1.
1926 in literature
–
This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1926. February 8 – Seán OCaseys play The Plough and the Stars opens at the Abbey Theatre, on February 11, the performance is marred by ugly scenes in the audience, one man strikes an actress. February 12 – The Irish Free State minister for Justice, Kevin OHiggins, February 26 – The future English novelist Graham Greene is received into the Catholic Church. April 1 – Hugo Gernsback launches his pioneering science fiction magazine Amazing Stories in the United States, may 11 – C. S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkien meet for the first time in Oxford. October 14 – The childrens book Winnie-the-Pooh, by A. A. Milne, is first published by Methuen in London. December 3 – English detective story writer Agatha Christie disappears from her home in Surrey, December – Thomas Mann begins writing Die Geschichten Jaakobs in Munich, first of the tetralogy Joseph and His Brothers on which he will work until January 1943. Antonin Artaud and Roger Vitrac establish the Théatre Alfred-Jarry in Paris for the production of surrealist drama, bread Loaf Writers Conference is founded in Middlebury, Vermont. Ford Madox Ford publishes A Man Could Stand Up --, the book of a four-volume work titled Parades End published between 1924 and 1928. Vsevolod Meyerhold stages a landmark production of Gogols satirical comedy The Government Inspector in Moscow. Margaret Mitchell begins writing the novel Gone with the Wind, the remains of English poet Isaac Rosenberg are re-interred at Bailleul Road East Cemetery, Plot V, St. Laurent-Blangy, Pas de Calais, France. S. S. Van Dine publishes the first Philo Vance mystery novel, Peter Llewelyn Davies establishes the London publishing house Peter Davies Ltd. Yeats – Autobiographies Paul Zarifopol – Din registrul ideilor gingașe Alfred Eckhard Zimmern – The Third British Empire January 5 – W. D
2.
1928 in literature
–
This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1928. January Mikhail Sholokhovs novel And Quiet Flows the Don begins serialization in the Soviet magazine Oktyabr, Ford Madox Ford publishes Last Post in the U. K. last in his World War I tetralogy Parades End published since 1924. March 31 – Stockholm Public Library, designed by Gunnar Asplund, is opened, april 19 – Publication of the Oxford English Dictionary is completed. Spring – George Orwell moves from London to Paris, his first articles as a writer are published later in the year. June – The literary magazine Contemporáneos is first published in Mexico by Jaime Torres Bodet, in September the authors first completed novel, the satire Decline and Fall, is published by Chapman & Hall, it reaches its 3rd printing by the end of the year. The marriage lasts until the following September, july – D. H. Lawrences Lady Chatterleys Lover is published in Florence, it will not be published in an unexpurgated edition in Britain until 1960. September S. S. Van Dine publishes Twenty Rules for Writing Detective Stories in The American Magazine, leslie Charteris publishes Meet the Tiger in the U. K. the first adventure of Simon Templar, alias The Saint. Charteris will write dozens of novels and short stories featuring the character on a regular basis between 1928 and 1963, and others continue the series until 1983. September 21 – The Gorseth Kernow is set up at Boscawen-Un in Cornwall by Henry Jenner, october – Publication of Siburapha s Luk Phu Chai, perhaps the first substantial original Thai novel. Autumn – W. H. Auden goes to Berlin, where he is joined by Christopher Isherwood. November–December – Erich Maria Remarques antiwar novel All Quiet on the Western Front is first published in the German newspaper Vossische Zeitung, hans Herbert Grimms Schlump is published by Kurt Wolff in Berlin this year also. November 6 – Xu Zhimo writes his poem 再別康橋, sherriffs drama Journeys End, set on the Western Front, is premièred by the Incorporated Stage Society at the Apollo Theatre in London with Laurence Olivier in a principal rôle. December 19 – Italo Svevo, returning from an Alpine health resort to Trieste, is involved in an automobile accident, bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyays novel Pather Panchali first appears as a serial in a Calcutta periodical. The clerihew, the comic pseudo-biographical verse form associated with Edmund Clerihew Bentley, is mentioned in print for the first time and it is estimated that one in four of all secular books printed and sold in England is written by Edgar Wallace. Dixon – Hunting for Hidden Gold W. E. B
3.
1929 in literature
–
This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1929. February–August – Voltaires Candide is held to be obscene by the United States Customs Service in Boston, february – The first of Margery Allinghams crime novels to feature Albert Campion, The Crime at Black Dudley, is published in England. April 1 – The Faber and Faber publishing house is established in London by Geoffrey Faber with T. S. Eliot as literary editor, – The first of Gladys Mitchells crime novels, introducing her psychologist detective character Mrs Bradley, Speedy Death, is published in England. July – British publisher William Collins, Sons launches The Detective Story Club as an imprint with Edgar Wallaces novelization of The Terror. July 5 – Scotland Yard seizes 13 paintings of male and female nudes by D. H. Lawrence from a Mayfair gallery on grounds of indecency under the Vagrancy Act 1838, August – Censorship of Publications Act sets up the Censorship of Publications Board in the Irish Free State. August 15 – The first Ellery Queen mystery novel, The Roman Hat Mystery, is published in New York City, midyear – Serialization begins of one of the first original Thai novels Dokmai Sot s Sattru Khǫng Čhaolon followed shortly by publication of M. C. Akat s semi-autobiographical Lakhǫn Haeng Chiwit, Thai writers join with Kulap Saipradit in the Suphapburut literary group. October – Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir become a couple, twenty-one-year-old de Beauvoir becomes the youngest person ever to obtain the agrégation in philosophy, and comes second in the final examination, beaten only by Sartre. Rejected the previous year by W. B, yeats for the Abbey Theatre in Dublin, it will not be seen in Ireland until 1935. October 29 – Release of the first sound adaptation of a Shakespeare play, The Taming of the Shrew, starring Mary Pickford. December – George Orwell returns to England after living in Paris, hugo Gernsback first uses the term science fiction in its modern sense to refer to the content of his pulp magazine Amazing Stories. Father Ronald Knox codifies the rules for the Golden Age of Detective Fiction in a Decalogue, samuel Roth publishes a pirated edition of James Joyces 1922 novel Ulysses in New York, he serves two prison terms for publishing an obscene work. The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes is prohibited in the Soviet Union because of Sir Arthur Conan Doyles interest in the occult, Foyles bookshop in London moves to new larger premises in the Foyles Building in Charing Cross Road. Monotype introduce Stanley Morisons revival of the Bembo typeface for book printing, S. B. S. Van Dine – The Scarab Murder Case Lynd Ward – Gods Man Thomas Wolfe – Look Homeward, Angel S. John Ervine – The First Mrs. B. White and James Thurber – Is Sex Necessary, a. Fanthorpe, English poet July 31 – Lynne Reid Banks, English novelist August 14 – Thomas Meehan, American screenwriter August 18 – Anatoly Kuznetsov, Russian dissident novelist August 21 – X. J. B
4.
