1.
1926 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1926. February 8 – Seán OCaseys play The Plough and the Stars opens at the Abbey Theatre, on February 11, the performance is marred by ugly scenes in the audience, one man strikes an actress. February 12 – The Irish Free State minister for Justice, Kevin OHiggins, February 26 – The future English novelist Graham Greene is received into the Catholic Church. April 1 – Hugo Gernsback launches his pioneering science fiction magazine Amazing Stories in the United States, may 11 – C. S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkien meet for the first time in Oxford. October 14 – The childrens book Winnie-the-Pooh, by A. A. Milne, is first published by Methuen in London. December 3 – English detective story writer Agatha Christie disappears from her home in Surrey, December – Thomas Mann begins writing Die Geschichten Jaakobs in Munich, first of the tetralogy Joseph and His Brothers on which he will work until January 1943. Antonin Artaud and Roger Vitrac establish the Théatre Alfred-Jarry in Paris for the production of surrealist drama, bread Loaf Writers Conference is founded in Middlebury, Vermont. Ford Madox Ford publishes A Man Could Stand Up --, the book of a four-volume work titled Parades End published between 1924 and 1928. Vsevolod Meyerhold stages a landmark production of Gogols satirical comedy The Government Inspector in Moscow. Margaret Mitchell begins writing the novel Gone with the Wind, the remains of English poet Isaac Rosenberg are re-interred at Bailleul Road East Cemetery, Plot V, St. Laurent-Blangy, Pas de Calais, France. S. S. Van Dine publishes the first Philo Vance mystery novel, Peter Llewelyn Davies establishes the London publishing house Peter Davies Ltd. Yeats – Autobiographies Paul Zarifopol – Din registrul ideilor gingașe Alfred Eckhard Zimmern – The Third British Empire January 5 – W. D
2.
1928 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1928. January Mikhail Sholokhovs novel And Quiet Flows the Don begins serialization in the Soviet magazine Oktyabr, Ford Madox Ford publishes Last Post in the U. K. last in his World War I tetralogy Parades End published since 1924. March 31 – Stockholm Public Library, designed by Gunnar Asplund, is opened, april 19 – Publication of the Oxford English Dictionary is completed. Spring – George Orwell moves from London to Paris, his first articles as a writer are published later in the year. June – The literary magazine Contemporáneos is first published in Mexico by Jaime Torres Bodet, in September the authors first completed novel, the satire Decline and Fall, is published by Chapman & Hall, it reaches its 3rd printing by the end of the year. The marriage lasts until the following September, july – D. H. Lawrences Lady Chatterleys Lover is published in Florence, it will not be published in an unexpurgated edition in Britain until 1960. September S. S. Van Dine publishes Twenty Rules for Writing Detective Stories in The American Magazine, leslie Charteris publishes Meet the Tiger in the U. K. the first adventure of Simon Templar, alias The Saint. Charteris will write dozens of novels and short stories featuring the character on a regular basis between 1928 and 1963, and others continue the series until 1983. September 21 – The Gorseth Kernow is set up at Boscawen-Un in Cornwall by Henry Jenner, october – Publication of Siburapha s Luk Phu Chai, perhaps the first substantial original Thai novel. Autumn – W. H. Auden goes to Berlin, where he is joined by Christopher Isherwood. November–December – Erich Maria Remarques antiwar novel All Quiet on the Western Front is first published in the German newspaper Vossische Zeitung, hans Herbert Grimms Schlump is published by Kurt Wolff in Berlin this year also. November 6 – Xu Zhimo writes his poem 再別康橋, sherriffs drama Journeys End, set on the Western Front, is premièred by the Incorporated Stage Society at the Apollo Theatre in London with Laurence Olivier in a principal rôle. December 19 – Italo Svevo, returning from an Alpine health resort to Trieste, is involved in an automobile accident, bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyays novel Pather Panchali first appears as a serial in a Calcutta periodical. The clerihew, the comic pseudo-biographical verse form associated with Edmund Clerihew Bentley, is mentioned in print for the first time and it is estimated that one in four of all secular books printed and sold in England is written by Edgar Wallace. Dixon – Hunting for Hidden Gold W. E. B
3.
1929 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1929. February–August – Voltaires Candide is held to be obscene by the United States Customs Service in Boston, february – The first of Margery Allinghams crime novels to feature Albert Campion, The Crime at Black Dudley, is published in England. April 1 – The Faber and Faber publishing house is established in London by Geoffrey Faber with T. S. Eliot as literary editor, – The first of Gladys Mitchells crime novels, introducing her psychologist detective character Mrs Bradley, Speedy Death, is published in England. July – British publisher William Collins, Sons launches The Detective Story Club as an imprint with Edgar Wallaces novelization of The Terror. July 5 – Scotland Yard seizes 13 paintings of male and female nudes by D. H. Lawrence from a Mayfair gallery on grounds of indecency under the Vagrancy Act 1838, August – Censorship of Publications Act sets up the Censorship of Publications Board in the Irish Free State. August 15 – The first Ellery Queen mystery novel, The Roman Hat Mystery, is published in New York City, midyear – Serialization begins of one of the first original Thai novels Dokmai Sot s Sattru Khǫng Čhaolon followed shortly by publication of M. C. Akat s semi-autobiographical Lakhǫn Haeng Chiwit, Thai writers join with Kulap Saipradit in the Suphapburut literary group. October – Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir become a couple, twenty-one-year-old de Beauvoir becomes the youngest person ever to obtain the agrégation in philosophy, and comes second in the final examination, beaten only by Sartre. Rejected the previous year by W. B, yeats for the Abbey Theatre in Dublin, it will not be seen in Ireland until 1935. October 29 – Release of the first sound adaptation of a Shakespeare play, The Taming of the Shrew, starring Mary Pickford. December – George Orwell returns to England after living in Paris, hugo Gernsback first uses the term science fiction in its modern sense to refer to the content of his pulp magazine Amazing Stories. Father Ronald Knox codifies the rules for the Golden Age of Detective Fiction in a Decalogue, samuel Roth publishes a pirated edition of James Joyces 1922 novel Ulysses in New York, he serves two prison terms for publishing an obscene work. The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes is prohibited in the Soviet Union because of Sir Arthur Conan Doyles interest in the occult, Foyles bookshop in London moves to new larger premises in the Foyles Building in Charing Cross Road. Monotype introduce Stanley Morisons revival of the Bembo typeface for book printing, S. B. S. Van Dine – The Scarab Murder Case Lynd Ward – Gods Man Thomas Wolfe – Look Homeward, Angel S. John Ervine – The First Mrs. B. White and James Thurber – Is Sex Necessary, a. Fanthorpe, English poet July 31 – Lynne Reid Banks, English novelist August 14 – Thomas Meehan, American screenwriter August 18 – Anatoly Kuznetsov, Russian dissident novelist August 21 – X. J. B
4.
