1.
Indianapolis Motor Speedway
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The Indianapolis Motor Speedway is an automobile racing circuit located in Speedway, Indiana, in the United States. It is the home of the Indianapolis 500 and the Brickyard 400 and it is located on the corner of 16th Street and Georgetown Road, approximately six miles west of Downtown Indianapolis. Constructed in 1909, it is the original speedway, the first racing facility so named and it has a permanent seating capacity estimated at 235,000 with infield seating raising capacity to an approximate 400,000. It is the highest-capacity sports venue in the world, considered relatively flat by American standards, the track is a 2. 5-mile-long rectangular oval with dimensions that have remained essentially unchanged since its construction. A modern infield road course was completed in 2000, incorporating part of the oval, including the mainstretch, in 2008, and again in 2014, the road course layout was modified to accommodate motorcycle racing, as well as to improve competition. Altogether, the current grounds have expanded from an original 320 acres on which the speedway was first built to cover an area of over 559 acres. Placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 and designated a National Historic Landmark in 1987, in addition to the Indianapolis 500, the speedway also hosts NASCARs Brickyard 400 and Lilly Diabetes 250. From 2000 to 2007, the hosted the Formula One United States Grand Prix. On the grounds of the speedway is the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Museum, which opened in 1956, the museum moved into its current building located in the infield in 1976. Also on the grounds is the Brickyard Crossing Golf Resort, which opened as the Speedway Golf Course in 1929. The golf course has 14 holes outside of the track, along the backstretch, the speedway also served as the venue for the opening ceremonies for the 1987 Pan American Games. Fisher began thinking of a means of testing cars before delivering them to consumers. At the time, racing was just getting started on horse tracks, Fisher noticed how dangerous and ill-suited the makeshift courses were for racing and testing. He also argued that spectators did not get their moneys worth, Fisher proposed building a circular track 3 to 5 miles long with smooth 100–150-foot-wide surfaces. Such a track would give manufacturers a chance to test cars at sustained speeds, Fisher predicted speeds could reach up to 120 mph on a 5-mile course. He visited the Brooklands circuit outside London in 1907, and after viewing the banked layout, in December 1908, he convinced James A. Allison, Arthur Newby, and Frank W. Wheeler to join him in purchasing the property for $72,000. Construction of the started in March 1909. Fisher had to downsize his planned 3-mile oval with a 2-mile road course to a 2. 5-mile oval to leave room for the grandstands
2.
Indianapolis 500
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The Indianapolis 500 is an automobile race held annually at Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana, an enclave suburb of Indianapolis, Indiana. The event is held over Memorial Day weekend, which is typically the last weekend in May and it is contested as part of the Verizon IndyCar Series, the top level of American Championship Car racing, an open-wheel formula colloquially known as Indy Car Racing. The name of the race is often shortened to Indy 500, the event, billed as The Greatest Spectacle in Racing, is considered part of the Triple Crown of Motorsport, which comprises three of the most prestigious motorsports events in the world. The official attendance is not disclosed by Speedway management, but the permanent seating capacity is upwards of 250,000, the inaugural running was won by Ray Harroun in 1911. The race celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2011, and the 100th running was held in 2016, alexander Rossi is the defending champion. The most successful drivers are A. J. Foyt, Al Unser, the active driver with the most victories is Hélio Castroneves, with three. Rick Mears holds the record for most career pole positions with six, the most successful car owner is Roger Penske, owner of Team Penske, which has 16 total wins and 17 poles. For a list of races and winners, see List of Indianapolis 500 winners, the Indianapolis 500 is held annually at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, a 2.5 mile oval circuit. Drivers race 200 laps, counterclockwise around the circuit, for a distance of 500 miles, since its inception in 1911, the race has always been scheduled on or around Memorial Day. Since 1974, the race has been scheduled for the Sunday of Memorial Day weekend, practice and time trials are held in the two weeks leading up to the race. Traditionally, the field consists of 33 starters, aligned in a grid of eleven rows of three cars apiece. The event is contested by Indy cars, a formula of professional-level, single-seat, open cockpit, open-wheel, as of 2015, all entrants utilize 2.2 L V6, twin-turbocharged engines, tuned to produce a range of 550–700 horsepower. Chevrolet and Honda are the current engine manufacturers involved in the sport, firestone, which has a deep history in the sport, dating back to the first 500, is the exclusive tire provider. The race is the most prestigious event of the IndyCar calendar and it has been avouched to be the largest single-day sporting event in the entire world. Likewise, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway itself is regarded as the worlds largest sporting facility in terms of capacity, the total purse exceeded $13 million in 2011, with over $2.5 million awarded to the winner, making it one of the richest cash prize funds in sports. Due to safety issues, the race is not held in wet conditions, in the event of a rain delay, the race will be postponed until rain showers cease, and the track is sufficiently dried. If rain falls during the race, officials can end the race, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway complex was built in 1909 as a gravel-and-tar track and hosted a smattering of small events, including ones for motorcycles. The first long distance event, in conditions, was the 100-lap Prest-O-Lite Trophy in 1909
3.
American open wheel car racing
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American Championship car racing, also known as Indy Car racing, is a category of professional-level automobile racing in the United States and North America. As of 2016, the top-level American open wheel racing championship is sanctioned by IndyCar, competitive events for professional-level, single-seat open-wheel race cars have been conducted under the auspices of several different sanctioning bodies since 1902. A season-long, points-based, National Championship of drivers has been recognized in 1905,1916. The Indianapolis 500, which debuted in 1911, is the marquee event of Indy Car racing. The open-wheeled, winged, single-seater cars have generally similar to those in Formula One. The fame of the Indianapolis 500 leads many to refer to the cars that compete on the American Championship circuit as Indy cars. This form of racing has experienced high levels of popularity over the years, the golden era of the 1950s was followed by a decade of transition and innovation in the 1960s, which included increased international participation. The sport experienced considerable growth and exposure during the popularity of the CART PPG Indy Car World Series in the 1980s. Two organizational disputes in 1979 and 1996, respectively, led to a split that divided the participants among two separate sanctioning bodies, however, an official unification took place in 2008 that brought the sport back together under one single sanctioning body. The national championship was sanctioned by the Contest Board of the American Automobile Association, the AAA first sanctioned automobile motorsports events in 1902. At first it used the rules of the Automobile Club of America and it introduced the first track season championship for racing cars in 1905. Barney Oldfield was the first champion, no official season championship was recognized from 1906-1915, however, single races were held. Official records regard 1916 as the next contested championship season, years later, retroactive titles were named back to 1902. These post-factum seasons are considered unofficial and revisionist history by accredited historians, Racing did not cease in the United States during WWI, but the official national championship was suspended. The Indianapolis 500 itself was suspended for 1917–1918 due to the war. In 1920, the championship resumed, and despite the difficult economic climate that would later follow. Shortly after Pearl Harbor, all auto racing was suspended during World War II, from 1942 to 1945 no events were contested, banned by the U. S. government primarily on account of rationing. Racing resumed in full in 1946, the 1946 season is unique, in that it included six Champ Car events, and 71 Big Car races, as organizers were initially unsure about the availability of cars and participation
4.
Louis Meyer
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Louis Meyer was an American Hall of Fame race car driver who was a three-time winner of the Indianapolis 500. Born in lower Manhattan, New York on July 21,1904, he was the son of French immigrants, Meyer was raised in Los Angeles, where he began automobile racing at various California tracks. He went on to become the driver to win the Indianapolis 500 three times, capturing the prestigious race as a rookie starter in 1928, then again in 1933 and 1936. Meyer started the tradition of drinking milk in victory lane at the 1933 Indianapolis 500 race, following his 1936 Indianapolis 500 victory, he drank from a glass milk bottle instead, as most race winners have done since. Following the suggestion of former winner, Tommy Milton, that year he became the first driver to receive the Pace Car as part of the race winnings. Meyer won the United States National Driving Championship in 1928,1929 and 1933, meyers wife June did not even know he was racing in the 1928 Indianapolis 500. Earlier in the day she was in Pennsylvania picking up a wrecked car and she found out about her husbands victory after the track announcer in Reading asked the crowd to give a big hand to Eddie Meyer, the brother of the Indianapolis 500 winner. Meyer died on November 7,1995 in Searchlight, Nevada, aged 91 and he was interred at Inglewood Park Cemetery in Inglewood, California. Meyers son Louis Meyer, Jr. assisted him in work at his race shops. He was not related to fellow driver Zeke Meyer, don Garrison Collection, oral history interview with Louis Meyer - Ball State University Archives and Special Collections Research Center - External link The Greatest 33 Louis Meyer at Find a Grave
5.
