1.
1919 in architecture
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The year 1919 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. 25 April - The Bauhaus architectural and design movement is founded in Weimar, Germany, November - Start of the Glass Chain correspondence. Julia Morgan is selected as the architect for William Randolph Hearsts La Cuesta Encantada, better known as Hearst Castle, in San Simeon, California, USA. 5 March - Rebuilt Helsinki Central railway station, designed by Eliel Saarinen April - First Congregational Church of Albany, New York, USA,27 November - Laie Hawaii Temple, Oʻahu, Hawaii, USA, dedicated. 29 November - Großes Schauspielhaus in Berlin with interior remodelled as a theater by Hans Poelzig, Church of the Madonna della Difesa, Montreal, Canada. McMahon Building, better known as the Worlds littlest skyscraper, by J. D. McMahon, in downtown Wichita Falls,11 November - Hart House, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Het Schip, Amsterdam, Netherlands, by Michel de Klerk. First Goetheanum, Dornach, Switzerland, by Rudolf Steiner, royal Gold Medal - Leonard Stokes. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture - Jacques Carlu and Jean-Jacques Haffner, edelsvärd, Swedish architect 6 November - Hans Christian Amberg, Danish architect
2.
1920 in architecture
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The year 1920 in architecture involved some significant events. Construction of Welwyn Garden City in England begins with Louis de Soissons as architect, edith Hughes establishes her own architectural practice, in Glasgow, the first British woman to do so. In the first issue of the Purist art magazine L’ Esprit Nouveau co-founded by him, november 11 - The Cenotaph, Whitehall, London, designed by Edwin Lutyens. Ajuria Enea, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain, designed by Alfredo Baeschlin, manitoba Legislative Building in Winnipeg, Canada. Oak Tower, Downtown Kansas City, Missouri, USA
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1921 in architecture
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The year 1921 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. The Einstein Tower near Potsdam, Germany, designed by Erich Mendelsohn, berliner Tageblatt, designed by Erich Mendelsohn. The current Sydney Central railway station in Australia, harkness Tower in Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, United States, after 4 years of construction. The Corn Palace in Mitchell, South Dakota, United States is completed, the Wong Tai Sin Temple is moved to its current site and completed. New Hindu Durgiana Temple in Amritsar, the Ohel Rachel Synagogue in Shanghai, designed by Robert Bradshaw Moorhead and Sidney Joseph Halse, is dedicated on January 23. Michel de Klerks Het Schip housing development for Eigen Haard in Amesterdam, monument to the March Dead, by Walter Gropius in Weimar, Germany. The Mayslake Peabody Estate in Oak Brook, Illinois, United States, the Chicago Theatre movie palace in the United States. The Theater Pathé Tuschinski movie/live theatre in Amsterdam, designed by Hijman Louis de Jong, is opened on October 28, adolf Loos designed a mausoleum for Max Dvořák that has remained unbuilt. March - Puhl & Wagner are contracted to decorate the interior of the Golden Hall with neo-Byzantine mosaics designed by Einar Forseth, March 21 - Teatro Yagüez in Puerto Rico, designed by José Sabàs Honoré, reopens. May 27 - A Buddha image is enshrined in the hall of the Daifukuji Soto Zen Mission in Hawaii. September 5 - The Cervantes Theatre in Buenos Aires, Argentina, hugo Häring and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe submit a competition entry for a Friedrichstrasse office building, fully made of glass. Construction work begins on the Watts Towers in Los Angeles, designed by Simon Rodia, american Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medal – Cass Gilbert. Royal Gold Medal - Edwin Lutyens
4.
1922 in architecture
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The year 1922 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. Construction work begins on The Los Angeles Central Library in Los Angeles, California, construction of Böttcherstraße in Bremen, Germany, in the style of Brick Expressionism begins. Monument to the Third International, designed by Vladimir Tatlin, is cancelled, march 21 - Rebuilt London Waterloo station is officially opened. May 30 - Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D. C, United States is dedicated by William H. Taft, in the presence of Abraham Lincolns son, 79-year-old Robert Todd Lincoln. June 9 - Spalding War Memorial in England, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, is dedicated, october 14 - Gerrards Cross Memorial Building in England, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, is dedicated. November 26 - Rochdale Cenotaph in England, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, is dedicated, estonian Constituent Assembly building in Toompea Castle, designed by Eugen Habermann and Herbert Johanson. Antiguo Casino de Ponce, Puerto Rico, by Agustin Camilo Gonzalez, shabolovka tower in Moscow, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, by Vladimir Shukhov. Wolseley Motors showrooms,160 Piccadilly, London, by W. Curtis Green, wrigley Building in Chicago, Illinois, by Graham, Anderson, Probst & White. AIA Gold Medal - Victor Laloux Royal Gold Medal - Thomas Hastings Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Robert Giroud
5.
1923 in architecture
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The year 1923 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. Vers une architecture by Le Corbusier is published, liebenberg and Kaplan architectural practice established in Minneapolis. June 23 - Stockholm City Hall, designed by Ragnar Östberg, December 26 - Ottawa Auditorium, Canada. Chilehaus in Hamburg, designed by Fritz Höger, imperial Hotel, Tokyo, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright. Église Notre-Dame du Raincy in France, designed by Auguste Perret, roeschlaub, Colorado architect November 24 - Michel de Klerk, Dutch Amsterdam School architect December 27 - Gustave Eiffel, French civil engineer and architect
6.
1924 in architecture
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The year 1924 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. Eileen Gray and Jean Badovici begin work on their vacation home E-1027 at Roquebrune-Cap-Martin in the south of France The Chilehaus in Hamburg, Germany, Rietveld Schröder House in Utrecht, Netherlands, designed by Gerrit Rietveld. Queen Marys Dolls House in England, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, olympic silver medal - Alfréd Hajós & Dezso Lauber of Hungary for Plan for Budapest Swimming Stadium. Olympic bronze medal - Julien Médecin of Monaco for Stadium for Monte Carlo, grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Marcel Péchin
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1926 in architecture
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The year 1926 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. June 7 - While walking along the Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes in Barcelona, Antoni Gaudí is struck by a passing tram, delays in receiving medical treatment contribute to his death in hospital a few days later. On June 12, after a procession through the streets of Barcelona lined by thousands. November 27 - In Williamsburg, Virginia, the restoration of Colonial Williamsburg begins, undated British General Post Office K2 red telephone box, designed by Giles Gilbert Scott, is introduced, chiefly in the London area. The Frankfurt kitchen is designed by Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky for Ernst Mays social housing project New Frankfurt in Frankfurt, the russian avant-garde magazine SA is published for the first time. Louis, Missouri, USA, designed by Mauran, Russell & Crowell with I. R, timlin Sourdough Inn, Fort Yukon, Alaska, USA900 Stewart Avenue, USA Royal Gold Medal - Ragnar Ostberg. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Jean-Baptiste Hourlier
8.
1927 in architecture
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The year 1927 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. July 11 -1927 Jericho earthquake destroys or damages many mosques and these buildings are completed in 1928-1929. July 14 - Scottish National War Memorial at Edinburgh Castle, designed by Robert Lorimer, is opened, july 24 - Menin Gate Memorial to the Missing at Ypres, Belgium, designed by Sir Reginald Blomfield, is unveiled. October 9 - Norwich War Memorial in England, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, is unveiled, weissenhof Estate in Stuttgart, Germany, designed by a team led by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Double house in Brno, designed by Otto Eisler, the rebuilt Quadrant in Regent Street, London, England. The Shrine of Remembrance in Melbourne, Australia is completed, the Art Deco LeVeque Tower, designed by C. Howard Crane and John Gill & Sons, in Columbus, Ohio, United States. At 555.5 feet tall, it is just slightly higher than the Washington Monument, the Ahwahnee Hotel in Yosemite National Park, California, designed by Gilbert Stanley Underwood. AIA Gold Medal - Howard Van Doren Shaw, RIBA Royal Gold Medal - Herbert Baker
9.
