1.
1940
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Below, the events of World War II have the WWII prefix. January 4 – WWII, Axis powers, Luftwaffe Col Hermann Göring assumes control of most war industries in Germany, January 6 – WWII, Winter War, General Semyon Timoshenko takes command of all Soviet forces. January 8 WWII, Winter War – Battle of Suomussalmi, The Soviet 44th Rifle Division is destroyed by Finnish forces, WWII, Food rationing begins in Great Britain. January 9 – WWII, British submarine HMS Starfish is sunk, January 26 – Brisbane, Australia swelters through its hottest day ever,43.2 degrees Celsius. January 27 – WWII, A peace resolution introduced in the Parliament of South Africa is defeated 81–59, February 1 – WWII, Winter War – Soviet forces launch a major assault on Finnish troops occupying the Karelian Isthmus. February 2 – Vsevolod Meyerhold is executed in the Soviet Union on charges of treason and he is cleared of all charges 15 years later in the first waves of de-Stalinization February 7 – RKO release Walt Disneys second full-length animated film, Pinocchio. February 9 – Mae West & W. C, fields join comedic forces for My Little Chickadee with tremendous success. The film becomes one of the highest grossing of the year, February 10 – Tom and Jerry make their debut in Puss Gets the Boot. However it is not until 1941 that their current names are adopted, February 22 – In Tibet, province of Ando, 4-year-old Tenzin Gyatso is proclaimed the tulku of the thirteenth Dalai Lama. February 27 – Martin Kamen and Sam Ruben discover carbon-14, February 29 – Hattie McDaniel becomes the first African-American to win an Academy Award. March 2 – Cartoon character Elmer Fudd makes his debut in the animated short Elmers Candid Camera, march 3 – In Luleå, Sweden, a time bomb destroys the office of Swedish communist newspaper Norrskensflamman. March 5 – Katyn massacre, Members of the Soviet Politburo sign an order, prepared by Beria, for the execution of 25,700 Polish intelligentsia, including 14,700 Polish POWs. March 11 – Ed Ricketts, John Steinbeck and six others leave Monterey, march 12 – The Soviet Union and Finland sign a peace treaty in Moscow ending the Winter War, Finns, along with the world at large, are shocked by the harsh terms. March 18 – WWII, Axis powers, Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini meet at Brenner Pass in the Alps, after being informed by Hitler that the Germans are ready to attack in the west, Mussolini agrees to bring Italy into the war in due course. March 21 – Édouard Daladier resigns as prime minister of France, truth or Consequences debuts on NBC Radio. March 31 – WWII, Commerce raiding German auxiliary cruiser Atlantis leaves the Wadden Sea for what become the longest warship cruise of the war. April – Robin the Boy Wonder, Batmans trusted sidekick, makes his debut in Detective Comics #38, april 3 – WWII, Operation Weserübung, German ships set out for the invasion of Norway. April 4 – Neville Chamberlain, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, in what proves to be a tragic misjudgment, april 7 – Booker T. Washington becomes the first African American to be depicted on a United States postage stamp
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
1938 in the United States
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Events from the year 1938 in the United States. President, Franklin D. Roosevelt Vice President, John Nance Garner Chief Justice, Charles Evans Hughes Speaker of the House of Representatives, William B. Bankhead Senate Majority Leader, Alben W. Barkley Congress, 75th January 3 – The March of Dimes is established by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. January 16 – The Famous 1938 Carnegie Hall Jazz Concert is recorded live when Benny Goodman, January 22 – Thornton Wilders play Our Town is performed for the first time anywhere in Princeton, New Jersey. It premieres in New York City on February 4, January 27 – The Niagara Bridge at Niagara Falls, New York collapses due to an ice jam. January 28 – The first ski tow in America begins operation in Vermont, March 3 – The Santa Ana River in California spills over its banks during a rainy winter, killing 58 people in Orange County and causing trouble as far inland as Palm Springs. April 25 – Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins, The U. S. Supreme Court overturns a century of federal common law, April 28 – The towns of Dana, Enfield, Greenwich, and Prescott in Massachusetts are disincorporated to make way for the Quabbin Reservoir. April 30 – The first cartoon to feature a prototypical Bugs Bunny, may 17 – Information Please debuts on NBC Radio. June 22 – Heavyweight boxing champion Joe Louis knocks out Max Schmeling in the first round of their rematch at Yankee Stadium in New York City, June 23 The Civil Aeronautics Act is signed into law, forming the Civil Aeronautics Authority in the United States. Marineland opens near St. Augustine, Florida, June 24 – A 450-metric-ton meteorite explodes about 12 miles above the earth near Chicora, Pennsylvania. July 3 – The last reunion of the Blue and Gray commemorates the 75th anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg in Gettysburg, july 5 – The Non-Intervention Committee reaches an agreement to withdraw all foreign volunteers from the Spanish Civil War. The agreement is respected by most Republican foreign volunteers, notably by those from England and the United States, july 18 – Wrong Way Corrigan takes off from New York City, ostensibly heading for California. August 6 – The Looney Tunes animated short Porky & Daffy is released, August 18 – The Thousand Islands Bridge, connecting the United States with Canada, is dedicated by U. S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt. September 1 – Haggar debuts a new pant concept, Slacks, September 9 – U. S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt disallows the popular interpretation of Bullitt’s speech at a press conference at the White House. September 12 – Hitler makes his closing address at Nuremberg, in which he vehemently attacks the Czech people. American news commentator Hans von Kaltenborn begins his famous marathon of broadcast bulletins over the CBS Radio Network with a summation of Hitlers address. September 21 – The New England Hurricane of 1938 strikes Long Island and southern New England, killing over 300 along the Rhode Island shoreline, September 22 – Olsen and Johnsons musical comedy revue Hellzapoppin begins its 3-year run on Broadway. October 10 – The Blue Water Bridge opens, connecting Port Huron, Michigan and Sarnia, October 24 – The minimum wage is established by law in the United States
4.
1939 in the United States
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Events from the year 1939 in the United States. President, Franklin D. Roosevelt Vice President, John Nance Garner Chief Justice, Charles Evans Hughes Speaker of the House of Representatives, bankhead Senate Majority Leader, Alben W. Barkley Congress, 75th, 76th January 1 The Hewlett-Packard Company is founded. Texas A&M University wins its only national championship. January 5 – Amelia Earhart is officially declared dead after her 1937 disappearance, february 6 – Raymond Chandlers hardboiled California private detective Philip Marlowe is introduced in his first full-length work of crime fiction, The Big Sleep, published by Alfred A. Knopf. February 21 – The Golden Gate International Exposition opens in San Francisco, february 27 – Sitdown strikes are outlawed by the Supreme Court of the United States. March 3 – Students at Harvard University demonstrate the new tradition of swallowing goldfish to reporters, March 28 – American adventurer Richard Halliburton delivers a last message from a Chinese junk, before he disappears on a voyage across the Pacific Ocean. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt resigns from the DAR because of their decision, april 14 – John Steinbecks novel The Grapes of Wrath is first published. April 30 – The 1939 New York Worlds Fair opens, may 2 – Major League Baseballs Lou Gehrig, the legendary Yankee first baseman known as The Iron Horse, ends his 2,130 consecutive games played streak after contracting amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The record stands for 56 years before Cal Ripken, Jr. plays 2,131 consecutive games, may 20 – Pan American Airways begins trans-Atlantic mail service with the inaugural flight of its Boeing 314 flying boat Yankee Clipper from Port Washington, New York to Marseille. May – Batman makes his first appearance in Detective Comics #27, june 4 – The SS St. Louis, a ship carrying a cargo of 907 Jewish refugees, is denied permission to land in Florida after already having been turned away from Cuba. Forced to return to Europe, many of its passengers later die in Nazi death camps during the Holocaust, june 12 – The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum is officially dedicated in Cooperstown, New York. July 2 – The 1st World Science Fiction Convention opens in New York City, July 8 – The Pan American Airways Boeing 314 flying boat Yankee Clipper inaugurates the worlds first heavier-than-air North Atlantic air passenger service between the United States and Britain. August 2 – Albert Einstein writes to President Franklin Roosevelt about developing the atomic bomb using uranium and this leads to the creation of the Manhattan Project. August 15 – MGMs classic musical film The Wizard of Oz, based on L. Frank Baums famous novel, September 5 – World War II, The United States declares its neutrality in the war. September 21 – Radio station WJSV in Washington, D. C. records an entire broadcast day for preservation in the National Archives. September 29 – Gerald J. Cox, speaking at an American Water Works Association meeting, october 11 – Manhattan Project, U. S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt is presented a letter signed by Albert Einstein, urging the United States to rapidly develop the atomic bomb. October 15 – The New York Municipal Airport is dedicated, october 24 – Nylon stockings go on sale for the first time anywhere in Wilmington, Delaware. October 25 – The Time of Your Life, a drama by William Saroyan, november 6 – Hedda Hoppers Hollywood debuts on radio with Hollywood gossip columnist Hedda Hopper as host
5.
1941 in the United States
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Events from the year 1941 in the United States. At the end of year, the United States officially enters World War II by declaring war on the Empire of Japan following the attack on Pearl Harbor. January 6 – The keel of the USS Missouri is laid at the New York Navy Yard in Brooklyn, january 10 – Lend-Lease is introduced into the U. S. Congress. January 13 – All persons born in Puerto Rico since this day are declared U. S. citizens by birth, january 20 – Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes swears in U. S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt for his third term. January 23 – Aviator Charles Lindbergh testifies before the U. S. Congress, february 4 – World War II, The United Service Organization is created to entertain American troops. February 8 – World War II, The U. S. House of Representatives passes the Lend-Lease Act. February 9 – Winston Churchill, in a worldwide broadcast, asks the United States to show its support by sending arms to the British, Give us the tools, and we will finish the job. February 14 – World War II – Attack on Pearl Harbor, March – Captain America Comics #1 issues the first Captain America & Bucky comic. March 1 W47NV begins operations in Nashville, Tennessee, becoming the first FM radio station, bristol becomes Rear Admiral for the United States Navys Support Force, Atlantic Fleet. March 17 – National Gallery of Art is officially opened by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, March 22 – Washington states Grand Coulee Dam begins to generate electricity. March 27 – World War II – Attack on Pearl Harbor, Japanese spy Takeo Yoshikawa arrives in Honolulu, Hawaii, March 30 – All German, Italian and Danish ships anchored in United States waters are taken into protective custody. April 9 – The U. S. acquires full military defense rights in Greenland, April 10 – World War II, The U. S. destroyer Niblack, while picking up survivors from a sunken Dutch freighter, drops depth charges on a German U-boat. April 15 – World War II, The U. S. begins shipping Lend-Lease aid to China, April 23 – The America First Committee holds its first mass rally in New York City, with Charles Lindbergh as keynote speaker. April 25 – Franklin D. Roosevelt, at his press conference. In response, Lindbergh resigns his commission in the U. S. Army Air Corps Reserve on April 28, may – Woody Guthrie records the Columbia River Ballads May 1 Orson Welles film Citizen Kane premieres in New York City. The first Series E War Bonds and Defense Savings Stamps go on sale in the United States, may 6 – At Californias March Field, entertainer Bob Hope performs his first USO Show. May 15 – Joe DiMaggios 56-game hitting streak begins as the New York Yankee center fielder goes one for 4 against Chicago White Sox pitcher Eddie Smith. May 21 – World War II,950 miles off the coast of Brazil, may 27 – World War II, President Roosevelt proclaims an unlimited national emergency
6.