1930 in literature
–
This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1930. January 6 – An early literary character licensing agreement is signed by A. A. Milne, granting Stephen Slesinger U. S. february – Censorship of Publications Board begins to function in the Irish Free State. Among the first 13 books to be banned are Point Counter Point by Aldous Huxley, The Well of Loneliness by Radclyffe Hall and several books on sex and marriage by Margaret Sanger and Marie Stopes. February 23 – Erich Maria Remarques anti-war novel All Quiet on the Western Front is banned in all Thuringian schools by Education Minister Wilhelm Frick, march 19 – Paul Robeson appears in the title role of Othello at the Savoy Theatre, London, with Peggy Ashcroft as Desdemona. May 6 – Collins Crime Club is launched as an imprint, may 10 – John Masefield becomes Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom. July 14 – Luigi Pirandellos The Man with the Flower in His Mouth becomes the first-ever broadcast television drama, by the BBC in England and it will appear in book form in 1931 as the fifth of the 75 novels Simenon will eventually write featuring the pipe-smoking Paris detective. September 11 – Agatha Christie marries archaeologist Max Mallowan in Edinburgh, september 24 – First performance of Noël Cowards comedy Private Lives at the Phoenix Theatre featuring Coward, Gertrude Lawrence and Laurence Olivier in the cast. September 29 – English satirical novelist Evelyn Waugh is received into the Catholic Church, November 5 – Sinclair Lewis is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. John Langalibalele Dube publishes the historical novella Insila kaShaka, the first work of fiction in the Zulu language, franz Kafkas novel The Castle is first translated into English, by Willa and Edwin Muir. Sellar and R. J. R. Gurney, American dramatist November 5 – Clifford Irving, American literary forger November 16 – Chinua Achebe, Nigerian writer, academic and literary critic November 18 – J. G. H
5.
1932 in literature
–
This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1932. March – Captain W. E. Johns English character Biggles is introduced as a World War I pilot in the short story The White Fokker in the first issue of Popular Flying magazine edited by Johns. In August, the first collection of Biggles stories, The Camels are Coming, is published, april 23 – To celebrate William Shakespeares birthday, The Royal Shakespeare Companys new theatre opens at Stratford-upon-Avon. The Folger Shakespeare Library opens in Washington, D. C, may – First issue of the English journal of literary criticism Scrutiny, a quarterly review edited by F. R. Leavis. Yeats leases Riversdale house in the Dublin suburb of Rathfarnham and publishes Words for Music Perhaps, summer Open Air Theatre, Regents Park, is established as a regular venue in London by Sydney Carroll and Robert Atkins. First performances at the Minack Theatre, a venue on the coast of Cornwall. October 3 – The Times newspaper of London first appears set in the Times New Roman typeface devised by Stanley Morison, november 16 – Compton Mackenzie is prosecuted under the Official Secrets Act in the U. K. for material in his Greek Memories. October – Nineteen Irish writers led by Yeats and George Bernard Shaw form an Academy of Irish Letters primarily to oppose the Censorship of Publications Board, december – E. V. Knox replaces Sir Owen Seaman as editor of Punch magazine. Samuel Becketts first novel, Dream of Fair to Middling Women, is written in Paris, the first issues of Graham Greenes novel Stamboul Train are withdrawn and the text altered under threat of a libel action by J. B. Serialization of the first three volumes of Mikhail Sholokhovs novel And Quiet Flows the Don concludes in the Soviet magazine October, in Vietnam, the New Poetry period begins, marked by an article and a poem of Phan Khôi, inaugurating modern literature in that country. J. Cronin – Three Loves John Dos Passos –1919 Hans Fallada – Little Man, What Now
6.
1936 in literature
–
This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1936. August 18 – The 38-year-old Spanish dramatist, Federico García Lorca, is arrested by Francoist militia during the White Terror and is never seen alive again and his brother-in-law, Manuel Fernández-Montesinos, the leftist mayor of Granada, is shot the same day. Lorcas play The House of Bernarda Alba, completed on June 19, november 6 – Following its United States publication in 1934, the United Kingdom authorities decide they will not prosecute or seize copies of James Joyces 1922 novel Ulysses. November 23 – Life magazine begins publication as a news magazine in the United States under the management of Henry Luce. Scottish-born university teacher of English literature J. I. M, the Carnegie Medal for excellence in childrens literature is established by the Library Association in the United Kingdom. The first winner is Arthur Ransome for Pigeon Post. B. C, gottfried Benn – Ausgewählte Gedichte T. S. B
7.