1928 in architecture
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The year 1928 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. February - Hannes Meyer succeeds Walter Gropius as head of the Bauhaus school, June - Congrès Internationaux dArchitecture Moderne is initiated by Le Corbusier. Le Corbusier wins all three competitions for design of the Tsentrosoyuz building in Moscow, Léon Azéma is appointed Architect of the City of Paris. March 31 - Stockholm Public Library in Sweden, designed by Gunnar Asplund, october 6 - Collège Saint Marc, Alexandria, Egypt, designed by Léon Azéma. October 25 - Großmarkthalle at Frankfurt am Main, designed by Martin Elsaesser, first Dymaxion House is designed by Buckminster Fuller. Second Goetheanum, Dornach, Switzerland, designed by Rudolf Steiner, rusakov Workers Club in Moscow, USSR, designed by Konstantin Melnikov. Firestone Tyre Factory on the Golden Mile of Londons Great West Road, designed by Wallis, Gilbert, granada Theatre and Temple Israel, designed by Liebenberg and Kaplan. Olympic gold medal - Jan Wils of the Netherlands for Olympic Stadium in Amsterdam, Olympic silver medal - Einar Mindedal Rasmussen of Denmark for Swimming pool at Ollerup. Olympic bronze medal - Jacques Lambert of France for Stadium at Versailles, royal Gold Medal - Guy Dawber. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Eugène Beaudouin, E. Doyle, American architect (born 1877 June 23 - Konstantīns Pēkšēns, Latvian-born architect December 10 - Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Scottish-born architect and designer
10.
1930 in architecture
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The year 1930 in architecture involved some significant events. The lead architects are Gunnar Asplund and Sigurd Lewerentz, architects involved in the exhibition include Sven Markelius, Paul Hedqvist, Nils Ahrbom, Helge Zimdal. Vanessa Bell and Duncan Grant complete the decoration of the room for Dorothy Wellesley at Penns-in-the-Rocks, Withyham. John Betjeman is given an editorial post on the Architectural Review, february 22 - Loews 175th Street Theatre on Manhattan, designed by Thomas W. Lamb with interiors by the Rambusch Decorating Company. March 22 - Le Touret Memorial, France, april 8 - Brisbane City Hall, Brisbane, Australia. June 9 - The Chicago Board of Trade Building, designed by Holabird & Roche, june 17 - Erphokirche in Münster, designed by Carl Moritz. June 21 - Hus House church and community centre in Prague, designed by Karel Truksa, april -40 Wall Street, briefly the tallest building in the world. May 20 - Chrysler Building in New York, designed by William van Alen, succeeds the Bank of Manhattan Trust Building as the tallest building in the world and it remains the worlds tallest steel-supported brick building. IG Farben Building, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Karl-Marx-Hof in Vienna, designed by Karl Ehn, opens, the Terminal Tower complex in Cleveland, designed by Graham, Anderson, Probst, and White. Apartments for social housing in Page Street, Westminster, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, are completed, castle Drogo, a country house in Devon, England designed by Edwin Lutyens. Chachmei Lublin Yeshiva in Lublin, Poland, villa Tugendhat in Brno, Czechoslovakia, designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medal – Charles A. Platt, royal Gold Medal - Percy Scott Worthington
11.
1931 in architecture
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The year 1931 in architecture involved some significant events. December 5 - The Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow is dynamited, the first of the Architects Acts is passed in the United Kingdom. The first of the districts in the United States is designated in Charleston, South Carolina. January 23 - Viceroys House, New Delhi, India, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, may 1 - The Empire State Building is completed in New York City as the tallest building in the world. July 1 - The rebuilt Milano Centrale railway station opens in Italy, july 19 - Sudbury Town station on the London Underground Piccadilly line opens as rebuilt by Charles Holden, the first of his iconic modern designs for the network. Villa Savoye in Paris, designed by Le Corbusier and his cousin, Pierre Jeanneret, using reinforced concrete, commerce Court North is completed in Toronto, Ontario and becomes the tallest building in the British Empire. Royal Corinthian Yacht Club clubhouse, Burnham-on-Crouch, eastern England, designed by Joseph Emberton, is opened, st Olaf House, Tooley Street, London Borough of Southwark, designed by H. S. Goodhart-Rendel. India Tyres offices at Inchinnan, Scotland, designed by Thomas Wallis of Wallis, Gilbert and Partners, atlantis House and Robinson Crusoe House in Böttcherstraße, Bremen, designed by Bernhard Hoetger, complete the streets construction in the style of Brick Expressionism. City Hall, Hilversum, North Holland, designed by Willem Marinus Dudok, is completed, India Gate in New Delhi is completed. Student Union at the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, designed by Sven Markelius, washington Singer Building on the Streatham Campus of the University of Exeter in England, designed by Vincent Harris. New Synagogue, Žilina, Czechoslovakia, designed by Peter Behrens, is completed, high and Over, Amersham, one of the first modernist houses in England, designed by Amyas Connell, is completed. House for two brothers in Brno, designed by Otto Eisler, is completed, apartment Building at 342, Muntaner Street, Barcelona, designed by Josep Lluís Sert, is completed. The Home Insurance Building in Chicago, Illinois is demolished, Royal Gold Medal - Edwin Cooper. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Georges Dengler
12.
1932 in architecture
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The year 1932 in architecture involved some significant events. International Style by Philip Johnson and Henry-Russell Hitchcock is published, the International Exhibition of Modern Architecture at the Museum of Modern Art in New York spreads the International Style. March 19 - Sydney Harbour Bridge, designed by John Bradfield, is opened in Sydney, april 23 - New Shakespeare Memorial Theatre at Stratford-upon-Avon, designed by Elisabeth Scott, is opened, becoming the first important work erected in the United Kingdom by a woman architect. July 19 - Lambeth Bridge, London, designed by Geoffrey Groves, august 1 - Thiepval Memorial, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, is inaugurated in the Somme. September 19 - Arnos Grove tube station, London, designed by Charles Holden, september 22 - Sheffield City Hall, Yorkshire, England, designed by Vincent Harris in 1920. November 16 - Parliament Buildings, Belfast, designed by Sir Arnold Thornely, november 25 - Saint Sophia Cathedral in Harbin, China. November 27 - Bixby Creek Bridge at Big Sur, California, designed by C. H. Purcell, PSFS Building in Center City, Philadelphia, designed by George Howe and William Lescaze, first International Style skyscraper in the United States. High Cross House, Dartington Hall, Devon, England, designed by William Lescaze, alameda Theatre, United States, designed by Timothy L. Pflueger. Church of the Most Sacred Heart of Our Lord in Prague, the Daily Express Building, London, designed by Sir Owen Williams. The Hoover Building on the Western Avenue in Perivale, West London, designed by Wallis, Gilbert, maison de Verre, Paris, France, by Pierre Chareau, Bernard Bijvoet and Louis Dalbet. Paimio Sanatorium in Finland, designed by Alvar Aalto, Unilever House in the City of London, designed by James Lomax-Simpson of Unilever with Sir John Burnet and Thomas S. Tait of Sir John Burnet and Partners. Immeuble Clarté apartment building in Geneva, designed by Le Corbusier and his cousin, narkomfin building in Moscow, designed by Moisei Ginzburg with Ignaty Milinis in 1928. Harnischmacher House in Wiesbaden, Germany, designed by Marcel Breuer, wohnbedarf furniture stores in Switzerland, designed by Marcel Breuer. Douaumont ossuary, designed by Léon Azéma to house the bones of at least 130,000 unidentified soldiers of both sides who died in the Battle of Verdun. Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Complex, Shaft 12, Schacht Albert Vögler, Germany, designed by Fritz Schupp, olympic gold medal - Gustave Saacké, Pierre Bailey and Pierre Montenot for Arena for bulls, Paris. Olympic silver medal - John Russell Pope of the United States for Design for Payne Whitney Gymnasium, olympic bronze medal - Richard Konwiartz of Germany for Design for Schlesierkampfbahn, Breslau. Royal Gold Medal - Hendrik Petrus Berlage, grand Prix de Rome, architecture - Camille Montagné
13.
