1.
1944
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Below, events of World War II have the WWII prefix. January 2 – WWII, Free French General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny is appointed to command French Army B, Landing at Saidor,13,000 US and Australian troops land on Papua New Guinea in an attempt to cut off a Japanese retreat. January 8 – WWII, Philippine Commonwealth troops enter the province of Ilocos Sur in northern Luzon, january 11 President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt proposes a Second Bill of Rights for social and economic security in his State of the Union address. Nazi German administration expanded Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp into larger and standalone Konzentrationslager Plaszow bei Krakau, january 12 – Winston Churchill and Charles de Gaulle begin a 2-day wartime conference in Marrakech. Fifth Army commanded by Lieutenant-General Mark W. Clark arrive on the River Garigliano, the French Expeditionary Corps under command of General Alphonse Juin moves into the mountains north of Monte Cassino. January 14 – WWII, Soviet troops start the offensive at Leningrad, january 15 WWII, The 27th Polish Home Army Infantry Division is re-created, marking the start of Operation Tempest by the Polish Home Army. 1944 San Juan earthquake, An earthquake hits San Juan, Argentina, january 17 – WWII, British forces in Italy cross the Garigliano river. The Battle of Monte Cassino begins in Italy, the Soviet Union ceases production of the Mosin–Nagant 1891/30 sniper rifle. January 20 – WWII, The Royal Air Force drops 2,300 tons of bombs on Berlin, the United States 36th Infantry Division, in Italy, attempts to cross the Rapido River. January 22 – WWII, Operation Shingle, The Allies begin the assault on Anzio, the U. S. 45th Infantry Division stand their ground at Anzio against violent assaults for 4 months. January 27 – WWII, The 2-year Siege of Leningrad is lifted, january 29 – WWII, Koniuchy massacre, Soviet and Jewish partisans kill at least 38 villagers in Koniuchy, Poland. Light cruiser HMS Spartan is sunk by a Henschel Hs 293 guided missile from a German aircraft off Anzio, western Italy, january 30 – WWII, The Battle of Cisterna opens as United States Army Rangers attempt to break out of the Anzio beachhead. United States troops invade Majuro, Marshall Islands, january 31 – WWII, Battle of Kwajalein, American forces land on Kwajalein Atoll and other islands in the Japanese-held Marshall Islands. February 1 – WWII, Pacific War – United States troops land in the Marshall Islands, february 2 – The first issue of Human Events is published in Washington, D. C. February 3 – WWII, United States troops capture the Marshall Islands, february 7 – WWII, At Anzio, German forces launch a counteroffensive. February 8 – WWII,2,765 drown when USS Snook torpedoes Lima Maru,2,670 drown when HMS Sportsman torpedoes Petrella. February 14 – WWII, An anti-Japanese revolt breaks out on Java, february 15 – WWII – Battle of Monte Cassino, The monastery atop Monte Cassino is destroyed by Allied bombing. February 17 – WWII, Pacific War – The Battle of Eniwetok begins when U. S. forces invade the atoll in the Marshall Islands, february 18 – WWII, HMS Penelope torpedoed by the German U-boat
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
1942 in the United States
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Events from the year 1942 in the United States. WWII, The United States and Philippines troops fight the Battle of Bataan, january 10 – WWII, The last German air-raid on Liverpool destroys the home of William Patrick Hitler, Adolf Hitlers nephew. After his house is destroyed, William Hitler goes to the USA, january 19 – WWII, Japanese forces invade Burma. The United States VIII Bomber Command, later to become the Eighth Air Force, is established in Savannah, january 25 – WWII, Thailand declares war on the United States and United Kingdom. January 26 – WWII, The first American forces arrive in Europe, February 2 – WWII, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs an executive order directing the internment of Japanese Americans and the seizure of their property. February 8 WWII, Top United States military leaders hold their first formal meeting to discuss American military strategy in the war, daylight saving time goes into effect in the United States. February 9 – WWII, The ocean liner SS Normandie catches fire while being converted into the troopship USS Lafayette at pier 88 in New York City, in the early hours of February 10 she capsizes. February 18 – WWII, More than 200 American sailors die in Newfoundland when the USS Truxtun runs aground near Chambers Cove, February 19 – President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs executive order 9066 allowing the United States military to define areas as exclusionary zones. These zones affect the Japanese on the West Coast, and Germans and Italians primarily on the East Coast, February 20 – Lieutenant Edward OHare becomes Americas first World War II flying ace. February 22 – WWII, President Franklin D. Roosevelt orders General Douglas MacArthur out of the Philippines as American defense of the nation collapses. February 23 – WWII, The Japanese submarine I-17 fires 17 high-explosive shells toward an oil refinery near Santa Barbara, California, February 24 – The Voice of America begins broadcasting. February 25 – Battle of Los Angeles, Over 1,400 AA shells are fired at an unidentified, the appearance of the object triggers an immediate wartime blackout over most of Southern California, with thousands of air raid wardens being deployed throughout the city. In total there are 6 deaths, despite the several hour barrage no planes are downed. February 26 – The 14th Academy Awards ceremony is held in Los Angeles, march – Construction begins on the Badger Army Ammunition Plant. March 9 – WWII, Executive order 9082 reorganizes the United States Army into three commands, Army Ground Forces, Army Air Forces, and Services of Supply. April 3 – WWII, Japanese forces begin an assault on the United States. May 6 – WWII, On Corregidor, the last American, may 14 – Aaron Coplands Lincoln Portrait is performed for the first time by the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra. May 15 – WWII, In the United States, a bill creating the Womens Auxiliary Army Corps is signed into law, may 20 – The first African-American seamen are taken into the United States Navy
4.