1942 in the United States
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Events from the year 1942 in the United States. WWII, The United States and Philippines troops fight the Battle of Bataan, january 10 – WWII, The last German air-raid on Liverpool destroys the home of William Patrick Hitler, Adolf Hitlers nephew. After his house is destroyed, William Hitler goes to the USA, january 19 – WWII, Japanese forces invade Burma. The United States VIII Bomber Command, later to become the Eighth Air Force, is established in Savannah, january 25 – WWII, Thailand declares war on the United States and United Kingdom. January 26 – WWII, The first American forces arrive in Europe, February 2 – WWII, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs an executive order directing the internment of Japanese Americans and the seizure of their property. February 8 WWII, Top United States military leaders hold their first formal meeting to discuss American military strategy in the war, daylight saving time goes into effect in the United States. February 9 – WWII, The ocean liner SS Normandie catches fire while being converted into the troopship USS Lafayette at pier 88 in New York City, in the early hours of February 10 she capsizes. February 18 – WWII, More than 200 American sailors die in Newfoundland when the USS Truxtun runs aground near Chambers Cove, February 19 – President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs executive order 9066 allowing the United States military to define areas as exclusionary zones. These zones affect the Japanese on the West Coast, and Germans and Italians primarily on the East Coast, February 20 – Lieutenant Edward OHare becomes Americas first World War II flying ace. February 22 – WWII, President Franklin D. Roosevelt orders General Douglas MacArthur out of the Philippines as American defense of the nation collapses. February 23 – WWII, The Japanese submarine I-17 fires 17 high-explosive shells toward an oil refinery near Santa Barbara, California, February 24 – The Voice of America begins broadcasting. February 25 – Battle of Los Angeles, Over 1,400 AA shells are fired at an unidentified, the appearance of the object triggers an immediate wartime blackout over most of Southern California, with thousands of air raid wardens being deployed throughout the city. In total there are 6 deaths, despite the several hour barrage no planes are downed. February 26 – The 14th Academy Awards ceremony is held in Los Angeles, march – Construction begins on the Badger Army Ammunition Plant. March 9 – WWII, Executive order 9082 reorganizes the United States Army into three commands, Army Ground Forces, Army Air Forces, and Services of Supply. April 3 – WWII, Japanese forces begin an assault on the United States. May 6 – WWII, On Corregidor, the last American, may 14 – Aaron Coplands Lincoln Portrait is performed for the first time by the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra. May 15 – WWII, In the United States, a bill creating the Womens Auxiliary Army Corps is signed into law, may 20 – The first African-American seamen are taken into the United States Navy
7.
Flag of the United States
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The flag of the United States, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. S. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, the current design of the U. S. flag is its 27th, the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777. The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4,1959, the 50-star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21,1959, and was adopted in July 1960. It is the version of the U. S. flag and has been in use for over 56 years. At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, the flag contemporaneously known as the Continental Colors has historically been referred to as the first national flag. The name Grand Union was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the American flag, the flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era, and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design. Both flags could have been constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign. However, an East India Company flag could have nine to 13 stripes. In any case, both the stripes and the stars have precedents in classical heraldry, Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment. The first official U. S. flag flown during battle was on August 3,1777, Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler. A voucher is extant that Capt. Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag, the 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign. In the late 18th century, the notion of a flag did not yet exist. The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee, on May 10,1779, Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States. However, the term, Standard, referred to a standard for the Army of the United States. Each regiment was to carry the standard in addition to its regimental standard. The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag, the appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows, one arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle, the so-called Betsy Ross flag
8.
Timeline of United States history
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This is a timeline of United States history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political and economic events in the United States and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of the United States, some dates before September 14,1752, when the British government adopted the Gregorian calendar, may be given in the Old Style
9.
Federal government of the United States
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The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms
10.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
11.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
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Franklin Delano Roosevelt, commonly known as FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. A Democrat, he won a record four presidential elections and emerged as a figure in world events during the mid-20th century. He directed the United States government during most of the Great Depression and he is often rated by scholars as one of the three greatest U. S. Presidents, along with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. Roosevelt was born in 1882 to an old, prominent Dutch family from Dutchess County and he attended the elite educational institutions of Groton School, Harvard College, and Columbia Law School. At age 23 in 1905, he married Eleanor Roosevelt, and he entered politics in 1910, serving in the New York State Senate, and then as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President Woodrow Wilson. In 1920, Roosevelt was presidential candidate James M. Coxs running mate and he was in office from 1929 to 1933 and served as a reform governor, promoting the enactment of programs to combat the depression besetting the United States at the time. In the 1932 presidential election, Roosevelt defeated incumbent Republican president Herbert Hoover in a landslide to win the presidency, Roosevelt took office while in the United States was in the midst of the worst economic crisis in its history. Energized by his victory over polio, FDR relied on his persistent optimism and activism to renew the national spirit. He created numerous programs to support the unemployed and farmers, and to labor union growth while more closely regulating business. His support for the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 added to his popularity, the economy improved rapidly from 1933–37, but then relapsed into a deep recession in 1937–38. The bipartisan Conservative Coalition that formed in 1937 prevented his packing the Supreme Court, when the war began and unemployment ended, conservatives in Congress repealed the two major relief programs, the WPA and CCC. However, they kept most of the regulations on business, along with several smaller programs, major surviving programs include the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Wagner Act, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and Social Security. His goal was to make America the Arsenal of Democracy, which would supply munitions to the Allies, in March 1941, Roosevelt, with Congressional approval, provided Lend-Lease aid to Britain and China. He supervised the mobilization of the U. S. economy to support the war effort, as an active military leader, Roosevelt implemented a war strategy on two fronts that ended in the defeat of the Axis Powers and initiate the development of the worlds first atomic bomb. His work also influenced the creation of the United Nations. Roosevelts physical health declined during the war years, and he died 11 weeks into his fourth term. One of the oldest Dutch families in New York State, the Roosevelts distinguished themselves in other than politics. One ancestor, Isaac Roosevelt, had served with the New York militia during the American Revolution, Roosevelt attended events of the New York society Sons of the American Revolution, and joined the organization while he was president
12.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
13.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
14.
Vice President of the United States
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The executive power of both the vice president and the president is granted under Article Two, Section One of the Constitution. The vice president is elected, together with the president. The Office of the Vice President of the United States assists, as the president of the United States Senate, the vice president votes only when it is necessary to break a tie. Additionally, pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment, the president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College. Currently, the president is usually seen as an integral part of a presidents administration. The Constitution does not expressly assign the office to any one branch, causing a dispute among scholars whether it belongs to the executive branch, the legislative branch, or both. The modern view of the president as a member of the executive branch is due in part to the assignment of executive duties to the vice president by either the president or Congress. Mike Pence of Indiana is the 48th and current vice president and he assumed office on January 20,2017. The formation of the office of vice president resulted directly from the compromise reached at the Philadelphia Convention which created the Electoral College, the delegates at Philadelphia agreed that each state would receive a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that states allocation of Representatives and Senators. The delegates assumed that electors would typically choose to favor any candidate from their state over candidates from other states, under a plurality election process, this would tend to result in electing candidates solely from the largest states. Consequently, the delegates agreed that presidents must be elected by a majority of the number of electors. To guard against such stratagems, the Philadelphia delegates specified that the first runner-up presidential candidate would become vice president, the process for selecting the vice president was later modified in the Twelfth Amendment. Each elector still receives two votes, but now one of those votes is for president, while the other is for vice president. The requirement that one of those votes be cast for a candidate not from the electors own state remains in effect. S, other statutorily granted roles include membership of both the National Security Council and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. As President of the Senate, the president has two primary duties, to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over. For example, in the first half of 2001, the Senators were divided 50-50 between Republicans and Democrats and Dick Cheneys tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority, as President of the Senate, the vice president oversees procedural matters and may cast a tie-breaking vote. As President of the Senate, John Adams cast 29 tie-breaking votes that was surpassed by John C. Calhoun with 31. Adamss votes protected the presidents sole authority over the removal of appointees, influenced the location of the national capital, on at least one occasion Adams persuaded senators to vote against legislation he opposed, and he frequently addressed the Senate on procedural and policy matters
15.