1933 in architecture
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The year 1933 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. The Bauhaus school in Berlin is permanently closed by the Nazi government, modern Architectural Research Group established as a think tank by younger architects and critics involved in the modernist movement in Great Britain. Completion of restoration of Herstmonceux Castle in England by Walter Godfrey, july - New Midland Hotel, Morecambe, Lancashire, England, designed by Oliver Hill. August 23 - Leeds Civic Hall, Yorkshire, England, designed by Vincent Harris in 1926, Royal Masonic Hospital at Ravenscourt Park in London, designed by Thomas S. Tait of Sir John Burnet, Tait and Lorne. Labworth Café on Canvey Island, England, designed by engineer Ove Arup, myer Emporium renovation, Bourke Street, Melbourne, Australia. The Round House, designed by Berthold Lubetkins Tecton Architectural Group to house gorillas at London Zoo, battersea Power Station, London, with Giles Gilbert Scott as consultant architect, begins operation. College Hall, Royal Air Force College Cranwell, England, designed by James Grey West, mercado de Abastos de Algeciras, Spain, designed by Eduardo Torroja. Villa Markelius in Stockholm, designed by Sven Markelius for himself, schminke house in Löbau, Germany, designed by Hans Scharoun. Töss Footbridge, Winterthur, Switzerland, designed by Robert Maillart, AIA Gold Medal - Ragnar Östberg. Royal Gold Medal - Charles Reed Peers, grand Prix de Rome, architecture - Alexandre Courtois. John Betjeman - Ghastly Good Taste, or the story of the rise. The Information Book of Sir John Burnet, Tait & Lorne, G. R. Sprague, British theatre architect
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1934 in architecture
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The year 1934 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. The Architects Act,1934, is passed in the United Kingdom, narkomtiazhprom stage a design contest for construction of a Peoples Commissariat of Construction of Heavy Industry in Red Square, Moscow in the Soviet Union. July 17 - Circular Manchester Central Library, England, designed by Vincent Harris, october 23 - Guildhall, Swansea, Wales, designed by Percy Thomas. November 24 - ANZAC War Memorial in Sydney, Australia, designed by Bruce Dellit, penguin Pool, London Zoo, designed by Berthold Lubetkin and Ove Arup. Isokon building, Hampstead, London, designed by Wells Coates, drapacz Chmur apartment building, Katowice, Poland, designed by architect Tadeusz Kozłowski and structural engineer Stefan Bryła. Helsingborg Concert Hall, designed by Sven Markelius, synagogue at Skořepka 13, Brno, designed by Otto Eisler. New Cambridge University Library and Memorial Court for Clare College, Cambridge, designed as an ensemble, palacio de Bellas Artes, Mexico City, designed by Federico Mariscal. Fronton Recoletos, Madrid, designed by Eduardo Torroja, joyería J. Roca at 18, Paseo de Gracia, and Ciutat de Repòs i de Vacances, both in Barcelona and designed by Josep Lluís Sert. Steen Eiler Rasmussen - London, the Unique City Royal Gold Medal - Henry Vaughan Lanchester, grand Prix de Rome, architecture, André Hilt
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1935 in architecture
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The year 1935 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. June 2 - Saint Constantine and Elena Cathedral, Bălți, Moldova, july 6 - New building for Museum Boijmans, Rotterdam, by Ad van der Steur. July 13 - Shoreham Airport terminal building in England, by Stavers Tiltman, july 22 - Odeon, Kingstanding cinema in Birmingham, England, by Harry Weedon and Cecil Clavering. August 5 - Eastbourne Bandstand in Eastbourne, England, september 30 - Boulder Dam, by John L. Savage with Gordon Kaufmann, is dedicated. November 4 - Hornsey Town Hall, London, by Reginald Uren November 18 Freedom Monument in Riga, Latvia, opelwerk Brandenburg, Germany, begins production,190 days after the laying of the foundation stone. Fallingwater in southwestern Pennsylvania, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright Florya Atatürk Marine Mansion, Istanbul, designed by Seyfi Arkan, highpoint I apartment block, Highgate, north London, by Berthold Lubetkin with structural design by Ove Arup. Grand Mosque of Mopti, French Sudan, sacred Heart Cathedral, New Delhi, India, designed by Henry Medd. Gothenburg Concert Hall, Sweden, designed by Nils Einar Ericsson, vyborg Library, Finland, designed by Alvar Aalto. Gemeentemuseum Den Haag, Netherlands, designed by Hendrik Petrus Berlage, may 29 - Compagnie Générale Transatlantique ocean liner SS Normandie, with Art Déco and Streamline Moderne interiors designed under the supervision of Roger-Henri Expert, begins her maiden voyage. Royal Gold Medal - Willem Marinus Dudok, grand Prix de Rome, architecture - Paul Domenc
16.
1936 in architecture
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The year 1936 in architecture involved some significant events. May 27 - RMS Queen Mary begins her maiden Atlantic crossing, interior design, under the direction of E. C. Leach, is by Arthur Joseph Davis and J. C, whipp of Mewès & Davis and Benjamin Wistar Morris with much craftsmanship undertaken by the Bromsgrove Guild of Applied Arts. October 29 - Construction of Via della Conciliazione in Rome begins, johnson Wax Headquarters, Racine, Wisconsin, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright. Campana Factory, Batavia, Illinois, designed by Frank D. Chase and Childs & Smith, owens-Illinois Glass Company building in Toledo, Ohio, built. Lasipalatsi temporary office and commercial building in Helsinki, Finland, designed by Viljo Revell, Heimo Riihimäki and Niilo Kokko, peter Jones in London, designed by William Crabtree of Slater, Crabtree and Moberly, completed. Casa Bloc, Barcelona, designed by Josep Lluís Sert, completed, casa del Fascio, designed by Giuseppe Terragni, completed. Vytautas the Great War Museum in Kaunas, Lithuania completed, olympic Stadium, designed by Werner March, opened. Tilkka military hospital, Helsinki, Finland, designed by Olavi Sortta, florin Court, London, designed by Guy Morgan and Partners. Pullman Court, London, designed by Frederick Gibberd in 1933, beehive terminal at Gatwick Airport, England, designed by Frank Hoar of Hoar, Marlow & Lovett, opened. Airship hangar at Bartolomeu de Gusmão Airport, Rio de Janeiro, zwickau Hauptbahnhof, Germany, designed by Otto Falk, opened. Campion Hall, Oxford, England, designed by Edwin Lutyens, kenwood House, Nairobi, Kenya, designed by Ernst May. The Laughing Water roadhouse, Cobham, Kent, England, designed by Clough Williams-Ellis, obelisk of Buenos Aires designed by Alberto Prebisch. Canadian National Vimy Memorial, designed by Walter Seymour Allward, dedicated, british General Post Office K6 Jubilee red telephone box, designed by Giles Gilbert Scott, introduced. Olympic gold medal - Hermann Kutschera of Austria for Skistadium, olympic silver medal - Werner March of Germany for National sports field. Olympic bronze medal - Hermann Stieglholzer and Herbert Kastinger of Austria for Fighting site in Vienna, royal Gold Medal - Charles Holden. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, André Remondet for a naval museum
17.
1937 in architecture
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The year 1937 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. May - The Georgian Group is set up as part of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings in England, J. M. Richards becomes editor of the Architectural Review, continuing until 1971. Icelandic State Architect Guðjón Samúelssons design for the Hallgrímskirkja in Reykjavík is commissioned, may 27 - The Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, designed by Joseph B. July 18 - Haus der deutschen Kunst in Munich, designed by Paul Troost, thousand Islands Bridge over the Saint Lawrence River, linking Canada and the United States. Holy Trinity Church, Sighișoara, Romania, designed by Dumitru Petrescu Gopeş, bethlehem Church, Copenhagen, Denmark, by Kaare Klint after original designs by his father, Peder Vilhelm Jensen-Klint. Church of St Michael and All Angels, Northenden, Manchester, England, senate House, designed by Charles Holden. Dolphin Square in Pimlico, London, designed by Gordon Jeeves, villa Myrdal, designed by Sven Markelius. St Anns Court, near Chertsey in England, a modernist circular house designed by Raymond McGrath for Gerald L. Schlesinger and his partner landscape architect Christopher Tunnard. Republic pavilion, Barcelona, and Spanish Republican government pavilion at the Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne in Paris, club Moderne, Anaconda, Montana, designed by Fred F. Willson, built RIBA Royal Gold Medal - Raymond Unwin
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1938 in architecture
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The year 1938 in architecture involved some significant events. First woman elected to Royal Institute of British Architects, Josephine Miller, October 22 - Oxford Playhouse, Oxford, England, designed by Edward Maufe. October 29 - City Hall, Norwich, England, designed by C. H. James, november 14 - Lions Gate Bridge in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The Reich Chancellery in Berlin, designed by Albert Speer, great Mosque of Asmara in Italian Eritrea, designed by Guido Ferrazza. Church of the Epiphany, Gipton, Leeds, England, designed by Nugent Cachemaille-Day, metro Theatre, designed by Kaplan and Sprachman. Finsbury Health Centre, London, designed by Berthold Lubetkin and the Tecton Group, metropolitan Water Board Laboratories, London, designed by Howard Robertson. Palace of Fine and Decorative Arts, Treasure Island, San Francisco Bay, California, USA, City Hall, Mar del Plata, Argentina, designed by Alejandro Bustillo. Manchester Town Hall Extension, England, designed by Vincent Harris in 1927, kröller-Müller Museum, Otterlo, Netherlands, designed by Henry van de Velde. Helsinki Olympic Stadium, Finland, designed by Yrjö Lindegren and Toivo Jäntti, charters House, Berkshire, England, designed by Adie, Button and Partners. Middleton Park, Oxfordshire, England, the last great country house designed by Edwin Lutyens, houses in Hampshire, Sussex and at Eton, Berkshire in England by Marcel Breuer and F. R. S. Yorke. Gropius House, Lincoln, Massachusetts, designed by Walter Gropius with Marcel Breuer, Josephine M. Hagerty House, Cohasset, Massachusetts, designed by Walter Gropius with Marcel Breuer. Luma Tower, built as British Luma Co-Operative Electric Lamp factory, Glasgow, construction work begins on Mark Keppel High School in Alhambra, California, designed by Marston & Maybury. Council House, Bristol, England, designed by Vincent Harris, D. Caröe, English-born ecclesiastical architect October 30 - Charles Klauder, American architect
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1939 in architecture
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The year 1939 in architecture involved some significant events. Jane Drew sets up an architectural practice in London. April 21 - The San Jacinto Monument near Houston, Texas, april 30 -1939 New York Worlds Fair. Notable examples of architecture include the Trylon and Perisphere designed by Wallace Harrison and J. André Fouilhoux. May 7 - Vulcan Park in Birmingham, Alabama, USA, june 14 - St Peter the Apostle Roman Catholic Church, Gorleston, England, designed by Eric Gill. July 26 - The Barber Institute of Fine Arts at the University of Birmingham, England, november 16 - Uptown Theater, designed by Liebenberg and Kaplan. The Jefferson Memorial in Washington, D. C. designed by John Russell Pope, is begun, St Patricks Cathedral, Melbourne, Australia, designed by William Wardell in 1858, is completed. Dome of Saint Josephs Oratory in Montreal is completed, impington Village College in England, designed by Walter Gropius and Maxwell Fry, is completed. Daily Express Building, Manchester, England, designed by engineer Sir Owen Williams, is completed, marine Gate in Brighton, England, designed by Wimperis, Simpson and Guthrie, is built. Royal Gold Medal - Percy Thomas, grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Bernard Zehrfuss
20.