1930 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1930. January 6 – An early literary character licensing agreement is signed by A. A. Milne, granting Stephen Slesinger U. S. february – Censorship of Publications Board begins to function in the Irish Free State. Among the first 13 books to be banned are Point Counter Point by Aldous Huxley, The Well of Loneliness by Radclyffe Hall and several books on sex and marriage by Margaret Sanger and Marie Stopes. February 23 – Erich Maria Remarques anti-war novel All Quiet on the Western Front is banned in all Thuringian schools by Education Minister Wilhelm Frick, march 19 – Paul Robeson appears in the title role of Othello at the Savoy Theatre, London, with Peggy Ashcroft as Desdemona. May 6 – Collins Crime Club is launched as an imprint, may 10 – John Masefield becomes Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom. July 14 – Luigi Pirandellos The Man with the Flower in His Mouth becomes the first-ever broadcast television drama, by the BBC in England and it will appear in book form in 1931 as the fifth of the 75 novels Simenon will eventually write featuring the pipe-smoking Paris detective. September 11 – Agatha Christie marries archaeologist Max Mallowan in Edinburgh, september 24 – First performance of Noël Cowards comedy Private Lives at the Phoenix Theatre featuring Coward, Gertrude Lawrence and Laurence Olivier in the cast. September 29 – English satirical novelist Evelyn Waugh is received into the Catholic Church, November 5 – Sinclair Lewis is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. John Langalibalele Dube publishes the historical novella Insila kaShaka, the first work of fiction in the Zulu language, franz Kafkas novel The Castle is first translated into English, by Willa and Edwin Muir. Sellar and R. J. R. Gurney, American dramatist November 5 – Clifford Irving, American literary forger November 16 – Chinua Achebe, Nigerian writer, academic and literary critic November 18 – J. G. H
5.
1932 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1932. March – Captain W. E. Johns English character Biggles is introduced as a World War I pilot in the short story The White Fokker in the first issue of Popular Flying magazine edited by Johns. In August, the first collection of Biggles stories, The Camels are Coming, is published, april 23 – To celebrate William Shakespeares birthday, The Royal Shakespeare Companys new theatre opens at Stratford-upon-Avon. The Folger Shakespeare Library opens in Washington, D. C, may – First issue of the English journal of literary criticism Scrutiny, a quarterly review edited by F. R. Leavis. Yeats leases Riversdale house in the Dublin suburb of Rathfarnham and publishes Words for Music Perhaps, summer Open Air Theatre, Regents Park, is established as a regular venue in London by Sydney Carroll and Robert Atkins. First performances at the Minack Theatre, a venue on the coast of Cornwall. October 3 – The Times newspaper of London first appears set in the Times New Roman typeface devised by Stanley Morison, november 16 – Compton Mackenzie is prosecuted under the Official Secrets Act in the U. K. for material in his Greek Memories. October – Nineteen Irish writers led by Yeats and George Bernard Shaw form an Academy of Irish Letters primarily to oppose the Censorship of Publications Board, december – E. V. Knox replaces Sir Owen Seaman as editor of Punch magazine. Samuel Becketts first novel, Dream of Fair to Middling Women, is written in Paris, the first issues of Graham Greenes novel Stamboul Train are withdrawn and the text altered under threat of a libel action by J. B. Serialization of the first three volumes of Mikhail Sholokhovs novel And Quiet Flows the Don concludes in the Soviet magazine October, in Vietnam, the New Poetry period begins, marked by an article and a poem of Phan Khôi, inaugurating modern literature in that country. J. Cronin – Three Loves John Dos Passos –1919 Hans Fallada – Little Man, What Now
6.
1936 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1936. August 18 – The 38-year-old Spanish dramatist, Federico García Lorca, is arrested by Francoist militia during the White Terror and is never seen alive again and his brother-in-law, Manuel Fernández-Montesinos, the leftist mayor of Granada, is shot the same day. Lorcas play The House of Bernarda Alba, completed on June 19, november 6 – Following its United States publication in 1934, the United Kingdom authorities decide they will not prosecute or seize copies of James Joyces 1922 novel Ulysses. November 23 – Life magazine begins publication as a news magazine in the United States under the management of Henry Luce. Scottish-born university teacher of English literature J. I. M, the Carnegie Medal for excellence in childrens literature is established by the Library Association in the United Kingdom. The first winner is Arthur Ransome for Pigeon Post. B. C, gottfried Benn – Ausgewählte Gedichte T. S. B
7.