1943 in the United States
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Events from the year 1943 in the United States. January 11 – The United States and United Kingdom give up rights in China. January 14 – The Casablanca Conference, where Franklin D. Roosevelt becomes the first President of the United States to travel by airplane while in office, january 15 – The worlds largest office building, The Pentagon, is dedicated in Arlington, Virginia. January 23 Duke Ellington plays at New York Citys Carnegie Hall for the first time, critic and commentator Alexander Woollcott suffers an eventually fatal heart attack during a regular broadcast of the CBS Radio roundtable program Peoples Platform. February 3 – The legendary Four Chaplains of the U. S. Army are drowned, february 5 – Howard Hughess Western The Outlaw, starring Jane Russell, is released for a week prior to Motion Picture Production Code censors requiring its withdrawal from distribution. February 7 – WWII, It is announced that shoe rationing will go into effect in the US in two days, february 8 – WWII – Battle of Guadalcanal, United States forces defeat Japanese troops. February 11 – General Dwight D. Eisenhower is selected to command the Allied armies in Europe, february 20 – American movie studio executives agree to allow the Office of War Information to censor movies. February 27 – The Smith Mine #3 in Bearcreek, Montana, explodes, March 2 – WWII, Battle of the Bismarck Sea – United States and Australian forces sink Japanese convoy ships. March 4 – The 15th Academy Awards ceremony is held in Los Angeles, March 8 – WWII, American forces are attacked by Japanese troops on Hill 700 in Bougainville, in a battle that lasts five days. March 13 – WWII, On Bougainville, Japanese troops end their assault on American forces at Hill 700. March 26 – WWII – Battle of the Komandorski Islands, In the Aleutian Islands, March 31 – Rodgers and Hammersteins Oklahoma. Opens on Broadway, heralds a new era in integrated stage musicals, becomes a stage classic. April 13 – The Jefferson Memorial is dedicated on the 200th anniversary of Thomas Jeffersons birthday, the bronze statue is added in 1947. April 27 – The U. S. Federal Writers Project is shuttered, may 11 – WWII, American troops invade Attu in the Aleutian Islands, in an attempt to expel occupying Japanese forces. May 12 – The Trident Conference begins in Washington, D. C. with Franklin D. Roosevelt, may 17 The United States Army contracts with the University of Pennsylvanias Moore School to develop the computer ENIAC. The Memphis Belle becomes the first airplane in the 8th Air Force to complete a 25-mission tour of duty, may 19 – Winston Churchill addresses a joint session of the U. S. Congress. May 31 – The Zoot Suit Riots erupt between military personnel and Mexican American youths in East Los Angeles, june 22 – The U. S. Army 45th Infantry Division lands in North Africa, prior to training at Arzew, French Morocco. July 6 – WWII, Americans and Japanese fight the Battle of Kula Gulf off Kolombangara, July 11 – United States Army forces assault the village of Piano Lupo, just outside Gela, Sicily
5.
1945 in the United States
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Events from the year 1945 in the United States. World War II ended during this year following the surrender of Germany in May, January 20 – Franklin D. Roosevelt is inaugurated to an unprecedented 4th term as President of the United States. No president before, or since, has reached a third term in office. January 30 – Raid at Cabanatuan,121 American soldiers and 800 Filipino guerrillas free 813 American POWs from the Japanese-held camp at Cabanatuan City, Philippines. January 31 – Eddie Slovik is executed by firing squad for desertion, the first American soldier since the American Civil War, and last to date to be executed for this offense. February 2 – WW II, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, february 3 – United States forces capture Manila, Philippines from the Japanese Imperial Army. February 4 – WW II, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Winston Churchill, february 7 – WW II, General Douglas MacArthur returns to Manila. February 16 Combined American and Filipino forces recapture the Bataan Peninsula, American and Filipino ground forces land on Corregidor Island in the Philippines. February 19 – WW II – Battle of Iwo Jima, About 30,000 United States Marines land on Iwo Jima, february 23 The American and Filipino troops enter Intramuros, Manila. The capital of the Philippines, Manila, is liberated by combined American, Battle of Iwo Jima, A group of United States Marines reach the top of Mount Suribachi on the island and are photographed raising the American flag. The photo, Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima, later wins a Pulitzer Prize, march 1 – United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt gives what will be his last address to a joint session of Congress, reporting on the Yalta Conference. March 2 – Former U. S. Vice-President Henry Agard Wallace starts his term of office as U. S. Secretary of Commerce, march 3 – WW II, United States and Filipino troops take Manila, Philippines. March 7 – WW II, American troops seize the bridge over the Rhine River at Remagen, Germany, march 15 – The 17th Academy Awards ceremony is held, broadcast via radio for the first time. Best Picture goes to Going My Way, march 19 – WW II, Off the coast of Japan, bombers hit the aircraft carrier USS Franklin, killing about 800 of her crewmen and crippling the ship. April 1 – WW II – Battle of Okinawa, United States troops land on Okinawa, april 4 – WW II, American troops liberate their first Nazi concentration camp, Ohrdruf death camp in Germany. April 7 – The only flight of the German ramming unit known as the Sonderkommando Elbe takes place, resulting in the loss of some 24 B-17s and B-24s of the United States Eighth Air Force. April 12 – President Franklin D. Roosevelt dies suddenly at Warm Springs, Georgia, april 18 – the American war correspondent Ernie Pyle is killed by Japanese machine gun fire on the island of Ie Shima off Okinawa. April 19 – Rodgers and Hammersteins Carousel, a play based on Ferenc Molnárs Liliom, opens on Broadway
6.