John Nance Garner
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John Nance Garner IV, known among his contemporaries as Cactus Jack, was an American Democratic politician and lawyer from Texas. He was a Texas state representative from 1898 to 1902, and U. S and he was the 39th Speaker of the House from 1931 to 1933. In 1932 and 1936 he was elected the 32nd Vice President of the United States, a conservative Southerner, Garner opposed the sit-down strikes of the labor unions and the New Deals deficit spending. Garner was born in the village of Detroit in Red River County in northeastern Texas, to John Nance Garner III and his wife, Garners home place still stands today, approximately two blocks from the tiny towns center. Garner attended Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, for one semester before dropping out and he was a member of the Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity. He eventually studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1890, in 1893, Garner entered politics, running for county judge of Uvalde County. At that time, Democrats entirely dominated politics in Texas, thus the Democratic primary election was the real election, with the general election being a formality. Garner was opposed in the County Judge primary by a woman—Mariette Rheiner, Two years later, on 25 November 1895, she married Garner in Sabinal, Texas. They had one child, Tully Charles Garner, Garner was elected County Judge, and served until 1896. Garner was elected to the Texas House of Representatives in 1898, during his service, the legislature selected a state flower for Texas. Garner fervently supported the prickly pear cactus for the honor and thus earned the nickname Cactus Jack and this ended challenges to Democratic power, disfranchised most minority voters until the 1960s, and Texas became a one-party state. He was elected from the district fourteen subsequent times, serving until 1933 and his wife was paid and worked as his private secretary during this period. Garner was chosen to serve as minority leader for the Democrats in 1929, and in 1931 as Speaker of the United States House of Representatives. Garner supported passage of the income tax but opposed most tariffs except for those on wool and mohair. He also believed in investment, bringing taxpayer dollars to farmers of the Brush Country region of South Texas. Garner was popular with his fellow House members in both parties and he held what he called his board of education during the era of Prohibition, a gathering spot for lawmakers to drink alcohol, or as Garner called it, strike a blow for liberty. In 1932, Garner ran for the Democratic Presidential nomination and it became evident that Franklin D. Garner cut a deal with Roosevelt, becoming his Vice-Presidential candidate, Garner was re-elected to the Seventy-third Congress on November 8,1932, and on the same day was elected Vice President of the United States
16.
Texas
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Texas is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Other major cities include Austin, the second most populous state capital in the U. S. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the states struggle for independence from Mexico. The Lone Star can be found on the Texan state flag, the origin of Texass name is from the word Tejas, which means friends in the Caddo language. Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, although Texas is popularly associated with the U. S. southwestern deserts, less than 10 percent of Texas land area is desert. Most of the centers are located in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, the term six flags over Texas refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory. Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas, Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. In 1845, Texas joined the United States as the 28th state, the states annexation set off a chain of events that caused the Mexican–American War in 1846. A slave state before the American Civil War, Texas declared its secession from the U. S. in early 1861, after the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation. One Texan industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle, due to its long history as a center of the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy. The states economic fortunes changed in the early 20th century, when oil discoveries initiated a boom in the state. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified economy, as of 2010 it shares the top of the list of the most Fortune 500 companies with California at 57. With a growing base of industry, the leads in many industries, including agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace. Texas has led the nation in export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product. The name Texas, based on the Caddo word tejas meaning friends or allies, was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves, during Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas, La Provincia de Texas. Texas is the second largest U. S. state, behind Alaska, though 10 percent larger than France and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst country subdivisions by size. If it were an independent country, Texas would be the 40th largest behind Chile, Texas is in the south central part of the United States of America. Three of its borders are defined by rivers, the Rio Grande forms a natural border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south
17.
Chief Justice of the United States
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The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the United States federal court system and the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. The Chief Justice is one of nine Supreme Court justices, the eight are the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. From 1789 until 1866, the office was known as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice also serves as a spokesperson for the judicial branch. The Chief Justice leads the business of the Supreme Court and presides over oral arguments, when the court renders an opinion, the Chief Justice—when in the majority—decides who writes the courts opinion. The Chief Justice also has significant agenda-setting power over the courts meetings, in the case of an impeachment of a President of the United States, which has occurred twice, the Chief Justice presides over the trial in the Senate. In modern tradition, the Chief Justice also has the duty of administering the oath of office of the President of the United States. The first Chief Justice was John Jay, the 17th and current Chief Justice is John G. Roberts, Jr. The office was known as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and is still informally referred to using that title. However,28 U. S. C. §1 specifies that the title is Chief Justice of the United States, the title was changed from Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by Congress in 1866 at the suggestion of the sixth Chief Justice, Salmon P. Chase. Chase wished to emphasize the Supreme Courts role as a branch of government. The first Chief Justice commissioned using the new title was Melville Fuller in 1888, use of the previous title when referring to Chief Justices John Jay through Roger B. Taney is technically correct, as that was the title during their time on the court. The other eight members of the court are officially Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, the Chief Justice is the only member of the court to whom the Constitution refers as a Justice, and only in Article I. Article III of the Constitution refers to all members of the Supreme Court simply as Judges, the Chief Justice is nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed to sit on the Court by the United States Senate. The salary of the Chief Justice is set by Congress, the Constitution prohibits Congress from lowering the salary of any judge, including the Chief Justice, while that judge holds office. As of 2015, the salary is $258,100 per year, which is higher than that of the Associate Justices. Three serving Associate Justices have received promotions to Chief Justice, Edward Douglass White in 1910, Harlan Fiske Stone in 1941, Associate Justice Abe Fortas was nominated to the position of Chief Justice of the United States, but his nomination was filibustered by Senate Republicans in 1968. Despite the failed nomination, Fortas remained an Associate Justice until his resignation the following year, there have been 21 individuals nominated for Chief Justice, of whom 17 have been confirmed by the Senate, although a different 17 have served
18.
Charles Evans Hughes
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Charles Evans Hughes, Sr. was an American statesman, lawyer, and Republican politician from New York. He was the Republican nominee in the 1916 U. S, Presidential election, losing narrowly to incumbent President Woodrow Wilson. Historian Clinton Rossiter has hailed him as a leading American conservative, Charles Evans Hughes was born in Glens Falls, New York, the son of a Welsh immigrant minister Rev. David C. Hughes and Mary C. Hughes, a sister of State Senator Henry C and he was active in the Northern Baptist church, a Mainline Protestant denomination. Hughes early education included attending Lafayette School in Newark, NJ, at the age of 14, he enrolled at Madison University, where he became a member of Delta Upsilon fraternity. He then transferred to Brown University, continuing as a member of Delta Upsilon and he graduated third in his class at the age of 19, having been elected to Phi Beta Kappa in his junior year. He read law and entered Columbia Law School in 1882, where he graduated in 1884 with highest honors, in 1885, Hughes met Antoinette Carter, the daughter of a senior partner of the law firm where he worked, and they were married in 1888. They had one son, Charles Evans Hughes Jr. and three daughters and their youngest child, Elizabeth Hughes Gossett, was one of the first humans injected with insulin, and later served as president of the Supreme Court Historical Society. Hughes was the grandfather of Charles Evans Hughes III and H. Stuart Hughes, after graduating Hughes began working for Chamberlain, Carter & Hornblower where he met his future wife. In 1888, shortly after he was married, he became a partner in the firm, later the name was changed to Hughes, Hubbard & Reed. In 1891, Hughes left the practice of law to become a professor at Cornell Law School, in 1893, he returned to his old law firm in New York City to continue practicing until he ran for governor in 1906. He continued his association with Cornell as a lecturer at the Law School from 1893 to 1895. He was also a lecturer for New York University Law School. At that time, in addition to practicing law, Hughes taught at New York Law School with Woodrow Wilson, in 1905, he was appointed as counsel to the New York state legislative Stevens Gas Commission, a committee investigating utility rates. His uncovering of corruption led to lower gas rates in New York City, in 1905, he was appointed to the Armstrong Insurance Commission to investigate the insurance industry in New York as a special assistant to U. S. Attorney General. Hughes served as the Governor of New York from 1907 to 1910 and he defeated William Randolph Hearst in the 1906 election, and was the only Republican statewide candidate to win office. As a supporter of progressive policies, Hughes was able to play on the popularity of Theodore Roosevelt, in 1908, he was offered the vice-presidential nomination by William Howard Taft, but he declined it to run again for Governor. Theodore Roosevelt became an important supporter of Hughes and he pushed the passage of the Moreland Act, which enabled the governor to oversee city and county officials as well as officials in semi-autonomous state bureaucracies
19.
William B. Bankhead
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Bankhead was a prominent supporter of President Franklin Roosevelts New Deal of pro-labor union legislation, thus clashing with most other Southern Democrats in Congress at the time. Bankhead described himself as proud to be a politician, by which he meant that he did not neglect matters that concerned his district or reelection and he was the father of Tallulah Bankhead. Bankhead was born at the Bankhead plantation in Lamar County, Alabama and his father, John H. Bankhead, was a very active politician, who had served in the Alabama legislature, and later served as U. S. His mother was Tallulah James Brockman, granddaughter of South Carolina state Senator Thomas Patterson Brockman, bankheads brother, John H. Bankhead II, also served in the Senate. William Bankhead attended the University of Alabama, where he was a member of Phi Delta Theta fraternity and he studied law at Georgetown University Law Center in Washington, DC, graduating in 1895. He was immediately admitted to the bar in Alabama, and practiced law in Huntsville, in 1898, he became city attorney of Huntsville, serving until 1902. In 1900, he was elected to the Alabama House of Representatives for one term, in 1905, he moved to Jasper, Alabama. In 1910 he was appointed solicitor of the judicial circuit of Alabama. In 1914, he sought the Democratic nomination for U. S. Representative, in 1916, he was elected Representative from the newly created 10th Congressional District. Bankhead held the 10th District until it was abolished after the 1930 Census and he was the only person ever elected from the 10th District. In 1934, he was chosen House Majority Leader by his fellow Democrats, on June 4,1936, he was chosen Speaker of the House to succeed Jo Byrns, who had died that morning. Bankhead served as Speaker until his own death in office on September 15,1940, as Speaker, Bankhead held the highest political office of any Alabamian save Vice President William R. King. At the 1940 Democratic National Convention, he finished 2nd to Henry A. Wallace on the Vice Presidential ticket, bankheads father, John H. Bankhead, was a U. S. His elder brother John H. Bankhead II was also a U. S. Senator and his daughter, Tallulah Bankhead, was an acclaimed actress. Bankhead National Forest and sections of old US Highway 78 in northern Alabama are named in his honor and his home in Jasper has been renovated to house the Walker Area Community Foundations Bankhead House and Heritage Center, a history museum and arts venue. Grossman, Mark, Speakers of the House of Representatives 1789-2009, biographical Directory of the United States Congress
20.
