1.
1933 in architecture
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The year 1933 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. The Bauhaus school in Berlin is permanently closed by the Nazi government, modern Architectural Research Group established as a think tank by younger architects and critics involved in the modernist movement in Great Britain. Completion of restoration of Herstmonceux Castle in England by Walter Godfrey, july - New Midland Hotel, Morecambe, Lancashire, England, designed by Oliver Hill. August 23 - Leeds Civic Hall, Yorkshire, England, designed by Vincent Harris in 1926, Royal Masonic Hospital at Ravenscourt Park in London, designed by Thomas S. Tait of Sir John Burnet, Tait and Lorne. Labworth Café on Canvey Island, England, designed by engineer Ove Arup, myer Emporium renovation, Bourke Street, Melbourne, Australia. The Round House, designed by Berthold Lubetkins Tecton Architectural Group to house gorillas at London Zoo, battersea Power Station, London, with Giles Gilbert Scott as consultant architect, begins operation. College Hall, Royal Air Force College Cranwell, England, designed by James Grey West, mercado de Abastos de Algeciras, Spain, designed by Eduardo Torroja. Villa Markelius in Stockholm, designed by Sven Markelius for himself, schminke house in Löbau, Germany, designed by Hans Scharoun. Töss Footbridge, Winterthur, Switzerland, designed by Robert Maillart, AIA Gold Medal - Ragnar Östberg. Royal Gold Medal - Charles Reed Peers, grand Prix de Rome, architecture - Alexandre Courtois. John Betjeman - Ghastly Good Taste, or the story of the rise. The Information Book of Sir John Burnet, Tait & Lorne, G. R. Sprague, British theatre architect
2.
Palace of Nations
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The Palace of Nations in Geneva, Switzerland, was built between 1929 and 1938 to serve as the headquarters of the League of Nations. In 2012 alone, the Palace of Nations hosted more than 10,000 intergovernmental meetings, a jury of architects was selected to choose a final design from among three-hundred and thirty-seven entries but was unable to decide on a winner. Donations from League members were used in the interior, the Palace constituted at the time of completion, volume wise, the second-largest building complex in Europe after Versailles. After its transfer to the United Nations, two extensions were added to the building, which increased the size of the usable area of the building. Between 1950-1952, three floors were added to the K building, and the D building was constructed to house temporarily the World Health Organization, the E building was added between 1968-1973 as a conference facility, with bringing the total of conference rooms to 34. The park also contains a 1668 chalet, a medal showing the Palace of Nations with the Jura Mountains in the background was struck in silvered bronze. The building overlooks Lake Geneva and has a view of the French Alps. List of United Nations organizations by location United Nations System Joëlle Kuntz, Geneva, a History, éditions Zoé,2011,96 pages. Jean-Claude Pallas, Histoire et architecture du Palais des Nations, Nations Unies,2001,431 pages United Nations Office at Geneva Palais des Nations
3.
Umaid Bhawan Palace
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Umaid Bhawan Palace, located at Jodhpur in Rajasthan, India, is one of the worlds largest private residences. A part of the palace is managed by Taj Hotels, named after Maharaja Umaid Singh, grandfather of the present owner Gaj Singh of the palace, this edifice has 347 rooms and serves as the principal residence of the erstwhile Jodhpur royal family. A part of the palace houses a museum. Umaid Bhawan Palace was called Chittar Palace during its construction due to use of stones drawn from the Chittar hill where it is located, ground for the foundations of the building was broken on 18 November 1929 by Maharaja Umaid Singh and the construction work was completed in 1943. The Palace was built to provide employment to thousands of people during the time of famine, recently, Umaid Bhawan Palace was awarded as the Worlds best hotel at the Travellers Choice Award, which was organised by TripAdvisor. History of building the Umaid Bhawan Palace is linked to a curse by a saint who had said that a period of drought will follow the rule of the Rathore Dynasty. Thus, after the end of about 50-year reign of Pratap Singh, Jodhpur faced a severe drought, the king, in order to help the farmers, decided to build a lavish palace. Lanchester patterned the Umaid Palace on the lines of the New Delhi building complex by adopting the theme of domes, the palace was designed as an extraordinary blend of western technology, and many Indian architectural features. The palace was built at a pace as its initial objective was to provide employment to the famine-stricken farmers of the locale. The foundation stone was laid in 1929, about 2,000 to 3,000 people were employed to build it. However, the occupation of the palace by the Maharaja came only after its completion in 1943. There was criticism in some quarters for embarking on an expensive project, the estimated cost of building the palace was Rs 11 million. When it opened its doors in 1943 it was considered as one of the largest royal residences in the world. The building material required was not close by as sandstone quarries were at quite a distance, since the Maharaja had the foresight to bring his project to fruition, he built a railway line to the quarry site to transport the building material. Donkeys were inducted to haul soil to the site, the sandstone transported by rail was dressed at site into large blocks with interlocking joints so that they could be laid without the use of mortar and thus create a wonderful edifice. The palace was built with sandstone with two wings. Makrana marble has also used, and Burmese teak wood has been used for the interior wood work. When completed the palace had 347 rooms, several courtyards, the architectural style is considered as representing the then in vogue Beaux Arts style, also known as Indo-Deco style
4.