1937 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1937. January 9 – The first issue of Look magazine goes on sale in the United States, january 19 – BBC Television broadcasts The Underground Murder Mystery by J. Bissell Thomas from its London station, the first play written for television. February 6 – John Steinbecks novella of the Great Depression Of Mice, april – Irish writers Elizabeth Bowen and Seán Ó Faoláin first meet, in London. May 14 – BBC Television broadcasts a 30-minute excerpt of Twelfth Night, among the cast are Peggy Ashcroft and Greer Garson. May 21 – Penguin Books launches its Pelican Books sixpenny paperback non-fiction imprint in the U. K. with a 2-volume edition of Bernard Shaws The Intelligent Womans Guide to Socialism and Capitalism. June – John Cowper Powys visits Sycharth, birthplace of Owain Glyndŵr, june 30 – Poems of colonial American pastor Edward Taylor, discovered by Thomas H Johnson, are published in The New England Quarterly. Summer – American-born writer Thomas Quinn Curtiss meets German-born novelist Klaus Mann in Europe, july Establishment of Buchenwald concentration camp in Nazi Germany around the Goethe Oak. July 4 – The Lost Colony historical drama by Paul Green is first performed at a theater in the location where it is set, Roanoke Island. July 31 – Stephen Vincent Benéts post-apocalyptic short story By the Waters of Babylon, september 10 – Soviet playwright Sergei Tretyakov commits suicide while under sentence of death at Butyrka prison in Moscow as part of the Great Purge. September 21 – J. R. R. Tolkiens juvenile fantasy novel The Hobbit, or There, september 29 – French playwright Antonin Artaud is expelled from Ireland. October 6 – The fictional character Mrs. Miniver first appears in the column on domestic life written by Jan Struther for The Times, november 11 – BBC Television broadcasts Journeys End by R. C. Sherriff, the first full-length television adaptation of a stage play, reginald Tate plays the lead, a rôle he has performed extensively in the theatre. Undated The National Library of Iran is inaugurated in Tehran, the future novelist Angus Wilson becomes a book cataloguer at the British Museum Library in London
8.
1939 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1939. Early – The Pocket Books mass-market paperback imprint is launched in the United States, january American literary magazine The Kenyon Review, founded and edited by John Crowe Ransom, is first published. American pulp science fiction magazine Startling Stories, edited by Mort Weisinger, is first published and it includes The Black Flame by Stanley G. Weinbaum as lead novel. Eando Binders short story I, Robot is published in American science fiction magazine Amazing Stories, british literary quarterly The Criterion, founded and edited by T. S. Eliot, is published for the last time. W. H. Auden and Christopher Isherwood set sail from England for the United States, january/February – Poetry London, a Bi-Monthly of Modern Verse and Criticism, founded and edited by Tambimuttu, is first published. March – Isaac Asimovs first published story, Marooned off Vesta. March 4 – BBC Television broadcasts one of the first television plays written for the medium, Condemned To Be Shot by R. E. J. Brooke. The production is notable for the use of a camera as the first-person perspective of the plays unseen central character. April 13 – Release of the United Artists film version of Wuthering Heights, starring Merle Oberon, may – Jorge Luis Borges first short story in his later characteristic style, Pierre Menard, autor del Quijote, is published in the Buenos Aires literary magazine Sur. May 4 – James Joyces last work, Finnegans Wake, is published complete by Faber and Faber in London. May 15 – Russian writer Isaac Babel is arrested by the NKVD at his dacha as part of the Great Purge in the Soviet Union, august – Robert A. Heinleins first published short story, Life-Line, appears in Astounding Science-Fiction. August – Ernest Vincent Wright publishes his lipogrammatic novel Gadsby, a story of over 50,000 words without using the letter E, before September – Following a pledge drive led by Renaud de Jouvenel and Lucien Lévy-Bruhl, Romanian poet Benjamin Fondane is naturalized French. In September, he is conscripted into the French Army, to serve in the Phony War, September 2 – Jean-Paul Sartre is conscripted into the French Army where he will serve as a meteorologist. September 18 – Polish painter, playwright and novelist Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz commits suicide following the Soviet invasion of Poland, september/October – American reprint science fiction and fantasy pulp magazine Famous Fantastic Mysteries begins publication in New York. Fall – Frank Herbert lies about his age to get his first job as a newspaper reporter. November – The teenage Brendan Behan is arrested in Liverpool for possession of explosives, november 8 – Lindsay and Crouses stage adaptation of Clarence Days Life with Father opens at the Empire Theatre in New York. Running until 12 July 1947, it becomes the all-time longest-running non-musical play in Broadway theatre, late – Captain Marvel makes his first appearance, in Whiz Comics #2
9.
