1.
1928 in Norway
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Events in the year 1928 in Norway. Monarch - Haakon VII27 June – The opening of the railway line to Nationaltheatret station in Oslo. At Herøya, outside Porsgrunn, Norsk Hydro establishes what is to become Norways largest industrial park, municipal and county elections are held throughout the country. Bernt Evensen, speed skater, Olympic gold medallist and racing cyclist, is awarded the Egebergs Ærespris for his achievements in speed skating and cycling, husabø, politician 17 May – Dag Skogheim, teacher, poet, novelist, short story writer, biographer and non-fiction writer
2.
1927 in Norway
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Events in the year 1927 in Norway. Monarch - Haakon VII Norsk Hydro forms a companionship with the German company IG Farben in order to access to the newly developed Haber-Bosch process for manufacturing artificial fertilizer. By 1945 IG Farben has become majority shareholder, the 1927 Parliamentary election takes place. The avant-garde theatre Balkongen is started by Agnes Mowinckel,11 December - Stein Eriksen, alpine skier, Olympic gold medallist and World Champion 11 December - Trygve Moe, journalist 15 December - Ole N
3.
Norway
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The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered part of the Kingdom. Norway also lays claim to a section of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land, until 1814, the kingdom included the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland. It also included Isle of Man until 1266, Shetland and Orkney until 1468, Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres and a population of 5,258,317. The country shares a long border with Sweden. Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east, Norway has an extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea. King Harald V of the Dano-German House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway, erna Solberg became Prime Minister in 2013, replacing Jens Stoltenberg. A constitutional monarchy, Norway divides state power between the Parliament, the Cabinet and the Supreme Court, as determined by the 1814 Constitution, the kingdom is established as a merger of several petty kingdoms. By the traditional count from the year 872, the kingdom has existed continuously for 1,144 years, Norway has both administrative and political subdivisions on two levels, counties and municipalities. The Sámi people have an amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the Sámi Parliament. Norway maintains close ties with the European Union and the United States, the country maintains a combination of market economy and a Nordic welfare model with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system. Norway has extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood, the petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the countrys gross domestic product. On a per-capita basis, Norway is the worlds largest producer of oil, the country has the fourth-highest per capita income in the world on the World Bank and IMF lists. On the CIAs GDP per capita list which includes territories and some regions, from 2001 to 2006, and then again from 2009 to 2017, Norway had the highest Human Development Index ranking in the world. It also has the highest inequality-adjusted ranking, Norway ranks first on the World Happiness Report, the OECD Better Life Index, the Index of Public Integrity and the Democracy Index. Norway has two names, Noreg in Nynorsk and Norge in Bokmål. The name Norway comes from the Old English word Norðrveg mentioned in 880, meaning way or way leading to the north. In contrasting with suðrvegar southern way for Germany, and austrvegr eastern way for the Baltic, the Anglo-Saxon of Britain also referred to the kingdom of Norway in 880 as Norðmanna land. This was the area of Harald Fairhair, the first king of Norway, and because of him
4.
Monarchy of Norway
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The Norwegian monarch is the monarchical head of state of Norway, which is a constitutional and hereditary monarchy with a parliamentary system. The present monarch is King Harald V, who has reigned since 17 January 1991, succeeding his father, the heir apparent is his only son, Crown Prince Haakon. The crown prince undertakes various public functions, as does the kings wife. The crown prince also acts as regent in the kings absence, there are several other members of the Royal Family, including the kings daughter, grandchildren and siblings. Whilst the Constitution of Norway grants important executive powers to the King, formally the King appoints the government according to his own judgement, but parliamentary practice has been in place since 1884. Constitutional practice has replaced the meaning of the word King in most articles of the constitution from the king personally to the elected government. The powers vested in the monarch are significant, but are treated only as reserve powers, the King does not, by convention, have direct participation in government. He ratifies laws and royal resolutions, receives and sends envoys from and to foreign countries and he has a more tangible influence as the symbol of national unity. The annual New Years Eve speech is one occasion when the King traditionally raises negative issues, the King is also Supreme Commander of the Norwegian Armed Forces and Grand Master of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav and of the Royal Norwegian Order of Merit. The King has no role in the Church of Norway. The position of King of Norway has been in existence since the unification of Norway in 872. In recent years members of the Socialist Left party have proposed the abolition of the monarchy during each new session of parliament and this gives the Norwegian monarchy the unique status of being a popularly elected royal family and receiving regular formal confirmations of support from the Storting. Prior to and in the phase of the Viking Age Norway was divided into several smaller kingdoms. Harald Fairhair was the first king of Norway, the boundaries of Fairhairs kingdom were not identical to those of present-day Norway, and upon his death the kingship was shared among his sons. Some historians emphasise the actual control over the country and assert that Olaf II, alias Saint Olaf. Olaf is generally held to have been the force behind Norways final conversion to Christianity. In the 12th and 13th centuries the Norwegian kingdom was at its geographical and cultural peak, the kingdom included Norway, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Greenland, Shetland, Orkney and other smaller areas in the British Isles. The king had diplomatic relations with most of the European kingdoms and formed alliances with Scotland and Castile, large castles such as Haakons Hall and cathedrals, the foremost being Nidaros Cathedral, were built
5.