Indianapolis 500 traditions
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Due to the longevity of the Indianapolis 500, numerous traditions surrounding the race have developed over the years. Traditions include procedures for the running of the race, scheduling, for many fans, these traditions are an important aspect of the race, and they have often reacted quite negatively when the traditions are changed or broken. As part of the Memorial Day holiday weekend, the ceremonies of the Indianapolis 500 feature several patriotic songs. The most noteworthy and most popular traditions are the singing of Back Home Again in Indiana. The race has always been scheduled in conjunction with Memorial Day, through 1970, the race was held on Memorial Day proper, regardless of the day of the week, unless it fell on Sunday. In those cases it was scheduled for Monday May 31, after the Uniform Monday Holiday Act took effect in 1971, the race was scheduled as part of the three-day Memorial Day weekend instead, either the Saturday, the Sunday, or the Monday. Since 1974, the race has been scheduled for the Sunday of Memorial Day weekend, Sundays were avoided for scheduling race activity dating all the way back to pre-500 races in 1909 and 1910. In early decades, Sundays were occasionally used for practice and/or qualifying, in some early years, practice may have been permitted on Sundays, but the gates might not be open to the public. When Tony Hulman bought the Speedway after World War II, Speedway management continued to refuse to schedule the race on a Sunday, qualifying and practice, however, were regularly held on Sundays during those years, with no days closed to spectators. From 1971-1972, the race was scheduled for the Saturday of Memorial Day weekend, in 1973, the race was scheduled for Memorial Day Monday. However, rain delayed it until Wednesday, since 1974, the race has been scheduled for the Sunday of Memorial Day weekend. The 1986 race was held the weekend after the federal holiday because of two rainouts. The race was held the following Saturday, May 31, the date of the race if May 30 was a Sunday. The 1997 race was similar to 1973 in having two rain delays, nearly as unique as 1986 and it was scheduled for Sunday, May 25, but heavy rain washed out the day. The race began the day, on Memorial Day. The race was halted after 15 laps, and could not be restarted, short of the 101 laps needed for an official race, track officials elected to resume the race on the following day. The race was run to completion, as laps 16-200 were completed on Tuesday, armed Forces Day also falls during the month of May, and usually coincides with one of the weekends of time trials. Since 1978 at the Speedway, that weekend is filled with activities honoring the U. S. military
6.
Indianapolis 500 pace cars
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The Indianapolis 500 auto race has used a pace car every year since 1911. The pace car is utilized for two primary purposes, at the start of the race, the pace car leads the assembled starting grid around the track for a predetermined number of unscored warm-up laps. Then if the officials deem appropriate, it releases the field at a speed to start the race. In addition, during yellow flag caution periods, the car enters the track and picks up the leader. Prior to the first 500 in 1911, in the interest of safety, nearly all races at the time, as well as all Formula One races even to the present, utilize a standing start. In almost every year since 1936, it has been a tradition that the winner of the Indianapolis 500 be presented one of that years pace cars. In most years since 1911, the driver of the car at the start of the race has been an invited celebrity. Historically, the honor of supplying the pace car was, and continues to be, an honor by the respective automobile manufactures. The pace car was used to take the field on one unscored lap. The invited driver was given the honor of pacemaker, and manufacturers used the honor of providing the car as marketing exposure, during his tenure as Speedway president, Tony Hulman rode in the pace car nearly every year, immediately after giving the command to start engines. His primary duty was to marshal the start and in some years, dating back to the very early years, the pace cars were often painted with special liveries complete with logos, lettering, pinstriping, and other decorative markings. In addition, sometimes flagpoles, lights, and other motoring paraphernalia were installed to further identify the pace car, most manufacturers used the opportunity to showcase their higher end or luxury models. Since in the years, the pace car was only used for one lap at the start. In many years, the car was a convertible, which along with increasing the luxury status of the vehicle. In most years through the early 1950s, the car led the field around the track for one warm up lap. The pace lap concept was popular with fans, as many drivers commonly waved at the fans, by 1957, the procedure was changed so the pace car led the field for two warm up laps. This also allowed the fans on the mainstretch to see the entire field parade by one time before the start, previously only fans on other parts of the track got to actually see the grid go by for photographs and waving. For the 1957–1958 races, the grid was lined up and exited single-file from the newly constructed pit lane, the two laps allowed the field to properly form up, however, in practice it turned out to be difficult and both races saw incidents at the start
7.
Marmon Motor Car Company
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Marmon Motor Car Company was an American automobile manufacturer founded by Howard Marmon and owned by Nordyke Marmon & Company of Indianapolis, Indiana, US. It was established in 1902 and was merged and renamed in 1933 and they produced cars under the Marmon brand. It was succeeded by Marmon-Herrington and later the Marmon Motor Company of Denton, the name currently survives through the Marmon Group of Chicago, Illinois. Marmons parent company was founded in 1851, manufacturing flour grinding mill equipment, small limited production of experimental automobiles began in 1902, with an air-cooled V-twin engine. An air-cooled V4 followed the year, with pioneering V6 and V8 engines tried over the next few years. Marmons soon gained a reputation as reliable, speedy upscale cars, the original Nordyke and Marmon Plant 1 was at the southwest corner of Kentucky Avenue and West Morris Street. Plant 2 was at the southwest corner of Drover and West York Street, Plant 3 was a five-story structure measuring 80 x 600 feet parallel to Morris Street. The Marmon assembly plant was built adjacent to the Morris Street property line with Plant 3 behind, the Model 32 of 1909 spawned the Wasp. The Wasp, driven by Marmon engineer Ray Harroun, was the winner of the first ever Indianapolis 500 motor race and this car featured the worlds first known automobile rear-view mirror. The 1913 Model 48 was a left-hand steering tourer with a cast aluminum body and electric headlights and horn, as well as electric lights for the dash. It used a 573 in3 T-head straight-six engine of between 48 and 80 hp with dual-plug ignition and electric starter and it had a 145 in wheelbase and 36×4½-inch front/37×5-inch rear wheels and full-elliptic front and ¾-elliptic rear springs. Like most cars of the era, it came complete with a kit, in Marmons case, it offered jack, power tire pump, chassis oiler, tire patch kit. The 1916 Model 34 used an aluminum straight-six, and used aluminum in the body, a Model 34 was driven coast to coast as a publicity stunt, beating Erwin Cannonball Bakers record to much fanfare. New models were introduced for 1924, replacing the long-lived Model 34, but the company was facing financial trouble, in 1929, Marmon introduced an under-$1,000 straight-eight car, the Roosevelt, but the stock market crash of 1929 made the companys problems worse. Howard Marmon had begun working on the worlds first V16 engine in 1927, by that time, Cadillac had already introduced their V-16, designed by ex-Marmon engineer Owen Nacker. Peerless, too, was developing a V16 with help from an ex-Marmon engineer, the Marmon Sixteen was produced for three years. The engine displaced 491 in³ and produced 200 hp and it was an all-aluminum design with steel cylinder liners and a 45° bank angle. The historic Marmon Wasp race car of the early 20th century was also a work of automobile engineering
8.
Joe Dawson (racing driver)
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Joseph Crook Dawson was an American race car driver. He was born in Odon, Indiana on July 17,1889, Dawson competed in the Indianapolis 500 race three times, beginning in 1911 when he drove a Marmon to a fifth-place finish. The following year, Dawson won after Ralph DePalma, who had led for 196 laps of the 200 lap race, dropped out with a mechanical failure. At age 22 years and 323 days, Dawson stood as the youngest winner of the 500 until Troy Ruttman won the 1952 Indianapolis 500 at age 22 years and 86 days, in his final Indy 500 race in 1914, Dawson retired after an accident on the 45th lap. He died on June 17,1946 at age 56
9.