1941 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1941. January 3 – A decree promulgated in Nazi Germany by Martin Bormann on behalf of Adolf Hitler requires replacement of blackletter typefaces by Antiqua. January 21–January 23 – A failed Legionary Rebellion in Bucharest, opposing loyalists of the Ion Antonescu government to the radically fascist Iron Guard, doubles as a pogrom against Romanian Jews. Avant-garde poet Ion Barbu joins a rebel squad storming into the Ministry of Education, meanwhile, his colleague Ion Vinea protects a Jewish friend, the destruction of Jewish life and property is documented from inside the Jewish community by photojournalist F. Brunea-Fox, and by Marcel Janco. Jancos brother-in-law, essayist Jacques G. Costin, survives, but his brother is tortured and killed by the Guard, spring – The Antioch Review is founded as a literary magazine at Antioch College in Ohio. April – Jean-Paul Sartre is released from prisoner of war camp on health grounds, april 6 – National Library of Serbia destroyed by bombing. April 19 – Bertolt Brechts play Mother Courage and Her Children is premiered at the Schauspielhaus Zürich in Switzerland with Therese Giehse in the title rôle, may 5 – Kingsley Amis and Philip Larkin meet while both reading English at St Johns College, Oxford. June – Noël Cowards comedy Blithe Spirit is premiered at Manchester Opera House in England. Opening in London on July 2, its run of 1,997 consecutive performances sets a record for non-musical plays in the West End theatre which will not be surpassed for more than twenty years. The original cast stars Kay Hammond as Elvira, Margaret Rutherford as Madame Arcati, Cecil Parker as Charles, the Broadway premiere takes place on November 5 at the Morosco Theatre. June 22 – Operation Barbarossa, the Nazi-led attack on the Soviet Union, among the refugees is Moldovan Jewish poet Alexandru Robot, declared missing and presumed dead by August. August 6 – C. S. Lewis begins a series of BBC Radio broadcasts that will be adapted as Mere Christianity, August 18 – 19-year-old Pilot Officer John Gillespie Magee, Jr. September – In Nazi-allied Romania, George Călinescu puts out his companion to Romanian literature, September 6–7 – Under Nazi occupation, Yiddish poet Abraham Sutzkever is among the Polish Jews interned in the Vilna Ghetto. October 27 – F. Scott Fitzgeralds novel The Last Tycoon, left unfinished on the death in 1940, is edited by Edmund Wilson. November – Brendan Behan is released from Borstal in England and deported to Ireland, vvedensky, arrested in September in Kharkov for counterrevolutionary agitation, was evacuated but died of pleurisy en route. Penguin Books publishes the first story book under its Puffin Books childrens paperback imprint in the United Kingdom, the series editor is Eleanor Graham. New building for National and University Library of Slovenia in Ljubljana, biblioteca Cantonale in Lugano, Canton of Ticino in neutral Switzerland, designed by Rino and Carlo Tami, is completed. Bosnian Serb writer Branko Ćopić joins the Yugoslav Partisans, poet Ezra Pound applies to return to the United States from Italy but is refused
10.
1933 in poetry
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Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. June – W. H. Auden has his Vision of Agape, a. E. Black Mountain College founded as a progressive, experimental educational institution which attracts poets who become known as the Black Mountain School of poetry. Wilson MacDonald, Paul Marchand and Other Poems, lotika Ghose, White Dawns of Awakening, Calcutta, Thacker, Spink and Co
11.
1935 in poetry
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Links to nations or nationalities point to articles with information on that nations poetry or literature. For example, United Kingdom links to English poetry and India links to Indian poetry, june 3 – Canadian poet Charles G. D. Roberts is knighted. June 15 W. H. Auden enters a marriage of convenience with Erika Mann, premiere of T. S. Eliots verse drama Murder in the Cathedral at Canterbury Cathedral in England. George Oppen joins the Communist Party, where his work will increasingly take precedence over his poetry. Picassos poetry begins to be written, tomb of Hafez in Shiraz, Persia, is rebuilt. E. J. Pratt, The Titanic, Toronto, Macmillan, halifax, McCurdy Wilson MacDonald, The Song Of The Undertow and Other Poems. Wilson MacDonald, Quintrains Of Callender and Other Poems, tom MacInnes, Rhymes of a Rounder, Canada Duncan Campbell Scott, The Green Cloister, Canada Francis Sherman, The Complete Poems of Francis Sherman
12.
1936 in poetry
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Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. January – Canadian Poetry Magazine first published by the Canadian Authors Association and it becomes associated with more traditional poetry, very popular in Canada at this time. May – In Nazi Germany, the SS magazine Das Schwarze Korps attacks the expressionist and experimental poetry of German Gottfried Benn as degenerate, Jewish, james Laughlin founds New Directions Publishing in New York, which publishes many modern poets for the first time. A version of J. R. R. Tolkiens influential lecture Beowulf, The Monsters, yeats begins delivering broadcast lectures on the BBC, and makes recordings of his own verse. New Provinces, first anthology of modernist poetry in Canada, including work by F. R. Scott, E. J. Pratt, Robert Finch, A. J. M. Smith, Leo Kennedy, A. M. Klein. Marjorie Pickthall, The Complete Poems of Marjorie Pickthall, 2nd edition, posthumously published Charles G. D. Roberts, Selected Poems of Sir Charles G. D. Roberts. Yeats, editor, The Oxford Book of Modern Verse 1892-1935 Conrad Aiken, Time in the Rock W. H. Auden, Look, stephen Vincent Benét, Burning City Lilian Bowes Lyon, Bright Feather Fading E. E. T. The vast majority of the first editions are collected and destroyed
13.
1933 in art
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January 12 – George Grosz emigrates from Nazi Germany to the United States. February/March – Käthe Kollwitz is forced by the Nazi Party in Germany to resign from the faculty of the Academy of Arts, april – Closure of the Bauhaus. July – New Midland Hotel, Morecambe, on the Lancashire coast of England, designed by Oliver Hill, is opened incorporating sculpture by Eric Gill and murals by Eric Ravilious and Edward Bawden. September/October – Henri Cartier-Bresson and an Exhibition of Anti-Graphic Photography staged at Julien Levys gallery in New York City, september – Artists Union formed in the United States as the Emergency Work Bureau Artists Group. Black Mountain College founded by John Andrew Rice, the mural, Man at the Crossroads, by Diego Rivera, is removed from the Rockefeller Center in New York because it contains a portrait of Lenin. While he has been working on it, he has joined in the United States by Frieda Kahlo who begins her painting My Dress Hangs There. Hans Bellmer produces his first Doll sculpture, barbara Hepworth and John Skeaping are divorced, Hepworth is already in a relationship with Ben Nicholson. Paul Nash and other young British artists form the group Unit One to promote modernism in Britain, kenneth Clark appointed Director of the National Gallery, London, at age 30, taking up his post in January 1934
14.