Haakon VII of Norway
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Haakon VII, known as Prince Carl of Denmark until 1905, was a Danish prince who became the first king of Norway after the 1905 dissolution of the union with Sweden. He reigned from November 1905 until his death in September 1957, as one of the few elected monarchs, Haakon quickly won the respect and affection of his people. He played a role in uniting the Norwegian nation in its resistance to the Nazi invasion. He became King of Norway before his father and older brother became kings of Denmark, during his reign, he saw his father, his brother and his nephew, Frederick IX, ascend the throne of Denmark, respectively in 1906,1912 and 1947. He died at the age of 85 on 21 September 1957 and he was succeeded by his only son, Olav V. Prince Carl of Denmark was the son of King Frederik VIII of Denmark. Furthermore, he was a brother of Christian X, a paternal grandson of King Christian IX of Denmark. Prince Carl was born at Charlottenlund Palace near Copenhagen and he belonged to the Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg branch of the House of Oldenburg. The House of Oldenburg had been the Danish royal family since 1448, the house was originally from northern Germany, where the Glucksburg branch held their small fief. The family had permanent links with Norway beginning from the late Middle Ages, several of his paternal ancestors had been kings of independent Norway. Christian Frederick, who was King of Norway briefly in 1814, Prince Carl was raised in the royal household in Copenhagen and educated at the Royal Danish Naval Academy. Their son, Prince Alexander, the future Crown Prince Olav, was born on 2 July 1903, gradually, Prince Carl became the leading candidate, largely because he was descended from independent Norwegian kings. The new royal family of Norway left Denmark on the Danish royal yacht Dannebrog, at Oscarsborg Fortress, they boarded the Norwegian naval ship Heimdal. After a three-day journey, they arrived in Kristiania early on the morning of 25 November 1905, two days later, Haakon took the oath as Norways first independent king in 518 years. The coronation of Haakon and Maud took place in Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim on 22 June 1906, King Haakon gained much sympathy from the Norwegian people. Although the Constitution of Norway vests the King with considerable executive powers, Haakon confined himself to non-partisan roles without interfering in politics, a practice continued by his son and grandson. However, his long rule gave him moral authority as a symbol of the countrys unity. Haakon, Maud and Crown Prince Olav became interested in skiing and this sport is often viewed as typically Norwegian
6.
Jan Mayen
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Jan Mayen is a Norwegian volcanic island situated in the North Arctic Ocean. It is 55 km long and 373 km2 in area, partly covered by glaciers and it has two parts, larger northeast Nord-Jan and smaller Sør-Jan, linked by a 2.5 km wide isthmus. It lies 600 km northeast of Iceland,500 km east of central Greenland and 1,000 km west of the North Cape, the island is mountainous, the highest summit being the Beerenberg volcano in the north. The isthmus is the location of the two largest lakes of the island, Sørlaguna, and Nordlaguna, a third lake is called Ullerenglaguna. Jan Mayen was formed by the Jan Mayen hotspot, although administered separately, Svalbard and Jan Mayen are collectively assigned the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code SJ. Jan Mayen Island has one exploitable natural resource, gravel, from the site at Trongskaret, other than this, economic activity is limited to providing services for employees of Norways radio communications and meteorological stations located on the island. Jan Mayen has one unpaved airstrip, Jan Mayensfield, which is about 1,585 m long, the 124.1 km coast has no ports or harbours, only offshore anchorages. There are important fishing resources, and the existence of Jan Mayen establishes a large Exclusive Economic Zone around it, a dispute between Norway and Denmark regarding the fishing exclusion zone between Jan Mayen and Greenland was settled in 1988 granting Denmark the greater area of sovereignty. Significant deposits of petroleum and natural gas are suspected by geologists to lie below Jan Mayens surrounding seafloors, Jan Mayen Island is an integral part of the Kingdom of Norway. Since 1995, Jan Mayen has been administered by the County Governor of the northern Norwegian county of Nordland to which it is closest. However, some authority over Jan Mayen has been assigned to the commander of the Norwegian Defence Logistics Organisation. The only inhabitants on the island are personnel working for the Norwegian Armed Forces, eighteen people spend the winter on the island, but the population may double during the summer, when heavy maintenance is performed. Personnel serve either six months or one year, and are exchanged twice a year in April, the main purpose of the military personnel is to operate a Loran-C base. The support crew, including mechanics, cooks, and a nurse, are among the military personnel, both the LORAN transmitter and the meteorological station are located a few kilometres away from the settlement Olonkinbyen, where all personnel live. Transport to the island is provided by C-130 Hercules military transport planes operated by the Royal Norwegian Air Force that land at Jan Mayensfields gravel runway, the planes fly in from Bodø Main Air Station eight times a year. Since the airport does not have any instrument landing capabilities, good visibility is required, for heavy goods, freight ships visit during the summer, but since there are no harbours, the ships must anchor. The island has no population, but is assigned the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code SJ. It uses the Internet country code top-level domain. no and data code JN, Jan Mayen has telephone and internet connection over satellite, using Norwegian telephone numbers
7.