1946 in the United States
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Events from the year 1946 in the United States. Senator Dennis Chávez calls for a vote on an Fair Employment Practice Committee bill which calls for an end to discrimination in the workplace, a filibuster prevents it from passing. January 25 – The United Mine Workers rejoins the American Federation of Labor, january 29 – The Central Intelligence Group is established. February 14 – ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic computer, is unveiled at the University of Pennsylvania, february 28 – In Philadelphia, General Electric strikers and police clash. March 5 – In his speech at Westminster College, in Fulton, Missouri, march 6 – Vietnam War, Ho Chi Minh signs an agreement with France which recognizes Vietnam as an autonomous state in the Indochinese Federation and the French Union. March 7 – The 18th Academy Awards ceremony is held, march 21 – The Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League, newly relocated from Cleveland, sign Kenny Washington, making him the first African American player in the league since 1933. March 24 – BBC Home Service radio in the United Kingdom broadcasts Alistair Cookes first American Letter, as Letter from America, this programme will continue until a few weeks before Cookes death in 2004. April 1 – A 14-meter high tsunami strikes Hilo and Laupāhoehoe on the Big Island of Hawaii,173 are killed, april 18 – The United States recognizes Josip Broz Titos government in Yugoslavia. April 23 The Eastern Pennsylvania Basketball League is founded, howard Hughess Western movie The Outlaw, starring Jane Russell, goes on general release. June 6 – The Basketball Association of America is formed in New York City, june 17 A tornado on the Detroit River kills 17. Laurence Oliviers Henry V opens in the United States nearly 2 years after its release in England and it is the first Shakespeare film in color, and critics hail it as the finest film of a Shakespeare play ever made. July 4 – The Philippines is granted independence by the United States, july 7 – Mother Frances Xavier Cabrini becomes the first American to be canonized by the Roman Catholic Church. July 14 – Benjamin Spocks influential The Common Sense Book of Baby, at Club 500 in Atlantic City, New Jersey, Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis stage their first show as a comedy team. 1946 Georgia lynching, In the last mass lynching in the United States, august 1 – President Harry Truman signs the Atomic Energy Act of 1946, which establishes the United States Atomic Energy Commission. September 15 – DuMont Television Network begins broadcasting regularly, october 16 – The United Nations first meeting in Long Island is held. November 1 – The New York Knicks play against the Toronto Huskies at the Maple Leaf Gardens, november 6 – Senate and House elections in the United States both give majorities to the Republicans. November 12 – In Chicago, a branch of the Exchange National Bank opens the first 10 drive-up teller windows, december 7 – A fire at the Winecoff Hotel in Atlanta, United States kills 119. December 20 – Frank Capras Its a Wonderful Life, featuring James Stewart, Donna Reed, Lionel Barrymore, Henry Travers, december 22 – The Havana Conference begins between U. S. organized crime bosses in Havana, Cuba
7.
Flag of the United States
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The flag of the United States, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. S. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, the current design of the U. S. flag is its 27th, the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777. The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4,1959, the 50-star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21,1959, and was adopted in July 1960. It is the version of the U. S. flag and has been in use for over 56 years. At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, the flag contemporaneously known as the Continental Colors has historically been referred to as the first national flag. The name Grand Union was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the American flag, the flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era, and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design. Both flags could have been constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign. However, an East India Company flag could have nine to 13 stripes. In any case, both the stripes and the stars have precedents in classical heraldry, Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment. The first official U. S. flag flown during battle was on August 3,1777, Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler. A voucher is extant that Capt. Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag, the 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign. In the late 18th century, the notion of a flag did not yet exist. The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee, on May 10,1779, Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States. However, the term, Standard, referred to a standard for the Army of the United States. Each regiment was to carry the standard in addition to its regimental standard. The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag, the appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows, one arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle, the so-called Betsy Ross flag
8.
Timeline of United States history
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This is a timeline of United States history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political and economic events in the United States and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of the United States, some dates before September 14,1752, when the British government adopted the Gregorian calendar, may be given in the Old Style
9.