Alabama
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Alabama is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, Alabama is the 30th-most extensive and the 24th-most populous of the U. S. states. At nearly 1,500 miles, Alabama has one of the nations longest navigable inland waterways, Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the Heart of Dixie and the Cotton State, the state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. The largest city by population is Birmingham, which has long been the most industrialized city, the oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana. From the American Civil War until World War II, Alabama, like many states in the southern U. S. suffered economic hardship, like other southern states, Alabama legislators disenfranchised African Americans and many poor whites at the turn of the century. Following World War II, Alabama grew as the economy changed from one primarily based on agriculture to one with diversified interests. The state economy in the 21st century is based on management, automotive, finance, manufacturing, aerospace, mineral extraction, healthcare, education, retail, in the Alabama language, the word for a person of Alabama lineage is Albaamo. The word Alabama is believed to have come from the Alabama language, the words spelling varies significantly among historical sources. As early as 1702, the French called the tribe the Alibamon, other spellings of the name have included Alibamu, Alabamo, Albama, Alebamon, Alibama, Alibamou, Alabamu, Allibamou. Sources disagree on the words meaning, some scholars suggest the word comes from the Choctaw alba and amo. The meaning may have been clearers of the thicket or herb gatherers, the state has numerous place names of Native American origin. However, there are no correspondingly similar words in the Alabama language, an 1842 article in the Jacksonville Republican proposed it meant Here We Rest. This notion was popularized in the 1850s through the writings of Alexander Beaufort Meek, experts in the Muskogean languages have not found any evidence to support such a translation. Indigenous peoples of varying cultures lived in the area for thousands of years before the advent of European colonization, trade with the northeastern tribes by the Ohio River began during the Burial Mound Period and continued until European contact. The agrarian Mississippian culture covered most of the state from 1000 to 1600 AD, with one of its major centers built at what is now the Moundville Archaeological Site in Moundville, Alabama. This is the second-largest complex of the classic Middle Mississippian era, after Cahokia in present-day Illinois, Analysis of artifacts from archaeological excavations at Moundville were the basis of scholars formulating the characteristics of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex. Contrary to popular belief, the SECC appears to have no links to Mesoamerican culture
21.
Sam Rayburn
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He represented Texas 4th congressional district as a Democrat from 1913 to 1961. Rayburn was born in Roane County, Tennessee, on January 6,1882,24 days before Franklin D. Roosevelt and he was the son of Martha Clementine and William Marion Rayburn. In 1887 the Rayburn family moved to a farm near Windom. Rayburn graduated from East Texas Normal College in Commerce and became a schoolteacher and he won election to the Texas House of Representatives, beginning his first term in 1907. He attended the University of Texas School of Law while a state representative, during his third two-year term in the Texas House, he was elected Speaker of the House at the age of twenty-nine. The next year, he won election to the United States House of Representatives in District 4 and he entered Congress in 1913 at the beginning of Woodrow Wilsons presidency and served in office for almost 49 years, until the beginning of John F. Kennedys presidency. For the next 21 years, Rayburn was the leader of the House Democrats and his career as Speaker was interrupted twice, 1947–1949 and 1953–1955, when Republicans controlled the House. During those periods of Republican rule, Rayburn served as Minority Leader, martin Jr. of Massachusetts, actually a close personal friend of Rayburns. Rayburn was instrumental to Lyndon Johnsons ascent to power, particularly his rapid rise to the position of Minority Leader, Johnson had been in the Senate for a mere four years when he assumed the role. Johnson also owed his subsequent elevation to Majority Leader to Rayburn, like Johnson, Rayburn did not sign the Southern Manifesto. Rayburn was a friend of Jaja Wachuku, the first indigenous Speaker of the Nigerian House of Representatives. Although many Texas legislators were on the payroll of public service corporations, when the first check came after I entered the firm, Mr. Thurmond brought to my desk one-third of the amount of the check, explaining what it was for. I never did take a dollar of it, I have been guided by the principle in all my dealings. This practice of refusing to accept fees from clients with interests before the legislature was virtually unheard-of at the time, later, while serving in Congress, a wealthy oil man had a very expensive horse delivered to Rayburns farm in Bonham. No one apparently knew the oil man delivered the horse except him, Rayburn, in shaping legislation, Rayburn preferred working quietly in the background to being in the public spotlight. As Speaker, he won a reputation for fairness and integrity, after he died his estate was valued at just under $300,000, which was mostly land he owned, and the amount of cash he had in various checking accounts was just over $26,000. Rayburn was well known among his colleagues for his after business hours Board of Education meetings in hideaway offices in the House, during these off-the-record sessions, the Speaker and powerful committee chairmen would gather for poker, bourbon, and a frank discussion of politics. Rayburn alone determined who received an invitation to these gatherings, to be invited to one was a high honor
22.
Party leaders of the United States Senate
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The Senate Majority and Minority Leaders are two United States Senators and members of the party leadership of the United States Senate. They are elected to their positions in the Senate by their party caucuses, the Senate Democratic Caucus. By rule, the Presiding Officer gives the Majority Leader priority in obtaining recognition to speak on the floor of the Senate, the Assistant Majority and Minority Leaders of the United States Senate are the second-ranking members of each partys leadership. The main function of the Majority and Minority Whips is to gather votes on major issues, because they are the second ranking member of the Senate, if there is no floor leader present, the whip may become acting floor leader. Before 1969, the titles were Majority Whip and Minority Whip. The Senate is currently composed of 52 Republicans,46 Democrats, the current leaders are Republican Majority Leader Mitch McConnell of Kentucky and Democratic Minority Leader Chuck Schumer of New York. The current Assistant Majority Leader is Republican John Cornyn of Texas, the current Assistant Minority Leader/Whip is Democrat Dick Durbin of Illinois. The Democrats began the practice of electing floor leaders in 1920 while they were in the minority, John W. Kern was a Democratic Senator from Indiana. While the title was not official, he is considered to be the first Senate party leader from 1913 through 1917, the Constitution designates the Vice President of the United States as President of the United States Senate. The Constitution also calls for a President pro tempore to serve as the leader of the body when the President of the Senate is absent, for these reasons, it is the Majority Leader who, in practice, manages the Senate. This is in contrast to the House of Representatives where the elected Speaker of the House has a deal of discretionary power. The Democratic Party first selected a leader in 1920, the Republican Party first formally designated a leader in 1925. gov Republican Majority Democratic Minority
23.
Alben W. Barkley
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Alben William Barkley was a lawyer and politician from Kentucky who served in both houses of Congress and as the 35th Vice President of the United States from 1949 to 1953. In 1905, he was elected county attorney for McCracken County and he was chosen County Judge/Executive in 1909 and U. S. Representative from Kentuckys First District in 1912, as a Representative, he was a liberal Democrat, supporting President Woodrow Wilsons New Freedom domestic agenda and foreign policy. Endorsing Prohibition and denouncing parimutuel betting, Barkley narrowly lost the 1923 Democratic gubernatorial primary to fellow Representative J. Campbell Cantrill, in 1926, he unseated Republican Senator Richard P. Ernst. In the Senate, he supported the New Deal approach to addressing the Great Depression and was elected to succeed Senate Majority Leader Joseph T. Robinson upon Robinsons death in 1937, during his 1938 re-election bid, his opponent A. B. Happy Chandler accused him of using Works Progress Administration employees to campaign for him, neither candidate was charged with any wrongdoing, but in 1939, Congress passed the Hatch Act, making it illegal for federal employees to campaign for political candidates. When World War II focused President Franklin D. Roosevelts attention on foreign affairs and he resigned as floor leader after Roosevelt ignored his advice and vetoed the Revenue Act of 1943. The Democratic caucus supported and unanimously re-elected Barkley to the position of Majority Leader, Barkley had a better working relationship with Harry S. Truman, who ascended to the presidency after Roosevelts death in 1945. With Trumans popularity waning entering the 1948 Democratic National Convention, Barkley gave an address that energized the delegates. Truman selected him as his running mate for the upcoming election, Barkley took an active role in the Truman administration, acting as its primary spokesman, especially after the Korean War necessitated the majority of Trumans attention. He retired but was coaxed back into life, defeating incumbent Republican Senator John Sherman Cooper in 1954. Barkley died of an attack while giving a speech at the Washington. Willie Alben Barkley, the eldest of John Wilson and Electa Eliza Barkleys eight children, was born November 24,1877 and his grandmother, midwife Amanda Barkley, delivered him in the log house she lived in with her husband, Alben, in Wheel, Kentucky. Barkleys parents were tenant farmers who grew tobacco, and his father was an elder in the local Presbyterian church, both parents were religious, opposed to playing cards and alcohol. Occasionally, Barkleys parents would leave him in the care of his grandparents for extended periods, during these times, his grandmother related stories of her relatives. Her childhood playmates included future U. S, Vice President Adlai Stevenson I and James A. McKenzie, a future U. S. Barkley worked on his parents farm and attended school in Lowes, Kentucky, unhappy with his birth name, he adopted Alben William as soon as he was old enough to express his opinion in the matter. In the difficult economy of late 1891, relatives convinced Barkleys father to sell his farm and move to Clinton, to pursue opportunities as a tenant wheat farmer
24.
Kentucky
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Kentucky, officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state located in the east south-central region of the United States. Kentucky is one of four U. S. states constituted as a commonwealth, originally a part of Virginia, in 1792 Kentucky became the 15th state to join the Union. Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States, Kentucky is known as the Bluegrass State, a nickname based on the bluegrass found in many of its pastures due to the fertile soil. One of the regions in Kentucky is the Bluegrass Region in central Kentucky. In 1776, the counties of Virginia beyond the Appalachian Mountains became known as Kentucky County, the precise etymology of the name is uncertain, but likely based on an Iroquoian name meaning the meadow or the prairie. Kentucky is situated in the Upland South, a significant portion of eastern Kentucky is part of Appalachia. Kentucky borders seven states, from the Midwest and the Southeast, West Virginia lies to the east, Virginia to the southeast, Tennessee to the south, Missouri to the west, Illinois and Indiana to the northwest, and Ohio to the north and northeast. Only Missouri and Tennessee, both of which border eight states, touch more, Kentuckys northern border is formed by the Ohio River and its western border by the Mississippi River. The official state borders are based on the courses of the rivers as they existed when Kentucky became a state in 1792, for instance, northbound travelers on U. S.41 from Henderson, after crossing the Ohio River, will be in Kentucky for about two miles. Ellis Park, a racetrack, is located in this small piece of Kentucky. Waterworks Road is part of the land border between Indiana and Kentucky. Kentucky has a part known as Kentucky Bend, at the far west corner of the state. It exists as an exclave surrounded completely by Missouri and Tennessee, Road access to this small part of Kentucky on the Mississippi River requires a trip through Tennessee. The epicenter of the powerful 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes was near this area, much of the outer Bluegrass is in the Eden Shale Hills area, made up of short, steep, and very narrow hills. The Jackson Purchase and western Pennyrile are home to several bald cypress/tupelo swamps, located within the southeastern interior portion of North America, Kentucky has a climate that can best be described as a humid subtropical climate. Temperatures in Kentucky usually range from daytime summer highs of 87 °F to the low of 23 °F. The average precipitation is 46 inches a year, Kentucky experiences four distinct seasons, with substantial variations in the severity of summer and winter. The highest recorded temperature was 114 °F at Greensburg on July 28,1930 while the lowest recorded temperature was −37 °F at Shelbyville on January 19,1994, due to its location, Kentucky has a moderate humid subtropical climate, with abundant rainfall
25.