1937 in literature
–
This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1937. January 9 – The first issue of Look magazine goes on sale in the United States, january 19 – BBC Television broadcasts The Underground Murder Mystery by J. Bissell Thomas from its London station, the first play written for television. February 6 – John Steinbecks novella of the Great Depression Of Mice, april – Irish writers Elizabeth Bowen and Seán Ó Faoláin first meet, in London. May 14 – BBC Television broadcasts a 30-minute excerpt of Twelfth Night, among the cast are Peggy Ashcroft and Greer Garson. May 21 – Penguin Books launches its Pelican Books sixpenny paperback non-fiction imprint in the U. K. with a 2-volume edition of Bernard Shaws The Intelligent Womans Guide to Socialism and Capitalism. June – John Cowper Powys visits Sycharth, birthplace of Owain Glyndŵr, june 30 – Poems of colonial American pastor Edward Taylor, discovered by Thomas H Johnson, are published in The New England Quarterly. Summer – American-born writer Thomas Quinn Curtiss meets German-born novelist Klaus Mann in Europe, july Establishment of Buchenwald concentration camp in Nazi Germany around the Goethe Oak. July 4 – The Lost Colony historical drama by Paul Green is first performed at a theater in the location where it is set, Roanoke Island. July 31 – Stephen Vincent Benéts post-apocalyptic short story By the Waters of Babylon, september 10 – Soviet playwright Sergei Tretyakov commits suicide while under sentence of death at Butyrka prison in Moscow as part of the Great Purge. September 21 – J. R. R. Tolkiens juvenile fantasy novel The Hobbit, or There, september 29 – French playwright Antonin Artaud is expelled from Ireland. October 6 – The fictional character Mrs. Miniver first appears in the column on domestic life written by Jan Struther for The Times, november 11 – BBC Television broadcasts Journeys End by R. C. Sherriff, the first full-length television adaptation of a stage play, reginald Tate plays the lead, a rôle he has performed extensively in the theatre. Undated The National Library of Iran is inaugurated in Tehran, the future novelist Angus Wilson becomes a book cataloguer at the British Museum Library in London
8.
1939 in literature
–
This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1939. Early – The Pocket Books mass-market paperback imprint is launched in the United States, january American literary magazine The Kenyon Review, founded and edited by John Crowe Ransom, is first published. American pulp science fiction magazine Startling Stories, edited by Mort Weisinger, is first published and it includes The Black Flame by Stanley G. Weinbaum as lead novel. Eando Binders short story I, Robot is published in American science fiction magazine Amazing Stories, british literary quarterly The Criterion, founded and edited by T. S. Eliot, is published for the last time. W. H. Auden and Christopher Isherwood set sail from England for the United States, january/February – Poetry London, a Bi-Monthly of Modern Verse and Criticism, founded and edited by Tambimuttu, is first published. March – Isaac Asimovs first published story, Marooned off Vesta. March 4 – BBC Television broadcasts one of the first television plays written for the medium, Condemned To Be Shot by R. E. J. Brooke. The production is notable for the use of a camera as the first-person perspective of the plays unseen central character. April 13 – Release of the United Artists film version of Wuthering Heights, starring Merle Oberon, may – Jorge Luis Borges first short story in his later characteristic style, Pierre Menard, autor del Quijote, is published in the Buenos Aires literary magazine Sur. May 4 – James Joyces last work, Finnegans Wake, is published complete by Faber and Faber in London. May 15 – Russian writer Isaac Babel is arrested by the NKVD at his dacha as part of the Great Purge in the Soviet Union, august – Robert A. Heinleins first published short story, Life-Line, appears in Astounding Science-Fiction. August – Ernest Vincent Wright publishes his lipogrammatic novel Gadsby, a story of over 50,000 words without using the letter E, before September – Following a pledge drive led by Renaud de Jouvenel and Lucien Lévy-Bruhl, Romanian poet Benjamin Fondane is naturalized French. In September, he is conscripted into the French Army, to serve in the Phony War, September 2 – Jean-Paul Sartre is conscripted into the French Army where he will serve as a meteorologist. September 18 – Polish painter, playwright and novelist Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz commits suicide following the Soviet invasion of Poland, september/October – American reprint science fiction and fantasy pulp magazine Famous Fantastic Mysteries begins publication in New York. Fall – Frank Herbert lies about his age to get his first job as a newspaper reporter. November – The teenage Brendan Behan is arrested in Liverpool for possession of explosives, november 8 – Lindsay and Crouses stage adaptation of Clarence Days Life with Father opens at the Empire Theatre in New York. Running until 12 July 1947, it becomes the all-time longest-running non-musical play in Broadway theatre, late – Captain Marvel makes his first appearance, in Whiz Comics #2
9.
1941 in literature
–
This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1941. January 3 – A decree promulgated in Nazi Germany by Martin Bormann on behalf of Adolf Hitler requires replacement of blackletter typefaces by Antiqua. January 21–January 23 – A failed Legionary Rebellion in Bucharest, opposing loyalists of the Ion Antonescu government to the radically fascist Iron Guard, doubles as a pogrom against Romanian Jews. Avant-garde poet Ion Barbu joins a rebel squad storming into the Ministry of Education, meanwhile, his colleague Ion Vinea protects a Jewish friend, the destruction of Jewish life and property is documented from inside the Jewish community by photojournalist F. Brunea-Fox, and by Marcel Janco. Jancos brother-in-law, essayist Jacques G. Costin, survives, but his brother is tortured and killed by the Guard, spring – The Antioch Review is founded as a literary magazine at Antioch College in Ohio. April – Jean-Paul Sartre is released from prisoner of war camp on health grounds, april 6 – National Library of Serbia destroyed by bombing. April 19 – Bertolt Brechts play Mother Courage and Her Children is premiered at the Schauspielhaus Zürich in Switzerland with Therese Giehse in the title rôle, may 5 – Kingsley Amis and Philip Larkin meet while both reading English at St Johns College, Oxford. June – Noël Cowards comedy Blithe Spirit is premiered at Manchester Opera House in England. Opening in London on July 2, its run of 1,997 consecutive performances sets a record for non-musical plays in the West End theatre which will not be surpassed for more than twenty years. The original cast stars Kay Hammond as Elvira, Margaret Rutherford as Madame Arcati, Cecil Parker as Charles, the Broadway premiere takes place on November 5 at the Morosco Theatre. June 22 – Operation Barbarossa, the Nazi-led attack on the Soviet Union, among the refugees is Moldovan Jewish poet Alexandru Robot, declared missing and presumed dead by August. August 6 – C. S. Lewis begins a series of BBC Radio broadcasts that will be adapted as Mere Christianity, August 18 – 19-year-old Pilot Officer John Gillespie Magee, Jr. September – In Nazi-allied Romania, George Călinescu puts out his companion to Romanian literature, September 6–7 – Under Nazi occupation, Yiddish poet Abraham Sutzkever is among the Polish Jews interned in the Vilna Ghetto. October 27 – F. Scott Fitzgeralds novel The Last Tycoon, left unfinished on the death in 1940, is edited by Edmund Wilson. November – Brendan Behan is released from Borstal in England and deported to Ireland, vvedensky, arrested in September in Kharkov for counterrevolutionary agitation, was evacuated but died of pleurisy en route. Penguin Books publishes the first story book under its Puffin Books childrens paperback imprint in the United Kingdom, the series editor is Eleanor Graham. New building for National and University Library of Slovenia in Ljubljana, biblioteca Cantonale in Lugano, Canton of Ticino in neutral Switzerland, designed by Rino and Carlo Tami, is completed. Bosnian Serb writer Branko Ćopić joins the Yugoslav Partisans, poet Ezra Pound applies to return to the United States from Italy but is refused
10.