1933 in architecture
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The year 1933 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. The Bauhaus school in Berlin is permanently closed by the Nazi government, modern Architectural Research Group established as a think tank by younger architects and critics involved in the modernist movement in Great Britain. Completion of restoration of Herstmonceux Castle in England by Walter Godfrey, july - New Midland Hotel, Morecambe, Lancashire, England, designed by Oliver Hill. August 23 - Leeds Civic Hall, Yorkshire, England, designed by Vincent Harris in 1926, Royal Masonic Hospital at Ravenscourt Park in London, designed by Thomas S. Tait of Sir John Burnet, Tait and Lorne. Labworth Café on Canvey Island, England, designed by engineer Ove Arup, myer Emporium renovation, Bourke Street, Melbourne, Australia. The Round House, designed by Berthold Lubetkins Tecton Architectural Group to house gorillas at London Zoo, battersea Power Station, London, with Giles Gilbert Scott as consultant architect, begins operation. College Hall, Royal Air Force College Cranwell, England, designed by James Grey West, mercado de Abastos de Algeciras, Spain, designed by Eduardo Torroja. Villa Markelius in Stockholm, designed by Sven Markelius for himself, schminke house in Löbau, Germany, designed by Hans Scharoun. Töss Footbridge, Winterthur, Switzerland, designed by Robert Maillart, AIA Gold Medal - Ragnar Östberg. Royal Gold Medal - Charles Reed Peers, grand Prix de Rome, architecture - Alexandre Courtois. John Betjeman - Ghastly Good Taste, or the story of the rise. The Information Book of Sir John Burnet, Tait & Lorne, G. R. Sprague, British theatre architect
15.
1933 in music
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This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1933. January 23 – Béla Bartóks Piano Concerto No.2 receives its première in Frankfurt, february – Billie Holiday is discovered singing at Monettes club. March 6 – Nicolas Slonimsky conducts the world première of Edgard Varèses Ionisation at Carnegie Hall in New York City, June – No.1 Rhythm Club, a pioneering jazz club, opens in Regent Street, London. June 12 – Florence Prices Symphony In E Minor is premièred by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, national Association for American Composers and Conductors is founded by Henry Hadley. Perry Como begins singing with the Freddie Carlone orchestra, gorni Kramer forms his first jazz band. John Serry, Sr. performs as the first on stage concert accordion soloist at the Radio City Music Hall, georges Bizets Symphony in C is rediscovered in the library of the Conservatoire de Paris. After All, Youre All Im After words, Edward Heyman music, Introduced by John Ball in the play She Loves Me Not. Introduced by Lillian Miles and Roger Pryor in the film Moonlight And Pretzels Annie Doesnt Live Here Any More w. Joe Young & Johnny Burke m, Harold Spina Are You Makin Any Money. Introduced by Lillian Miles in the film Moonlight And Pretzels Beautiful Girl w. Arthur Freed m, Introduced by Bing Crosby in the film Going Hollywood. Bei Mir Bist Du Schoen w. Sammy Cahn & Saul Chaplin Jacob Jacobs m, Introduced by Kitty Kelly in the film Too Much Harmony. Edgar Sampson & Irving Mills Blue Prelude w. m, Joe Bishop & Gordon Jenkins Boulevard of Broken Dreams w. Al Dubin m. Harry Warren Build a Little Home w. Al Dubin m. Harry Warren. Sung by Eddie Cantor in the film Roman Scandals, by a Waterfall w. Irving Kahal m. Introduced by Ruby Keeler and Dick Powell in the film Footlight Parade, carioca w. Gus Kahn & Edward Eliscu m. Introduced by Etta Moten in the film Flying Down to Rio, bernice Petkere Coffee in the Morning, Kisses in the Night w. Al Dubin m. Harry Warren The Day You Came Along w. m. Arthur Johnston & Sam Coslow Deep Purple w. Mitchell Parish m. Peter De Rose, did You Ever See a Dream Walking. W. Mack Gordon m. Harry Revel Dinner at Eight w. Dorothy Fields m, Jimmy McHugh Doin the Uptown Lowdown w. Mack Gordon m. Harry Revel. Introduced by Frances Williams with Abe Lyman & his Orchestra in the film Broadway Thru a Keyhole Dont Blame Me w. Dorothy Fields m, Jimmy McHugh Down the Old Ox Road w. Sam Coslow m. Arthur Johnston Drop Me Off in Harlem w. Nick Kenny m. Duke Ellington Dusty Shoes w. E. Y. Harburg m, from the film Moonlight And Pretzels Easter Parade w. m
16.
Japanese Communist Party
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The Japanese Communist Party is a political party in Japan and is one of the largest non-governing communist parties in the world. The JCP advocates the establishment of a society based on socialism, democracy, peace, the JCP is one of the largest non-ruling communist parties in the world, with approximately 320,000 members belonging to 22,000 branches. In the wake of the Sino-Soviet split, the party began to distance itself from the Socialist Bloc, especially from the Soviet Union. It polled 11. 3% of the vote in 2000,8. 2% in 2003,7. 3% in 2005,7. 0% in the August 2009 election and 6. 2% in 2012. In recent years its support has accrued, as of the 2014 General Election it won 21 seats, the JCP took 7,040,130 votes in the constituency section and 6,062,962 in the party lists. This continues a new wave of support that was evident in the 2013 Tokyo metropolitan election where the party doubled its representation. As of 1 January 2014 the JCP has approximately 320,000 members, following the partys advancement in the 2013 Tokyo prefectural election there has been an increase in membership growth, with over 1,000 people joining in each of the final three months of 2013. Approximately 20% of new members during this period were aged 20–40, the JCP was founded on 15 July 1922, as an underground political association. Outlawed at once under the Peace Preservation Law, the JCP was subjected to repression and persecution by the military and it was the only political party in Japan that opposed Japans involvement in World War II. The party was legalised during the U. S. occupation of Japan in 1945, in 1949, the party made unprecedented gains. It won 10 percent of the vote and sent 35 representatives to the Diet, but early in 1950, the Soviet Union sharply criticized the JCPs parliamentary strategy. Stalin insisted that the JCP pursue more militant, even violent, SCAP seized this occasion to engineer the Red Purge, which forced the party leaders underground. Then, after the Korean War broke out, the party staged some acts of terrorism or sabotage and this resulted in a loss of popular confidence. Through the end of the decade, it never won more than three percent of the votes or two seats in the Diet, even so, its strong support among many intellectuals gave it a relatively greater importance than these numbers suggest. The party did not take sides during the Sino-Soviet split of the 1960s, in the mid-1960s, the U. S. State Department estimated the party membership to be approximately 120,000. Lam Peng Er argued in Pacific Affairs in 1996 that the JCPs viability is crucial to the health of Japanese democracy and this, he says, is because, It is the only established party in parliament that has not been coopted by the conservative parties. It performs the role against the ruling parties without fear or favor. More importantly, the JCP often offers the only candidate in prefectural governorship, city mayoral
17.