Federal government of the United States
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The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms
10.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
11.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
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Franklin Delano Roosevelt, commonly known as FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. A Democrat, he won a record four presidential elections and emerged as a figure in world events during the mid-20th century. He directed the United States government during most of the Great Depression and he is often rated by scholars as one of the three greatest U. S. Presidents, along with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. Roosevelt was born in 1882 to an old, prominent Dutch family from Dutchess County and he attended the elite educational institutions of Groton School, Harvard College, and Columbia Law School. At age 23 in 1905, he married Eleanor Roosevelt, and he entered politics in 1910, serving in the New York State Senate, and then as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President Woodrow Wilson. In 1920, Roosevelt was presidential candidate James M. Coxs running mate and he was in office from 1929 to 1933 and served as a reform governor, promoting the enactment of programs to combat the depression besetting the United States at the time. In the 1932 presidential election, Roosevelt defeated incumbent Republican president Herbert Hoover in a landslide to win the presidency, Roosevelt took office while in the United States was in the midst of the worst economic crisis in its history. Energized by his victory over polio, FDR relied on his persistent optimism and activism to renew the national spirit. He created numerous programs to support the unemployed and farmers, and to labor union growth while more closely regulating business. His support for the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 added to his popularity, the economy improved rapidly from 1933–37, but then relapsed into a deep recession in 1937–38. The bipartisan Conservative Coalition that formed in 1937 prevented his packing the Supreme Court, when the war began and unemployment ended, conservatives in Congress repealed the two major relief programs, the WPA and CCC. However, they kept most of the regulations on business, along with several smaller programs, major surviving programs include the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Wagner Act, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and Social Security. His goal was to make America the Arsenal of Democracy, which would supply munitions to the Allies, in March 1941, Roosevelt, with Congressional approval, provided Lend-Lease aid to Britain and China. He supervised the mobilization of the U. S. economy to support the war effort, as an active military leader, Roosevelt implemented a war strategy on two fronts that ended in the defeat of the Axis Powers and initiate the development of the worlds first atomic bomb. His work also influenced the creation of the United Nations. Roosevelts physical health declined during the war years, and he died 11 weeks into his fourth term. One of the oldest Dutch families in New York State, the Roosevelts distinguished themselves in other than politics. One ancestor, Isaac Roosevelt, had served with the New York militia during the American Revolution, Roosevelt attended events of the New York society Sons of the American Revolution, and joined the organization while he was president
12.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
13.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
14.
Vice President of the United States
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The executive power of both the vice president and the president is granted under Article Two, Section One of the Constitution. The vice president is elected, together with the president. The Office of the Vice President of the United States assists, as the president of the United States Senate, the vice president votes only when it is necessary to break a tie. Additionally, pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment, the president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College. Currently, the president is usually seen as an integral part of a presidents administration. The Constitution does not expressly assign the office to any one branch, causing a dispute among scholars whether it belongs to the executive branch, the legislative branch, or both. The modern view of the president as a member of the executive branch is due in part to the assignment of executive duties to the vice president by either the president or Congress. Mike Pence of Indiana is the 48th and current vice president and he assumed office on January 20,2017. The formation of the office of vice president resulted directly from the compromise reached at the Philadelphia Convention which created the Electoral College, the delegates at Philadelphia agreed that each state would receive a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that states allocation of Representatives and Senators. The delegates assumed that electors would typically choose to favor any candidate from their state over candidates from other states, under a plurality election process, this would tend to result in electing candidates solely from the largest states. Consequently, the delegates agreed that presidents must be elected by a majority of the number of electors. To guard against such stratagems, the Philadelphia delegates specified that the first runner-up presidential candidate would become vice president, the process for selecting the vice president was later modified in the Twelfth Amendment. Each elector still receives two votes, but now one of those votes is for president, while the other is for vice president. The requirement that one of those votes be cast for a candidate not from the electors own state remains in effect. S, other statutorily granted roles include membership of both the National Security Council and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. As President of the Senate, the president has two primary duties, to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over. For example, in the first half of 2001, the Senators were divided 50-50 between Republicans and Democrats and Dick Cheneys tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority, as President of the Senate, the vice president oversees procedural matters and may cast a tie-breaking vote. As President of the Senate, John Adams cast 29 tie-breaking votes that was surpassed by John C. Calhoun with 31. Adamss votes protected the presidents sole authority over the removal of appointees, influenced the location of the national capital, on at least one occasion Adams persuaded senators to vote against legislation he opposed, and he frequently addressed the Senate on procedural and policy matters
15.