Racing flags
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Racing flags are traditionally used in auto racing and similar motorsports to indicate track condition and to communicate important messages to drivers. Typically, the starter, sometimes the grand marshal of a race, track marshals are also stationed at observation posts along the race track in order to communicate both local and course-wide conditions to drivers. Alternatively, some race tracks employ lights to supplement the primary flag at the start/finish line, while there is no universal system of racing flags across all of motorsports, most series have standardized them, with some flags carrying over between series. For example, the flag is commonly used across all of motorsport to signify the end of a session. Status flags are used to all drivers of the general status of the course during a race. In addition, the green, yellow, and red flags described below may be augmented or replaced by lights at various points around the circuit, the solid green flag is usually displayed by the starter to indicate the start of a race. During a race, it is displayed at the end of a period or a temporary delay to indicate that the race is restarting. The waving of a flag is almost universally supplemented with the illumination of green lights at various intervals around the course. If the race is not under caution or delayed, it is said to be under green-flag conditions, however, the flag itself is typically not continuously waved by the starter. No flag displayed at the starters stand implies safe, green-flag conditions, at all times, however, the green lights remain lit. When shown at a marshalling post, a green flag may indicate the end of a local yellow-flag zone, a separate green flag displayed at the entrance to the pit area indicate that the pits are open. In NASCAR, a green and yellow flag waved at the time indicates that the race is being started or restarted under caution. This is sometimes called a yellow and usually occurs when a track is drying after a rain delay. In 1980, USAC flagman Duane Sweeney started a tradition at the Indianapolis 500 of waving twin green flags for added visual effect at the start of the race, green flags waved at restarts were single. Since roughly the 1990s, some races on occasion invite celebrity guests to wave the flag at the start of the race. The solid yellow flag, or caution flag, universally requires drivers to slow due to a hazard on the track, typically an accident. However, the procedures for displaying the yellow flag vary for different racing styles, in Formula One racing, a yellow flag displayed at the starters stand or a marshal station indicates that there is a hazard downstream of the station. This informs the driver that there may be marshals on the track and to prepare to stop, when shown at a station, drivers are prohibited from passing until either the hazard or the next flag station displaying a green flag is passed
10.
1929 Indianapolis 500
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The 17th International 500-Mile Sweepstakes was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway on Thursday, May 30,1929. Ray Keech, who finished fourth a year earlier, took the lead for the time on lap 158. Keech won for car owner Maude A. Yagle, the first and to-date, only two weeks after winning the race, Ray Keech was fatally injured in a crash at Altoona Speedway on June 15,1929. The race was part of the 1929 AAA Championship Car season, the 1929 edition was the last contested with the supercharged 91 1⁄2 cu. in. The supercharged front-wheel drive Miller 8s dominated qualifying, sweeping the front row, a total of twelve front-wheel drive machines made the field, but Keechs rear-wheel-drive Simplex Piston Ring Special took the victory. All three cars of the front row, as well as the first two cars of the row, dropped out before the halfway point. Pole-sitter Cliff Woodbury crashed on lap 4, and become the first pole position winner in Indy history to finish last. Defending race winner Louis Meyer was leading in the second half and he finished second just over six minutes behind Keech, with the lengthy pit stop the deciding margin. The hard luck story of the race belonged to Lou Moore, after finishing second in 1928, Moore was on his way to back-to-back runner-up finishes. With two laps to go, however, his engine threw a rod, due to the rules at the time, since Moore was not running at the finish, he was scored behind all finishers. He fell all the way back to 13th position, behind four cars that actually had fewer laps than he had and it was the final race of the Roaring Twenties and the final race before the Stock Market Crash and Great Depression. The facility was expanded in 1929 to include a golf course, dubbed the Speedway Golf Course, it featured nine holes outside the track, and nine holes inside the track, and was designed by Bill Diddel. Also during the month, scenes for the movie Speedway were being filmed, the 1929 race would be the final year contested with the supercharged 91 1⁄2 cu. in. Rickenbackers desire was to move away from the supercharged, specialized racing machines that had taken over the Speedway through the 1920s, contrary to popular belief, the proposed rules changes were not made in response to the stock market crash of 1929 and the subsequent Great Depression. The rule changes for 1930 were in fact being laid out as early as 1928, in addition, the 1929 race would be the final for the foreseeable future to be without riding mechanics. From 1930 and beyond, the rules were once again going to mandate two-man cars. With the 91 1⁄2 c. i. d engines on their way out, qualifying speeds were expected to be fast. For 1929, riding mechanics were optional, however, no teams utilized them, jimmy Gleasons car carried #53, the first number over 50 in the history of the race
11.
Eddie Rickenbacker
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Edward Vernon Rickenbacker was an American fighter ace in World War I and Medal of Honor recipient. With 26 aerial victories, he was Americas most successful ace in the war. He was also considered to have won the most awards for valor by American during the war according to the April 2017 VFW magazine in their special World War I edition. He was also a car driver and automotive designer, a government consultant in military matters. Edward Rickenbacker was born in Columbus, Ohio, to Swiss German-speaking immigrants, from childhood, he loved machines and experimented with them, encouraged by his fathers words, A machine has to have a purpose. His first life-threatening experience occurred when he was in the Horsehead Gang and he lived near a mine, and they decided to ride a cart down the slope. It tipped over and almost crushed them, according to Rickenbackers autobiography, at age thirteen, his schooling ended in grade seven after the accidental death of his father on August 26,1904. However, according to Eddie Rickenbacker, An American Hero in the Twentieth Century and he aggressively pursued any chance of involvement with automobiles. Rickenbacker went to work at the Columbus Buggy Company, eventually becoming a salesman, Rickenbacker was also an avid golfer, often playing at the Siwanoy Country Club course near his home. He is one of a select few Club members who were granted honorary lifetime membership at Siwanoy. Rickenbacker became well known as a car driver, competing in the Indianapolis 500 four times before World War I. Rickenbacker joined the Maxwell Race Team in 1915 after leaving Peugeot, after the Maxwell team disbanded that same year, he joined the Prest-O-Lite team as manager and continued to race improved Maxwells for Prest-O-Lite. Rickenbacker wanted to join the Allied troops in World War I, but the U. S. had not yet entered the war. During World War I, with its atmosphere, he — like many other German Americans — changed his surname. As he was well known at the time, the change received wide publicity. From then on, as he wrote in his autobiography, most Rickenbachers were practically forced to spell their name in the way I had and he believed his given name looked a little plain. He signed his name 26 times, with a different middle initial each time, after settling upon V, he selected Vernon as a middle name. In 1916, Rickenbacker traveled to London, with the aim of developing an English car for American races, because of an erroneous press story and Rickenbackers known Swiss heritage, he was suspected of being a spy
12.
Supercharger
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A supercharger is an air compressor that increases the pressure or density of air supplied to an internal combustion engine. This gives each intake cycle of the more oxygen, letting it burn more fuel and do more work. Power for the supercharger can be provided mechanically by means of a belt, gear, shaft, when power is provided by a turbine powered by exhaust gas, a supercharger is known as a turbosupercharger – typically referred to simply as a turbocharger or just turbo. Common usage restricts the term supercharger to mechanically driven units, in 1848 or 1849 G. Jones of Birmingham, England brought out a Roots-style compressor. The worlds first functional, actually tested engine supercharger was made by Dugald Clerk, gottlieb Daimler received a German patent for supercharging an internal combustion engine in 1885. Louis Renault patented a centrifugal supercharger in France in 1902, an early supercharged race car was built by Lee Chadwick of Pottstown, Pennsylvania in 1908 which reportedly reached a speed of 100 mph. The worlds first series-produced cars with superchargers were Mercedes 6/25/40 hp, both models were introduced in 1921 and had Roots superchargers. They were distinguished as Kompressor models, the origin of the Mercedes-Benz badging which continues today, on March 24,1878 Heinrich Krigar of Germany obtained patent #4121, patenting the first ever screw-type compressor. Later that same year on August 16 he obtained patent #7116 after modifying and improving his original designs and his designs show a two-lobe rotor assembly with each rotor having the same shape as the other. Although the design resembled the Roots style compressor, the screws were clearly shown with 180 degrees of twist along their length, unfortunately, the technology of the time was not sufficient to produce such a unit, and Heinrich made no further progress with the screw compressor. Nearly half a century later, in 1935, Alf Lysholm and he also patented the method for machining the compressor rotors. There are two types of superchargers defined according to the method of gas transfer, positive displacement. Positive displacement blowers and compressors deliver an almost constant level of pressure increase at all engine speeds, dynamic compressors do not deliver pressure at low speeds, above a threshold speed, pressure increases with engine speed. Positive-displacement pumps deliver a nearly fixed volume of air per revolution at all speeds, Roots superchargers are external compression only. External compression refers to pumps that transfer air at ambient pressure into the engine, if the engine is running under boost conditions, the pressure in the intake manifold is higher than that coming from the supercharger. That causes a backflow from the engine into the supercharger until the two reach equilibrium and it is the backflow that actually compresses the incoming gas. This is an inefficient process and the factor in the lack of efficiency of Roots superchargers when used at high boost levels. The lower the boost level the smaller is this loss, and Roots blowers are very efficient at moving air at low pressure differentials, all the other types have some degree of internal compression
13.