Hu Feng
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Hu Feng was a Chinese writer and literary and art theorist. He came from Qichun in the province of Hubei, in 1929, he went to study in Japan. In 1933, he was expelled from Japan and he joined the League of Left-Wing Writers in Shanghai and he was friends with Lu Xun. It was 1937, after the Second Sino-Japanese War, the journal Qiyue 七月 out, further stations of his life were Wuhan and Chongqing. Hu thus became himself a target of criticism, in 1954 he published the Politburo of the Communist Party of China Report on the practice and state of art and literature in recent years, also known as Three-hundred-thousand-word letter. In 1955 he was arrested as a counter-revolutionary, detained, and he was the only modern Chinese author to have openly stood up for freedom of expression against Mao and for this he was incarcerated for 20 years. After coming out of prison he was affected and required hospital treatment
18.
Tokyo
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Tokyo, officially Tokyo Metropolis, is the capital of Japan and one of its 47 prefectures. The Greater Tokyo Area is the most populous area in the world. It is the seat of the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government, Tokyo is in the Kantō region on the southeastern side of the main island Honshu and includes the Izu Islands and Ogasawara Islands. Formerly known as Edo, it has been the de facto seat of government since 1603 when Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters. It officially became the capital after Emperor Meiji moved his seat to the city from the old capital of Kyoto in 1868, Tokyo Metropolis was formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture and the city of Tokyo. The Tokyo metropolitan government administers the 23 Special Wards of Tokyo, the metropolitan government also administers 39 municipalities in the western part of the prefecture and the two outlying island chains. The population of the wards is over 9 million people. The prefecture is part of the worlds most populous metropolitan area with upwards of 37.8 million people, the city hosts 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies, the highest number of any city in the world. Tokyo ranked third in the International Financial Centres Development IndexEdit, the city is also home to various television networks such as Fuji TV, Tokyo MX, TV Tokyo, TV Asahi, Nippon Television, NHK and the Tokyo Broadcasting System. Tokyo ranked first in the Global Economic Power Index and fourth in the Global Cities Index. The city is considered a world city – as listed by the GaWCs 2008 inventory – and in 2014. In 2015, Tokyo was named the Most Liveable City in the world by the magazine Monocle, the Michelin Guide has awarded Tokyo by far the most Michelin stars of any city in the world. Tokyo ranked first in the world in the Safe Cities Index, the 2016 edition of QS Best Student Cities ranked Tokyo as the 3rd-best city in the world to be a university student. Tokyo hosted the 1964 Summer Olympics, the 1979 G-7 summit, the 1986 G-7 summit, and the 1993 G-7 summit, and will host the 2020 Summer Olympics, Tokyo was originally known as Edo, which means estuary. During the early Meiji period, the city was also called Tōkei, some surviving official English documents use the spelling Tokei. However, this pronunciation is now obsolete, the name Tokyo was first suggested in 1813 in the book Kondō Hisaku, written by Satō Nobuhiro. When Ōkubo Toshimichi proposed the renaming to the government during the Meiji Restoration, according to Oda Kanshi, Tokyo was originally a small fishing village named Edo, in what was formerly part of the old Musashi Province. Edo was first fortified by the Edo clan, in the twelfth century
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Communist Party of China
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The Communist Party of China is the founding and ruling political party of the Peoples Republic of China. It was founded in 1921, chiefly by Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao, the CPC is currently the worlds second largest political party with a membership of 88.76 million as of 2016. It also controls the worlds largest armed force, the Peoples Liberation Army, the highest body of the CPC is the National Congress, convened every fifth year. The partys leader holds the offices of General Secretary, Chairman of the Central Military Commission, through these posts the party leader is the countrys paramount leader. The current party leader is Xi Jinping, elected at the 18th National Congress, the CPC is still committed to communist thought and continues to participate in the International Meeting of Communist and Workers Parties each year. The official explanation for Chinas economic reforms is that the country is in the stage of socialism. The planned economy established under Mao Zedong was replaced by the socialist market economy, the CPC has its origins in the May Fourth Movement of 1919, during which radical ideologies like Marxism and anarchism gained traction among Chinese intellectuals. Other influences stemming from the Bolshevik revolution and Marxist theory inspired the Communist Party of China, Li Dazhao was the first leading Chinese intellectual who publicly supported Leninism and world revolution. In contrast to Chen Duxiu, Li did not renounce participation in the affairs of the Republic of China, both of them regarded the October Revolution in Russia as groundbreaking, believing it to herald a new era for oppressed countries everywhere. The CPC was modeled on Vladimir Lenins theory of a vanguard party, Study circles were, according to Cai Hesen, the rudiments. Several study circles were established during the New Culture Movement, the founding National Congress of the CPC was held on 23–31 July 1921. With only 50 members in the beginning of 1921, the CPC organization, while it was originally planned to be held in Shanghai French Concession, police officers interrupted the meeting on 3 July. Because of that, the congress was moved to a tourist boat on South Lake in Jiaxing, Zhejiang province, only 12 delegates attended the congress, with neither Li nor Chen being able to attend. Chen sent a representative to attend the congress. The resolutions of the called for the establishment of a communist party. The communists dominated the left wing of the KMT, a party organized on Leninist lines, when KMT leader Sun Yat-sen died in March 1925, he was succeeded by a rightist, Chiang Kai-shek, who initiated moves to marginalize the position of the communists. Fresh from the success of the Northern Expedition to overthrow the warlords, Chiang Kai-shek turned on the communists, ignoring the orders of the Wuhan-based KMT government, he marched on Shanghai, a city controlled by communist militias. Although the communists welcomed Chiangs arrival, he turned on them, Chiangs army then marched on Wuhan, but was prevented from taking the city by CPC General Ye Ting and his troops