1933 in poetry
–
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. June – W. H. Auden has his Vision of Agape, a. E. Black Mountain College founded as a progressive, experimental educational institution which attracts poets who become known as the Black Mountain School of poetry. Wilson MacDonald, Paul Marchand and Other Poems, lotika Ghose, White Dawns of Awakening, Calcutta, Thacker, Spink and Co
11.
1935 in poetry
–
Links to nations or nationalities point to articles with information on that nations poetry or literature. For example, United Kingdom links to English poetry and India links to Indian poetry, june 3 – Canadian poet Charles G. D. Roberts is knighted. June 15 W. H. Auden enters a marriage of convenience with Erika Mann, premiere of T. S. Eliots verse drama Murder in the Cathedral at Canterbury Cathedral in England. George Oppen joins the Communist Party, where his work will increasingly take precedence over his poetry. Picassos poetry begins to be written, tomb of Hafez in Shiraz, Persia, is rebuilt. E. J. Pratt, The Titanic, Toronto, Macmillan, halifax, McCurdy Wilson MacDonald, The Song Of The Undertow and Other Poems. Wilson MacDonald, Quintrains Of Callender and Other Poems, tom MacInnes, Rhymes of a Rounder, Canada Duncan Campbell Scott, The Green Cloister, Canada Francis Sherman, The Complete Poems of Francis Sherman
12.
1936 in poetry
–
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. January – Canadian Poetry Magazine first published by the Canadian Authors Association and it becomes associated with more traditional poetry, very popular in Canada at this time. May – In Nazi Germany, the SS magazine Das Schwarze Korps attacks the expressionist and experimental poetry of German Gottfried Benn as degenerate, Jewish, james Laughlin founds New Directions Publishing in New York, which publishes many modern poets for the first time. A version of J. R. R. Tolkiens influential lecture Beowulf, The Monsters, yeats begins delivering broadcast lectures on the BBC, and makes recordings of his own verse. New Provinces, first anthology of modernist poetry in Canada, including work by F. R. Scott, E. J. Pratt, Robert Finch, A. J. M. Smith, Leo Kennedy, A. M. Klein. Marjorie Pickthall, The Complete Poems of Marjorie Pickthall, 2nd edition, posthumously published Charles G. D. Roberts, Selected Poems of Sir Charles G. D. Roberts. Yeats, editor, The Oxford Book of Modern Verse 1892-1935 Conrad Aiken, Time in the Rock W. H. Auden, Look, stephen Vincent Benét, Burning City Lilian Bowes Lyon, Bright Feather Fading E. E. T. The vast majority of the first editions are collected and destroyed
13.
1933 in art
–
January 12 – George Grosz emigrates from Nazi Germany to the United States. February/March – Käthe Kollwitz is forced by the Nazi Party in Germany to resign from the faculty of the Academy of Arts, april – Closure of the Bauhaus. July – New Midland Hotel, Morecambe, on the Lancashire coast of England, designed by Oliver Hill, is opened incorporating sculpture by Eric Gill and murals by Eric Ravilious and Edward Bawden. September/October – Henri Cartier-Bresson and an Exhibition of Anti-Graphic Photography staged at Julien Levys gallery in New York City, september – Artists Union formed in the United States as the Emergency Work Bureau Artists Group. Black Mountain College founded by John Andrew Rice, the mural, Man at the Crossroads, by Diego Rivera, is removed from the Rockefeller Center in New York because it contains a portrait of Lenin. While he has been working on it, he has joined in the United States by Frieda Kahlo who begins her painting My Dress Hangs There. Hans Bellmer produces his first Doll sculpture, barbara Hepworth and John Skeaping are divorced, Hepworth is already in a relationship with Ben Nicholson. Paul Nash and other young British artists form the group Unit One to promote modernism in Britain, kenneth Clark appointed Director of the National Gallery, London, at age 30, taking up his post in January 1934
14.
1933 in architecture
–
The year 1933 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. The Bauhaus school in Berlin is permanently closed by the Nazi government, modern Architectural Research Group established as a think tank by younger architects and critics involved in the modernist movement in Great Britain. Completion of restoration of Herstmonceux Castle in England by Walter Godfrey, july - New Midland Hotel, Morecambe, Lancashire, England, designed by Oliver Hill. August 23 - Leeds Civic Hall, Yorkshire, England, designed by Vincent Harris in 1926, Royal Masonic Hospital at Ravenscourt Park in London, designed by Thomas S. Tait of Sir John Burnet, Tait and Lorne. Labworth Café on Canvey Island, England, designed by engineer Ove Arup, myer Emporium renovation, Bourke Street, Melbourne, Australia. The Round House, designed by Berthold Lubetkins Tecton Architectural Group to house gorillas at London Zoo, battersea Power Station, London, with Giles Gilbert Scott as consultant architect, begins operation. College Hall, Royal Air Force College Cranwell, England, designed by James Grey West, mercado de Abastos de Algeciras, Spain, designed by Eduardo Torroja. Villa Markelius in Stockholm, designed by Sven Markelius for himself, schminke house in Löbau, Germany, designed by Hans Scharoun. Töss Footbridge, Winterthur, Switzerland, designed by Robert Maillart, AIA Gold Medal - Ragnar Östberg. Royal Gold Medal - Charles Reed Peers, grand Prix de Rome, architecture - Alexandre Courtois. John Betjeman - Ghastly Good Taste, or the story of the rise. The Information Book of Sir John Burnet, Tait & Lorne, G. R. Sprague, British theatre architect
15.