Jodhpur
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Jodhpur is a City and district in the Indian state of Rajasthan. It is the second largest metropolitan city of the state and the thirty-fifth largest city in India and it was formerly the seat of a princely state of the same name. The capital of the kingdom was known as Marwar, Jodhpur is a popular tourist destination, featuring many palaces, forts and temples, set in the stark landscape of the Thar Desert. The city is known as the Sun City for the bright, the old city circles the fort and is bounded by a wall with several gates. Jodhpur is also known as the Blue City because of the colours that decorate many of the houses in the old city area. However, the city has expanded greatly outside the wall over the past several decades, Jodhpur lies near the geographic centre of the Rajasthan state, which makes it a convenient base for travel in a region much frequented by tourists. According to the Rajasthan District Gazetteers of Jodhpur and the Hindu epic Ramayana, Abhiras were the inhabitants of Jodhpur. Jodhpur was also part of the Gurjara–Pratihara Empire and until 1100 AD was ruled by a powerful Gurjar King, Jodhpur was founded in 1459 by Rao Jodha, a Rajput chief of the Rathore clan. Jodha succeeded in conquering the territory and thus founded a state which came to be known as Marwar. As Jodha hailed from the town of Mandore, that town initially served as the capital of this state, however, Jodhpur soon took over that role. The city was located on the road linking Delhi to Gujarat. This enabled it to profit from a trade in opium, copper, silk, sandals, date palm. In between 1540 and 1556, Afghans were in control of most of North India. Hemu, who took as the commander of the Afghan army in 1553, crushed the first rebellion, killing the Governor of the Ajmer province Juneid Khan. Hemu lost his life in the Second Battle of Panipat on 5 November 1556, early in its history, the state became a fief under the Mughal Empire, owing fealty to them while enjoying some internal autonomy. During this period, the state furnished the Mughals with several notable generals such as Maharaja Jaswant Singh, during the British Raj, the state of Jodhpur had the largest land area of any in the Rajputana. Jodhpur prospered under the peace and stability that was a hallmark of this era, the land area of the state was 23,543 sq mi its population in 1901 was 44,73,759. It enjoyed a revenue of £3,529,000
5.
Henry Vaughan Lanchester
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Henry Vaughan Lanchester was a British architect working in London. He served as editor of The Builder, was a co-founder of the Town Planning Institute, Lanchester was born in St Johns Wood, London. His father, Henry Jones Lanchester, was an established architect and he was articled to his father, but also worked in the offices of London architects F. J. Eadle, T. W. Cutler and George Sherrin from 1884-1894. He studied at the Royal Academy in 1886, won the Aldwinckle Prize and, in 1889 and his first architectural work was Kingswood House, Sydenham, in 1892, and he established his own practice in 1894. His first fully independent work in 1896 were offices in Old Street and he formed a partnership in 1896 with James A. Stewart and Edwin Alfred Rickards. As Lanchester, Stewart and Rickards, in 1897 the firm won the competition to build Cardiff City Hall, Lanchester was editor of The Builder from 1910-12. In 1912, he visited India and prepared a report on the planning of New Delhi as well as preparing plans for Madras, in 1914 he was one of the founder members of the Town Planning Institute in London. He formed a new partnership in 1923, Lanchester, Lucas & Lodge and he was appointed Professor of Architecture at University College London, and in 1934 Lanchester was awarded the Royal Gold Medal of the Royal Institute of British Architects. V. Lanchester, Representative British Architects of the Present Day, C. H
6.