Fredrik Olsen
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Thomas Fredrik Olsen or Fred Olsen is a Norwegian shipping magnate and Chairman of the companies in the Fred. He is the fourth generation running the Fred, Olsen Group, founded by his great grandfather Petter Olsen and named after his grandfather Thomas Fredrik Olsen. Though he remains the chairman of the companies, ownership and CEO functions are retained by his daughter Anette S. Olsen, in addition to his jobs within the Fred. Olsen group he was for a period also chairman of the Aker Group, Fred Olsen has been called The Norwegian Howard Hughes for his great wealth and avoidance of publicity. It was announced on 3 January 2006, that Fred Olsen was to sell almost his entire collection of Edvard Munch paintings, Fred Olsen contested the will but lost the case in the Oslo District Court in 2001. He is a fellow of the Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences
8.
Grethe Rytter Hasle
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Grethe Berit Rytter Hasle was a Norwegian planktologist. Among the first female professors of science at the University of Oslo. Hasle was born in Borre as the daughter of shipmaster Johan Kristian Rytter and she married Hans Martin Hasle and took his name, he died in 1971. She resided at Ekeberg, Akershus and died in November 2013 and she graduated from Elverum Teachers College in 1942, and graduated from the University of Oslo in 1949. Her first publication was Phototactic vertical migration in marine dinoflagellates, degree in 1968 on the thesis An Analysis of the Phytoplankton of the Pacific Southern Ocean. She was hired as a lecturer at the University of Oslo in 1961 and she was also a visiting scholar at the Texas A&M University from 1968 to 1969. She is especially known for her studies of phytoplankton in general, the Bacillariophyceae genus Haslea has been named after her. She is also known for revising the morphological taxonomy of the genera Thalassiosira, Nitzschia and Fragilariopsis
9.
Ivar Giaever
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Ivar Giaever is a Norwegian-American physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1973 with Leo Esaki and Brian Josephson for their discoveries regarding tunnelling phenomena in solids. Giaevers share of the prize was specifically for his discoveries regarding tunnelling phenomena in superconductors. Giaever is a professor emeritus at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, a professor-at-large at the University of Oslo. Giaever earned a degree in engineering from the Norwegian Institute of Technology in Trondheim in 1952. In 1954, he emigrated from Norway to Canada, where he was employed by the Canadian division of General Electric and he moved to the United States four years later, joining General Electrics Corporate Research and Development Center in Schenectady, New York, in 1958. He has lived in Niskayuna, New York, since then, while working for General Electric, Giaever earned a Ph. D. degree at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1964. The work that led to Giaevers Nobel Prize was performed at General Electric in 1960, Giaevers experiments demonstrated the existence of an energy gap in superconductors, one of the most important predictions of the BCS theory of superconductivity, which had been developed in 1957. Esaki and Giaever shared half of the 1973 Nobel Prize, Giaevers research later in his career was mainly in the field of biophysics. In 1969, he researched Biophysics for a year as a fellow at Clare Hall, University of Cambridge, through a Guggenheim Fellowship, and he continued to work in this area after he returned to the US. He has co-signed a letter from over 70 Nobel laureate scientists to the Louisiana Legislature supporting the repeal of Louisiana’s creationism law, the Louisiana Science Education Act. In addition to the Nobel Prize, he has also awarded the Oliver E. Buckley Prize by the American Physical Society in 1965. In 1985 he was awarded an degree, doctor honoris causa, at the Norwegian Institute of Technology, later part of Norwegian University of Science. He is a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, Giaever has said man-made global warming is a new religion. In the minority report released by the U. S. Senate Environment and Public Works Committee in March 2009, Giaever said, I am a skeptic…Global warming has become a new religion. In a featured story in Norways largest newspaper, Aftenposten,26 June 2011, Giaever stated, on 13 September 2011, Giaever resigned from the American Physical Society over its official position. Referring to the selection of evidence in his presentation, Giaever stated I pick and choose when I give this talk just the way the previous speaker picked, Giaever concluded his presentation with a pronouncement, Is climate change pseudoscience. If I’m going to answer the question, the answer is, Giaever is currently a science advisor with The Heartland Institute. Giaever married his childhood sweetheart Inger Skramstad in 1952 and they have four children, John, Anne, Guri and Trine
10.