1933 in music
–
This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1933. January 23 – Béla Bartóks Piano Concerto No.2 receives its première in Frankfurt, february – Billie Holiday is discovered singing at Monettes club. March 6 – Nicolas Slonimsky conducts the world première of Edgard Varèses Ionisation at Carnegie Hall in New York City, June – No.1 Rhythm Club, a pioneering jazz club, opens in Regent Street, London. June 12 – Florence Prices Symphony In E Minor is premièred by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, national Association for American Composers and Conductors is founded by Henry Hadley. Perry Como begins singing with the Freddie Carlone orchestra, gorni Kramer forms his first jazz band. John Serry, Sr. performs as the first on stage concert accordion soloist at the Radio City Music Hall, georges Bizets Symphony in C is rediscovered in the library of the Conservatoire de Paris. After All, Youre All Im After words, Edward Heyman music, Introduced by John Ball in the play She Loves Me Not. Introduced by Lillian Miles and Roger Pryor in the film Moonlight And Pretzels Annie Doesnt Live Here Any More w. Joe Young & Johnny Burke m, Harold Spina Are You Makin Any Money. Introduced by Lillian Miles in the film Moonlight And Pretzels Beautiful Girl w. Arthur Freed m, Introduced by Bing Crosby in the film Going Hollywood. Bei Mir Bist Du Schoen w. Sammy Cahn & Saul Chaplin Jacob Jacobs m, Introduced by Kitty Kelly in the film Too Much Harmony. Edgar Sampson & Irving Mills Blue Prelude w. m, Joe Bishop & Gordon Jenkins Boulevard of Broken Dreams w. Al Dubin m. Harry Warren Build a Little Home w. Al Dubin m. Harry Warren. Sung by Eddie Cantor in the film Roman Scandals, by a Waterfall w. Irving Kahal m. Introduced by Ruby Keeler and Dick Powell in the film Footlight Parade, carioca w. Gus Kahn & Edward Eliscu m. Introduced by Etta Moten in the film Flying Down to Rio, bernice Petkere Coffee in the Morning, Kisses in the Night w. Al Dubin m. Harry Warren The Day You Came Along w. m. Arthur Johnston & Sam Coslow Deep Purple w. Mitchell Parish m. Peter De Rose, did You Ever See a Dream Walking. W. Mack Gordon m. Harry Revel Dinner at Eight w. Dorothy Fields m, Jimmy McHugh Doin the Uptown Lowdown w. Mack Gordon m. Harry Revel. Introduced by Frances Williams with Abe Lyman & his Orchestra in the film Broadway Thru a Keyhole Dont Blame Me w. Dorothy Fields m, Jimmy McHugh Down the Old Ox Road w. Sam Coslow m. Arthur Johnston Drop Me Off in Harlem w. Nick Kenny m. Duke Ellington Dusty Shoes w. E. Y. Harburg m, from the film Moonlight And Pretzels Easter Parade w. m
16.
Newsweek
–
Newsweek is an American weekly news magazine founded in 1933. It was published in four English language editions and 12 global editions written in the language of the circulation region, between 2008 and 2012, Newsweek underwent internal and external contractions designed to shift the magazines focus and audience while improving its finances. Instead, losses accelerated, revenue dropped 38 percent from 2007 to 2009, in November 2010, Newsweek merged with the news and opinion website The Daily Beast, forming The Newsweek Daily Beast Company, after negotiations between the owners of the two publications. Tina Brown, The Daily Beasts editor-in-chief, served as the editor of both publications, Newsweek was jointly owned by the estate of the late Harman and the diversified American media and Internet company IAC. Newsweek ceased print publication with the December 31,2012, issue and transitioned to an all-digital format, IBT Media relaunched a print edition of Newsweek on March 7,2014. In 2003, worldwide circulation was more than 4 million, including 2.7 million in the U. S, Newsweek publishes editions in Japanese, Korean, Polish, Spanish, Rioplatense Spanish, Arabic, and Turkish, as well as an English language Newsweek International. Russian Newsweek, published since 2004, was shut in October 2010, the Bulletin incorporated an international news section from Newsweek. Based in New York City, the magazine claimed 22 bureaus in 2011, New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago/Detroit, Dallas, Miami, Washington, D. C. Boston and San Francisco, and others overseas in London, Paris, Berlin, Moscow, Jerusalem, Baghdad, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Beijing, South Asia, Cape Town, Mexico City and Buenos Aires. News-Week was launched in 1933 by Thomas J. C. Martyn and he obtained financial backing from a group of U. S. stockholders which included Ward Cheney, of the Cheney silk family, John Hay Whitney, and Paul Mellon, son of Andrew W. Mellon. Paul Mellons ownership in Newsweek apparently represented the first attempt of the Mellon family to function journalistically on a national scale, the group of original owners invested around $2.5 million. Other large stockholders prior to 1946 were public utilities investment banker Stanley Childs, journalist Samuel T. Williamson served as the first editor-in-chief of Newsweek. The first issue of the magazine was dated 17 February 1933, seven photographs from the weeks news were printed on the first issues cover. In 1937 News-Week merged with the weekly journal Today, which had founded in 1932 by future New York Governor and diplomat W. Averell Harriman. In 1937 Malcolm Muir took over as president and editor-in-chief and he changed the name to Newsweek, emphasized interpretive stories, introduced signed columns, and launched international editions. Over time the magazine developed a spectrum of material, from breaking stories and analysis to reviews. The magazine was purchased by The Washington Post Company in 1961, osborn Elliott was named editor of Newsweek in 1961 and became the editor in chief in 1969. The women won, and Newsweek agreed to allow women to be reporters, edward Kosner became editor from 1975 to 1979 after directing the magazine’s extensive coverage of the Watergate scandal that led to the resignation of President Richard Nixon in 1974
17.
New York City
–
The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
18.