1929 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1929. February–August – Voltaires Candide is held to be obscene by the United States Customs Service in Boston, february – The first of Margery Allinghams crime novels to feature Albert Campion, The Crime at Black Dudley, is published in England. April 1 – The Faber and Faber publishing house is established in London by Geoffrey Faber with T. S. Eliot as literary editor, – The first of Gladys Mitchells crime novels, introducing her psychologist detective character Mrs Bradley, Speedy Death, is published in England. July – British publisher William Collins, Sons launches The Detective Story Club as an imprint with Edgar Wallaces novelization of The Terror. July 5 – Scotland Yard seizes 13 paintings of male and female nudes by D. H. Lawrence from a Mayfair gallery on grounds of indecency under the Vagrancy Act 1838, August – Censorship of Publications Act sets up the Censorship of Publications Board in the Irish Free State. August 15 – The first Ellery Queen mystery novel, The Roman Hat Mystery, is published in New York City, midyear – Serialization begins of one of the first original Thai novels Dokmai Sot s Sattru Khǫng Čhaolon followed shortly by publication of M. C. Akat s semi-autobiographical Lakhǫn Haeng Chiwit, Thai writers join with Kulap Saipradit in the Suphapburut literary group. October – Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir become a couple, twenty-one-year-old de Beauvoir becomes the youngest person ever to obtain the agrégation in philosophy, and comes second in the final examination, beaten only by Sartre. Rejected the previous year by W. B, yeats for the Abbey Theatre in Dublin, it will not be seen in Ireland until 1935. October 29 – Release of the first sound adaptation of a Shakespeare play, The Taming of the Shrew, starring Mary Pickford. December – George Orwell returns to England after living in Paris, hugo Gernsback first uses the term science fiction in its modern sense to refer to the content of his pulp magazine Amazing Stories. Father Ronald Knox codifies the rules for the Golden Age of Detective Fiction in a Decalogue, samuel Roth publishes a pirated edition of James Joyces 1922 novel Ulysses in New York, he serves two prison terms for publishing an obscene work. The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes is prohibited in the Soviet Union because of Sir Arthur Conan Doyles interest in the occult, Foyles bookshop in London moves to new larger premises in the Foyles Building in Charing Cross Road. Monotype introduce Stanley Morisons revival of the Bembo typeface for book printing, S. B. S. Van Dine – The Scarab Murder Case Lynd Ward – Gods Man Thomas Wolfe – Look Homeward, Angel S. John Ervine – The First Mrs. B. White and James Thurber – Is Sex Necessary, a. Fanthorpe, English poet July 31 – Lynne Reid Banks, English novelist August 14 – Thomas Meehan, American screenwriter August 18 – Anatoly Kuznetsov, Russian dissident novelist August 21 – X. J. B
21.
1929 in music
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This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1929. January 1 – Pianist and composer Abram Chasins makes his debut playing his own piano concerto with the Philadelphia Orchestra. January 11 – Karol Szymanowskis Stabat Mater is premiered, may 17 – Sergei Prokofievs Symphony No.3 is premiered in Paris. May 21 Season opening of Sergei Diaghilevs Ballets Russes, in Paris, with the first performances of Igor Stravinskys Renard and Sergei Prokofievs Le Fils prodigue. June 27 – First London performances of two ballets by Igor Stravinsky, Apollon musagète and Le Baiser de la fée, conducted by the composer at the Kingsway Hall, september 11 - Louis Armstrong records his hit song When Youre Smiling. Manuel de Falla relocates to Granada, the Musashino Academia Musicae is founded in Tokyo, Japan. Edison Records closes, ending production of Diamond Discs and Blue Amberols, a Bundle of Old Love Letters, recorded by James Melton, by Lewis James, and by Charles Kaley Am I A Passing Fancy. by Pete Woolery Am I Blue. Andy Razaf m. Thomas Fats Waller & Harry Brooks After A Million Dreams w. m, Walter Donaldson and Edgar Leslie All That Im Asking Is Sympathy w. m. Benny Davis and Joe Burke Am I Blue, W. Grant Clarke m. Harry Akst Any Old Time w. m. Jimmie Rodgers Around The Corner w. Gus Kahn m. Art Kassel The Banjo w. m. Cole Porter Barnacle Bill The Sailor w. m, carson Robison & Frank Luther Big City Blues w. Sidney D. Mitchell m. Archie Gottler & Con Conrad Black and Blue w. Andy Razaf m. Thomas Fats Waller Blue, nacio Herb Brown Can Broadway Do Without Me. w. m. Jimmy Durante Cant We Be Friends, kay Swift Chant Of The Jungle w. Arthur Freed m. Introduced by Joan Crawford in the film Untamed, Sam Coslow Dear Little Cafe w. m. Noël Coward Deep Night w. Rudy Vallee m, Victor Schertzinger Every Little Moment w. m. Vivian Ellis Feeling Sentimental w. Ira Gershwin m. George Gershwin Find Me A Primitive Man w. m. Cole Porter Funny, Dear, Charles Straight, Joe Bennett & George Little Gee Baby, Aint I Good To You. W. Andy Razaf & Don Redman m, W. Billy Rose & Edward Eliscu m. Vincent Youmans Happy Days Are Here Again w. Jack Yellen m. Milton Ager Have A Little Faith In Me w. Sam M. Lewis & Joe Young m. Harry Warren Here Am I w. Oscar Hammerstein II m. Jerome Kern Hes A Good Man To Have Around w. Jack Yellen m
22.
Palace of Nations
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The Palace of Nations in Geneva, Switzerland, was built between 1929 and 1938 to serve as the headquarters of the League of Nations. In 2012 alone, the Palace of Nations hosted more than 10,000 intergovernmental meetings, a jury of architects was selected to choose a final design from among three-hundred and thirty-seven entries but was unable to decide on a winner. Donations from League members were used in the interior, the Palace constituted at the time of completion, volume wise, the second-largest building complex in Europe after Versailles. After its transfer to the United Nations, two extensions were added to the building, which increased the size of the usable area of the building. Between 1950-1952, three floors were added to the K building, and the D building was constructed to house temporarily the World Health Organization, the E building was added between 1968-1973 as a conference facility, with bringing the total of conference rooms to 34. The park also contains a 1668 chalet, a medal showing the Palace of Nations with the Jura Mountains in the background was struck in silvered bronze. The building overlooks Lake Geneva and has a view of the French Alps. List of United Nations organizations by location United Nations System Joëlle Kuntz, Geneva, a History, éditions Zoé,2011,96 pages. Jean-Claude Pallas, Histoire et architecture du Palais des Nations, Nations Unies,2001,431 pages United Nations Office at Geneva Palais des Nations
23.