Nobel Prize in Physics
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The Nobel Prize in Physics is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who conferred the most outstanding contributions for mankind in the field of physics. The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to German/Dutch physicist Wilhelm Röntgen in recognition of the services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays. This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and widely regarded as the most prestigious award that a scientist can receive in physics and it is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobels death. Through 2016, a total of 203 individuals have been awarded the prize, only two women have won the Nobel Prize in Physics, Marie Curie in 1903, and Maria Goeppert Mayer in 1963. Though Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime, the last one was written a year before he died and was signed at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris on 27 November 1895. Nobel bequeathed 94% of his assets,31 million Swedish kronor, to establish. Due to the level of surrounding the will, it was not until April 26,1897 that it was approved by the Storting. The executors of his will were Ragnar Sohlman and Rudolf Lilljequist, the members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee who were to award the Peace Prize were appointed shortly after the will was approved. The prize-awarding organisations followed, the Karolinska Institutet on June 7, the Swedish Academy on June 9, the Nobel Foundation then reached an agreement on guidelines for how the Nobel Prize should be awarded. In 1900, the Nobel Foundations newly created statutes were promulgated by King Oscar II, according to Nobels will, The Royal Swedish Academy of sciences were to award the Prize in Physics. A maximum of three Nobel laureates and two different works may be selected for the Nobel Prize in Physics, compared with other Nobel Prizes, the nomination and selection process for the prize in Physics is long and rigorous. This is a key reason why it has grown in importance over the years to become the most important prize in Physics, the Nobel laureates are selected by the Nobel Committee for Physics, a Nobel Committee that consists of five members elected by The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In the first stage begins in September, around 3,000 people – selected university professors, Nobel Laureates in Physics and Chemistry. The completed nomination forms arrive at the Nobel Committee no later than 31 January of the following year and these nominees are scrutinized and discussed by experts who narrow it to approximately fifteen names. The committee submits a report with recommendations on the candidates into the Academy. The Academy then makes the selection of the Laureates in Physics through a majority vote. The names of the nominees are never announced, and neither are they told that they have been considered for the prize. Nomination records are sealed for fifty years, while posthumous nominations are not permitted, awards can be made if the individual died in the months between the decision of the prize committee and the ceremony in December
11.
Kjell Askildsen
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Kjell Askildsen is a Norwegian writer. He is probably best known for his short stories. He was born in Mandal as a son of bailiff and politician Arne Askildsen, during the war and occupation of Norway, his father was imprisoned in Arkivet twice, before escaping to Sweden in 1944. Two older brothers of Kjell Askildsen were held captive in Grini concentration camp, after the war, Askildsen enrolled in the Independent Norwegian Brigade Group in Germany. He was married to a German woman for some time, from August 1951 to March 1968 he was married to Edith Dorothea Mathiessen, and from June 1992 he has been married to Gina Giertsen. His first book, the story collection Heretter følger jeg deg helt hjem, raised controversy, especially in Mandal. After that book, Asklildsen concentrated mainly on novels and he was awarded the Mads Wiel Nygaards Endowment in recognition of his novel, Omgivelser, which was made into the 1973 movie Maria Marusjka, directed by Oddvar Bull Tuhus and starring Peter Lindgren. From 1982 on, all of Askildsens published books have been short story collections and it is mainly these books that made him one of the most acclaimed modern writers in Norway. Thomas Fs siste nedtegnelser til almenheten won him the Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature, in 2006, a jury appointed by the newspaper Dagbladet voted that collection the best prose book written in Norway during the last 25 years. He has won awards as well, almost one for each new publication. His writings have also translated into other languages. He wrote his last short stories for Hundene i Tessaloniki, published in 1996, and has published new collections of old stories since
12.
Leif Haraldseth
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Leif Haraldseth is a Norwegian trade unionist and politician for the Labour Party. He was born in Drammen as a son of worker Hans Haraldseth, in 1965 he was hired as district secretary of the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions in Buskerud. In 1969 he was promoted to secretary and in 1977 to vice chairman of the organization, on both occasions he replaced Odd Højdahl. From 1986 to 1987 he was the Minister of Local Government in Brundtlands Second Cabinet and he then headed the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions from 1987 to 1989. At the same time he was a board member of the Labour Party. He chaired the Norwegian Support Committee for Spain from 1977 to 1984 and his career in politics ended with the post of County Governor of Buskerud, which he held from 1989 to 1999. He was a member of Norsk Produktivitetsinstitutt and the Labour Court of Norway
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