United States Congress
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The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington, D. C, both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment. Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party, Congress has 535 voting members,435 Representatives and 100 Senators. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members and these members can, however, sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation. Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency, known as a district. Congressional districts are apportioned to states by using the United States Census results. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, currently, there are 100 senators representing the 50 states. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a term, with terms staggered. The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process—legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers, however, the Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue-raising bills, the House initiates impeachment cases, while the Senate decides impeachment cases. A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before a person can be forcibly removed from office. The term Congress can also refer to a meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years, the current one, the 115th Congress, began on January 3,2017, the Congress starts and ends on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, members of the House of Representatives are referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played a role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. Several academics described Congress, Congress reflects us in all our strengths, Congress is the governments most representative body. Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the public policy issues of the day. —Smith, Roberts, and Wielen Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux, most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent
26.
76th United States Congress
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It met in Washington, DC from January 3,1939 to January 3,1941, during the seventh and eighth years of Franklin D. Roosevelts presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Fifteenth Census of the United States in 1930, both chambers had a Democratic majority. It is the most recent Congress to have held a third session, August 2,1939, Albert Einstein wrote to President Franklin Roosevelt about developing the atomic bomb using uranium. This led to the creation of the Manhattan Project, September 5,1939, World War II, The United States declares its neutrality in the war. November 15,1939, President Roosevelt laid the cornerstone of the Jefferson Memorial, April 1,1940, April Fools Day was also the census date for the 16th U. S. Census. June 10,1940, World War II, President Roosevelt denounced Italys actions with his Stab in the Back speech during the ceremonies of the University of Virginia. September 2,1940, World War II, An agreement between America and Great Britain was announced to the effect that 50 U. S. destroyers needed for work would be transferred to Great Britain. In return, America gained 99-year leases on British bases in the North Atlantic, West Indies, September 26,1940, World War II, The United States imposed a total embargo on all scrap metal shipments to Japan. October 16,1940, The draft registration of approximately 16 million men began in the United States, october 29,1940, The Selective Service System lottery was held in Washington, D. C. November 12,1940, Case of Hansberry v. Lee,311 U. S.32, decided, december 17,1940, President Roosevelt, at his regular press conference, first outlined his plan to send aid to Great Britain that will become known as Lend-Lease. December 29,1940, Franklin D. Roosevelt, in a chat to the nation. January 13,1941, All persons born in Puerto Rico after this day were declared U. S. citizens by birth, January 20,1941, Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes swore in President Roosevelt for a third term. January 27,1941, World War II, U. S. Ambassador to Japan Joseph C, grew passed on to Washington a rumor overheard at a diplomatic reception about a planned surprise attack upon Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. February 4,1941, World War II, The United Service Organization was created to entertain American troops, January 23,1941, Aviator Charles Lindbergh testified before the Congress and recommends that the United States negotiate a neutrality pact with Adolf Hitler. April 3,1939, Reorganization Act of 1939, Pub. L, 76–19,53 Stat.561 August 2,1939, Hatch Act of 1939, ch. 410,53 Stat.1147 November 4,1939, Neutrality Act of 1939,2,54 Stat.4 June 29,1940, Alien Registration Act, 3d sess. ch. 439,54 Stat.670 August 22,1940, Act of August 22,1940, 76–768,54 Stat.789 September 16,1940, Selective Training and Service Act of 1940, Pub. L. The names of members are preceded by their district numbers, the count below reflects changes from the beginning of this Congress
27.
Governor of Alabama
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The Governor of Alabama is the chief executive of the U. S. state of Alabama. The governor is the head of the branch of Alabamas state government and is charged with enforcing state laws. The governor has the power to approve or veto bills passed by the Alabama Legislature, to convene the legislature. The governor is also the commander-in-chief of the military forces. There have officially been 53 governors of the state of Alabama, the first governor, William Wyatt Bibb, served as the only governor of the Alabama Territory. Five people have served as acting governor, bringing the number of people serving as governor to 58. Four governors have served multiple terms, Bibb Graves, Jim Folsom. Officially, these terms are numbered only with the number of their first term. William D. Jelks also served non-consecutive terms, but his first term was in an acting capacity, the longest-serving governor was George Wallace, who served sixteen years over four terms. The shortest term for a governor was that of Hugh McVay, who served four. Lurleen Wallace, wife of George Wallace, was the first and so far only woman to serve as governor of Alabama, the current governor is Republican Robert J. Bentley, who took office on January 17,2011. For the period before Alabama Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of Mississippi Territory, Alabama Territory was formed on March 3,1817, from Mississippi Territory. It had only one appointed by the President of the United States before it became a state. Alabama was admitted to the Union on December 14,1819, following the end of the American Civil War, Alabama during Reconstruction was part of the Third Military District, which exerted some control over governor appointments and elections. Alabama was readmitted to the Union on July 14,1868, the first Alabama Constitution, ratified in 1819, provided that a governor be elected every two years, limited to serve no more than four out of every six years. This limit remained in place until the constitution of 1868, which simply allowed governors to serve terms of two years, the current constitution of 1901 increased terms to four years, but prohibited governors from succeeding themselves. Amendment 282 to the constitution, passed in 1968, allowed governors to succeed themselves once, the constitution had no set date for the commencement of a governors term until 1901, when it was set at the first Monday after the second Tuesday in the January following an election. The office of lieutenant governor was created in 1868, abolished in 1875, earlier constitutions said the powers of the governor devolved upon the successor, rather than them necessarily becoming governor, but the official listing includes these as full governors
28.
Frank M. Dixon
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Frank Murray Dixon was an American Democratic politician. He served as the 40th Governor of Alabama from 1939 to 1943 and is most known for reorganizing the state government, Dixon was born in Oakland, California to Reverend Frank Dixon and Laura Dixon. Dixon spent the majority of his youth in Virginia and attended schools in both Virginia and Washington, DC. He graduated from Phillips Exeter Preparatory School and then went on to graduate from Columbia University, in 1916 he obtained his law degree from the University of Virginia. He began his law career in Birmingham, Alabama in the law firm of Captain Francis S. White, soon after he married Juliet Perry, with whom he had a son and a daughter. His law practice was interrupted by World War I. Dixon enlisted in the Royal Canadian Air Corps as a volunteer, as a second lieutenant, Dixon was assigned to the French escadrille as an aerial observer and machine gunner. In July 1918 he was wounded when his plane was shot down over Soissons, France, Dixon was awarded the Croix de Guerre with Palm by the French government, the French government also named him chevalier of the French Legion of Honor and promoted him to major. When he returned to Birmingham, he founded his own law partnership, Bowers and Dixon, at that point he became a commander of the American Legion and was active in veterans’ causes. In 1934 Dixon made his first attempt at the governorship of Alabama, however, in 1938 he easily defeated his opponent and succeeded Graves as the Governor of Alabama. Before his inauguration Dixon spent an amount of time preparing for his term. He met with Bibb Graves, public administration experts and Franklin Roosevelt to get advice, as governor, Dixon strove to streamline the state government. He eliminated twenty-seven government agencies in the state by consolidating duties within the departments, the agencies that originally were under the leadership of committees were placed under the authority of one individual who reported directly to the governor. He, therefore, also centralized power in the office of the governor and he terminated the employment of every state employee added to the payroll after the date of his inauguration and ordered every employee that did not have specific duties to be terminated as well. He pushed through a retirement system and a teacher tenure law. He also established a civil service system that required the hiring of state employees to be based on a merit system. Dixon spent an amount of time reforming the property tax assessment method in the state. Dixon believed that the property tax review boards that were assigned by the county deliberately under-assessed property taxes and this, in turn, led to inadequately supported school districts and municipal services. He pushed through his reform bill that required local assessment boards be replaced by a three-person board, as World War II began at the end of his term, Dixon’s accomplishments only increased
29.
Governor of Arizona
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The Governor of Arizona is the head of the executive branch of Arizonas state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. Twenty-two people have served as governor over 26 distinct terms, one governor, Evan Mecham, was successfully impeached, and one, Fife Symington III, resigned upon being convicted of a felony. The longest-serving governor was Hunt, who was elected seven times, bolin had the shortest tenure, dying less than five months after succeeding as governor. Four governors were born in Arizona, Campbell, Sidney Preston Osborn, Rose Mofford. Arizona has had four governors, the most in the United States. The current Governor is Doug Ducey, who was elected on November 4,2014 and this proposed territory consisted of the part of New Mexico Territory south of 33°40 N. On April 2, they elected a governor, Lewis Owings, the provisional territory was to exist until such time as an official territory was created, but that proposal was rejected by the U. S. Congress at the time. On March 16,1861, soon before the American Civil War broke out, Lewis Owings remained as territorial governor. The Confederacy took ownership of the territory on August 1,1861, when led by Lieutenant Colonel John Baylor won decisive control of the territory. The territory was organized on February 14,1862, on March 20,1862, Baylor issued an order to kill all the adult Apache and take their children into slavery. When Confederate President Jefferson Davis learned of this order, he strongly disapproved and demanded an explanation. Baylor wrote a letter December 29,1862, to justify his decision, by that time, the government of Confederate Arizona was in exile in San Antonio, Texas, as the territory had been effectively lost to Union forces in July 1862, no new governor was appointed. For the period before Arizona Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of New Mexico Territory, Arizona Territory was formed on February 24,1863 from New Mexico Territory, remaining a territory for 49 years. On January 18,1867, the corner of the territory was transferred to the state of Nevada. The state of Arizona was admitted to the Union on February 14,1912, the state constitution of 1912 called for the election of a governor every two years. The term was increased to four years by a 1968 amendment, gubernatorial terms begin on the first Monday in the January following the election. Governors who have served the two term limit can run again after four years out of office. Arizona is one of seven states which does not have a lieutenant governor, instead, in the event of a vacancy in the office of governor, the Secretary of State, if elected, succeeds to the office
30.