Henry A. Wallace
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Henry Agard Wallace was the 33rd Vice President of the United States, the Secretary of Agriculture, and the Secretary of Commerce. Wallace was a supporter of New Deal liberalism, and softer policies towards the Soviet Union. He won 2. 4% of the vote and no electoral votes. The Wallace family was of Scots-Irish Presbyterian heritage and had emigrated from Ulster to Pennsylvania. Henry Agard Wallaces grandfather, Henry Wallace or Uncle Henry, was a former Presbyterian minister who preached the social gospel and he viewed it as his life mission to serve God by helping his fellow farmers. Henry Agard was born on October 7,1888, at a farm near the village of Orient, Iowa, in Adair County, Wallaces mother, née May Brodhead, was deeply religious. She had been to college and was trained in music and art, may Wallace shared her love of plants with her son while he was still a boy, teaching him to cross-breed pansies. As a boy, Wallace accompanied Carver on nature walks, identifying the botanical structures of wild flowers, Carver left for Tuskegee when Wallace was eight, but his influence on Wallace was deep and lasting. By the age of ten, Wallace was experimenting with plant breeding in his own plot and he also developed a keen interest in math and statistics. Wallaces experiments proved that there was no relationship between yield and appearance, where plant hybridity had traditionally been viewed negatively as mongrelization signaling decline, Wallaces work introduced the concept of hybrid vigor. Wallace attended Iowa State College in Ames, Iowa, graduating in 1910 with a degree in animal husbandry. During his time at Iowa State, Wallace was a member of the Delta Tau Delta fraternity and he worked on the editorial staff of the family-owned paper Wallaces Farmer in Des Moines from 1910 to 1924, and took the role of chief editor from 1924 to 1929. Wallace experimented with breeding high-yielding hybrid corn, and wrote a number of publications on agriculture, in 1915, he devised the first corn-hog ratio charts indicating the probable course of markets. Snedecor invited Wallace to teach a course on least squares. It was Wallace, more than any individual, who introduced econometrics to the field of agriculture. In 1914, Wallace married Ilo Browne, and in 1926, with the help of an inheritance that had been left to her, he founded the Hi-Bred Corn Company. The company later became Pioneer Hi-Bred, a major agriculture corporation and it was acquired in 1999 by the DuPont Corporation for approximately $10 billion. Wallace was raised as a Presbyterian and remained a devout Christian all his life, in college, however, he became increasingly dissatisfied with organized religion after reading William James The Varieties of Religious Experience
16.
Iowa
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Iowa is a U. S. state in the Midwestern United States, bordered by the Mississippi River on the east and the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River on the west. Surrounding states include Wisconsin and Illinois to the east, Missouri to the south, Nebraska and South Dakota to the west, in colonial times, Iowa was a part of French Louisiana and Spanish Louisiana, its state flag is patterned after the flag of France. After the Louisiana Purchase, people laid the foundation for an economy in the heart of the Corn Belt. Iowa is the 26th most extensive in area and the 30th most populous of the 50 United States. Its capital and largest city by population is Des Moines, Iowa has been listed as one of the safest states in which to live. Its nickname is the Hawkeye State, Iowa derives its name from the Ioway people, one of the many Native American tribes that occupied the state at the time of European exploration. Iowa is bordered by the Mississippi River on the east, the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River on the west, Iowa is the only state whose east and west borders are formed entirely by rivers. Iowa has 99 counties, but 100 county seats because Lee County has two, the state capital, Des Moines, is in Polk County. Iowas bedrock geology generally increases in age from west to east, in northwest Iowa, Cretaceous bedrock can be 74 million years old, in eastern Iowa Cambrian bedrock dates to c.500 million years ago. Iowa is generally not flat, most of the consists of rolling hills. Iowa can be divided into eight landforms based on glaciation, soils, topography, Loess hills lie along the western border of the state, some of which are several hundred feet thick. Northeast Iowa along the Mississippi River is part of the Driftless Zone, consisting of steep hills, several natural lakes exist, most notably Spirit Lake, West Okoboji Lake, and East Okoboji Lake in northwest Iowa. To the east lies Clear Lake, man-made lakes include Lake Odessa, Saylorville Lake, Lake Red Rock, Coralville Lake, Lake MacBride, and Rathbun Lake. The states northwest area has remnants of the once common wetlands. Iowas natural vegetation is tallgrass prairie and savanna in areas, with dense forest and wetlands in flood plains and protected river valleys. Most of Iowa is used for agriculture, crops cover 60% of the state, grasslands cover 30%, as of 2005 Iowa ranked 49th of U. S. states in public land holdings. Endangered or threatened plants include western prairie fringed orchid, eastern prairie fringed orchid, Meads milkweed, prairie bush clover, the explosion in the number of high-density livestock facilities in Iowa has led to increased rural water contamination and a decline in air quality. Iowa has a continental climate throughout the state
17.