Madrid
–
Madrid is the capital city of the Kingdom of Spain and the largest municipality in both the Community of Madrid and Spain as a whole. The city has a population of almost 3.2 million with an area population of approximately 6.5 million. It is the third-largest city in the European Union after London and Berlin, the municipality itself covers an area of 604.3 km2. Madrid lies on the River Manzanares in the centre of both the country and the Community of Madrid, this community is bordered by the communities of Castile and León. As the capital city of Spain, seat of government, and residence of the Spanish monarch, Madrid is also the political, economic, the current mayor is Manuela Carmena from Ahora Madrid. Madrid is home to two football clubs, Real Madrid and Atlético de Madrid. Madrid is the 17th most liveable city in the according to Monocle magazine. Madrid organises fairs such as FITUR, ARCO, SIMO TCI, while Madrid possesses modern infrastructure, it has preserved the look and feel of many of its historic neighbourhoods and streets. Cibeles Palace and Fountain have become one of the monument symbols of the city, the first documented reference of the city originates in Andalusan times as the Arabic مجريط Majrīṭ, which was retained in Medieval Spanish as Magerit. A wider number of theories have been formulated on possible earlier origins, according to legend, Madrid was founded by Ocno Bianor and was named Metragirta or Mantua Carpetana. The most ancient recorded name of the city Magerit comes from the name of a built on the Manzanares River in the 9th century AD. Nevertheless, it is speculated that the origin of the current name of the city comes from the 2nd century BC. The Roman Empire established a settlement on the banks of the Manzanares river, the name of this first village was Matrice. In the 8th century, the Islamic conquest of the Iberian Peninsula saw the changed to Mayrit, from the Arabic term ميرا Mayra. The modern Madrid evolved from the Mozarabic Matrit, which is still in the Madrilenian gentilic, after the disintegration of the Caliphate of Córdoba, Madrid was integrated in the Taifa of Toledo. With the surrender of Toledo to Alfonso VI of León and Castile, the city was conquered by Christians in 1085, Christians replaced Muslims in the occupation of the centre of the city, while Muslims and Jews settled in the suburbs. The city was thriving and was given the title of Villa, since 1188, Madrid won the right to be a city with representation in the courts of Castile. In 1202, King Alfonso VIII of Castile gave Madrid its first charter to regulate the municipal council, which was expanded in 1222 by Ferdinand III of Castile
19.
Nazi book burnings
–
The Nazi book burnings were a campaign conducted by the German Student Union to ceremonially burn books in Nazi Germany and Austria in the 1930s. The books targeted for burning were those viewed as being subversive or as representing ideologies opposed to Nazism and these included books written by Jewish, pacifist, religious, classical liberal, anarchist, socialist, and communist authors, among others. Local chapters were to supply the press releases and commissioned articles, sponsor well-known Nazi figures to speak at public gatherings. The theses called for a national language and culture. Placards publicized the theses, which attacked Jewish intellectualism, asserted the need to purify German language and literature, the students described the action as a response to a worldwide Jewish smear campaign against Germany and an affirmation of traditional German values. On 10 May 1933, in an act of ominous significance, in many university towns, nationalist students marched in torch lit parades against the un-German spirit. The scripted rituals of this called for high Nazi officials, professors, rectors. At the meeting places, students threw the pillaged, banned books into the bonfires with a great ceremony that included live music, singing, fire oaths. In Berlin, some 40,000 people gathered in the square at the State Opera to hear Joseph Goebbels deliver an address, No to decadence. “Yes to decency and morality in family and state, I consign to the flames the writings of Heinrich Mann, Ernst Glaeser, Erich Kästner. ”The era of extreme Jewish intellectualism is now at an end. The breakthrough of the German revolution has again cleared the way on the German path. The future German man will not just be a man of books and it is to this end that we want to educate you. As a young person, to already have the courage to face the pitiless glare, to overcome the fear of death, and thus you do well in this midnight hour to commit to the flames the evil spirit of the past. Not all book burnings took place on 10 May as the German Student Union had planned, some were postponed a few days because of rain. Others, based on local preference, took place on 21 June, the summer solstice. Nonetheless, in 34 university towns across Germany the Action against the Un-German Spirit was a success, and in some places, notably Berlin, radio broadcasts brought the speeches, songs, and ceremonial incantations live to countless German listeners. All of the types of literature were to be banned. Pornography and explicit literature by Jewish authors, the burning of the books represents a culmination of the persecution of those authors whose oral or written opinions were opposed to Nazi ideology. Many artists, writers and scientists were banned from working and publication and their works could no longer be found in libraries or in the curricula of schools or universities
20.
Nazi Germany
–
Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945, when Germany was governed by a dictatorship under the control of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. Under Hitlers rule, Germany was transformed into a fascist state in which the Nazi Party took totalitarian control over all aspects of life. The official name of the state was Deutsches Reich from 1933 to 1943, the period is also known under the names the Third Reich and the National Socialist Period. The Nazi regime came to an end after the Allied Powers defeated Germany in May 1945, Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany by the President of the Weimar Republic Paul von Hindenburg on 30 January 1933. The Nazi Party then began to eliminate all opposition and consolidate its power. Hindenburg died on 2 August 1934, and Hitler became dictator of Germany by merging the powers and offices of the Chancellery, a national referendum held 19 August 1934 confirmed Hitler as sole Führer of Germany. All power was centralised in Hitlers person, and his word became above all laws, the government was not a coordinated, co-operating body, but a collection of factions struggling for power and Hitlers favour. In the midst of the Great Depression, the Nazis restored economic stability and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending, extensive public works were undertaken, including the construction of Autobahnen. The return to economic stability boosted the regimes popularity, racism, especially antisemitism, was a central feature of the regime. The Germanic peoples were considered by the Nazis to be the purest branch of the Aryan race, millions of Jews and other peoples deemed undesirable by the state were murdered in the Holocaust. Opposition to Hitlers rule was ruthlessly suppressed, members of the liberal, socialist, and communist opposition were killed, imprisoned, or exiled. The Christian churches were also oppressed, with many leaders imprisoned, education focused on racial biology, population policy, and fitness for military service. Career and educational opportunities for women were curtailed, recreation and tourism were organised via the Strength Through Joy program, and the 1936 Summer Olympics showcased the Third Reich on the international stage. Propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels made effective use of film, mass rallies, the government controlled artistic expression, promoting specific art forms and banning or discouraging others. Beginning in the late 1930s, Nazi Germany made increasingly aggressive territorial demands and it seized Austria and Czechoslovakia in 1938 and 1939. Hitler made a pact with Joseph Stalin and invaded Poland in September 1939. In alliance with Italy and smaller Axis powers, Germany conquered most of Europe by 1940, reichskommissariats took control of conquered areas, and a German administration was established in what was left of Poland. Jews and others deemed undesirable were imprisoned, murdered in Nazi concentration camps and extermination camps, following the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, the tide gradually turned against the Nazis, who suffered major military defeats in 1943
21.