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Zhou Yang (literary theorist)
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Zhou Yang or Chou Yang was a Chinese literary theorist and Marxist thinker, active from the founding of the League of the Left-Wing Writers in 1930. In the 1930s he was notable for his disagreements with other leftist writers, including Lu Xun. After the Peoples Republic of China was declared in 1949, Zhou became one of Mao Zedongs most-supported literary theorists and his report, On the Military Tasks of Philosophy and Social Science Workers, delivered to Mao in 1963, was one of the catalysts for the Cultural Revolution. However, during the stage of the Cultural Revolution Zhou was himself imprisoned after falling out of favor. After the Cultural Revolution ended, he was rehabilitated and given new political offices, at that time he apologized to victims of his literary witch-hunt campaigns in the past. He also advocated the humanist aspects of Marxism within the Communist Party near the end of his life, and was attacked again for such views
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Newsweek
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Newsweek is an American weekly news magazine founded in 1933. It was published in four English language editions and 12 global editions written in the language of the circulation region, between 2008 and 2012, Newsweek underwent internal and external contractions designed to shift the magazines focus and audience while improving its finances. Instead, losses accelerated, revenue dropped 38 percent from 2007 to 2009, in November 2010, Newsweek merged with the news and opinion website The Daily Beast, forming The Newsweek Daily Beast Company, after negotiations between the owners of the two publications. Tina Brown, The Daily Beasts editor-in-chief, served as the editor of both publications, Newsweek was jointly owned by the estate of the late Harman and the diversified American media and Internet company IAC. Newsweek ceased print publication with the December 31,2012, issue and transitioned to an all-digital format, IBT Media relaunched a print edition of Newsweek on March 7,2014. In 2003, worldwide circulation was more than 4 million, including 2.7 million in the U. S, Newsweek publishes editions in Japanese, Korean, Polish, Spanish, Rioplatense Spanish, Arabic, and Turkish, as well as an English language Newsweek International. Russian Newsweek, published since 2004, was shut in October 2010, the Bulletin incorporated an international news section from Newsweek. Based in New York City, the magazine claimed 22 bureaus in 2011, New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago/Detroit, Dallas, Miami, Washington, D. C. Boston and San Francisco, and others overseas in London, Paris, Berlin, Moscow, Jerusalem, Baghdad, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Beijing, South Asia, Cape Town, Mexico City and Buenos Aires. News-Week was launched in 1933 by Thomas J. C. Martyn and he obtained financial backing from a group of U. S. stockholders which included Ward Cheney, of the Cheney silk family, John Hay Whitney, and Paul Mellon, son of Andrew W. Mellon. Paul Mellons ownership in Newsweek apparently represented the first attempt of the Mellon family to function journalistically on a national scale, the group of original owners invested around $2.5 million. Other large stockholders prior to 1946 were public utilities investment banker Stanley Childs, journalist Samuel T. Williamson served as the first editor-in-chief of Newsweek. The first issue of the magazine was dated 17 February 1933, seven photographs from the weeks news were printed on the first issues cover. In 1937 News-Week merged with the weekly journal Today, which had founded in 1932 by future New York Governor and diplomat W. Averell Harriman. In 1937 Malcolm Muir took over as president and editor-in-chief and he changed the name to Newsweek, emphasized interpretive stories, introduced signed columns, and launched international editions. Over time the magazine developed a spectrum of material, from breaking stories and analysis to reviews. The magazine was purchased by The Washington Post Company in 1961, osborn Elliott was named editor of Newsweek in 1961 and became the editor in chief in 1969. The women won, and Newsweek agreed to allow women to be reporters, edward Kosner became editor from 1975 to 1979 after directing the magazine’s extensive coverage of the Watergate scandal that led to the resignation of President Richard Nixon in 1974
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New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
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Madrid
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Madrid is the capital city of the Kingdom of Spain and the largest municipality in both the Community of Madrid and Spain as a whole. The city has a population of almost 3.2 million with an area population of approximately 6.5 million. It is the third-largest city in the European Union after London and Berlin, the municipality itself covers an area of 604.3 km2. Madrid lies on the River Manzanares in the centre of both the country and the Community of Madrid, this community is bordered by the communities of Castile and León. As the capital city of Spain, seat of government, and residence of the Spanish monarch, Madrid is also the political, economic, the current mayor is Manuela Carmena from Ahora Madrid. Madrid is home to two football clubs, Real Madrid and Atlético de Madrid. Madrid is the 17th most liveable city in the according to Monocle magazine. Madrid organises fairs such as FITUR, ARCO, SIMO TCI, while Madrid possesses modern infrastructure, it has preserved the look and feel of many of its historic neighbourhoods and streets. Cibeles Palace and Fountain have become one of the monument symbols of the city, the first documented reference of the city originates in Andalusan times as the Arabic مجريط Majrīṭ, which was retained in Medieval Spanish as Magerit. A wider number of theories have been formulated on possible earlier origins, according to legend, Madrid was founded by Ocno Bianor and was named Metragirta or Mantua Carpetana. The most ancient recorded