Chief Justice of the United States
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The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the United States federal court system and the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. The Chief Justice is one of nine Supreme Court justices, the eight are the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. From 1789 until 1866, the office was known as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice also serves as a spokesperson for the judicial branch. The Chief Justice leads the business of the Supreme Court and presides over oral arguments, when the court renders an opinion, the Chief Justice—when in the majority—decides who writes the courts opinion. The Chief Justice also has significant agenda-setting power over the courts meetings, in the case of an impeachment of a President of the United States, which has occurred twice, the Chief Justice presides over the trial in the Senate. In modern tradition, the Chief Justice also has the duty of administering the oath of office of the President of the United States. The first Chief Justice was John Jay, the 17th and current Chief Justice is John G. Roberts, Jr. The office was known as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and is still informally referred to using that title. However,28 U. S. C. §1 specifies that the title is Chief Justice of the United States, the title was changed from Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by Congress in 1866 at the suggestion of the sixth Chief Justice, Salmon P. Chase. Chase wished to emphasize the Supreme Courts role as a branch of government. The first Chief Justice commissioned using the new title was Melville Fuller in 1888, use of the previous title when referring to Chief Justices John Jay through Roger B. Taney is technically correct, as that was the title during their time on the court. The other eight members of the court are officially Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, the Chief Justice is the only member of the court to whom the Constitution refers as a Justice, and only in Article I. Article III of the Constitution refers to all members of the Supreme Court simply as Judges, the Chief Justice is nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed to sit on the Court by the United States Senate. The salary of the Chief Justice is set by Congress, the Constitution prohibits Congress from lowering the salary of any judge, including the Chief Justice, while that judge holds office. As of 2015, the salary is $258,100 per year, which is higher than that of the Associate Justices. Three serving Associate Justices have received promotions to Chief Justice, Edward Douglass White in 1910, Harlan Fiske Stone in 1941, Associate Justice Abe Fortas was nominated to the position of Chief Justice of the United States, but his nomination was filibustered by Senate Republicans in 1968. Despite the failed nomination, Fortas remained an Associate Justice until his resignation the following year, there have been 21 individuals nominated for Chief Justice, of whom 17 have been confirmed by the Senate, although a different 17 have served
18.
Harlan F. Stone
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Harlan Fiske Stone was an American political figure, lawyer, and jurist. A native of New Hampshire, he served as the dean of Columbia Law School, his alma mater, in the early 20th century. As a member of the Republican Party, he was appointed as the 52nd Attorney General of the United States before becoming an Associate Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court in 1925. In 1941, Stone became the 12th Chief Justice of the United States, Stone was the first Chief Justice not to have served in elected office. His most famous dictum was, Courts are not the only agency of government that must be assumed to have capacity to govern, Harlan Fiske Stone was born in Chesterfield, New Hampshire, to Fred Lauson Stone and his wife, Ann Sophia Stone. He prepared at Amherst High School, and graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Amherst College in 1894, from 1894 to 1895, he was the submaster of Newburyport High School. From 1895 to 1896 he was an instructor in history at Adelphi Academy in Brooklyn, Stone attended Columbia Law School from 1895 to 1898, received an LL. B. and was admitted to the New York bar in 1898. Stone practiced law in New York City, initially as a member of the firm Satterlee, Canfield & Stone, from 1899 to 1902 he lectured on law at Columbia Law School. He was a professor there from 1902 to 1905 and eventually served as the dean from 1910 to 1923. He lived in The Colosseum, an apartment building near campus, the Board was charged with determining the sincerity of each mans principles, but often devoted only a few minutes to interrogation and rendering a decision. Stone was impatient with men who took advantage of the benefits of life in America–using postage stamps was his example–without accepting the burdens of citizenship. In a majority of cases, the Boards subjects either relinquished their claims or were judged insincere. refused to yield to the opinions of others or to force. At the end of the war, he criticized Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer for his attempts to deport aliens based on administrative action without allowing for any review of their cases. During this time Stone also defended free speech claims for professors, Columbia soon became a center of a new school of jurisprudence, legal realism. Legal realists rejected formalism and static legal rules, instead, they searched for the experiential, although Dean Stone encouraged the realists, he was condemned by Columbia President Nicholas Murray Butler as an intellectual conservative who had let legal education at Columbia fall into the ruts. He received a higher salary and headed the firms litigation department. In full‑time private practice for only a time, Stone was considered a hard‑working, solid sort of person, willing on occasion to champion the rights of mankind. These scandals had besmirched Hardings Attorney General, Harry M. Daugherty, in one of his first acts as Attorney General, Stone fired Daughertys cronies in the Department of Justice and replaced them with men of integrity
19.
Sam Rayburn
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He represented Texas 4th congressional district as a Democrat from 1913 to 1961. Rayburn was born in Roane County, Tennessee, on January 6,1882,24 days before Franklin D. Roosevelt and he was the son of Martha Clementine and William Marion Rayburn. In 1887 the Rayburn family moved to a farm near Windom. Rayburn graduated from East Texas Normal College in Commerce and became a schoolteacher and he won election to the Texas House of Representatives, beginning his first term in 1907. He attended the University of Texas School of Law while a state representative, during his third two-year term in the Texas House, he was elected Speaker of the House at the age of twenty-nine. The next year, he won election to the United States House of Representatives in District 4 and he entered Congress in 1913 at the beginning of Woodrow Wilsons presidency and served in office for almost 49 years, until the beginning of John F. Kennedys presidency. For the next 21 years, Rayburn was the leader of the House Democrats and his career as Speaker was interrupted twice, 1947–1949 and 1953–1955, when Republicans controlled the House. During those periods of Republican rule, Rayburn served as Minority Leader, martin Jr. of Massachusetts, actually a close personal friend of Rayburns. Rayburn was instrumental to Lyndon Johnsons ascent to power, particularly his rapid rise to the position of Minority Leader, Johnson had been in the Senate for a mere four years when he assumed the role. Johnson also owed his subsequent elevation to Majority Leader to Rayburn, like Johnson, Rayburn did not sign the Southern Manifesto. Rayburn was a friend of Jaja Wachuku, the first indigenous Speaker of the Nigerian House of Representatives. Although many Texas legislators were on the payroll of public service corporations, when the first check came after I entered the firm, Mr. Thurmond brought to my desk one-third of the amount of the check, explaining what it was for. I never did take a dollar of it, I have been guided by the principle in all my dealings. This practice of refusing to accept fees from clients with interests before the legislature was virtually unheard-of at the time, later, while serving in Congress, a wealthy oil man had a very expensive horse delivered to Rayburns farm in Bonham. No one apparently knew the oil man delivered the horse except him, Rayburn, in shaping legislation, Rayburn preferred working quietly in the background to being in the public spotlight. As Speaker, he won a reputation for fairness and integrity, after he died his estate was valued at just under $300,000, which was mostly land he owned, and the amount of cash he had in various checking accounts was just over $26,000. Rayburn was well known among his colleagues for his after business hours Board of Education meetings in hideaway offices in the House, during these off-the-record sessions, the Speaker and powerful committee chairmen would gather for poker, bourbon, and a frank discussion of politics. Rayburn alone determined who received an invitation to these gatherings, to be invited to one was a high honor
20.