Umaid Bhawan Palace
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Umaid Bhawan Palace, located at Jodhpur in Rajasthan, India, is one of the worlds largest private residences. A part of the palace is managed by Taj Hotels, named after Maharaja Umaid Singh, grandfather of the present owner Gaj Singh of the palace, this edifice has 347 rooms and serves as the principal residence of the erstwhile Jodhpur royal family. A part of the palace houses a museum. Umaid Bhawan Palace was called Chittar Palace during its construction due to use of stones drawn from the Chittar hill where it is located, ground for the foundations of the building was broken on 18 November 1929 by Maharaja Umaid Singh and the construction work was completed in 1943. The Palace was built to provide employment to thousands of people during the time of famine, recently, Umaid Bhawan Palace was awarded as the Worlds best hotel at the Travellers Choice Award, which was organised by TripAdvisor. History of building the Umaid Bhawan Palace is linked to a curse by a saint who had said that a period of drought will follow the rule of the Rathore Dynasty. Thus, after the end of about 50-year reign of Pratap Singh, Jodhpur faced a severe drought, the king, in order to help the farmers, decided to build a lavish palace. Lanchester patterned the Umaid Palace on the lines of the New Delhi building complex by adopting the theme of domes, the palace was designed as an extraordinary blend of western technology, and many Indian architectural features. The palace was built at a pace as its initial objective was to provide employment to the famine-stricken farmers of the locale. The foundation stone was laid in 1929, about 2,000 to 3,000 people were employed to build it. However, the occupation of the palace by the Maharaja came only after its completion in 1943. There was criticism in some quarters for embarking on an expensive project, the estimated cost of building the palace was Rs 11 million. When it opened its doors in 1943 it was considered as one of the largest royal residences in the world. The building material required was not close by as sandstone quarries were at quite a distance, since the Maharaja had the foresight to bring his project to fruition, he built a railway line to the quarry site to transport the building material. Donkeys were inducted to haul soil to the site, the sandstone transported by rail was dressed at site into large blocks with interlocking joints so that they could be laid without the use of mortar and thus create a wonderful edifice. The palace was built with sandstone with two wings. Makrana marble has also used, and Burmese teak wood has been used for the interior wood work. When completed the palace had 347 rooms, several courtyards, the architectural style is considered as representing the then in vogue Beaux Arts style, also known as Indo-Deco style
24.
Jodhpur
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Jodhpur is a City and district in the Indian state of Rajasthan. It is the second largest metropolitan city of the state and the thirty-fifth largest city in India and it was formerly the seat of a princely state of the same name. The capital of the kingdom was known as Marwar, Jodhpur is a popular tourist destination, featuring many palaces, forts and temples, set in the stark landscape of the Thar Desert. The city is known as the Sun City for the bright, the old city circles the fort and is bounded by a wall with several gates. Jodhpur is also known as the Blue City because of the colours that decorate many of the houses in the old city area. However, the city has expanded greatly outside the wall over the past several decades, Jodhpur lies near the geographic centre of the Rajasthan state, which makes it a convenient base for travel in a region much frequented by tourists. According to the Rajasthan District Gazetteers of Jodhpur and the Hindu epic Ramayana, Abhiras were the inhabitants of Jodhpur. Jodhpur was also part of the Gurjara–Pratihara Empire and until 1100 AD was ruled by a powerful Gurjar King, Jodhpur was founded in 1459 by Rao Jodha, a Rajput chief of the Rathore clan. Jodha succeeded in conquering the territory and thus founded a state which came to be known as Marwar. As Jodha hailed from the town of Mandore, that town initially served as the capital of this state, however, Jodhpur soon took over that role. The city was located on the road linking Delhi to Gujarat. This enabled it to profit from a trade in opium, copper, silk, sandals, date palm. In between 1540 and 1556, Afghans were in control of most of North India. Hemu, who took as the commander of the Afghan army in 1553, crushed the first rebellion, killing the Governor of the Ajmer province Juneid Khan. Hemu lost his life in the Second Battle of Panipat on 5 November 1556, early in its history, the state became a fief under the Mughal Empire, owing fealty to them while enjoying some internal autonomy. During this period, the state furnished the Mughals with several notable generals such as Maharaja Jaswant Singh, during the British Raj, the state of Jodhpur had the largest land area of any in the Rajputana. Jodhpur prospered under the peace and stability that was a hallmark of this era, the land area of the state was 23,543 sq mi its population in 1901 was 44,73,759. It enjoyed a revenue of £3,529,000
25.
Henry Vaughan Lanchester
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Henry Vaughan Lanchester was a British architect working in London. He served as editor of The Builder, was a co-founder of the Town Planning Institute, Lanchester was born in St Johns Wood, London. His father, Henry Jones Lanchester, was an established architect and he was articled to his father, but also worked in the offices of London architects F. J. Eadle, T. W. Cutler and George Sherrin from 1884-1894. He studied at the Royal Academy in 1886, won the Aldwinckle Prize and, in 1889 and his first architectural work was Kingswood House, Sydenham, in 1892, and he established his own practice in 1894. His first fully independent work in 1896 were offices in Old Street and he formed a partnership in 1896 with James A. Stewart and Edwin Alfred Rickards. As Lanchester, Stewart and Rickards, in 1897 the firm won the competition to build Cardiff City Hall, Lanchester was editor of The Builder from 1910-12. In 1912, he visited India and prepared a report on the planning of New Delhi as well as preparing plans for Madras, in 1914 he was one of the founder members of the Town Planning Institute in London. He formed a new partnership in 1923, Lanchester, Lucas & Lodge and he was appointed Professor of Architecture at University College London, and in 1934 Lanchester was awarded the Royal Gold Medal of the Royal Institute of British Architects. V. Lanchester, Representative British Architects of the Present Day, C. H
26.
1943 in architecture
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The year 1943 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. The Athens Charter is published by the Congres Internationaux dArchitecture Moderne group of architects, nikolaus Pevsners book An Outline of European Architecture is published in Britain. The County of London Plan is prepared by J. H. Forshaw, january 15 - The Pentagon in Washington, D. C. United States, designed by George Bergstrom April 13 - The Jefferson Memorial in Washington D. C, royal Gold Medal - Charles Herbert Reilly. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, André Chatelin and Jean Dubuisson
27.
White City (Tel Aviv)
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Tel Aviv has the largest number of buildings in the Bauhaus/International Style of any city in the world. Preservation, documentation, and exhibitions have brought attention to Tel Avivs collection of 1930s architecture, the citation recognized the unique adaptation of modern international architectural trends to the cultural, climatic, and local traditions of the city. The Bauhaus Center in Tel Aviv organises regular tours of the city. The concept for a new city, to be called Tel Aviv, was developed on the sand dunes outside Jaffa in 1909. Scottish urban planner Patrick Geddes, who had worked on town-planning in New Delhi, was commissioned by Tel Avivs first mayor, Meir Dizengoff. Geddes began work in 1925 on the plan, which was accepted in 1929, the view of the British Mandatory authorities seemed to have been supportive. In addition to Geddes, and Dizengoff, the city engineer Yaacov Ben-Sira contributed significantly to the development, Patrick Geddes laid out the streets and decided on block size and utilisation. Geddes did not prescribe an architectural style for the buildings in the new city, but by 1933, many Jewish architects of the Bauhaus school in Germany, like Arieh Sharon, fled to the British Mandate of Palestine. Both the emigration of these Jewish architects and the closing of the Bauhaus school in Berlin were consequences of the rise to power of the Nazi party in Germany in 1933. The residential and public buildings were designed by architects, and by architects born locally including Ben-Ami Shulman. The Bauhaus principles, with their emphasis on functionality and inexpensive building materials, were perceived as ideal in Tel Aviv, the architects fleeing Europe brought not only Bauhaus ideas, the architectural ideas of Le Corbusier were also mixed in. Furthermore, Erich Mendelsohn was not formally associated with the Bauhaus, though he had several projects in Israel in the 1930s as did Carl Rubin, in the 1930s in Tel Aviv, many architectural ideas were converging and Tel Aviv was the ideal place for them to be tested. In 1984, in celebration of Tel Avivs 75th year, an exhibition was held at the Tel Aviv Museum of Art entitled White City, International Style Architecture in Israel, Portrait of an Era. Some sources trace the origin of the term White City to this exhibition and its curator Michael Levin, the 1984 exhibition traveled to New York, to the Jewish Museum. In 1994, a conference took place at the UNESCO headquarters, in 1996, Tel Avivs White City was listed as a World Monuments Fund endangered site. In 2003, UNESCO named Tel Aviv a World Heritage Site for its treasure of modern architecture, however, the architecture had to be adapted to suit the extremes of the Mediterranean and desert climate. White and light colors reflected the heat, walls not only provided privacy but protected against the sun. Large areas of glass that let in the light, a key element of the Bauhaus style in Europe, were replaced with small recessed windows that limited the heat and glare
28.