Cubic inch
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The cubic inch is a unit of measurement for volume in the Imperial units and United States customary units systems. It is the volume of a cube with each of its three dimensions being one inch long, one cubic foot is equal to exactly 1,728 cubic inches because 123 =1,728. The following symbols have been used to denote the cubic inch, cubic in cu inch, cu in inch^3, in^3 inch³, because of the extensive export of electrical equipment to other countries, some usage of the non-SI unit can be found outside North America. The cubic inch is used for this purpose in classic car collecting. The auto industry now uses liters for this purpose, while reciprocating engines used in commercial aircraft often have model numbers based on the cubic inch displacement. The fifth generation Ford Mustang has a Boss 302 version that reflects this heritage - with an engine similar to the original Boss. Chevrolet has also revived this usage on its 427 Corvette, in the UK, engine displacement is now denoted in litres. However, cubic inches were used in the past to denote model numbers. Conversion of units Cubic centimeter Cubic foot Orders of magnitude Square inch
14.
Litre
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The litre or liter is an SI accepted metric system unit of volume equal to 1 cubic decimetre,1,000 cubic centimetres or 1/1,000 cubic metre. A cubic decimetre occupies a volume of 10×10×10 centimetres and is equal to one-thousandth of a cubic metre. The original French metric system used the litre as a base unit. The word litre is derived from an older French unit, the litron, whose name came from Greek — where it was a unit of weight, not volume — via Latin, and which equalled approximately 0.831 litres. The litre was also used in subsequent versions of the metric system and is accepted for use with the SI. The spelling used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures is litre, the less common spelling of liter is more predominantly used in American English. One litre of water has a mass of almost exactly one kilogram. Subsequent redefinitions of the metre and kilogram mean that this relationship is no longer exact, a litre is defined as a special name for a cubic decimetre or 10 centimetres ×10 centimetres ×10 centimetres. Hence 1 L ≡0.001 m3 ≡1000 cm3, from 1901 to 1964, the litre was defined as the volume of one kilogram of pure water at maximum density and standard pressure. The kilogram was in turn specified as the mass of a platinum/iridium cylinder held at Sèvres in France and was intended to be of the mass as the 1 litre of water referred to above. It was subsequently discovered that the cylinder was around 28 parts per million too large and thus, during this time, additionally, the mass-volume relationship of water depends on temperature, pressure, purity and isotopic uniformity. In 1964, the definition relating the litre to mass was abandoned in favour of the current one, although the litre is not an official SI unit, it is accepted by the CGPM for use with the SI. CGPM defines the litre and its acceptable symbols, a litre is equal in volume to the millistere, an obsolete non-SI metric unit customarily used for dry measure. The litre is often used in some calculated measurements, such as density. One litre of water has a mass of almost exactly one kilogram when measured at its maximal density, similarly,1 millilitre of water has a mass of about 1 g,1,000 litres of water has a mass of about 1,000 kg. It is now known that density of water depends on the isotopic ratios of the oxygen and hydrogen atoms in a particular sample. The litre, though not an official SI unit, may be used with SI prefixes, the most commonly used derived unit is the millilitre, defined as one-thousandth of a litre, and also often referred to by the SI derived unit name cubic centimetre. It is a commonly used measure, especially in medicine and cooking, Other units may be found in the table below, where the more often used terms are in bold
15.
Front mid-engine, front-wheel-drive layout
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In contrast to the Front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout, the center of mass of the engine is behind the front axle. This layout is chosen for its better weight distribution. Since the differences between the FF and MF layouts are minor, most people consider the MF layout to be the same as the FF layout, however, the mid-engined layout uses up central space, making the resulting vehicle rather long. This may be why no manufacturer offers the MF layout. These vehicles have longitudinal mounted engines, transverse engined vehicles are possible in theory if the issue of passenger footwell location is addressed. The Toyota iQ comes close to this by having its front differential in front of the engine, however despite this, the iQ is still considered to have an FF layout
16.
Harry Miller (auto racing)
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Harold Arminius Miller, commonly called Harry, was an American race car designer and builder who was most active in the 1920s and 1930s. Griffith Borgeson called him the greatest creative figure in the history of the American racing car, cars built by Miller won the Indianapolis 500 nine times, and other cars using his engines won three more. Millers accounted for 83% of the Indy 500 fields between 1923 and 1928, Miller was born on December 9,1875 in Menomonie, Wisconsin to Jacob Miller and Martha Ann Miller. Millers first work in the business was with the short-lived Yale Automobile Company. From Yale he moved to Lansing, Michigan to work for motoring pioneer Ransom E. Olds at Oldsmobile, after a poor 1906 race season, Miller left for Los Angeles, California, to open a small machine shop specializing in carburetor production. Among Millers innovations include perhaps the first engine mounted on a bicycle, Miller built a 4 cylinder engine and mounted it on a boat. His neighbor, Ole Evinrude, removed two cylinders and patented the first outboard motor, Miller also produced the first aluminum pistons, developed the aluminum alloys still used in engine development today, and the first carburetors and induction system to use Helmholtz resonators. Miller also produced the first front drive race cars and the first 4 wheel drive car and his involvement with the racing side of his carburetor business led first to repairing and then building race cars. In the 1910s, Miller was making $1 million per year through sales of his carburetors, in the early 1920s, he built his own 3.0 litre engine. Inspired by multiple engine designs including Duesenberg and Peugeot engines which had been serviced in his shop and it had 4 cylinders, dual overhead camshafts and 4 valves per cylinder. Tommy Milton supplied the financial backing to produce this engine but it was Jimmy Murphy who first won with it and it powered Jimmy Murphys Duesenberg to victory in the 1922 Indianapolis 500. Miller then progressed to making Miller single-seater race cars used supercharged versions of his 2.0 and 1.5 liter engines. The engines took four wins in the 500 up to 1929, twice in Miller chassis. In the 1920s and 1930s, Miller engines also powered speedboats to several race wins, among those that won with his engines on the water was the great Gar Wood. His shop foreman and chief machinist Fred Offenhauser purchased the business, with insufficient time available for their development and testing, all these cars dropped out when the steering boxes, installed too close to the exhaust, overheated and locked up. The design was perfected by privateers, and examples ran at Indianapolis through 1948. Miller and Tucker, Inc. moved to Indianapolis and continued race car development, in the late 1930s Miller and Tucker also developed the Tucker Combat Car and tried unsuccessfully to sell it to the Dutch and U. S. governments. Miller took some of the elements from the Tucker Combat Car, notably the suspension, to American Bantam
17.
Phil Shafer
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Phil Red Shafer was an American racecar driver. He made 30 AAA Championship Car starts from 1923 to 1952 and he captured one win in 1924 at the New York State Fairgrounds Raceway in Syracuse, New York. That year he finished a career best 9th in the National Championship and his last oval or road course Championship Car start came in 1936 - afterwards the only Championship starts he made were in the Pikes Peak Auto Hillclimb. He later built his own racing chassis
18.