Texas
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Texas is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Other major cities include Austin, the second most populous state capital in the U. S. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the states struggle for independence from Mexico. The Lone Star can be found on the Texan state flag, the origin of Texass name is from the word Tejas, which means friends in the Caddo language. Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, although Texas is popularly associated with the U. S. southwestern deserts, less than 10 percent of Texas land area is desert. Most of the centers are located in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, the term six flags over Texas refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory. Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas, Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. In 1845, Texas joined the United States as the 28th state, the states annexation set off a chain of events that caused the Mexican–American War in 1846. A slave state before the American Civil War, Texas declared its secession from the U. S. in early 1861, after the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation. One Texan industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle, due to its long history as a center of the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy. The states economic fortunes changed in the early 20th century, when oil discoveries initiated a boom in the state. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified economy, as of 2010 it shares the top of the list of the most Fortune 500 companies with California at 57. With a growing base of industry, the leads in many industries, including agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace. Texas has led the nation in export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product. The name Texas, based on the Caddo word tejas meaning friends or allies, was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves, during Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas, La Provincia de Texas. Texas is the second largest U. S. state, behind Alaska, though 10 percent larger than France and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst country subdivisions by size. If it were an independent country, Texas would be the 40th largest behind Chile, Texas is in the south central part of the United States of America. Three of its borders are defined by rivers, the Rio Grande forms a natural border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south
21.
Party leaders of the United States Senate
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The Senate Majority and Minority Leaders are two United States Senators and members of the party leadership of the United States Senate. They are elected to their positions in the Senate by their party caucuses, the Senate Democratic Caucus. By rule, the Presiding Officer gives the Majority Leader priority in obtaining recognition to speak on the floor of the Senate, the Assistant Majority and Minority Leaders of the United States Senate are the second-ranking members of each partys leadership. The main function of the Majority and Minority Whips is to gather votes on major issues, because they are the second ranking member of the Senate, if there is no floor leader present, the whip may become acting floor leader. Before 1969, the titles were Majority Whip and Minority Whip. The Senate is currently composed of 52 Republicans,46 Democrats, the current leaders are Republican Majority Leader Mitch McConnell of Kentucky and Democratic Minority Leader Chuck Schumer of New York. The current Assistant Majority Leader is Republican John Cornyn of Texas, the current Assistant Minority Leader/Whip is Democrat Dick Durbin of Illinois. The Democrats began the practice of electing floor leaders in 1920 while they were in the minority, John W. Kern was a Democratic Senator from Indiana. While the title was not official, he is considered to be the first Senate party leader from 1913 through 1917, the Constitution designates the Vice President of the United States as President of the United States Senate. The Constitution also calls for a President pro tempore to serve as the leader of the body when the President of the Senate is absent, for these reasons, it is the Majority Leader who, in practice, manages the Senate. This is in contrast to the House of Representatives where the elected Speaker of the House has a deal of discretionary power. The Democratic Party first selected a leader in 1920, the Republican Party first formally designated a leader in 1925. gov Republican Majority Democratic Minority
22.