Mandatory Palestine
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Mandatory Palestine was a geopolitical entity under British administration, carved out of Ottoman Southern Syria after World War I. British civil administration in Palestine operated from 1920 until 1948, further confusing the issue was the Balfour Declaration of 1917, promising British support for a Jewish national home in Palestine. At the wars end the British and French set up a joint Occupied Enemy Territory Administration in what had been Ottoman Syria, the British achieved legitimacy for their continued control by obtaining a mandate from the League of Nations in June 1922. The civil Mandate administration was formalized with the League of Nations consent in 1923 under the British Mandate for Palestine, the land west of the Jordan River, known as Palestine, was under direct British administration until 1948. The land east of the Jordan, a region known as Transjordan, under the rule of the Hashemite family from the Hijaz. The divergent tendencies regarding the nature and purpose of the mandate are visible already in the discussions concerning the name for this new entity. As a set-off to this, certain of the Arab politicians suggested that the country should be called Southern Syria in order to emphasise its close relation with another Arab State. During the British Mandate period the area experienced the ascent of two major nationalist movements, one among the Jews and the other among the Arabs, following its occupation by British troops in 1917–1918, Palestine was governed by the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration. In July 1920, the administration was replaced by a civilian administration headed by a High Commissioner. The first High Commissioner, Herbert Samuel, a Zionist recent cabinet minister, arrived in Palestine on 20 June 1920, following the arrival of the British, Muslim-Christian Associations were established in all the major towns. In 1919 they joined to hold the first Palestine Arab Congress in Jerusalem and its main platforms were a call for representative government and opposition to the Balfour Declaration. The Zionist Commission was formed in March 1918 and was active in promoting Zionist objectives in Palestine, on 19 April 1920, elections were held for the Assembly of Representatives of the Palestinian Jewish community. The Zionist Commission received official recognition in 1922 as representative of the Palestinian Jewish community, Rutenberg soon established an electric company whose shareholders were Zionist organizations, investors, and philanthropists. Palestinian-Arabs saw it as proof that the British intended to favor Zionism, when Grand Mufti of Jerusalem Kamil al-Husayni died in March 1921, High Commissioner Samuel appointed his half-brother Mohammad Amin al-Husseini to the position. Amin al-Husseini, a member of the clan of Jerusalem, was an Arab nationalist. As Grand Mufti, as well as the influential positions that he held during this period. In 1922, al-Husseini was elected President of the Supreme Muslim Council which had created by Samuel in December 1921. The Council controlled the Waqf funds, worth annually tens of thousands of pounds, in addition, he controlled the Islamic courts in Palestine
29.
Patrick Geddes
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Sir Patrick Geddes FRSE was a Scottish biologist, sociologist, geographer, philanthropist and pioneering town planner. He is known for his thinking in the fields of urban planning. He introduced the concept of region to architecture and planning and coined the term conurbation, the son of Janet Stevenson and soldier Alexander Geddes, Patrick Geddes was born in Ballater, Aberdeenshire, and educated at Perth Academy. He lectured in Zoology at Edinburgh University from 1880 to 1888 and he married Anna Morton, who was the daughter of a wealthy merchant, in 1886 when he was 32 years old. They had three children, Norah, Alasdair and Arthur, during a visit to India in 1917 Anna fell ill with typhoid fever and died, not knowing that their son Alasdair had been killed in action in France. In 1895 Geddes published an edition of The Evergreen magazine, with articles on nature, biology, artists Robert Burns and John Duncan provided illustrations for the magazine. Geddes wrote with J. Arthur Thomson an early book on The Evolution of Sex and he held the Chair of Botany at University College Dundee from 1888 to 1919, and the Chair of Sociology at the University of Bombay from 1919 to 1924. He inspired Victor Branford to form the Sociological Society in 1903 to promote his sociological views and he was a major influence on the American urban theorist Lewis Mumford. He was knighted in 1932, shortly before his death at the Scots College in Montpellier, Geddes was the father-in-law of the architect and planner Frank Charles Mears. In this theory, the family is viewed as the biological unit of human society from which all else develops. Geddes drew on Le Plays circular theory of geographical locations presenting environmental limitations and his central argument was that physical geography, market economics and anthropology were related, yielding a “single chord of social life all three combined”. Geddes writing demonstrates the influence of ideas on his theories of the city. He saw the city as a series of interlocking patterns. He criticised the tendency of modern scientific thinking to specialisation, each sees clearly and seizes firmly upon one petal of the six-lobed flower of life and tears it apart from the whole. He continued to use and advocate for this approach throughout his career, very early on in his career Geddes demonstrated the practicality of his ideas and approach. In 1886 Geddes and his married wife purchased a row of slum tenements in James Court, Edinburgh. The best of the houses were kept and restored. Geddes believed that this approach was more economical and more humane. ”However, he wished this policy of sweeping clearances to be recognised for what he believed it was
30.
Van Nelle Factory
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The former Van Nelle Factory on the Schie river in Rotterdam, is considered a prime example of the International Style. It has been a designated World Heritage Site since 2014, soon after it was built, prominent architects described the factory as the most beautiful spectacle of the modern age and a poem in steel and glass. The buildings were designed by architect Leendert van der Vlugt from the Brinkman & Van der Vlugt office in cooperation with civil engineer J. G, wiebenga, at that time a specialist for constructions in reinforced concrete, and built between 1925 and 1931. It is an example of Nieuwe Bouwen, modern architecture in the Netherlands and it was commissioned by the co-owner of the Van Nelle company, Kees van der Leeuw, on behalf of the owners. The fully renovated Sonneveld House is now a museum in the centre of Rotterdam, in the 20th century it was a factory, processing coffee, tea and tobacco and later on additional chewing gum, cigarettes, instant pudding and rice. Currently it houses a variety of new media and design companies and is known as the Van Nelle Design Factory. Some of the areas are used for meetings, conventions and events, in 2015, the Van Nelle Factory topped the list of The 25 Most Beautiful Factories in the World. The Van Nelle Factory shows the influence of Russian Constructivism, Mart Stam, who worked during 1926 as employee-designer at the Brinkman & Van der Vlugt office in Rotterdam, came in contact with the Russian Avant-Garde in 1922 in Berlin. In 1926 Mart Stam organized a tour of the Netherlands for the Russian artist El Lissitzky and his wife Sophie Küppers. They visited Jacobus Oud, Cornelis van Eesteren, Gerrit Rietveld, Sophie Küppers stated that Mart Stam spoke about his factory during that trip. That happened to be the cause for his dismissal. }It is claimed that the building featured the first industrially prefabricated curtain wall in the world. The Van Nelle Factory is a Dutch national monument and since 2014 has the status of UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Justification of Outstanding Universal Value was presented in 2013 to the UNESCO World Heritage Committee
31.
Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower
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The Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower, at 1 Hanson Place between Ashland Place and St. Felix Street in Brooklyn, New York City, is one of the boroughs architectural icons. It was once the tallest building in the borough, at 37 stories and 512 feet tall, but was surpassed in height by the Brooklyner and it is among the tallest four-sided clock towers in the world. The clock faces,17 feet in diameter, were the worlds largest when they were installed, since 2007–08, the building has been converted into luxury condominium apartments under the name 1 Hanson Place. It was built in 1927–29 as the new headquarters for the Williamsburgh Savings Bank by the architectural firm Halsey, McCormack and Helmer. It was then owned by the parent, Republic National Bank, then, via a merger, HSBC. For years the offices were notably dentists offices, the New York Daily News once called it The Mecca of Dentistry. The building was declared a New York City landmark in 1977, replacement of windows engendered a lawsuit from the Landmarks Preservation Commission that forced restoration of the original appearance of the windows. In 2005, Skylight Group One Hanson was created in conjunction with Canyon Capital Realty Advisers, in 2008 CJ Follini and Noyack Medical Partners purchased the commercial half of the famed landmark. Despite its name, it stands in the Fort Greene/Pacific Park sections of Brooklyn rather than Williamsburg – spelled without the h – where the original headquarters building by George B. Above were two floors of banking offices, the rest of the balanced though not symmetrical vertical massing of staggered setbacks in buff-colored brick and architectural terracotta contained rental office spaces. BY THEIR INDUSTRY AND THRIFT THEY HAVE BUILT HOMES AND EDUCATED CHILDREN, chief architect Helmer wrote at the time of the buildings opening that he wanted the building to be regarded as a cathedral dedicated to the furtherance of thrift and prosperity. Inside, the low vaulted ceiling of the vestibule is mosaiced with tesserae that vary from gray-blue to the most intense turquoise. Friezes carved in the two-plane relief manner of Lombard Comacine masons, of foliate scrolls with animal heads, inhabited with human and animal figures, the ceiling vaults glitter with mosaics of tesserae of gold leaf under glass, embedded with moulded stars and showing the constellations of the Zodiac. The floor is inlaid with colored marbles in the Cosmatesque manner. At the far end a giant mosaic panel gives a view of Breuckelen with Manhattan in the distance beyond. Author Jonathan Ames created a Most Phallic Building contest which followed an article he wrote for Slate magazine, the character of the same name in his HBO show Bored to Death moves into the building in the third season
32.
Brooklyn
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Brooklyn is the most populous borough of New York City, with a Census-estimated 2,636,735 residents in 2015. It borders the borough of Queens at the end of Long Island. Today, if New York City dissolved, Brooklyn would rank as the third-most populous city in the U. S. behind Los Angeles, the borough continues, however, to maintain a distinct culture. Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves, Brooklyns official motto, displayed on the Borough seal and flag, is Eendraght Maeckt Maght which translates from early modern Dutch as Unity makes strength. Since 2010, Brooklyn has evolved into a hub of entrepreneurship and high technology startup firms. The history of European settlement in Brooklyn spans more than 350 years, the neighborhood of Marine Park was home to North Americas first tidal mill. It was built by the Dutch, and the foundation can be seen today, however, the area was not formally settled as a town. Many incidents and documents relating to this period are in Gabriel Furmans early compilation, what is today Brooklyn left Dutch hands after the final English conquest of New Netherland in 1664, a prelude to the Second Anglo–Dutch War. The English reorganized the six old Dutch towns on southwestern Long Island as Kings County on November 1,1683 and this tract of land was recognized as a political entity for the first time, and the municipal groundwork was laid for a later expansive idea of Brooklyn identity. On August 27,1776 was fought the Battle of Long Island, the first major engagement fought in the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared, and the largest of the entire conflict. British troops forced Continental Army troops under George Washington off the heights near the sites of Green-Wood Cemetery, Prospect Park. The fortified American positions at Brooklyn Heights consequently became untenable and were evacuated a few days later, One result of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 was the evacuation of the British from New York City, celebrated by residents into the 20th century. The New York Navy Yard operated in Wallabout Bay for the entire 19th century, the first center of urbanization sprang up in the Town of Brooklyn, directly across from Lower Manhattan, which saw the incorporation of the Village of Brooklyn in 1817. Reliable steam ferry service across the East River to Fulton Landing converted Brooklyn Heights into a town for Wall Street. Ferry Road to Jamaica Pass became Fulton Street to East New York, Town and Village were combined to form the first, kernel incarnation of the City of Brooklyn in 1834. Industrial deconcentration in mid-century was bringing shipbuilding and other manufacturing to the part of the county. Each of the two cities and six towns in Kings County remained independent municipalities, and purposely created non-aligning street grids with different naming systems and it later became the most popular and highest circulation afternoon paper in America. The publisher changed to L. Van Anden on April 19,1842, on May 14,1849 the name was shortened to The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, on September 5,1938 it was further shortened to Brooklyn Eagle
33.
Landakotskirkja
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Landakotskirkja, formally Basilika Krists konungs, is the cathedral of the Catholic Church in Iceland. Often referred to as Kristskirkja, Landakotskirkja is in the part of Reykjavík. It has a flat top, as opposed to the standard spire. Its architect is Guðjón Samúelsson, who built the famous Hallgrímskirkja. The first Catholic priests to arrive in Iceland after the Reformation were the Frenchmen Bernard Bernard and they bought the Landakot farmstead in Reykjavík and settled there in the early 19th century. They built a chapel in 1864. A few years later, a wooden church was erected by Túngata. After the First World War, Icelandic Catholics saw the need to build a church for the growing number of Catholics. They decided to build a Neo-Gothic church and entrusted the task to the architect Guðjón Samúelsson, after years of construction, Landakotskirkja was finally sanctified on 23 July 1929. It was the largest church in Iceland at the time, today, Landakotskirkja is a distinct landmark in western Reykjavík. The only Catholic school in Iceland was located nearby on the same land, a big part of the furniture comes from the renowned Atelier J. W. Ramakers & Sons sculptors from Geleen, Holland. Ramakers delivered in 1928 the timpan, both the side altars, the St. Joseph altar in 1905 and the Maria altar in 1928, Atelier Ramakers made a design of the main altar, however it was never delivered
34.
Dominion Theatre
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Dominion Theatre, initially a cinema, is a West End theatre located on Tottenham Court Road, close to St Giles Circus and Centre Point, in the London Borough of Camden. The Dominion was home to the long-running musical We Will Rock You played at the theatre from 14 May 2002 until 31 May 2014 and it was also home to the London auditions of Britains Got Talent and from February to April 2016 to War Of The Worlds. Within this area, originally listed on the plans as a Boardroom. In addition to hosting musicals in recent years, the theatre has hosted a number of regular charity events, including MADTrusts West End Eurovision. The second event, in 2014, was hosted by Michael Ball, the Dominion is also currently home to Hillsong Church every Sunday. Construction of The Dominion began in March 1928 with a design by W and TR Milburn, the site was the location of the former Horse Shoe Brewery, which was the site of the 1814 London Beer Flood. The first performance was 3 October 1929, the Tottenham Court Road façade features a ground level entry sheltered by a broad marquee with the second through fourth levels framed by large pilasters. The central portion is concave and faced with Portland stone, a three-bay bow window extends the height of the second and third storeys and is surmounted by sculpture of two griffins. Behind the griffin statue are three square openings which hold decorative iron grates, the griffins were removed in 1932 to mount an airplane for the musical Silver Wings. The remainder of the bow window was hidden during the run of We Will Rock You by a large shimmer curtain and these elements were reinstalled as part of the restoration. In addition to restoring the Tottenham Court Road façade, the stonework, when the Dominion was built, it was linked to the building on Great Russell Street now known as Nederlander House. This building had been separated from the theatre and rented as office space for many decades, in 2011, the Dominion spent £200K reinstating the connection between the theatre, with this building returning to its use to that the original theatre builders intended. It is now home to the management offices plus a refurbished Boardroom space on the top floor. This Boardroom is marked as such on the original 1929 plans and it is now being hired out by the theatres Dominion Events department for meeting, training and conference bookings. Other areas above the foyer, which the Rank Organisation converted to office space, have been restored and now house The Studio a rehearsal. The auditorium currently has a capacity of 2,069 in two tiers of galleries, down from the 1940 capacity of 2,858 following the closure many decades ago of the upper circle. The theatre retains its 1920s light fittings and art deco plasterwork, in 1933, Associated Provincial Picture Houses assumed control of the facility and adapted the auditorium for films. In 1940, Associated became part of the Rank Organisation, the Dominion temporarily closed because of the Blitz early in October 1940 and reopened on 12 January 1941
35.