Heinrich Mann
–
Luiz Heinrich Mann was a German novelist who wrote works with strong social themes. His numerous criticisms of the growth of fascism forced him to flee for his life after the Nazis came to power in 1933. Born in Lübeck, as the oldest child of Thomas Johann Heinrich Mann and Júlia da Silva Bruhns and his father came from an affluent family of grain merchants and was a senator of the Hanseatic city. After the death of his father, his mother moved the family to Munich, eventually, his book Professor Unrat was freely adapted into the legendary movie Der Blaue Engel. Carl Zuckmayer wrote the script, and Josef von Sternberg was the director, the books author wanted his girlfriend, the actress Trude Hesterberg, to play the lead, but Marlene Dietrich was given her first sound role as the actress Lola Lola. Together with Albert Einstein and other celebrities in 1932, Mann was a signatory to the Urgent Call for Unity, Einstein and Mann had previously co-authored a letter in 1931 condemning the murder of Croatian scholar Milan Šufflay. Mann became persona non grata in Nazi Germany and left even before the Reichstag fire in 1933 and he went to France where he lived in Paris and Nice. During the German occupation, he made his way through collaborationist Vichy France to Marseille and he eventually escaped to Portugal and then to America. The Nazis burnt Heinrich Manns books as contrary to the German spirit during the book burning of May 10,1933. During the 1930s and later in American exile, Manns literary popularity went downhill, nevertheless, he wrote Die Jugend des Königs Henri Quatre and Die Vollendung des Königs Henri Quatre as part of the Exilliteratur. The two novels sketched the life and importance of Henry IV of France and were acclaimed by his brother Thomas Mann, the plot, based on Europes early modern history from a French perspective, anticipated the end of French–German enmity. His second wife, Nelly Mann, committed suicide in Los Angeles, Heinrich Mann died in Santa Monica, California, lonely and without much money, just months before he was to move to East Berlin to become president of the German Academy of Arts. His ashes were taken to East Germany. Mann was portrayed by Alec Guinness in the 1992 television adaptation of Christopher Hamptons play Tales from Hollywood. Exilliteratur Dohm-Mann family tree Urgent Call for Unity Gross, David, The Writer and Society, Heinrich Mann and Literary Politics in Germany, 1890-1940, Humanities Press,1980, Mauthner, Martin, German Writers in French Exile, 1933-1940, Vallentine Mitchell, London,2007. Works by Heinrich Mann at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Heinrich Mann at Internet Archive
22.
Thomas Mann
–
Paul Thomas Mann was a German novelist, short story writer, social critic, philanthropist, essayist, and the 1929 Nobel Prize in Literature laureate. His highly symbolic and ironic epic novels and novellas are noted for their insight into the psychology of the artist and his analysis and critique of the European and German soul used modernized German and Biblical stories, as well as the ideas of Goethe, Nietzsche and Schopenhauer. Mann was a member of the Hanseatic Mann family and portrayed his family and class in his first novel and his older brother was the radical writer Heinrich Mann and three of his six children, Erika Mann, Klaus Mann and Golo Mann, also became important German writers. When Hitler came to power in 1933, Mann fled to Switzerland, when World War II broke out in 1939, he moved to the United States, returning to Switzerland in 1952. Thomas Mann is one of the exponents of the so-called Exilliteratur. Manns work influenced many authors, including Heinrich Böll, Joseph Heller, Yukio Mishima. Paul Thomas Mann was born to a family in Lübeck. His mother was Roman Catholic but Mann was baptised into his fathers Lutheran religion, Manns father died in 1891 and his trading firm was liquidated. The family subsequently moved to Munich, Mann lived in Munich from 1891 until 1933, with the exception of a year in Palestrina, Italy, with his novelist elder brother Heinrich. Thomas worked with the South German Fire Insurance Company in 1894-95 and his career as a writer began when he wrote for Simplicissimus. Manns first short story, Little Mr Friedemann, was published in 1898, in 1905, Mann married Katia Pringsheim, daughter of a wealthy, secular Jewish industrialist family. She later joined the Lutheran church, today the cottage is a cultural center dedicated to him, with a small memorial exhibition. In 1933, while traveling in the South of France, Mann heard from Klaus and Erika in Munich, the family emigrated to Küsnacht, near Zurich, Switzerland but received Czechoslovak citizenship and a passport in 1936. After Nazi Germany took over Czechoslovakia, he emigrated to the United States in 1939. In 1942, the Mann family moved to 1550 San Remo Drive in the Pacific Palisades suburb of Los Angeles, on 23 June 1944 Thomas Mann was naturalized as a citizen of the United States. The Manns lived in Los Angeles until 1952, the outbreak of World War II on 1 September 1939, prompted Mann to offer anti-Nazi speeches to the German people via the BBC. In October 1940 he began monthly broadcasts, recorded in the U. S. and flown to London, in these eight-minute addresses, Mann condemned Hitler and his paladins as crude philistines completely out of touch with European culture. In one noted speech he said, The war is horrible, Mann was one of the few publicly active opponents of Nazism among German expatriates in the U. S
23.