Wilbur Shaw
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Warren Wilbur Shaw was an American racing driver. He was president of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway from 1945 until his death in 1954, Shaw was the automotive test evaluator for Popular Science magazine. He was born in Shelbyville, Indiana on October 31,1902 and he participated in the 1927 Indianapolis 500. Wilbur Shaw won the Indianapolis 500 race three times, in 1937,1939 and 1940, Shaw was the second person to win the 500 three times, and the first to win it twice in a row. In the 1941 race, Shaw was injured when his car crashed and he was dismayed at the dilapidated condition of the racetrack and quickly contacted then-owner Eddie Rickenbacker, the World War I flying ace and president and founder of Eastern Air Lines. When the United States entered World War II, ending racing at Indianapolis and elsewhere for the duration, Rickenbacker padlocked the gates and let the race course slowly begin to disintegrate. During a meeting soon after the tire test, Rickenbacker informed Shaw that what was left of the track would be demolished, Shaw sent out letters to the major car manufacturers trying to find a backer to buy the speedway. However, all indicated that should they buy the IMS they would turn it into a testing facility for their own cars only. Shaw then met Terre Haute businessman Tony Hulman who had inherited his familys business, Hulman & Company, a lifelong fan of automobile racing in general and the 500 in particular, Hulman listened with great interest to what Shaw had to say. Despite what Hulman saw amongst the weeds and deterioration when Shaw took him to Indianapolis, as a reward for his efforts to revive the Speedway, Shaw was appointed as its president, where he would have complete day-to-day control over the track. It seemed as though Shaw and Hulman had a Midas touch at the Speedway, Hulman poured money into improvements, and Shaw delivered the worlds greatest automobile race to enthusiastic crowds, which grew in number by the year. Shaw was killed in a crash near Decatur, Indiana, on October 30,1954. The pilot, Ray Grimes, and artist Ernest Roose were also killed, shaws highly regarded autobiography, Gentlemen, Start your Engines, was published in 1955, and covers events through 1953. He was inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame in 1991 and he was named to the National Sprint Car Hall of Fame in 1990. Shaw was inducted in the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 1991, shaws Blend Of Skill, Charisma Looms Large In Speedway History. The Greatest 33 Profile Wilbur Shaw at Find a Grave The Greatest 33
19.
Earl Cooper
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Earl Cooper was an American racecar driver. He began his career in 1908 in San Francisco in a borrowed car. He won the race, but lost his job as a mechanic after he beat one of his bosses and he joined the Stutz team in 1912. In 1913 he won seven of eight races, and won the AAA National Championship. He was injured for the 1914 season and he missed the first several months of the 1915 season, but won the AAA championship anyhow. Cooper got another start in 1916 after Stutz pulled out of racing. He won his title in 1917 when the season was shortened by the outbreak of World War I. Cooper raced in the 1919 Indianapolis 500, Cooper returned to replace Joe Thomas who broke his arm in October 1921, and won a 200-mile race at Fresno. He returned to racing full-time in 1922, and won five races in 1923, Cooper raced in the 1924 Indianapolis 500, and was leading after 400 miles. A tire blew, and he had to pit and he returned second, and worked his way back to the lead with 30 miles left in the race. He blew another tire just as he was passing Joe Boyer, and he started at Indy in 1925, and won the pole in his final Indy 500 in 1926. He retired for good in 1928 and he was inducted in the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 2001
20.
Frank Lockhart
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During a remarkable if all too short career, Lockhart won numerous races on dirt, board tracks, the 1926 Indianapolis 500, and set a world land speed record for a distance average. In all, he had nine AAA wins and two vice-championships in two years of competition, Lockhart was raised in Southern California. He became a famous West Coast dirt track racer, Lockhart had a strong engineering and motor building ability that he used to build custom cars throughout his career. Lockhart began his career in Frontenac-prepared Fords at board track racing events and his big break came when he was signed as a relief driver for Peter Kreiss eight-cylinder supercharged Miller at the 1926 Indianapolis 500. He convinced Kreis to allow him to some warm up laps. He set a new track record on his first official qualifying lap. He cut down a tire and crashed on the qualifying lap. He also had problems on his second attempt. He slowed down on his third and final attempt, and qualified 20th overall with a speed of 95.780 mph, on race day, he moved from 20th to fifth by Lap 5, having had passed 14 cars on that lap alone. He moved up to second on Lap 16, Lockhart took the lead from Dave Lewis shortly after a rain delay on Lap 72. Lewis and Lockhart battled for the lead for the next 20 laps, Lockhart nearly stretched out a two lap lead before rain ended the race on Lap 160, becoming the fourth rookie to win the Indianapolis 500. He later bought a second Miller car, and he set track records almost everywhere he went and he won four more AAA championship events in 1926, and finished second in the standings. Lockharts car was the first car equipped with an intercooler, the intercooler added 8 mph to his speed at his first race at Culver City in March. Lockhart qualified on the pole for the 1927 Indianapolis 500 in his Perfect Circle Miller, Lockhart led the opening 81 laps, and a full 107 before his car broke a connecting rod, setting an opening lap-leader record that stood for 64 years. He won five more AAA championship events in 1927, and repeated the vice-championship, in his racing career he set the all-time qualifying speed record at Atlantic City, a record first exceeded at Indianapolis in 1960. He raced at 22 board track events in his career, with eight wins and fourteen Top 5 finishes, and is 25th on the all-time lap leader board at Indianapolis. On Lockharts return pass the Black Hawk Special cut a tire, went out of control and tumbled violently across the sand, throwing Lockhart from the car, Lockhart was inducted in the National Sprint Car Hall of Fame in the first class in 1990. He was inducted in the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 1999
21.
Daytona Beach and Road Course
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The Daytona Beach Road Course was a race track that was instrumental in the formation of the National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing, or NASCAR. It originally became famous as the location where fifteen world land speed records were set, the course started on the pavement of highway A1A. A restaurant named Racings North Turn now stands at that location, the lap length in early events was 3.2 miles, and it was lengthened to 4.2 miles in the late 1940s. In the video game NASCAR Thunder 2004 by EA Sports, the course is shortened to half its distance. He moved there in 1935 to escape the Great Depression and he set up a car repair shop, Daytona Beach officials asked local racer Sig Haugdahl to organize and promote an automobile race along the 3. 2-mile course in 1936. Haugdahl is credited for designing the track, the city posted a $5,000 purse. The ticket-takers arrived at the event on March 8 to find thousands of fans already at the track, the sandy turns became virtually impassable, which caused numerous scoring disputes and technical protests. The event was stopped after 75 of 78 laps, milt Marion was declared the winner by the AAA. Second place finisher Ben Shaw and third-place finisher Tommy Elmore protested the results, France finished fifth in the event. The city lost a reported $22,000, and has not promoted an event since, Haugdahl talked with France, and they talked the Daytona Beach Elks Club into hosting another event in 1937. The event was successful, but still lost money. Haugdahl didnt promote any more events, France took over the job of running the course in 1938. There were two events that year, danny Murphy beat France in the July event, which made $200. France beat Lloyd Moody and Pig Ridings to win the Labor Day weekend event, there were three races in 1939 and three races in 1940. France finished fourth in March, first in July, and sixth in September, Lloyd Seay finished fourth in the July 27,1941 event after rolling twice. He returned on August 24 that year to win the event and he was killed by a family member in a dispute over the family moonshine business. Roy Hall won on the several times. France was busy planning the 1942 event, until the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, France spent World War II working at the Daytona Boat Works
22.
Land speed record
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The land speed record is the highest speed achieved by a person using a vehicle on land. The land speed record is standardized as the speed over a course of fixed length, two runs are required in opposite directions within one hour, and a new record mark must exceed the previous one by at least one percent to be validated. There are numerous other records for cars, motorcycles fall into a separate class. The first regulators were the Automobile Club de France, who proclaimed themselves arbiters of the record in about 1902. 01sec, national or regional auto clubs had to be AIACR members to ensure records would be recognized. The AIACR became the FIA in 1947, controversy arose in 1963, Spirit of America was not recognised due to its being a three-wheeler and not wheel-driven so the FIA introduced a special wheel-driven class. She drove a six-cylinder Napier motorcar, a 100 hp development of the K5, through her career as a stuntwoman, she met Bill Fredrick, the stunt technology maker and high-speed car designer who built the Motivator vehicle. Craig Breedloves mark of 407.447 miles per hour, set in Spirit of America in September 1963, was considered unofficial. The vehicle breached the FIA regulations on two grounds, it had three wheels, and it was not wheel-driven, since its jet engine did not supply power to its axles. Some time later, the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme created a non-wheel-driven category, on July 27,1964, Donald Campbells Bluebird CN7 posted a speed of 403.10 miles per hour on Lake Eyre, Australia. This became the official FIA LSR, although Campbell was disappointed not to have beaten Breedloves time, in October, several four-wheel jet-cars surpassed the 1963 mark, but were eligible for neither FIA nor FIM ratification. Thus, Art Arfons Green Monster was belatedly recognized as the absolute LSR holder, Bluebird the holder of the land speed record. No wheel-driven car has since held the absolute record, there is no wheel-driven category as such. The Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile validates records in a variety of classes, of which the classes are in Category A. The accepted record is fastest average speed recorded over any one-mile or one-kilometer distance, bloodhound SSC – Project aiming for 1,050 mph. Rosco McGlashan – Australias fastest man on the land and his Aussie Invader team is building a fully rocket-powered LSR car with an attempt at the record currently on hold pending funding. The Land Speed Record in the Sixties, an on-line collection Land speed Record site for dedicated enthusiasts
23.