White City (Tel Aviv)
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Tel Aviv has the largest number of buildings in the Bauhaus/International Style of any city in the world. Preservation, documentation, and exhibitions have brought attention to Tel Avivs collection of 1930s architecture, the citation recognized the unique adaptation of modern international architectural trends to the cultural, climatic, and local traditions of the city. The Bauhaus Center in Tel Aviv organises regular tours of the city. The concept for a new city, to be called Tel Aviv, was developed on the sand dunes outside Jaffa in 1909. Scottish urban planner Patrick Geddes, who had worked on town-planning in New Delhi, was commissioned by Tel Avivs first mayor, Meir Dizengoff. Geddes began work in 1925 on the plan, which was accepted in 1929, the view of the British Mandatory authorities seemed to have been supportive. In addition to Geddes, and Dizengoff, the city engineer Yaacov Ben-Sira contributed significantly to the development, Patrick Geddes laid out the streets and decided on block size and utilisation. Geddes did not prescribe an architectural style for the buildings in the new city, but by 1933, many Jewish architects of the Bauhaus school in Germany, like Arieh Sharon, fled to the British Mandate of Palestine. Both the emigration of these Jewish architects and the closing of the Bauhaus school in Berlin were consequences of the rise to power of the Nazi party in Germany in 1933. The residential and public buildings were designed by architects, and by architects born locally including Ben-Ami Shulman. The Bauhaus principles, with their emphasis on functionality and inexpensive building materials, were perceived as ideal in Tel Aviv, the architects fleeing Europe brought not only Bauhaus ideas, the architectural ideas of Le Corbusier were also mixed in. Furthermore, Erich Mendelsohn was not formally associated with the Bauhaus, though he had several projects in Israel in the 1930s as did Carl Rubin, in the 1930s in Tel Aviv, many architectural ideas were converging and Tel Aviv was the ideal place for them to be tested. In 1984, in celebration of Tel Avivs 75th year, an exhibition was held at the Tel Aviv Museum of Art entitled White City, International Style Architecture in Israel, Portrait of an Era. Some sources trace the origin of the term White City to this exhibition and its curator Michael Levin, the 1984 exhibition traveled to New York, to the Jewish Museum. In 1994, a conference took place at the UNESCO headquarters, in 1996, Tel Avivs White City was listed as a World Monuments Fund endangered site. In 2003, UNESCO named Tel Aviv a World Heritage Site for its treasure of modern architecture, however, the architecture had to be adapted to suit the extremes of the Mediterranean and desert climate. White and light colors reflected the heat, walls not only provided privacy but protected against the sun. Large areas of glass that let in the light, a key element of the Bauhaus style in Europe, were replaced with small recessed windows that limited the heat and glare
7.
Mandatory Palestine
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Mandatory Palestine was a geopolitical entity under British administration, carved out of Ottoman Southern Syria after World War I. British civil administration in Palestine operated from 1920 until 1948, further confusing the issue was the Balfour Declaration of 1917, promising British support for a Jewish national home in Palestine. At the wars end the British and French set up a joint Occupied Enemy Territory Administration in what had been Ottoman Syria, the British achieved legitimacy for their continued control by obtaining a mandate from the League of Nations in June 1922. The civil Mandate administration was formalized with the League of Nations consent in 1923 under the British Mandate for Palestine, the land west of the Jordan River, known as Palestine, was under direct British administration until 1948. The land east of the Jordan, a region known as Transjordan, under the rule of the Hashemite family from the Hijaz. The divergent tendencies regarding the nature and purpose of the mandate are visible already in the discussions concerning the name for this new entity. As a set-off to this, certain of the Arab