Robert Taylor Jones
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Robert Taylor Jones was the sixth Governor of the U. S. state of Arizona and served from 1939 to 1941. Born in Rutledge, Tennessee, he was a civil engineer and he owned pharmacies in Phoenix and Tucson. He also owned the Jones Western Store in Phoenix and a ranch near Chandler. Prior to his governor, Jones served as a State Senator from Maricopa County in the 13th Arizona State Legislature during 1937-1938. Jones died in 1958 in Phoenix, Arizona, and is buried in Greenwood/Memory Lawn Mortuary & Cemetery in Phoenix, robert Taylor Jones at Find a Grave
31.
Governor of Arkansas
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The Governor of Arkansas is the head of the executive branch of Arkansass state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. The state has had 45 elected governors, as well as 10 acting governors who assumed powers and duties following the resignation or death of the governor, before becoming a state, Arkansas Territory had four governors appointed to it by the President of the United States. Orval Faubus served the longest term as governor, being elected six times to serve twelve years. Bill Clinton, elected five times over two terms, fell only one month short of twelve years. The current governor is Asa Hutchinson, who took office on January 13,2015 after his election on November 4,2014, for the period before Arkansas Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of Missouri Territory. Arkansaw Territory was split from Missouri Territory on July 4,1819 and it lost land twice, on November 15,1824, and May 6,1828, with the land being made unorganized territory both times, this land eventually became part of Oklahoma. As secretary of the territory from 1819 to 1829, Robert Crittenden served as acting governor whenever the governor was not in the state. This meant he was in fact the first person to perform the office of Governor of Arkansas Territory, Arkansas was admitted to the Union on June 15,1836. It seceded from the Union on May 6,1861, following the end of the American Civil War, it was part of the Fourth Military District. Arkansas was readmitted to the Union on June 22,1868, the first state constitution of 1836 established four-year terms for governors, which was lowered to two years in the 1874, and current, constitution. Amendment 63 to the Arkansas Constitution, passed in 1984, increased the terms of governor and lieutenant governor to four years. Governors were originally limited only to serving no more than eight out of twelve years. A referendum in 1992 limited governors to two terms and this led to some situations where the governorship changed hands in quick succession, due to senate terms ending or new senate presidents being elected. For example, after John Sebastian Little resigned in 1907, three senate presidents acted as governor before the elected governor took office. Should the president of the senate be similarly incapacitated, the next in line for the governorship was the speaker of the house of representatives. The 1864 constitution created the office of lieutenant governor who would act as president of the senate. The 1868 constitution maintained the position, but the 1874 constitution removed it, amendment 6 to the constitution, passed in 1914 but not recognized until 1925, recreated the office of lieutenant governor, who becomes governor in case of vacancy of the governors office. The governor and lieutenant governor are not elected on the same ticket, Arkansas was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only candidates from the Democratic party
32.
Carl Edward Bailey
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Carl Edward Bailey was the 31st Governor of Arkansas from 1937 to 1941. Bailey was born in Bernie in Stoddard County in southeastern Missouri and he attended public schools and graduated high school in Campbell, Missouri in 1912. Bailey hoped to attend the University of Missouri in Columbia, in 1915, he attended Chillicothe Business College, where he studied bookkeeping and accounting. Bailey worked for a time as a brakeman in Texas. He also served as deputy tax collector in Dunkin County, Missouri, in 1917, he moved to Weona in Poinsett County, Arkansas, and worked as a cashier in Weona, in nearby Trumann and later in Augusta, Arkansas. Bailey studied law and was admitted to the bar in Arkansas in 1923 and he served as a deputy prosecuting attorney in the Sixth Judicial District of Arkansas from 1927 to 1931. Bailey became an attorney and served in that position from 1931 to 1935. In 1934, he was elected to the post of Arkansas attorney general, in 1936, mobster Lucky Luciano was arrested in Hot Springs and offered Attorney General Bailey a $50,000 bribe if Bailey would not extradite him to New York. In 1936, Bailey was elected to the first of his two terms as governor, in the general election, Bailey handily defeated the Republican Osro Cobb, who had represented Montgomery County in the Arkansas House of Representatives from 1927 to 1930. Cobb waged a campaign, having stressed that he was born in Arkansas, whereas the Missouri-born Bailey was a northern man. Bailey received 156,852 votes to Cobbs 26,875 ballots, Cobb recalled that after the election, many persons called and visited and complainted that they thought a substantial number of votes for me had not been counted. This probably did happen, though to what extent no one can be sure and it also hurt the presidential campaign of my friend, Governor Alf M. Landon of Kansas. This reinforced my conviction that it was necessary for the rights of the minority party to be protected in elections through the appointment of precinct judges. After World War II, an act required Republican representation at all precincts. Without such a measure, it was speculated that Republicans could never have overcome the obstacles faced in an attempt to establish a two-party system in Arkansas. Baileys lieutenant governor was also named Bailey, the Bailey administration developed a library and retirement system and established the states first agricultural experiment station at Batesville. During his term, the Department of Public Welfare was founded, Bailey supported U. S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelts New Deal programs. During Baileys term, the Arkansas State Police was created and the first civil laws in the American South were enacted
33.
Governor of California
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The position was created in 1849, the year before California became a state. The current governor is Jerry Brown, a Democrat who was inaugurated January 3,2011, in October 2013, Jerry Brown surpassed Earl Warren for the longest cumulative period of time served as governor. Governors are elected by ballot and serve terms of four years. Governors take office on the first Monday after January 1 after their election, there are two methods available to remove a governor before the expiration of the gubernatorial term of office. Impeachment and removal by the legislature The governor can be impeached for misconduct in office by the State Assembly, recall by the voters Petitions signed by California state voters equal in number to 12% of the last vote for the office of governor can launch a gubernatorial recall election. The voters can vote on whether or not to recall the incumbent governor. If a majority of the voters in the vote to recall the governor. The 2003 California recall began with a drive that successfully forced sitting Democratic Governor Gray Davis into a special recall election. It marked the first time in the history of California that a governor faced a recall election and he was subsequently voted out of office, becoming the second governor in the history of the United States to be recalled after Lynn Frazier of North Dakota in 1921. He was replaced by Republican Arnold Schwarzenegger, the Lieutenant Governor of California is separately elected during the same election, not jointly as the running mate of the gubernatorial candidate. California has had a governor and a lieutenant governor of different parties 26 of the past 31 years, the lieutenant governor is also the President of the California State Senate. In practice, there is an agreement for the Lieutenant Governor not to perform more than perfunctory duties while the Governor is away from the state. This agreement was violated when Mike Curb was in office, as he signed several executive orders at odds with the Brown administration when Brown was out of the state. Court rulings have upheld the lieutenant governors right to perform the duties, peter Burnett had the longest post-governorship,44 years. He left office in 1851 and died in 1895, excluding governors who died in office, Robert Waterman had the shortest post-governorship. He died on April 12,1891, a three months and four days after the expiration of his term. Sworn in at the age of 30, J. Neely Johnson was the youngest governor from 1856 to 1858, sworn in at the age of 72, Jerry Brown became the oldest governor in 2011. Earl Warren was the governor to serve more than two consecutive terms in office
34.
Culbert Olson
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Culbert Levy Olson was an American lawyer and politician. A Democratic Party member, Olson was involved in Utah and California politics and was elected as the 29th governor of California from 1939 to 1943, Olson was born in Fillmore, Utah, the son of Delilah Cornelia and George Daniel Olson, on November 7,1876. Olsons mother was a suffragette and became the first female elected official in Utah, both his mother and father belonged to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. However, Culbert was unconvinced of the existence of God, becoming an atheist at the age of ten, Olsons change of beliefs distanced himself from his parents Mormon beliefs. He was also the first cousin of U. S, senator William H. King, and both were descendants of Edmund Rice, an early immigrant to Massachusetts Bay Colony. Leaving school at the age of 14, Olson worked briefly as an operator and in 1890, enrolled at Brigham Young University in Provo, studying law. Upon graduating at the age of 19 in 1895, Olson embarked on a career as a journalist with the Daily Ogden Standard, during the 1896 Presidential Election, Olson openly campaigned for Democratic candidate William Jennings Bryan. During his time in the capital, Olson attended law school at George Washington University, Olson moved back to Utah in 1901, settling in Salt Lake City to join a law practice. Building a reputation of defending trade unionists and political progressives, Olson was elected to the Utah State Senate in 1916. During his four years in the State Senate, Olson wrote and endorsed legislation to end child labor in the state, guarantee old age pensions, Olson declined to run again for the State Senate in the 1920 general election. Instead, Olson relocated to Los Angeles, California, beginning another law practice, Olson campaigned openly for Progressive Party candidate Robert La Follette in the 1924 Elections, and for Democrat Franklin Roosevelt in the 1932 Elections. In 1934, in the middle of the Great Depression, Olson ran as a Democrat for the California State Senate, while Sinclair lost the gubernatorial election to Republican Frank Merriam, Olson was elected to the State Senate that year. While in the California State Senate, the state legislature he was elected to. Seeing large business interests as a barrier to change, Olson wrote the Olson Oil Bill to cut down oil company monopolies in the state. With the open support of President Roosevelt, Olson ran for governor of California in the 1938 general elections against conservative Republican and he was the first Democrat to win the governorship since James Budds election in 1895, breaking the 40 year Republican dynasty over the governorship. Olson was inaugurated as Californias twenty-ninth executive on January 2,1939, Olson refused to say so help me God during his oath of office to state Supreme Court Justice William H. Waste. Olson remarked earlier to Justice Waste that God couldnt help me at all, instead, Olson said, I will affirm. Olsons tenure in the governorship began to a rocky start, Olson collapsed four days after his inauguration
35.