Duesenberg
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Duesenberg Motors Company was an American manufacturer of race cars and luxury automobiles. It was founded by brothers August and Frederick Duesenberg in 1913 in Saint Paul, Minnesota, the brothers moved their operations to Elizabeth, New Jersey in 1916 to manufacture engines for World War I. Cord added Duesenberg to his Auburn Automobile Company, with the market for expensive luxury cars severely undercut by the Depression, Duesenberg folded in 1937. In 1913, brothers Fred and Augie Duesenberg founded Duesenberg Motors Company, Inc. on University Avenue in St. Paul, Minnesota, to build engines, the brothers were self-taught engineers and built many experimental cars. Duesenberg cars were considered some of the best cars of the time, in 1914, Eddie Rickenbacker drove a Duesy to finish in 10th place at the Indianapolis 500, and Duesenberg won the race in 1924,1925, and 1927. The fledgling company sidestepped into aviation engine manufacturing when Colonel R. C. Bolling, the end of World War I stopped this project before it could ever mature. In 1921, Duesenberg provided the car for the Indy 500. In 1923, Jimmy Murphy became the first American to win the French Grand Prix when he drove a Duesenberg to victory at Le Mans. At the end of World War I, they ceased building aviation and marine engines in Elizabeth, New Jersey at the corner of Newark Avenue, was established in 1920 to begin production of passenger cars. The plant was located on a 17-acre site on West Washington street at Harding street until 1937, although the Duesenberg brothers were world-class engineers, they were neither good businessmen nor administrators, they were unable to sell all the units of their first passenger car, the Model A. This had the Duesenberg Straight-8 engine, the first mass-produced straight eight engine in the U. S, the Model A was a lighter and smaller vehicle than the competition. It was among the most powerful and the fastest cars of its time, among the celebrities who purchased this model were Tom Mix and Rudolph Valentino. The model experienced various delays going from prototype to production, deliveries to dealers did not start until December 1921. Sales lagged and the goal of building 100 Duesenbergs each month proved far too high, in 1922 no more than 150 cars were manufactured, and only 650 Model As were sold over a period of six years. The brothers continued to create excellent engines for cars, boats, on March 8,1920, these men became president and vice president of the Duesenberg Automobile and Motors Corporation of Indianapolis. Fred was chief engineer and Augie his assistant, and both were salaried as employees, van Zandt quit after a year, and business went from bad to worse in 1923. In 1924 the company went into receivership, but somehow it survived that year, in 1925, the firms name was changed to Duesenberg Motors Corporation and Fred assumed the title of president. Fred and August struggled to keep the company, but to no avail, Model X Duesenbergs are very rare
24.
Pete DePaolo
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Pete DePaolo was the American race car driver who won the 1925 Indianapolis 500. He was born on April 6,1898 in Roseland, New Jersey, pete saw his first race in 1919, where he watched his uncle Ralph DePalma win as his riding mechanic. He drove in the 1922 Indianapolis 500 finishing 4th, DePaolo had his worst career injury at the Kansas City board track, his car rolled four times. He ended up spending three weeks in the hospital after losing two teeth and his face was cut up. His riding mechanic Cotton Henning spent several months in the hospital with broken ribs and he pulled out to a huge lead in the 1925 Indianapolis 500. DePaolos strategy in the race was to run the left side tires in the oil slick on the middle the track for two laps then runs his right tires in the oil slick for two laps. His fingers became badly blistered around the midpoint of the race, DePaolo had his hands repaired in the infield care center, and returned in the car after missing 21 laps. He raced his way to the win on his way to the drivers championship. The race was the first Indianapolis 500 to average over 100 miles per hour, pete did not consider this to be his greatest win. Pete becomes the first driver to average more than 100 mph at the Indianapolis 500 and he began his only team in 1927. He finished second in the 1927 Indianapolis 500, and added two wins on his way to the drivers championship. In 1934, DePaolo drove the Harry Miller four wheel drive car in races throughout Europe. At the Avus course, near Berlin, while leading the race in a down pour and he decided to retire after he was in a coma for 11 days after crashing in Spain in 1934. He sang Back Home Again In Indiana in 1971, as of 2014 and he died on November 26,1980 at age 82. He was car owner and team manager for Kelly Petillos 1935 Indianapolis 500 victory and he was a successful NASCAR team owner from 1955 to 1957. His drivers finished second, third, and second in the points standings. The drivers accumulated 21 wins and 109 Top 10 finishes in 178 starts, the team later became Holman Moody. He was inducted in the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 1995 and he was inducted in the National Sprint Car Hall of Fame in 1995
25.
Tommy Milton
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Thomas Tommy Milton was an American race car driver best known as the first two-time winner of the Indianapolis 500. He was notable for having only one eye, a disability that would have disqualified him from competing in modern motorsports. Milton was born in St. Paul, Minnesota, on November 14,1893 and he began his career in racing in 1914, competing on dirt tracks in the Midwestern United States. By 1917, he was competing nationwide, and earned his first major win at a track in Providence, later that year he suffered severe burns when his car burst into flames during a race at Uniontown, Pennsylvania. He returned to the track the year to win the Universal Trophy on June 19 before winning the 1920 United States National Driving Championship. Milton was a starter in the Indianapolis 500 eight times, earning the position once. He drove for Duesenberg his first time in 1919 and again the year when he finished third. In 1921, the twenty-seven-year-old Milton won the race driving a straight-eight Frontenac built by Louis Chevrolet. In 1922 fuel tank problems forced Milton out of the race after only forty-four laps, Motor Co. with a Miller 122 and won the race for the second time. His last was the 1927 Indianapolis 500 where he finished eighth, at the 1936 race, Milton returned to the Indianapolis Motor Speedway to drive the Packard 120 Pace Car. At his suggestion, the tradition of giving the winner the Pace Car began that year. In 1949 Milton was appointed chief steward for the Indianapolis 500, health problems forced him to retire in 1957. Milton died in 1962 in Mount Clemens, Michigan, at the age of 68 of self-inflicted gunshot wounds and he was inducted in the National Sprint Car Hall of Fame in 1992. He was inducted into the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 1998, Tommy Milton – Website of the Ramsey County Historical Society, St Paul MN, with an online exhibit sharing photos of Milton based on an article in the Ramsey County History Quarterly. The Greatest 33 Trimble, Steven C, Tommy Milton St. Pauls Speed King, Ramsey County History Quarterly V42 #4, Ramsey County Historical Society, St Paul, MN,2008
26.