Lion Feuchtwanger
–
Lion Feuchtwanger was a German-Jewish novelist and playwright. A prominent figure in the world of Weimar Germany, he influenced contemporaries including playwright Bertolt Brecht. Following a brief period of internment in France and an escape from Continental Europe, he sought asylum in the United States. Feuchtwanger is often praised for his efforts to expose the brutality of the Nazis, Feuchtwangers ancestors originated from the Middle Franconian city of Feuchtwangen, following a pogrom in 1555, it had expelled all its resident Jews. Some of the expellees settled in Fürth, where they were called the Feuchtwangers. Feuchtwangers grandfather Elkan moved to Munich in the middle of the 19th century and he was born in 1884 to Orthodox Jewish margarine manufacturer Sigmund Feuchtwanger and his wife, Johanna née Bodenheim. He was the oldest in a family of nine siblings of which two, Martin and Ludwig, became authors, Ludwigs son is the London-based historian Edgar Feuchtwanger, two of his sisters settled in Palestine following the rise of the Nazi Party. One was killed in a camp, and another settled in New York. Lion studied literature and philosophy in the universities of Munich and Berlin and he made his first attempt at writing while still a student and won an award. In 1903 in Munich, he passed his examinations at an elite school and he then studied history, philosophy and German philology in Munich and Berlin. He received his PhD in 1907, under Francis Muncker, on Heinrich Heines The Rabbi of Bacharach, after studying a variety of subjects, he became a theatre critic and founded the culture magazine Der Spiegel in 1908. The first issue appeared on 30 April, after 15 issues and six months, Der Spiegel merged with Siegfried Jacobsohns journal The Stage for which Feuchtwanger continued to write. In 1912, he married a Jewish merchants daughter, Marta Loeffler and she was pregnant at the wedding, but the child died shortly after birth. At the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, Feuchtwanger served in the German military service but was released early for health reasons and his experience as a soldier contributed to his leftist writings. In 1916, he published a play based on the story of Joseph Süß Oppenheimer which premiered in 1917, during the German Revolution of 1918–1919, Feuchtwanger was ill and unable to participate. Feuchtwanger soon became a figure in the world, and he was sought out by the young Bertolt Brecht. Both collaborated on drafts of Brechts early work, The Life of Edward II of England, according to Feuchtwangers widow, Marta, Feuchtwanger was a possible source for the titles of two other Brecht works, including Drums in the Night. After some success as a playwright, Feuchtwanger shifted his emphasis to the historical novel and his most successful work in this genre was Jud Süß, written 1921-1922, published 1925, which was well-received internationally
24.
Bertolt Brecht
–
Eugen Bertolt Friedrich Brecht was a German poet, playwright, and theatre director of the 20th century. Eugen Berthold Friedrich Brecht was born in February 1898 in Augsburg, Bavaria, Brechts mother was a devout Protestant and his father a Catholic. The modest house where he was born is preserved as a Brecht Museum. His father worked for a mill, becoming its managing director in 1914. Thanks to his mothers influence, Brecht knew the Bible, a familiarity that would have an effect on his writing. From her, too, came the image of the self-denying woman that recurs in his drama. Brechts home life was comfortably middle class, despite what his occasional attempt to claim peasant origins implied, at school in Augsburg he met Caspar Neher, with whom he formed a lifelong creative partnership. Neher designed many of the sets for Brechts dramas and helped to forge the distinctive visual iconography of their epic theatre, when Brecht was 16, the First World War broke out. Initially enthusiastic, Brecht soon changed his mind on seeing his classmates swallowed by the army and his expulsion was only prevented through the intervention of his religion teacher. On his fathers recommendation, Brecht sought a loophole by registering for a course at Munich University. There he studied drama with Arthur Kutscher, who inspired in the young Brecht an admiration for the iconoclastic dramatist, from July 1916, Brechts newspaper articles began appearing under the new name Bert Brecht. Brecht was drafted into service in the autumn of 1918, only to be posted back to Augsburg as a medical orderly in a military VD clinic. In July 1919, Brecht and Paula Banholzer had a son, some time in either 1920 or 1921, Brecht took a small part in the political cabaret of the Munich comedian Karl Valentin. Brechts diaries for the few years record numerous visits to see Valentin perform. Brecht compared Valentin to Charlie Chaplin, for his virtually complete rejection of mimicry and he did short sketches in which he played refractory employees, orchestral musicians or photographers, who hated their employers and made them look ridiculous. The employer was played by his partner, Liesl Karlstadt, a popular woman comedian who used to pad herself out, anyone can be creative, he quipped, its rewriting other people thats a challenge. Brecht completed his second play, Drums in the Night. Between November 1921 and April 1922 Brecht made acquaintance with many people in the Berlin cultural scene
25.
Prague
–
Prague is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic. It is the 14th largest city in the European Union and it is also the historical capital of Bohemia. Situated in the north-west of the country on the Vltava river, the city has a temperate climate, with warm summers and chilly winters. Prague has been a political, cultural, and economic centre of central Europe with waxing and waning fortunes during its history and it was an important city to the Habsburg Monarchy and its Austro-Hungarian Empire. Prague is home to a number of cultural attractions, many of which survived the violence. Main attractions include the Prague Castle, the Charles Bridge, Old Town Square with the Prague astronomical clock, since 1992, the extensive historic centre of Prague has been included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. The city has more than ten major museums, along with theatres, galleries, cinemas. An extensive modern public transportation system connects the city, also, it is home to a wide range of public and private schools, including Charles University in Prague, the oldest university in Central Europe. Prague is classified as an Alpha- global city according to GaWC studies, Prague ranked sixth in the Tripadvisor world list of best destinations in 2016. Its rich history makes it a popular tourist destination, and the city more than 6.4 million international visitors annually. Prague is the fifth most visited European city after London, Paris, Istanbul, the region was settled as early as the Paleolithic age. In the last century BC, the Celts were slowly driven away by Germanic tribes, around the area where present-day Prague stands, the 2nd century map of Ptolemaios mentioned a Germanic city called Casurgis. In the following century, the Czech tribes built several fortified settlements in the area, most notably in Levý Hradec, Butovice and in the Šárka valley. The construction of what came to be known as the Prague Castle began near the end of the 9th century, the first masonry under Prague Castle dates from the year 885 at the latest. The other prominent Prague fort, the Přemyslid fort Vyšehrad, was founded in the 10th century, Prague Castle is dominated by the cathedral, which was founded in 1344, but completed in the 20th century. The legendary origins of Prague attribute its foundation to the 8th century Czech duchess and prophetess Libuše and her husband, Přemysl, legend says that Libuše came out on a rocky cliff high above the Vltava and prophesied, I see a great city whose glory will touch the stars. She ordered a castle and a town called Praha to be built on the site, a 17th century Jewish chronicler David Solomon Ganz, citing Cyriacus Spangenberg, claimed that the city was founded as Boihaem in c.1306 BC by an ancient king, Boyya. The region became the seat of the dukes, and later kings of Bohemia, under Roman Emperor Otto II the area became a bishopric in 973