Governor of Colorado
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The Governor of the State of Colorado is the head of the executive branch of Colorados state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. Seven people served as governor of Colorado Territory over eight terms, since statehood, there have been 36 governors, serving 41 distinct terms. The longest-serving governors were Richard Dick Lamm and Roy Romer, who served twelve years over three terms. Thus, Peabody served only a few minutes as governor, the current governor is John Hickenlooper, who took office on January 11,2011. The self-proclaimed Provisional Government of the Territory of Jefferson was organized on November 7,1859, Jefferson Territory included all of present-day Colorado, but extended about 3 miles farther east,138 miles farther north, and about 50 miles farther west. The territory was never recognized by the government in the tumultuous days before the American Civil War. The Jefferson Territory had only one governor, Robert Williamson Steele and he proclaimed the territory dissolved on June 6,1861, several months after the official formation of the Colorado Territory, but only days after the arrival of its first governor. For the period before Colorado Territory was formed, see the lists of Governors of New Mexico Territory, Utah Territory, Kansas Territory, the State of Colorado was admitted to the Union on August 1,1876. To serve as governor, one must be at least 30 years old, be a citizen of the United States, and have been a resident of the state for at least two years prior to election. The state constitution of 1876 originally called for election of the governor two years, with their term beginning on the second Tuesday of the January following the election. An amendment passed in 1956, taking effect in 1959, increased terms to four years, originally, there was no term limit applied to the governor, a 1990 amendment allowed governors to succeed themselves only once. There is however no limit on the number of terms one may serve as long as one who has served the two term limit is out of office for four years. Should the office of governor become vacant, the lieutenant governor becomes governor, the lieutenant governor was elected separately from the governor until a 1968 amendment to the constitution made it so that they are elected on the same ticket. There are four living former governors of Colorado, the oldest being Roy Romer, the most recent death of a former governor was that of John David Vanderhoof, who died on September 19,2013
36.
Ralph Lawrence Carr
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Ralph Lawrence Carr was the 29th Governor of Colorado from 1939 to 1943. Born in Rosita in Custer County, Carr grew up in Cripple Creek in Teller County, graduated from Cripple Creek High School in 1905, and earned a law degree in 1912 from the University of Colorado. After more than a decade in private practice, he moved to Denver, in 1938, after running unopposed in the Republican primary, Carr was elected to a two-year term as governor of Colorado, defeating Democrat Teller Ammons, the incumbent governor. A conservative Republican, Carr was committed to fiscal restraint in state government, in July 1939, he joined 33 other governors is a statement calling for moral rearmament as a solution to the current economic crisis. In August he sent the Colorado national guard to quell violence between AFL-organized strikers and non-strikers at the Green Mountain Dam construction site, at the Republican National Convention in June 1940, Carr supported Wendell Willkie and seconded his nomination. In July 1942, the state Republican Convention nominated Carr unanimously for the U. S. Senate, facing the Democratic incumbent Edwin C. Johnson, a former isolationist who pledged unreserved support for FDR, Carr called for a return to the two-party system, preservation of constitutional rights and he lost the race narrowly in November, with 49. 2% of the vote to Johnsons 50. 2%. In September 1950, attempting a comeback, he won the Republican nomination for governor shortly before his death. One camp was Amache near Granada, Colorado, Carr took a unique position among Western governors, who adopted the popular anti-Japanese sentiment of period. They both supported internment of all Japanese, whatever heir citizenship, and objected to locating internment camps in their states. Carr, on the hand, opposed interning American citizens. Unlike his peers, Carr endorsed the federal governments program for non-citizens and agreed that Colorado should accept its share of the evacuees. He also underscored the broader context of war against several countries in order to downplay the struggle with Japan that could easily be seen as a racial conflict. On February 29, when he volunteered Colorado for housing Italian, German, many of the have been born here–are American citizens, with no connection or feeling of loyalty toward the customs and philosophies of Italy, Germany and Japan. I am not talking on behalf of Japanese, of Italians, but the Japanese are protected by the same Constitution that protects us. An American citizen of Japanese descent has the rights as any other citizen. If you harm them, you must first harm me, I was brought up in small towns where I knew the shame and dishonor of race hatred. I grew to despise it because it threatened the happiness of you and you and you, carrs advocacy for racial tolerance and for protection of the constitutional rights of the Japanese Americans are generally thought to have cost him his political career
37.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
38.
Governor of Connecticut
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The Governor of Connecticut is the elected head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The current governor is Dan Malloy, who took office on January 5,2011, Connecticut is among the few U. S. states that includes its colonial governors of Connecticut Colony in an unbroken list of chief executives spanning over 350 years to the present day. John Haynes became the first governor in 1639, the first incumbent after the Revolution, Jonathan Trumbull, is therefore numbered the sixteenth governor of Connecticut. For the period before independence, see the list of governors of Connecticut. Connecticut was one of the original Thirteen Colonies and was admitted as a state on January 9,1788, before it declared its independence, Connecticut was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain. Like most early states, Connecticut had claims to western areas and it maintained its Western Reserve until 1800, at which time it was reassigned to the Northwest Territory. There have been 68 governors of the state, serving 72 distinct spans in office, the longest terms in office were in the states early years, when four governors were elected to nine or more one-year terms. The shortest term was that of Hiram Bingham III, who served one day before resigning to take an elected seat in the U. S. Senate. Lowell P. Weicker, Jr. is noted for a third party win in American politics. The Governor of Connecticut is the head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The governor has a duty to enforce laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Connecticut General Assembly. Unusual among U. S. governors, the Governor of Connecticut has no power to pardon, the Governor of Connecticut is automatically a member of the states Bonding Commission. He is a member of the Board of Trustees of the University of Connecticut. The current Constitution of Connecticut, ratified in 1965, calls for a term for the governor. The previous constitution of 1818 originally had only a term for governor. The 1875 amendment also set the date of the term to its current date, before then. The constitution provides for the election of a lieutenant governor for the term as the governor. The two offices are elected on the ticket, this provision was added in 1962
39.
Raymond E. Baldwin
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Raymond Earl Baldwin was a United States Senator, the 72nd and 74th Governor of Connecticut. Baldwin, a conservative Republican, was elected governor of Connecticut in 1938 during a Republican landslide and he promised a balanced budget, government aid to private business, and lower taxes. He sharply cut the budget, producing a million dollars surplus. He was defeated for reelection in 1940, but was elected again in 1942 and 1944. He supervised a complex system of defense and statewide services on the homefront during the war. He planned a program to deal with the postwar reconversion of Connecticuts many warplane. He was elected to the Senate in the Republican landslide of 1946, as a spokesman for the small businesses of America, he compiled a conservative record in favor of less regulation, except for more regulation of labor unions through the Taft-Harley Act. Exhausted by the highly publicized controversy, Baldwin resigned from the Senate in December 1949 to become a state judge, Baldwin was born in 1903 in Rye, New York, the son of Sarah Emily and Lucian Earl Baldwin. He moved to Middletown, Connecticut, and attended public schools and he graduated from Wesleyan University in Middletown in 1916, and entered Yale University. However, upon the declaration of war, he enlisted in the United States Navy and he was assigned to officers training school and was commissioned an ensign in February 1918, and promoted to lieutenant in September 1918. He resigned from the Navy in August 1919 and returned to Yale Law School and he was admitted to the bar in 1921 and practiced in New Haven and Bridgeport. He married Edith Lindholm on June 29,1922, and they had three sons, Baldwin was prosecutor of the Stratford Town Court from 1927 to 1930, and was judge of that court from 1931 to 1933. He was a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives from 1931 to 1933 and he resumed the practice of law from 1933 to 1938, and was town chairman of Stratford from 1935 to 1937. Baldwin was Governor of Connecticut in 1939 and 1940, and the first governor to use the Governors Mansion located on Prospect Avenue in Hartford and he was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection to the office in 1940. Willkie had unofficially promised Baldwin the spot as his mate, but party leaders pressured Willikie to name Charles McNary instead. He was also a delegate in 1944 and 1948, again elected Governor in 1942 and 1944, Baldwin served until his resignation on December 27,1946. During his tenure, he eliminated the state deficit without raising taxes, initiated a program, created an inter-racial commission. Also instituted were a Connecticut Veterans Advisory and Reemployment Commission, and he was elected United States Senator as a Republican on November 5,1946, to fill the vacancy in the term ending January 3,1947, caused by the death of Francis T. Maloney
40.
Governor of Delaware
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The Governor of Delaware is the head of the executive branch of Delawares state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. There have been 70 people who have served as governor, over 73 distinct terms, additionally, Henry Molleston was elected, but died before he could take office. The shortest term is that of Dale E. Wolf, who served 18 days following his predecessors resignation, the current governor is John Carney, who took office on January 17,2017. For the period before independence, see the List of colonial governors of Pennsylvania, between 1681 and 1776, Delaware was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain, administered by colonial governors in Pennsylvania as the Lower Counties on Delaware. In 1776, soon after Delaware and the other Thirteen Colonies declared independence from Britain and it created the office of President of Delaware, a chief executive to be chosen by the legislature to serve a term of three years. The term was lengthened to four years by the 1831 constitution, the current constitution of 1897 allows governors to serve two terms. The 1776 constitution stated that if the presidency were vacant, the speaker of the council would be a vice-president. The offices of governor and lieutenant governor are elected at the same time, two have served as President of Pennsylvania. Four resigned to take other offices, three in the U. S. Congress and one to be President of Pennsylvania, all representatives and senators listed represented Delaware except where noted. As of January 2017, there are six former U. S. governors who are living at this time. The most recent death of a former U. S. governor of Delaware was that of David Buckson, the most recently serving U. S. governor of Delaware to die was Sherman W. Tribbitt, who died on August 14,2010. Delaware gubernatorial elections General Constitutions Specific Office of the Governor of Delaware
41.