Bugatti
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Automobiles Ettore Bugatti was a French car manufacturer of high-performance automobiles, founded in 1909 in the then German city of Molsheim, Alsace by Italian-born Ettore Bugatti. Bugatti cars were known for their beauty and for their many race victories. Famous Bugattis include the Type 35 Grand Prix cars, the Type 41 Royale, the Type 57 Atlantic and the Type 55 sports car. The death of Ettore Bugatti in 1947 proved to be the end for the marque, no more than about 8,000 cars were made. The company struggled financially, and released one last model in the 1950s, in the 1990s, an Italian entrepreneur revived it as a builder of limited production exclusive sports cars. Today, the name is owned by German automobile manufacturing group Volkswagen, the company was known both for the level of detail of its engineering in its automobiles, and for the artistic manner in which the designs were executed, given the artistic nature of Ettores family. During the war Ettore Bugatti was sent away, initially to Milan and later to Paris and he exhibited three light cars, all of them closely based on their pre-war equivalents, and each fitted with the same overhead camshaft 4-cylinder 1, 368cc engine with four valves per cylinder. Smallest of the three was a Type 13 with a body and using a chassis with a 2,000 mm wheelbase. The others were a Type 22 and a Type 23 with wheelbases of 2,250 and 2,400 mm respectively, the company also enjoyed great success in early Grand Prix motor racing, in 1929 a privately entered Bugatti won the first ever Monaco Grand Prix. Racing success culminated with driver Jean-Pierre Wimille winning the 24 hours of Le Mans twice, Bugatti cars were extremely successful in racing. The little Bugatti Type 10 swept the top four positions at its first race, the 1924 Bugatti Type 35 is probably the most successful racing car of all time, with over 2,000 wins. The Type 35 was developed by Bugatti with master engineer and racing driver Jean Chassagne who also drove it in the car’s first ever Grand Prix in 1924 Lyon, Bugattis swept to victory in the Targa Florio for five years straight from 1925 through 1929. Louis Chiron held the most podiums in Bugatti cars, and the modern marque revival Bugatti Automobiles S. A. S. named the 1999 Bugatti 18/3 Chiron concept car in his honour. But it was the racing success at Le Mans that is most remembered—Jean-Pierre Wimille and Pierre Veyron won the 1939 race with just one car. In the 1930s, Ettore Bugatti got involved in the creation of a racer airplane and this would be the Bugatti 100P, which never flew. It was designed by Belgian engineer Louis de Monge who had already applied Bugatti Brescia engines in his Type 7.5 lifting body, Ettore Bugatti also designed a successful motorised railcar, the Autorail Bugatti. The death of Ettore Bugattis son, Jean Bugatti, on 11 August 1939 marked a point in the companys fortunes. Jean died while testing a Type 57 tank-bodied race car near the Molsheim factory, World War II left the Molsheim factory in ruins and the company lost control of the property
27.
Ray Keech
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Charles Raymond Keech was a board track and brick track racer in the 1920s. He is best remembered for winning the 1929 Indianapolis 500, Keech set the land speed record of 207.55 mph on April 22,1928. He set the record at the Daytona Beach Road Course in the 81-liter triple-engined internal combustion White Triplex Spirit of Elkdom and his record was broken by Henry Segrave on March 11,1929. In 1929 Keech was asked by Triplex owner J. M. White to attempt to break the new record in the Triplex, White hired Lee Bible, who rolled the car and died in his second attempt to set the record. He won the first race at the Michigan State Fairgrounds Speedway in 1928 and he finished in second place in the season points in the AAA National Championship. He qualified sixth for the 1929 Indianapolis 500, louis Meyer was leading the race, until he lost oil pressure on lap 157. Keech passed for the lead as Meyers engine refused to fire after he went to the pits to get more oil, Keech led the rest of the race. Keech died sixteen days after his victory at Indianapolis in an accident at the Altoona 200-Mile Race in Tipton. He was buried at the Hephzibah cemetery in Modena, Pennsylvania in Chester County, Indianapolis 500 career statistics Champ Car statistics Motorsports Memorial
28.
Lecture
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A lecture is an oral presentation intended to present information or teach people about a particular subject, for example by a university or college teacher. Lectures are used to critical information, history, background, theories. A politicians speech, a sermon, or even a businessmans sales presentation may be similar in form to a lecture. Usually the lecturer will stand at the front of the room, though lectures are much criticised as a teaching method, universities have not yet found practical alternative teaching methods for the large majority of their courses. Critics point out that lecturing is mainly a one-way method of communication that does not involve significant audience participation, therefore, lecturing is often contrasted to active learning. Lectures have a significant role outside the classroom, as well, academic and scientific awards routinely include a lecture as part of the honor, and academic conferences often center around keynote addresses, i. e. lectures. The public lecture has a history in the sciences and in social movements. Union halls, for instance, historically have hosted numerous free, similarly, churches, community centers, libraries, museums, and other organizations have hosted lectures in furtherance of their missions or their constituents interests. Lectures represent a continuation of tradition in contrast to textual communication in books. Lectures may be considered a type of grey literature, the noun lecture dates from 14th century, meaning action of reading, that which is read, from the Latin lectus, pp. of legere to read. Its subsequent meaning as oral discourse on a subject before an audience for purposes of instruction is from the 16th century. The verb to lecture is attested from 1590, the noun lectern refers to the reading desk used by lecturers. The practice in the university was for the instructor to read from an original source to a class of students who took notes on the lecture. The reading from original sources evolved into the reading of glosses on an original, throughout much of history, the diffusion of knowledge via handwritten lecture notes was an essential element of academic life. Even in the century, the lecture notes taken by students. Many lecturers were, and still are, accustomed to reading their own notes from the lectern for exactly that purpose. Nevertheless, modern lectures generally incorporate additional activities, e. g. writing on a chalk-board, exercises, class questions and discussions, or student presentations. The use of presentation software such as Microsoft PowerPoint has changed the form of lectures, e. g. video, graphics, websites
29.
Purdue University College of Engineering
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The Purdue University College of Engineering is one of eight major academic divisions, or colleges, of Purdue University. Established in 1874 with programs in Civil and Mechanical Engineering, the college now offers B. S. M. S. and Ph. D. degrees in more than a dozen disciplines. Purdues engineering program has also educated 22 of Americas astronauts, including Neil Armstrong and Eugene Cernan who were the first and last astronauts to have walked on the moon, many of Purdues engineering disciplines are recognized as top-ten programs in the U. S. The college as a whole is currently ranked 9th in the U. S. of all doctorate-granting engineering schools by U. S. News & World Report, many other campus buildings house faculty offices, classrooms, and laboratories for engineering programs, such as the Martin C. Jischke Hall of Biomedical Engineering, the Forney Hall of Chemical Engineering, the Morrill Act, signed by U. S. President Abraham Lincoln in 1862, set the stage for the state of Indiana to establish a college for agriculture and the mechanical arts. In 1874, Purdue established four-year bachelors degree programs in civil engineering, the School of Mechanical Engineering was created in 1882, although none of Purdues students at the time were actually qualified to enroll in any of its courses. In 1911, the School of Chemical Engineering was founded, the Agricultural Engineering program was established in 1925, it would be renamed the Division of Agricultural and Biological Engineering in 2005. That same year, the Industrial Engineering Department was founded, with courses taught by Lillian Moller Gilbreth. In 1959, the School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering split into two units, the latter of which was renamed the School of Materials Engineering in 1973. The 1960s saw the establishment of the Nuclear Engineering and Women in Engineering programs, a 1 kilowatt nuclear reactor has been in operation at the campus since 1962. In 1971, the National Society of Black Engineers was founded on the Purdue campus by two undergraduates, the Construction Engineering and Management Division was created in 1976. In 1989, the Materials and Electrical Engineering Building was completed, providing much-needed space for the growing School of Materials Engineering, in 1995, the Engineering Projects In Community Service program was established at Purdue. Three years later, Purdues Biomedical Engineering program was founded, in 2004, also in 2004, the College of Engineering was formed as an umbrella organization for the many Schools, Departments, and Divisions of Purdues engineering programs. That same year, the Department of Engineering Education, the first of its kind in the nation, was created. The College of Engineerings undergraduate and graduate engineering programs are ranked by U. S. News & World Report as some of the best engineering programs in America. The 2017 rankings are listed below, Purdues engineering program is also ranked highly internationally. The Times Higher Education Supplement ranked Purdue as the 24th best university in the world in the Technology category, at Purdue is a project at Purdue University that focuses on the technical aspects of musical acoustics in guitars. METAL is an acronym for Mechanical Engineering Technology Acoustics Lab, in the project, undergraduate students in the department of Mechanical Engineering Technology build their own guitar
30.
United States dollar
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The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution. It is divided into 100 smaller cent units, the circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars. The U. S. dollar was originally commodity money of silver as enacted by the Coinage Act of 1792 which determined the dollar to be 371 4/16 grain pure or 416 grain standard silver, the currency most used in international transactions, it is the worlds primary reserve currency. Several countries use it as their currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean, the British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands. A few countries use the Federal Reserve Notes for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U. S. coins that can be used as payment in U. S. dollars. After Nixon shock of 1971, USD became fiat currency, Article I, Section 8 of the U. S. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power To coin money, laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U. S. C. Section 5112 prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued and these coins are both designated in Section 5112 as legal tender in payment of debts. The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar, the pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins and these other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar. The Constitution provides that a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and that provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code. The sums of money reported in the Statements are currently being expressed in U. S. dollars, the U. S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States. The word dollar is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution, there, dollars is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U. S. Congress passed a Coinage Act, Section 20 of the act provided, That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units. And that all accounts in the offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation. In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States, unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U. S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the form is significantly more common
31.