politicians suggested that the country should be called Southern Syria in order to emphasise its close relation with another Arab State. During the British Mandate period the area experienced the ascent of two major nationalist movements, one among the Jews and the other among the Arabs, following its occupation by British troops in 1917–1918, Palestine was governed by the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration. In July 1920, the administration was replaced by a civilian administration headed by a High Commissioner. The first High Commissioner, Herbert Samuel, a Zionist recent cabinet minister, arrived in Palestine on 20 June 1920, following the arrival of the British, Muslim-Christian Associations were established in all the major towns. In 1919 they joined to hold the first Palestine Arab Congress in Jerusalem and its main platforms were a call for representative government and opposition to the Balfour Declaration. The Zionist Commission was formed in March 1918 and was active in promoting Zionist objectives in Palestine, on 19 April 1920, elections were held for the Assembly of Representatives of the Palestinian Jewish community. The Zionist Commission received official recognition in 1922 as representative of the Palestinian Jewish community, Rutenberg soon established an electric company whose shareholders were Zionist organizations, investors, and philanthropists. Palestinian-Arabs saw it as proof that the British intended to favor Zionism, when Grand Mufti of Jerusalem Kamil al-Husayni died in March 1921, High Commissioner Samuel appointed his half-brother Mohammad Amin al-Husseini to the position. Amin al-Husseini, a member of the clan of Jerusalem, was an Arab nationalist. As Grand Mufti, as well as the influential positions that he held during this period. In 1922, al-Husseini was elected President of the Supreme Muslim Council which had created by Samuel in December 1921. The Council controlled the Waqf funds, worth annually tens of thousands of pounds, in addition, he controlled the Islamic courts in Palestine
8.
Van Nelle Factory
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The former Van Nelle Factory on the Schie river in Rotterdam, is considered a prime example of the International Style. It has been a designated World Heritage Site since 2014, soon after it was built, prominent architects described the factory as the most beautiful spectacle of the modern age and a poem in steel and glass. The buildings were designed by architect Leendert van der Vlugt from the Brinkman & Van der Vlugt office in cooperation with civil engineer J. G, wiebenga, at that time a specialist for constructions in reinforced concrete, and built between 1925 and 1931. It is an example of Nieuwe Bouwen, modern architecture in the Netherlands and it was commissioned by the co-owner of the Van Nelle company, Kees van der Leeuw, on behalf of the owners. The fully renovated Sonneveld House is now a museum in the centre of Rotterdam, in the 20th century it was a factory, processing coffee, tea and tobacco and later on additional chewing gum, cigarettes, instant pudding and rice. Currently it houses a variety of new media and design companies and is known as the Van Nelle Design Factory. Some of the areas are used for meetings, conventions and events, in 2015, the Van Nelle Factory topped the list of The 25 Most Beautiful Factories in the World. The Van Nelle Factory shows the influence of Russian Constructivism, Mart Stam, who worked during 1926 as employee-designer at the Brinkman & Van der Vlugt office in Rotterdam, came in contact with the Russian Avant-Garde in 1922 in Berlin. In 1926 Mart Stam organized a tour of the Netherlands for the Russian artist El Lissitzky and his wife Sophie Küppers. They visited Jacobus Oud, Cornelis van Eesteren, Gerrit Rietveld, Sophie Küppers stated that Mart Stam spoke about his factory during that trip. That happened to be the cause for his dismissal. }It is claimed that the building featured the first industrially prefabricated curtain wall in the world. The Van Nelle Factory is a Dutch national monument and since 2014 has the status of UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Justification of Outstanding Universal Value was presented in 2013 to the UNESCO World Heritage Committee
9.
Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower
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The Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower, at 1 Hanson Place between Ashland Place and St. Felix Street in Brooklyn, New York City, is one of the boroughs architectural icons. It was once the tallest building in the borough, at 37 stories and 512 feet tall, but was surpassed in height by the Brooklyner and it is among the tallest four-sided clock towers in the world. The clock faces,17 feet in diameter, were the worlds largest when they were installed, since 2007–08, the building has been converted into luxury condominium apartments under the name 1 Hanson Place. It was built in 1927–29 as the new headquarters for the Williamsburgh Savings Bank by the architectural firm Halsey, McCormack and Helmer. It was then owned by the parent, Republic National Bank, then, via a merger, HSBC. For years the offices were notably dentists offices, the New York Daily News once called it The Mecca of Dentistry. The building was declared a New York City landmark in 1977, replacement of windows engendered a lawsuit from the Landmarks Preservation Commission that forced restoration of the original appearance of the windows. In 2005, Skylight Group One Hanson was created in conjunction with Canyon Capital Realty Advisers, in 2008 CJ Follini and Noyack Medical Partners purchased the commercial half of the famed landmark. Despite its name, it stands in the Fort Greene/Pacific Park sections of Brooklyn rather than Williamsburg – spelled without the h – where the original headquarters building by George B. Above were two floors of banking offices, the rest of the balanced though not symmetrical vertical massing of staggered setbacks in buff-colored brick and architectural terracotta contained rental office spaces. BY THEIR INDUSTRY AND THRIFT THEY HAVE BUILT HOMES AND EDUCATED CHILDREN, chief architect Helmer wrote at the time of the buildings opening that he wanted the building to be regarded as a cathedral dedicated to the furtherance of thrift and prosperity. Inside, the low vaulted ceiling of the vestibule is mosaiced with tesserae that vary from gray-blue to the most intense turquoise. Friezes carved in the two-plane relief manner of Lombard Comacine masons, of foliate scrolls with animal heads, inhabited with human and animal figures, the ceiling vaults glitter with mosaics of tesserae of gold leaf under glass, embedded with moulded stars and showing the constellations of the Zodiac. The floor is inlaid with colored marbles in the Cosmatesque manner. At the far end a giant mosaic panel gives a view of Breuckelen with Manhattan in the distance beyond. Author Jonathan Ames created a Most Phallic Building contest which followed an article he wrote for Slate magazine, the character of the same name in his HBO show Bored to Death moves into the building in the third season
10.
Brooklyn
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Brooklyn is the most populous borough of New York City, with a Census-estimated 2,636,735 residents in 2015. It borders the borough of Queens at the end of Long Island. Today, if New York City dissolved, Brooklyn would rank as the third-most populous city in the U. S. behind Los Angeles, the borough continues, however, to maintain a distinct culture. Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves, Brooklyns official motto, displayed on the Borough seal and flag, is Eendraght Maeckt Maght which translates from early modern Dutch as Unity makes strength. Since 2010, Brooklyn has evolved into a hub of entrepreneurship and high technology startup firms. The history of European settlement in Brooklyn spans more than 350 years, the neighborhood of Marine Park was home to North Americas first tidal mill. It was built by the Dutch, and the foundation can be seen today, however, the area was not formally settled as a town. Many incidents and documents relating to this period are in Gabriel Furmans early compilation, what is today Brooklyn left Dutch hands after the final English conquest of New Netherland in 1664, a prelude to the Second Anglo–Dutch War. The English reorganized the six old Dutch towns on southwestern Long Island as Kings County on November 1,1683 and this tract of land was recognized as a political entity for the first time, and the municipal groundwork was laid for a later expansive idea of Brooklyn identity. On August 27,1776 was fought the Battle of Long Island, the first major engagement fought in the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared, and the largest of the entire conflict. British troops forced Continental Army troops under George Washington off the heights near the sites of Green-Wood Cemetery, Prospect Park. The fortified American positions at Brooklyn Heights consequently became untenable and were evacuated a few days later, One result of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 was the evacuation of the British from New York City, celebrated by residents into the 20th century. The New York Navy Yard operated in Wallabout Bay for the entire 19th century, the first center of urbanization sprang up in the Town of Brooklyn, directly across from Lower Manhattan, which saw the incorporation of the Village of Brooklyn in 1817. Reliable steam ferry service across the East River to Fulton Landing converted Brooklyn Heights into a town for Wall Street. Ferry Road to Jamaica Pass became Fulton Street to East New York, Town and Village were combined to form the first, kernel incarnation of the City of Brooklyn in 1834. Industrial deconcentration in mid-century was bringing shipbuilding and other manufacturing to the part of the county. Each of the two cities and six towns in Kings County remained independent municipalities, and purposely created non-aligning street grids with different naming systems and it later became the most popular and highest circulation afternoon paper in America. The publisher changed to L. Van Anden on April 19,1842, on May 14,1849 the name was shortened to The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, on September 5,1938 it was further shortened to Brooklyn Eagle
11.