Richard C. McMullen
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Richard Cann McMullen was an American manufacturer and politician from Wilmington, in New Castle County, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic Party, who served as Governor of Delaware, McMullen was born at Porters, near Glasgow, Delaware, son of James and Sarah Boulden McMullen. He worked as a hand to meet expenses while studying at Goldey Commercial College. He married Florence Hutchinson in 1895 and they had three children, Laura B, richard H. and Florence and were members of the Methodist Church. McMullen learned the tanning and leather business while working at the Mullin and Pierson Leather Plant, in 1917 he and two partners founded the Standard Kid Company and later became Vice President, then General Manager of the Allied Kid Company in Wilmington. These companies were tanneries and leading manufactures of leather products, after reluctantly agreeing to run, he was elected Governor of Delaware in 1936, defeating Republican Harry L. Cannon, and Isaac D. Short, a Republican running as an Independent. McMullen was the first Democratic Governor in 36 years and throughout his term was frustrated with his inability to replace his political opponents in state government. McMullen was again nominated as the Democratic Party candidate for Governor in 1940 and he died at Wilmington and is buried there in the Riverview Cemetery. Elections are held the first Tuesday after November 1, the Governor takes office the third Tuesday of January and has a four-year term. Clearing New Ground, The Life of John G. Townsend, Jr. Wilmington, Delaware, history of Delaware Through its Governors. Biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States 1789-1978, hall of Governors Portrait Gallery, Portrait courtesy of Historical and Cultural Affairs, Dover
42.
Governor of Florida
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The Governor of Florida is the head of the executive branch of Floridas state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. When Florida was first acquired by the United States, future president Andrew Jackson served as its military governor, Florida Territory was established in 1822, and five people served as governor over six distinct terms. The first territorial governor, William Pope Duval, served 12 years, since statehood in 1845 there have been 43 people who have served as governor, one of whom served two distinct terms. Three state governors have served two full terms, William D. Bloxham, in two stints, and Reubin Askew and Jeb Bush, who each served their terms consecutively. Bob Graham almost served two terms, as he resigned only three days left. The shortest term in office belongs to Wayne Mixson, who served three days following the resignation of his predecessor, Bob Graham, the current governor is Rick Scott, who took office on January 4,2011, following the 2010 election. He was re-elected in 2014, and his term began on January 6,2015. For a list of governors of Florida before it became a United States territory, spanish Florida was acquired from Spain in the Adams–Onís Treaty, which took effect July 10,1821. Florida Territory was organized on March 30,1822, combining East and West Florida, the State of Florida was admitted to the Union on March 3,1845. Following the end of the American Civil War, it was part of the Third Military District, Florida was readmitted to the Union on June 25,1868. The Florida Constitution of 1838 provided that a governor be elected four years. The secessionist constitution of 1861 would have reduced this to two years and removed the limit, but the state fell to the Union before the first election under that constitution. The rejected constitution of 1865 and the constitution of 1868 maintained the four-year term, though without the earlier term limit. The start of a term was set in 1885 at the first Tuesday after the first Monday in the January following the election, originally, the president of the state senate acted as governor should that office be vacant. The 1865 and 1868 constitutions created the office of lieutenant governor and this office was abolished in 1885, with the president of the senate again taking on that duty. The 1968 constitution recreated the office of lieutenant governor, who now becomes governor in the absence of the governor, the governor and lieutenant governor are elected on the same ticket. Florida was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only candidates from the Democratic and it elected three Republican governors following Reconstruction, but after the Democratic Party re-established control,90 years passed before voters chose another Republican. Fifteen of Floridas governors have served in offices, including one President of the United States
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Fred P. Cone
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Frederick Preston Cone was an American politician who served as the 27th Governor of Florida. Frederick Preston Cone was born in the Benton community of northern Columbia County, Florida to William Henry Cone and his father was a state senator prior to the American Civil War. He received his education at the Florida Agricultural College and Jasper Normal College, although he never received a law degree, in 1892 he passed the Florida bar exam and began a successful law practice in Lake City, Florida. In 1911 Cone and eight other prominent Lake Citians decided to open a bank, with $50,000 in capital, the Columbia County Bank opened in February,1912 and grew with the community. Cone retained his role on the board of directors until shortly before his death. The bank celebrated its centennial in 2012, Cone married his first wife, Ruby Scarborough, and the union bore one child in 1902, a daughter named Jessie. He wed again in 1930 to Mildred Victoria Thompson and he held membership in Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, Freemasonry, Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine and Rotary International. Cone began his career as Mayor of Lake City. He was elected to and served in the Florida Senate from 1907 to 1913, Cone was active in national politics, attending the 1924 and 1928 Democratic National Conventions as a delegate before chairing the Florida delegation in 1932. Cone was elected as Florida governor in November 1936 and was inaugurated on January 5,1937 and he had just turned 65, and he had problems with his health. Subsequent Governor Spessard Holland thought he was too old for the job and it was the height of the Great Depression in the United States, and Florida was suffering like every other state. At that time, Florida governors held little power, they were primarily figureheads for the state. The 1885 state constitution limited the governors power – a reaction to the bitter memories of the reconstruction era following the Civil War. The governor was just one of seven elected members, only the governor was limited to a single 4-year term. Political scientist V. O. Key, Jr. described politics in Florida as every man for himself, many state boards, commissions and departments answered to a specific cabinet member or to the legislature directly. The cabinet as a whole also decided many issues, veto, The use and threat of legislative veto was used to influence the contents of many bills, or to gain favors, which would be called in for important matters. Persuasion, Citizens and the press listened to the governor, who helped shape public opinion and citizens were encouraged to contact other elected officials, Cone was a fiscal conservative and a hands-off governor. He generally believed that the governor should not interfere in operation of state agencies or deliberations of the legislature, however, Cone did not hesitate to reject legislation he disliked, using the veto more than any prior governor
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Eurith D. Rivers
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Eurith Dickinson Ed Rivers was an American politician from Lanier County, Georgia. A Democrat, he was the 68th Governor of Georgia from 1937 to 1941, Eurith Dickinson Rivers was born on December 1,1895 in Center Point, Arkansas. He attended Young Harris College, and settled in Cairo, Rivers also obtained a law degree through La Salle Extension University. A Democrat, Rivers served as a Justice of the Peace, Cairo City Attorney and he later moved to Milltown to become editor of the Lanier County News. Rivers was elected to the Georgia House of Representatives in 1924, in 1928 and 1930 Rivers was an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic nomination for Governor. In 1932 he ran for the Georgia House of Representatives and he was elected Speaker, serving from 1933 to 1937. His election as governor came after a stormy Democratic primary in 1936 in which the race served as a referendum on President Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal. Since Georgia didnt allow three consecutive terms, Governor Eugene Talmadge was not eligible for re-election, Talmadge, who strongly opposed the New Deal and had delayed its implementation in Georgia, ran for the U. S. Senate and backed Charles D. Redwine for governor. Rivers, who as Speaker of the Georgia House of Representatives had strongly supported the New Deal, was his opponent, Rivers first two-year term as governor saw Georgia pass the legislation required to bring New Deal programs into the state, and was widely acclaimed. Rivers created the 7-month school year, under Rivers leadership, electrical services were expanded to rural areas of the state. Georgia moved from the state to the top of the list in the number of rural electrification associations. When he was in office, the State Bureau of Unemployment Compensation was created, after Rivers re-election in 1938, he ran into problems financing many of his improvement programs. Although the budget was reduced by 25 percent, he was able to convince the legislature to create the Georgia Housing Authority, during Rivers second term, there were political scandals and charges of corruption. Many of Rivers appointees and staff members were charged with corrupt practices, in 1939, Rivers proclaimed a state holiday for the December premiere of the film Gone With the Wind. Rivers sought the governorship again in 1946 but finished a distant third behind Eugene Talmadge, Rivers was never again elected to public office. He became a radio station owner. He died in Atlanta, Georgia in 1967 and is buried in the City Cemetery in Lakeland, list of Governors of Georgia Eurith D
45.
Governor of Idaho
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The Governor of Idaho is the head of the executive branch of Idahos state government and commander-in-chief of the states military forces. The governor has the duty to see state laws are executed, Idaho Territory had 16 territorial governors appointed by the President of the United States from the territorys organization in 1863 until the formation of the state of Idaho in 1890. Four of these never took office, resigning before reaching the territory, thirty individuals have held the office of governor of Idaho since the states admission to the Union in 1890, two of whom—C. A. Bottolfsen and Cecil D. Andrus—served non-consecutive terms, the states first governor, George Laird Shoup, had the shortest term of three months, and Cecil D. Andrus served as governor the longest at 14 years. Four governors resigned, but none has died while in office, there have been 20 Republican and 12 Democratic governors. The current governor is C. L. Butch Otter, who took office on January 1,2007, Idaho Territory was created from Dakota Territory, Nebraska Territory, and Washington Territory on March 4,1863. Initially, the territory included all of modern-day Idaho and Montana, on May 26,1864, Montana Territory was split from Idaho Territory, and most of the Wyoming portion was reassigned to Dakota Territory. The portion east of the 111th meridian was split off as part of the new Wyoming Territory on July 25,1868, giving Idaho Territory its final borders. Due to the distance between Washington, D. C. and Boise, there was often a lengthy gap between a governor being appointed and his arrival in the territory, four resigned before even arriving. Idaho was admitted to the Union on July 3,1890, since then, the state has had 30 governors, two of whom served non-consecutive terms. The terms for governor and lieutenant governor are four years, commencing on the first Monday in the January following the election, prior to 1946, the offices were elected to terms of two years. If the office of governor is vacant or the governor is out of state or unable to discharge his duties, after the change to four-year terms, self-succession was not initially allowed, newly elected Governor Robert E. There is no limit to the number of terms a governor may serve, Democratic Republican Sixteen of Idahos governors have served higher federal offices or as governors of other states. Nine have served in the U. S. Senate, eight of those representing Idaho, and three have served in the U. S. House, one representing Idaho, one New York, and one the territories of Idaho and Washington. Idaho shares a governor with Arizona Territory, and one was appointed to Washington Territory, Secretaries of the Interior, and one served as ambassador to the Ottoman Empire. Six governors resigned to take a new office, including both territorial delegates, both Secretaries of the Interior, and two senators, in addition, two people who were appointed governor of Idaho Territory but never took office held other high offices. Gilman Marston, appointed governor in 1870, was a representative and senator from New Hampshire, all representatives and senators mentioned represented Idaho except where noted. There are four living former governors of Idaho, the oldest being Phil Batt, the most recent death of a former governor was that of John V. Evans, at age 89 on July 8,2014
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