January 9,1788, before it declared its independence, Connecticut was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain. Like most early states, Connecticut had claims to western areas and it maintained its Western Reserve until 1800, at which time it was reassigned to the Northwest Territory. There have been 68 governors of the state, serving 72 distinct spans in office, the longest terms in office were in the states early years, when four governors were elected to nine or more one-year terms. The shortest term was that of Hiram Bingham III, who served one day before resigning to take an elected seat in the U. S. Senate. Lowell P. Weicker, Jr. is noted for a third party win in American politics. The Governor of Connecticut is the head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The governor has a duty to enforce laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Connecticut General Assembly. Unusual among U. S. governors, the Governor of Connecticut has no power to pardon, the Governor of Connecticut is automatically a member of the states Bonding Commission. He is a member of the Board of Trustees of the University of Connecticut. The current Constitution of Connecticut, ratified in 1965, calls for a term for the governor. The previous constitution of 1818 originally had only a term for governor. The 1875 amendment also set the date of the term to its current date, before then. The constitution provides for the election of a lieutenant governor for the term as the governor. The two offices are elected on the ticket, this provision was added in 1962
43.
John H. Trumbull
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John Harper Trumbull was an American politician who served as the 70th Governor of Connecticut. Trumbull was born in Ashford, Connecticut son of Hugh Homer Trumbull, despite his name, he was not related to the previous governors of Connecticut of the same name, but was the son of Irish immigrants who moved to Ashford in the early 1870s to run a farm. The family later moved to Plainville, Connecticut and he served as President of that company from 1911 to 1944. It later became part of General Electric, Trumbull joined the First Connecticut Infantry in 1891, finally reaching the rank of colonel in the State Guard. Trumbull served in the Connecticut Senate and he served as President pro tempore of the Connecticut Senate. Elected the 59th Lieutenant Governor in November 1924, Trumbull held that office from January 7 to January 8,1925, as the Governor, Hiram Bingham III, resigned after one day as a governor to become a U. S. Senator. Trumbull had learned to pilot his own airplanes and was dubbed The Flying Governor because he flew into Robertson Field Airport in Plainville. Trumbull was a conservative Republican and made sure to balance the State budget and he also sought to assist Connecticuts businesses. During his terms in office, the government started a building program and he sponsored an aviation development, and launched numerous construction projects. He was re-elected as governor two times, in 1926 and 1928, but chose not to run for reelection in 1930 and he left the office on January 7,1931. However, he ran for the office again in 1932, but was defeated by his successor, Trumbull continued to oversee his business interests. He also served as a Delegate to the Republican National Convention from Connecticut in 1920 as Alternate and he stayed active as vice president of the Connecticut Humane Society and the Connecticut Historical Society. Bailey of Jamestown, New York Trumbull died in Hartford, Connecticut and he is interred at West Cemetery, Plainville, Connecticut
44.
Governor of Delaware
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The Governor of Delaware is the head of the executive branch of Delawares state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. There have been 70 people who have served as governor, over 73 distinct terms, additionally, Henry Molleston was elected, but died before he could take office. The shortest term is that of Dale E. Wolf, who served 18 days following his predecessors resignation, the current governor is John Carney, who took office on January 17,2017. For the period before independence, see the List of colonial governors of Pennsylvania, between 1681 and 1776, Delaware was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain, administered by colonial governors in Pennsylvania as the Lower Counties on Delaware. In 1776, soon after Delaware and the other Thirteen Colonies declared independence from Britain and it created the office of President of Delaware, a chief executive to be chosen by the legislature to serve a term of three years. The term was lengthened to four years by the 1831 constitution, the current constitution of 1897 allows governors to serve two terms. The 1776 constitution stated that if the presidency were vacant, the speaker of the council would be a vice-president. The offices of governor and lieutenant governor are elected at the same time, two have served as President of Pennsylvania. Four resigned to take other offices, three in the U. S. Congress and one to be President of Pennsylvania, all representatives and senators listed represented Delaware except where noted. As of January 2017, there are six former U. S. governors who are living at this time. The most recent death of a former U. S. governor of Delaware was that of David Buckson, the most recently serving U. S. governor of Delaware to die was Sherman W. Tribbitt, who died on August 14,2010. Delaware gubernatorial elections General Constitutions Specific Office of the Governor of Delaware
45.