Underground Electric Railways Company of London
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The Underground Electric Railways Company of London Limited, known operationally as the Underground for much of its existence, was established in 1902. It was also the parent company from 1902 of the District Railway, the UERL is a precursor of todays London Underground, its three tube lines form the central sections of todays Bakerloo, Northern and Piccadilly lines. The UERL struggled financially in the first years after the opening of its lines, a policy of expansion by acquisition was followed before World War I, so that the company came to operate the majority of the underground railway lines in and around London. It also controlled large bus and tram fleets, the profits from which subsidised the financially weaker railways, in the 1920s, competition from small unregulated bus operators reduced the profitability of the road transport operations, leading the UERLs directors to seek government regulation. The first deep-level tube railway, the City & South London Railway, construction had started on one other line and then stopped following a financial crisis. The rest of the companies were struggling to raise funding, the District Railway was a sub-surface underground railway which had opened in 1868. Its steam-hauled services operated around the Inner Circle and on branches to Hounslow, Wimbledon, Richmond, Ealing, Whitechapel, by 1901, the DR was struggling to compete with emerging motor bus and electric tram companies and the CLR which were eroding its passenger traffic. To become more competitive, the DR was contemplating a programme of electrification and it also had parliamentary approval for a congestion-relieving deep-level line that was to run beneath its existing route between Gloucester Road and Mansion House. Yerkes had unsuccessfully attempted to bribe the city council and Illinois state legislature into granting him a 100-year franchise for the tramway system, following a public backlash, he sold his Chicago investments and turned his attention to opportunities in London. Yerkes first acquisition in London was the Charing Cross, Euston, Perks was also a large shareholder in Yerkes next target, the Metropolitan District Railway, usually known as the District Railway or DR. By March 1901, the syndicate had acquired a controlling interest in the DR, Yerkes established the Metropolitan District Electric Traction Company on 15 July 1901 with himself as managing director. The company raised £1 million to carry out the works including the construction of the generating station. In September 1901, Perks became the DRs chairman, the Brompton and Piccadilly Circus Railway was a tube railway company which had been purchased by the DR in 1898, but had remained a separate financial entity. It had permission to construct a line from South Kensington to Piccadilly Circus, at South Kensington it was to connect to the deep level line planned by the DR. On 12 September 1901, the DR-controlled board of the B&PCR sold the company to the MDETC, in the same month, the B&PCR took over the Great Northern and Strand Railway, a tube railway with permission to build a line from Strand to Finsbury Park. The routes of the B&PCR and GN&SR were subsequently linked and combined with part of the DRs tube route to create the Great Northern, Piccadilly, Yerkes final purchase was the Baker Street and Waterloo Railway in March 1902 for £360,000. The BS&WR had permission to construct a line from Paddington to Elephant & Castle and, unlike his other tube railway purchases, construction work had started in 1898. With a varied collection of companies under his control, Yerkes established the UERL in April 1902 to take control of all and manage the planned works
36.
55 Broadway
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55 Broadway is a Grade I listed building overlooking St. Jamess Park in London. It was designed by Charles Holden and built between 1927 and 1929, in 1931 the building earned him the RIBA London Architecture Medal and it was constructed as a new headquarters for the Underground Electric Railways Company of London, the main forerunner of London Underground. Upon completion, it was the tallest office block in the city, the cruciform design afforded the optimum level of natural light to the offices. The ground floor now contains an arcade and many art deco details. Previously the ground floor was given over to London Transport offices, including a travel information centre, cash office. The whole building straddles St. Jamess Park tube station, the east and west wings being immediately above the railway tunnel, when finished it was the tallest steel-framed office building in London, until another Holden building, the University of Londons Senate House, took the accolade. Each relief was carved by a sculptor of the day. Halfway along the north and east facades are a pair of sculptures, Day. The modernism and graphic nakedness of these sculptures created public outrage on their unveiling, newspapers started a campaign to have the statues removed and one company director, Lord Colwyn, offered to pay the cost. Frank Pick, the director of the UERL at the time, took overall responsibility. In the end, Epstein agreed to remove 1.5 inches from the penis of the figure on Day. The function suite on the 10th floor of the building was set up as a dining room for the chairman. The building, first listed as Grade II in 1970, was re-graded to Grade I in 2011, in 2013, it was announced that 55 Broadway will be converted into luxury apartments once London Underground move operations from the building in 2015. In May 2014, it was announced that the architects, TateHindle, will lead the redevelopment planning, with applications expected to be filed in the autumn
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Charles Holden
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He also created many war cemeteries in Belgium and northern France for the Imperial War Graves Commission. After working and training in Bolton and Manchester, Holden moved to London, Holden believed strongly that architectural designs should be dictated by buildings intended functions. After the First World War he increasingly simplified his style and his designs became pared-down and modernist and he was a member of the Design and Industries Association and the Art Workers Guild. He produced complete designs for his buildings including the interior design, although not without its critics, his architecture is widely appreciated. He was awarded the Royal Institute of British Architects Royal Gold Medal for architecture in 1936 and was appointed a Royal Designer for Industry in 1943 and his station designs for London Underground became the corporations standard design influencing designs by all architects working for the organisation in the 1930s. Many of his buildings have been granted listed building status, protecting them from unapproved alteration and he twice declined the offer of a knighthood. Charles Henry Holden was born on 12 May 1875 at Great Lever, Bolton, the fifth and youngest child of Joseph Holden, a draper and milliner, Holdens childhood was marred by his fathers bankruptcy in 1884 and his mothers death when he was fifteen years old. He briefly had jobs as an assistant and a railway clerk in St Helens. During this period he attended draughting classes at the YMCA and considered a career as an engineer in Sir Douglas Foxs practice, in 1891 he began working for his brother-in-law, David Frederick Green, a land surveyor and architect in Bolton. In April 1892 he was articled to Manchester architect Everard W. Leeson and, while training him, also studied at the Manchester School of Art. While working and studying in Manchester, Holden formed friendships with artist Muirhead Bone, whitmans writings and those of Henry David Thoreau, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Edward Carpenter were major influences on Holdens life. He incorporated many of their philosophies and principles into his style of living, in 1895 and 1896 Holden submitted designs to Building News Designing Club competitions using the pseudonym The Owl. Although the number of competing submissions made was not always large, from nine competition entries, Holden won five first places, in 1897, he entered the competition for the RIBAs prestigious Soane Medallion for student architects. Of fourteen entries, Holdens submission for the subject, a Provincial Market Hall. Holden described the design as being inspired by the work of John Belcher, Edgar Wood, around 1898 Holden began living with Margaret Steadman, a nurse and midwife. They were introduced by Holdens older sister, Alice, and became friends through their common interest in Whitman, Steadman had separated from her husband James Steadman, a university tutor, because of his alcoholism and abuse. The Holdens lived in suburban Norbiton, Surrey until 1902, when moved to Codicote in Hertfordshire. Around 1906, they moved to Harmer Green near Welwyn, where Holden designed a house for them, the couple had no children together, though Margaret had a son, Allan, from her marriage
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Berlin U-Bahn
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The Berlin U-Bahn is a rapid transit railway in Berlin, the capital city of Germany, and a major part of the citys public transport system. Together with the S-Bahn, a network of train lines. In addition, a tram network operates in the parts of the city. Opened in 1902, the U-Bahn serves 173 stations spread across ten lines, with a track length of 151.7 kilometres. Trains run every two to five minutes during peak hours, every five minutes for the rest of the day, over the course of a year, U-Bahn trains travel 132 million km, and carry over 400 million passengers. In 2015,534.5 million passengers rode the U-Bahn, the entire system is maintained and operated by the Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe, commonly known as the BVG. Designed to alleviate traffic flowing into and out of central Berlin, the East Berlin U-Bahn lines from West Berlin were severed, except for two West Berlin lines that ran through East Berlin. These were allowed to pass through East Berlin without stopping at any of the stations, Friedrichstraße was the exception because it was used as a transfer point between U6 and the West Berlin S-Bahn system, and a border crossing into East Berlin. The system was reopened following the fall of the Berlin Wall. The Berlin U-Bahn is the most extensive network in Germany. In 2006, travel on the U-Bahn was equivalent to 122.2 million km of car journeys, at the end of the 19th century, city planners in Berlin were looking for solutions to the increasing traffic problems facing the city. As potential solutions, industrialist and inventor Ernst Werner von Siemens suggested the construction of elevated railways, while AEG proposed an underground system. Years of negotiations followed until, on 10 September 1896, work began on an elevated railway to run between Stralauer Tor and Zoologischer Garten, with a short spur to Potsdamer Platz. Known as the Stammstrecke, the route was inaugurated on 15 February 1902, before the year ended, the railway had been extended, by 17 August, east to Warschauer Brücke, and, by 14 December, west to Knie. In a bid to secure its own improvement, Schöneberg also wanted a connection to Berlin, the elevated railway company did not believe such a line would be profitable, so the city built the first locally financed underground in Germany. It was opened on 1 December 1910, just a few months earlier, work began on a fourth line to link Wilmersdorf in the south-west to the growing Berlin U-Bahn. The early network ran mostly east to west, connecting the areas in and around Berlin. In order to open up the network to more of the workers of Berlin, in 1920, the surrounding areas were annexed to form Groß-Berlin, removing the need for many negotiations, and giving the city much greater bargaining power over the private Hochbahngesellschaft