name of the city Magerit comes from the name of a built on the Manzanares River in the 9th century AD. Nevertheless, it is speculated that the origin of the current name of the city comes from the 2nd century BC. The Roman Empire established a settlement on the banks of the Manzanares river, the name of this first village was Matrice. In the 8th century, the Islamic conquest of the Iberian Peninsula saw the changed to Mayrit, from the Arabic term ميرا Mayra. The modern Madrid evolved from the Mozarabic Matrit, which is still in the Madrilenian gentilic, after the disintegration of the Caliphate of Córdoba, Madrid was integrated in the Taifa of Toledo. With the surrender of Toledo to Alfonso VI of León and Castile, the city was conquered by Christians in 1085, Christians replaced Muslims in the occupation of the centre of the city, while Muslims and Jews settled in the suburbs. The city was thriving and was given the title of Villa, since 1188, Madrid won the right to be a city with representation in the courts of Castile. In 1202, King Alfonso VIII of Castile gave Madrid its first charter to regulate the municipal council, which was expanded in 1222 by Ferdinand III of Castile
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Millosh Gjergj Nikolla
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Millosh Gjergj Nikolla was an Albanian poet and writer, known under his nom de plume Migjeni. Millosh was born in 1911, in Shkodër, Sanjak of Scutari, Ottoman Empire, into a family of Slavic origin, in Albanian his full name during the 1930s was written in two forms Milosh Nikoliç and Millosh Nikolla. In Serbian, his name is written Miloš Nikolić, the family owned a bar in the city. His mother Sofia Kokoshi was educated at the Catholic seminary of Scutari and his maternal uncle Jovan Kokoshi taught at the Orthodox seminary in Bitola. Milosh had a brother died in infancy, and four sisters, Lenka, Jovanka, Cvetka. Angjelina states that the family is descended from the Nikolla family from Debar in the Upper Reka region, angjelina maintained that the family used many Slavic names because of their Orthodox faith. Millosh spoke only Serbo-Croatian at home and he attended a Serbian Orthodox elementary school in Scutari. From 1923 to 1925 he attended a school in Bar, Montenegro. At 14 years of age, in autumn 1925, he received a scholarship to secondary school in Monastir, from where he graduated in 1927. He studied Old Church Slavonic, Russian, Greek, Latin and he continued his training and studies until June 1932. In his identity papers dated to 11 October 1933, his name is spelt Milosh Nikolic, in the revised birth certificate dated to 26 January 1937, his name is spelt Millosh Nikolla. On 23 April 1933, he was appointed teacher at a school in Serb-inhabited village of Vraka, seven kilometers from Shkodra and it was during this period that he also began writing prose sketches and verses. Arshi Pipa notes that He did not know Albanian well and his texts swarm with spelling mistakes, even elementary ones, and his syntax is far from being typically Albanian. In May 1934 his first short piece, Sokrat i vuejtun apo derr i kënaqun, was published in the periodical Illyria, under his new pen name Migjeni. Soon though, in the summer of 1935, the twenty-three-year-old Migjeni fell seriously ill with tuberculosis, in the autumn of 1935, he transferred for a year to a school in Shkodra itself and, again in the periodical Illyria, began publishing his first epoch-making poems. In a letter of 12 January 1936 written to translator Skënder Luarasi in Tirana, Migjeni announced, I am about to send my songs to press. Two days later, Migjeni received the transfer he had requested to the mountain village of Puka. Many of the came to school barefoot and hungry, and teaching was interrupted for long periods because of outbreaks of contagious diseases, such as measles
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Serbo-Montenegrins in Albania
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The Serb-Montenegrin community in Albania is estimated to number ca.30,000 people. In the latest census, boycotted by the minorities, citizens had the option to declare as Montenegrins. The population is concentrated in the region of Vraka, the community is bilingual and by majority adhere to Eastern Orthodoxy, while a minority professes Islam. The community is known as Serbs-Montenegrins, Serbs or Montenegrins. It has also called the Serbo-Montenegrin minority or simply Serbo-Montenegrins. During the rule of Enver Hoxha, they were forced to change names but have not been able to reclaim them, the community lives largely on trade with Montenegro. In 2000, the Albanian Helsinki Committee estimated that there were ca.2,000 Serb–Montenegrin people in Albania, the Morača-Rozafa Association had 4,000 members in 2009, while President Pavle Brajović claimed a number closer to 30,000. The 2011 census in Albania was boycotted by the national minorities, according to the Assembly for the Diaspora, the Serb minority in Albania number ca.30,000 people. Smaller communities live outside northern Albania, several hundred families live in Durrës and Tirana. There are also communities in Elbasan and Korça, in two villages of Fier, the inhabitants declare as Serbs of Islamic faith. In Fier, there are some 2,000 Serbs of Orthodox faith, living mostly in the settlements of Retli Bouša and Hamir. Shijak is inhabited by a community of Bosniaks who descend from families that fled Bosnia in 1885, heading for Turkey, but were settled in the villages of Koxhas and Borake. With short interruptions, the territory later became a part of Sanjak of Scutari in the Ottoman Empire. The South Slavs began raiding Byzantine territories in the 520s and had conquered Durrës and most of Epirus, according to Emperor Constantine VII the early Serbs lived in the former Roman provinces of Dalmatia, Praevalitana and Moesia. During the rule of Časlav Klonimirović, most of Albania was part of Bulgaria, after the Byzantine annexation of Raška, the Serbian principality of Duklja succeeded as the main Serb state and it included much of the land north of Durrës, with Shkodër being an important city. Khan Samuel of Bulgaria had by 997 conquered all of Thessaly, Epirus, Macedonia, Jovan Vladimir ruled Duklja during the war between Byzantine Emperor Basil II and Samuel. Vladimir allegedly retreated into Koplik when Samuel invaded Duklja, and was forced to accept Bulgarian vassalage. Vladimir was later slewn by the Bulgars, and received a cult, Shingjon, in 1018 Basil II conquered most of the Balkans and established the Archbishopric of Ochrid for the South Slavs