Robert P. Robinson
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Robert Pyle Robinson was an American banker and politician from Wilmington, in New Castle County, Delaware. He was a member of the Republican Party who served as Governor of Delaware, Robinson was born at “Robinhurst, ” now Alban Park, in Wilmington, Delaware, son of Robert L. and Frances Delaplaine Robinson. He married Margaret Fouraker in 1905 and they had three children, Mary Frances, Robert Jr. and Frances Robinson Parsons and they were members of the Hanover Presbyterian Church in Wilmington. Robinson began his career with the Central National Bank, becoming the president of the bank in 1916 and he first was exposed to politics when he worked as personal secretary to Delaware U. S. Representative L. Heisler Ball from 1902 until 1903, in 1914 he lost the close contest for Delawares Insurance Commissioner by only 98 votes. Ten years later, in 1924, he was a choice to be the Republican candidate for Governor of Delaware and was elected, defeating Joseph Bancroft. During his tenure, the issues facing state government were related to secondary education. With the passage of the controversial School Codes of 1919 and 1921 Delaware was committed to a program of school construction. Pierre S. du Pont had agreed to get the process started and provided the financial support from his own funds. However, that could not continue forever and yet the General Assembly refused to levy additional taxes, fortunately the new income tax and corporate franchise tax were capable of producing the revenue needed, but it was suspected everyone was not filing as they should have been. To remedy the situation Robinson appointed du Pont himself to be the State Tax Commissioner, du Pont quickly modernized the office, increased the revenue from the income tax and assured the continuation of the school building program. Robinson was also a proponent of the organization of the State Board of Charities and it was increasingly clear that reform was needed in what is now known as the social services and legislation was introduced to replace the county “almshouses” with a state welfare home. Robinson also appointed the first female state Secretary of State in the United States, following his term as governor, Robinson returned to the presidency of the Central National bank in Wilmington. He died at Wilmington and is buried there in the Wilmington, although never a farmer, in 1922 he became Grand Master of the State Grange. The 3-F’s were the way he described his activities, family, farming. He was known to disappear from his desk in favor of a local pond, “Competent and diligent, he displayed a certain boyishness and shyness all his life. ”Elections are held the first Tuesday after November 1. The governor takes office the third Tuesday of January and has a four-year term, clearing New Ground, The Life of John G. Townsend, Jr. Wilmington, Delaware, The Delaware Heritage Press. History of Delaware Through its Governors, biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States 1789-1978
46.
Governor of Florida
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The Governor of Florida is the head of the executive branch of Floridas state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. When Florida was first acquired by the United States, future president Andrew Jackson served as its military governor, Florida Territory was established in 1822, and five people served as governor over six distinct terms. The first territorial governor, William Pope Duval, served 12 years, since statehood in 1845 there have been 43 people who have served as governor, one of whom served two distinct terms. Three state governors have served two full terms, William D. Bloxham, in two stints, and Reubin Askew and Jeb Bush, who each served their terms consecutively. Bob Graham almost served two terms, as he resigned only three days left. The shortest term in office belongs to Wayne Mixson, who served three days following the resignation of his predecessor, Bob Graham, the current governor is Rick Scott, who took office on January 4,2011, following the 2010 election. He was re-elected in 2014, and his term began on January 6,2015. For a list of governors of Florida before it became a United States territory, spanish Florida was acquired from Spain in the Adams–Onís Treaty, which took effect July 10,1821. Florida Territory was organized on March 30,1822, combining East and West Florida, the State of Florida was admitted to the Union on March 3,1845. Following the end of the American Civil War, it was part of the Third Military District, Florida was readmitted to the Union on June 25,1868. The Florida Constitution of 1838 provided that a governor be elected four years. The secessionist constitution of 1861 would have reduced this to two years and removed the limit, but the state fell to the Union before the first election under that constitution. The rejected constitution of 1865 and the constitution of 1868 maintained the four-year term, though without the earlier term limit. The start of a term was set in 1885 at the first Tuesday after the first Monday in the January following the election, originally, the president of the state senate acted as governor should that office be vacant. The 1865 and 1868 constitutions created the office of lieutenant governor and this office was abolished in 1885, with the president of the senate again taking on that duty. The 1968 constitution recreated the office of lieutenant governor, who now becomes governor in the absence of the governor, the governor and lieutenant governor are elected on the same ticket. Florida was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only candidates from the Democratic and it elected three Republican governors following Reconstruction, but after the Democratic Party re-established control,90 years passed before voters chose another Republican. Fifteen of Floridas governors have served in offices, including one President of the United States
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Media related to 1927 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