1915 Indianapolis 500
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The 5th International 500-Mile Sweepstakes Race was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway on Monday, May 31,1915. The traditional race date of May 30 fell on a Sunday, the race was set for Saturday May 29, but heavy rains in the days leading up to the race flooded the grounds and made some roads leading to the track impassible. Officials decided to postpone the race until Monday May 31 in order to allow the grounds to dry out, Speedway management would maintain their policy to not race on Sundays until 1974. After a heartbreaking loss in 1912, Ralph DePalma succeeds in victory for 1915, DePalma was accompanied by riding mechanic Louis Fontaine. For 1915, riding mechanics were required, Louis Chevrolet is usually shown as American but his application for a US passport reveals that he did not become a US citizen until June 1915. Ralph DePalma is usually shown as American but his application for a US passport reveals that he did not become a US citizen until 1920
32.
Ralph DePalma
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Raffaele Ralph De Palma was an Italian-American racecar driving champion who won the 1915 Indianapolis 500. His entry at the International Motorsports Hall of Fame estimates that he won about 2,000 races, DePalma won the 1908,1909,1910, and 1911 American AAA national dirt track championships and is credited with winning 24 American Champ car races. He won the Canadian national championship in 1929, DePalma estimated that he had earned $1.5 million by 1934 after racing for 27 years. He is inducted in numerous halls of fame and he competed on boards and dirt road courses and ovals. Born in Biccari, Apulia, Italy, DePalmas family emigrated to the United States in 1893, DePalma was immediately successful in car racing. In 1911, DePalma won the first Milwaukee Mile Championship Car race, however, he is still remembered for the dramatic manner in which he lost the 1912 Indianapolis 500. After leading the race for 196 of the 200 laps, his Mercedes cracked a piston and with only 2 laps remaining, he, at that time, only cars completing the full 200 laps received any prize money. This Mercedes remains on display at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Hall of Fame Museum. He went on to earn the U. S. national driving championship that year, after being impaled by a corn stalk, he was hospitalized for 11 weeks, he recovered and was back to racing the following spring. He entered the 1914 Indianapolis 500 but was not able to finish the course, DePalma had been let go by the Mercer Automobile Co. racing team in favor of Barney Oldfield. In a Mercedes Gray Ghost, he showed he was a tactician in beating Oldfields much faster car. He ended 1914 by winning his second U. S. national driving championship, the following year,1915, he drove to victory at 1915 Indianapolis 500 with a Mercedes 4.5 liter Gp car. DePalma was a competitor but one of the most popular racers with his fellow drivers and the fans because of his good sportsmanship. In June 1917 he lost to Barney Oldfield in a series of 10 to 25 mile match races at the Milwaukee Mile. On February 12,1919 at Daytona Beach, Florida, he drove a Packard to a speed record of 149.875 mph over a measured mile. International competition began following the adoption of the three liter engine limit in the U. S. and Europe in 1920, DePalma began the year driving for the French manufacturer, Ballot. His Ballot vehicle won the position for the 1920 Indy race and he led for many laps but bad luck dogged him in the race. However, DePalma did race his Ballot vehicle in the Elgin Road Race, then in 1921 DePalma traveled with other Americans to Le Mans to compete in the French Grand Prix
33.
Akron, Ohio
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Akron /ˈækrən/ is the fifth-largest city in the U. S. state of Ohio and is the county seat of Summit County. It is located on the edge of the Glaciated Allegheny Plateau. As of the 2015 Census Estimate, the city proper had a population of 197,542. The Akron, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area covers Summit and Portage counties and it is also part of the larger Cleveland-Akron-Canton, OH Combined Statistical Area, which in 2013 had a population of 3,501,538, ranking 15th. Co-founded along the Little Cuyahoga River in 1825 by Simon Perkins and Paul Williams, it was done so being a point at the summit of the developing Ohio. The name derived from the Greek word ἄκρον signifying a summit or high point, due to Eliakim Crosby founding North Akron in 1833, South was added to its name until the two merged into an incorporated village in 1836. Neighboring settlements Kenmore and Ellet became annexed in 1929 and it is a setting for several movie films, television shows and novel stories, and is the origin of fictional characters. Residents of the city are called Akronites and it has had many nicknames, three of which are Rubber Capital of the World, Rubber City and City of Invention. Akron became a manufacturing center owing to its location on the canal, as well as being connected to numerous others and railroad lines. The city is home to the All-American Soapbox Derby, WGC-Bridgestone Invitational, Stan Hywet Hall and Gardens, Akron City Hospital, the Goodyear Polymer Center, and Alcoholics Anonymous. Listed by Newsweek as one of ten Information Age high tech havens, it was awarded by the National Civic League, residents Frank and Charles Menches have a disputed claim of inventing the hamburger thus the annual national festival is hosted in the city. A creature often referred to as the Kenmore Grassman is reported through history, Notable historical events that occurred in the city includes the Akron School Law of 1847 creating the K-12 system, and Sojourner Truth giving her Aint I A Woman. Resident Ferdinand Schumacher supplied the Union Army with quaker oats during the American Civil War. Akron is known for the rubber, tire, and airship industries among others, including the trucking, stoneware, sewer pipe, fishing tackle, farming equipment, mining, match, zipper, and toy industries. With a population increase of 201. 8% during the 1910s, three major civil unrest events took place during the riot of 1900, rubber strike of 1936, and the Wooster Avenue riots of 1968. Du Bois and President Bill Clinton gave speeches on race relations in the city, while visiting during August 1914, Marcus Garvey founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association. In 1971, James R. Williams founded Alpha Phi Alpha Homes Inc. to build the Channelwood Village area of Akron. During a 2016 march on West Market Street, purple heart Vietnam War veteran, Notable criminal history includes mobster Rosario Borgio headquartering the areas black hand operations, and Pretty Boy Floyds Walker-Mitchell mobs activities
34.
Dave Lewis (racing driver)
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Dave Lewis was an American racecar driver. He competed in the Indianapolis 500 four times, with a best finish of second in 1925 and his appearance in the 1925 race with a Miller car was the first time that a front-wheel drive car had competed in the Indy 500. Lewis was the brother-in-law of Harry Miller, Lewis committed suicide with a shotgun after a brush fire on his ranch got out of control. Photo of 1925 2nd place Miller
35.
Fred Frame
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Fredrick William Fred Frame was an American race car driver. One of the leading AAA Championship Car drivers of the late 1920s and early 1930s, frederick William Frame, commonly known by the nickname Fred, was born June 3,1894, in Exeter, New Hampshire. Frame relocated to Los Angeles, California, where he began dirt track racing in about 1922, on July 5,1923, Frame set his first world record in San Luis Obispo, California, driving a mile on a dirt track in 43.4 seconds. Frames record mile, established in an event, surpassed the previous record for a dirt track mile of 45 seconds. By 1924, Frame was running his own car on the track at Culver City, California. A Texas racer was less fortunate, being killed in the race when his car went through a railing. Frame began running at the Indianapolis 500, held in Indianapolis, Indiana, in that year he drove a machine owned by George Fernic, finishing in 11th place. He was brought back in 1928 by car owner Bill White to drive the same Dussenberg which had won the race the previous year, Frame would finish in 8th place in that race. In 1929, Frame arrived in Indianapolis just four ahead of the race to drive a Cooper Special Front Drive. He would finish in 10th place, after leading the race for 11 laps — receiving bonus prize money of $100 per lap led provided by race sponsors, Frame would race at Indianapolis eight times in all, including a second-place finish in the 1931 race. Frames greatest career victory was a win in the 1932 Indianapolis 500 on May 31,1932, driving a tan Müler-Hartz front wheel drive machine, the 10-year racing veteran Frame finished the course in 4 hours,48 minutes,3.79 seconds. Frame took the lead in lap 157 and never relinquished the advantage, frames winning average speed of 104.14 mph topped the previous course record of 101.13 mph, set by Peter DePaolo in his 1925 Memorial Day victory at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. Frame became the third Indy 500 winner to win with an speed of more than 100 mph. Fred Frame was inducted in the New England Auto Racers Hall of Fame in 2004
Leon Duray