Underground Electric Railways Company of London
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The Underground Electric Railways Company of London Limited, known operationally as the Underground for much of its existence, was established in 1902. It was also the parent company from 1902 of the District Railway, the UERL is a precursor of todays London Underground, its three tube lines form the central sections of todays Bakerloo, Northern and Piccadilly lines. The UERL struggled financially in the first years after the opening of its lines, a policy of expansion by acquisition was followed before World War I, so that the company came to operate the majority of the underground railway lines in and around London. It also controlled large bus and tram fleets, the profits from which subsidised the financially weaker railways, in the 1920s, competition from small unregulated bus operators reduced the profitability of the road transport operations, leading the UERLs directors to seek government regulation. The first deep-level tube railway, the City & South London Railway, construction had started on one other line and then stopped following a financial crisis. The rest of the companies were struggling to raise funding, the District Railway was a sub-surface underground railway which had opened in 1868. Its steam-hauled services operated around the Inner Circle and on branches to Hounslow, Wimbledon, Richmond, Ealing, Whitechapel, by 1901, the DR was struggling to compete with emerging motor bus and electric tram companies and the CLR which were eroding its passenger traffic. To become more competitive, the DR was contemplating a programme of electrification and it also had parliamentary approval for a congestion-relieving deep-level line that was to run beneath its existing route between Gloucester Road and Mansion House. Yerkes had unsuccessfully attempted to bribe the city council and Illinois state legislature into granting him a 100-year franchise for the tramway system, following a public backlash, he sold his Chicago investments and turned his attention to opportunities in London. Yerkes first acquisition in London was the Charing Cross, Euston, Perks was also a large shareholder in Yerkes next target, the Metropolitan District Railway, usually known as the District Railway or DR. By March 1901, the syndicate had acquired a controlling interest in the DR, Yerkes established the Metropolitan District Electric Traction Company on 15 July 1901 with himself as managing director. The company raised £1 million to carry out the works including the construction of the generating station. In September 1901, Perks became the DRs chairman, the Brompton and Piccadilly Circus Railway was a tube railway company which had been purchased by the DR in 1898, but had remained a separate financial entity. It had permission to construct a line from South Kensington to Piccadilly Circus, at South Kensington it was to connect to the deep level line planned by the DR. On 12 September 1901, the DR-controlled board of the B&PCR sold the company to the MDETC, in the same month, the B&PCR took over the Great Northern and Strand Railway, a tube railway with permission to build a line from Strand to Finsbury Park. The routes of the B&PCR and GN&SR were subsequently linked and combined with part of the DRs tube route to create the Great Northern, Piccadilly, Yerkes final purchase was the Baker Street and Waterloo Railway in March 1902 for £360,000. The BS&WR had permission to construct a line from Paddington to Elephant & Castle and, unlike his other tube railway purchases, construction work had started in 1898. With a varied collection of companies under his control, Yerkes established the UERL in April 1902 to take control of all and manage the planned works
12.
55 Broadway
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55 Broadway is a Grade I listed building overlooking St. Jamess Park in London. It was designed by Charles Holden and built between 1927 and 1929, in 1931 the building earned him the RIBA London Architecture Medal and it was constructed as a new headquarters for the Underground Electric Railways Company of London, the main forerunner of London Underground. Upon completion, it was the tallest office block in the city, the cruciform design afforded the optimum level of natural light to the offices. The ground floor now contains an arcade and many art deco details. Previously the ground floor was given over to London Transport offices, including a travel information centre, cash office. The whole building straddles St. Jamess Park tube station, the east and west wings being immediately above the railway tunnel, when finished it was the tallest steel-framed office building in London, until another Holden building, the University of Londons Senate House, took the accolade. Each relief was carved by a sculptor of the day. Halfway along the north and east facades are a pair of sculptures, Day. The modernism and graphic nakedness of these sculptures created public outrage on their unveiling, newspapers started a campaign to have the statues removed and one company director, Lord Colwyn, offered to pay the cost. Frank Pick, the director of the UERL at the time, took overall responsibility. In the end, Epstein agreed to remove 1.5 inches from the penis of the figure on Day. The function suite on the 10th floor of the building was set up as a dining room for the chairman. The building, first listed as Grade II in 1970, was re-graded to Grade I in 2011, in 2013, it was announced that 55 Broadway will be converted into luxury apartments once London Underground move operations from the building in 2015. In May 2014, it was announced that the architects, TateHindle, will lead the redevelopment planning, with applications expected to be filed in the autumn