Alben W. Barkley
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Alben William Barkley was a lawyer and politician from Kentucky who served in both houses of Congress and as the 35th Vice President of the United States from 1949 to 1953. In 1905, he was elected county attorney for McCracken County and he was chosen County Judge/Executive in 1909 and U. S. Representative from Kentuckys First District in 1912, as a Representative, he was a liberal Democrat, supporting President Woodrow Wilsons New Freedom domestic agenda and foreign policy. Endorsing Prohibition and denouncing parimutuel betting, Barkley narrowly lost the 1923 Democratic gubernatorial primary to fellow Representative J. Campbell Cantrill, in 1926, he unseated Republican Senator Richard P. Ernst. In the Senate, he supported the New Deal approach to addressing the Great Depression and was elected to succeed Senate Majority Leader Joseph T. Robinson upon Robinsons death in 1937, during his 1938 re-election bid, his opponent A. B. Happy Chandler accused him of using Works Progress Administration employees to campaign for him, neither candidate was charged with any wrongdoing, but in 1939, Congress passed the Hatch Act, making it illegal for federal employees to campaign for political candidates. When World War II focused President Franklin D. Roosevelts attention on foreign affairs and he resigned as floor leader after Roosevelt ignored his advice and vetoed the Revenue Act of 1943. The Democratic caucus supported and unanimously re-elected Barkley to the position of Majority Leader, Barkley had a better working relationship with Harry S. Truman, who ascended to the presidency after Roosevelts death in 1945. With Trumans popularity waning entering the 1948 Democratic National Convention, Barkley gave an address that energized the delegates. Truman selected him as his running mate for the upcoming election, Barkley took an active role in the Truman administration, acting as its primary spokesman, especially after the Korean War necessitated the majority of Trumans attention. He retired but was coaxed back into life, defeating incumbent Republican Senator John Sherman Cooper in 1954. Barkley died of an attack while giving a speech at the Washington. Willie Alben Barkley, the eldest of John Wilson and Electa Eliza Barkleys eight children, was born November 24,1877 and his grandmother, midwife Amanda Barkley, delivered him in the log house she lived in with her husband, Alben, in Wheel, Kentucky. Barkleys parents were tenant farmers who grew tobacco, and his father was an elder in the local Presbyterian church, both parents were religious, opposed to playing cards and alcohol. Occasionally, Barkleys parents would leave him in the care of his grandparents for extended periods, during these times, his grandmother related stories of her relatives. Her childhood playmates included future U. S, Vice President Adlai Stevenson I and James A. McKenzie, a future U. S. Barkley worked on his parents farm and attended school in Lowes, Kentucky, unhappy with his birth name, he adopted Alben William as soon as he was old enough to express his opinion in the matter. In the difficult economy of late 1891, relatives convinced Barkleys father to sell his farm and move to Clinton, to pursue opportunities as a tenant wheat farmer
23.
Kentucky
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Kentucky, officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state located in the east south-central region of the United States. Kentucky is one of four U. S. states constituted as a commonwealth, originally a part of Virginia, in 1792 Kentucky became the 15th state to join the Union. Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States, Kentucky is known as the Bluegrass State, a nickname based on the bluegrass found in many of its pastures due to the fertile soil. One of the regions in Kentucky is the Bluegrass Region in central Kentucky. In 1776, the counties of Virginia beyond the Appalachian Mountains became known as Kentucky County, the precise etymology of the name is uncertain, but likely based on an Iroquoian name meaning the meadow or the prairie. Kentucky is situated in the Upland South, a significant portion of eastern Kentucky is part of Appalachia. Kentucky borders seven states, from the Midwest and the Southeast, West Virginia lies to the east, Virginia to the southeast, Tennessee to the south, Missouri to the west, Illinois and Indiana to the northwest, and Ohio to the north and northeast. Only Missouri and Tennessee, both of which border eight states, touch more, Kentuckys northern border is formed by the Ohio River and its western border by the Mississippi River. The official state borders are based on the courses of the rivers as they existed when Kentucky became a state in 1792, for instance, northbound travelers on U. S.41 from Henderson, after crossing the Ohio River, will be in Kentucky for about two miles. Ellis Park, a racetrack, is located in this small piece of Kentucky. Waterworks Road is part of the land border between Indiana and Kentucky. Kentucky has a part known as Kentucky Bend, at the far west corner of the state. It exists as an exclave surrounded completely by Missouri and Tennessee, Road access to this small part of Kentucky on the Mississippi River requires a trip through Tennessee. The epicenter of the powerful 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes was near this area, much of the outer Bluegrass is in the Eden Shale Hills area, made up of short, steep, and very narrow hills. The Jackson Purchase and western Pennyrile are home to several bald cypress/tupelo swamps, located within the southeastern interior portion of North America, Kentucky has a climate that can best be described as a humid subtropical climate. Temperatures in Kentucky usually range from daytime summer highs of 87 °F to the low of 23 °F. The average precipitation is 46 inches a year, Kentucky experiences four distinct seasons, with substantial variations in the severity of summer and winter. The highest recorded temperature was 114 °F at Greensburg on July 28,1930 while the lowest recorded temperature was −37 °F at Shelbyville on January 19,1994, due to its location, Kentucky has a moderate humid subtropical climate, with abundant rainfall
24.
United States Congress
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The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington, D. C, both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment. Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party, Congress has 535 voting members,435 Representatives and 100 Senators. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members and these members can, however, sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation. Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency, known as a district. Congressional districts are apportioned to states by using the United States Census results. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, currently, there are 100 senators representing the 50 states. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a term, with terms staggered. The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process—legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers, however, the Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue-raising bills, the House initiates impeachment cases, while the Senate decides impeachment cases. A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before a person can be forcibly removed from office. The term Congress can also refer to a meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years, the current one, the 115th Congress, began on January 3,2017, the Congress starts and ends on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, members of the House of Representatives are referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played a role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. Several academics described Congress, Congress reflects us in all our strengths, Congress is the governments most representative body. Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the public policy issues of the day. —Smith, Roberts, and Wielen Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux, most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent
25.
78th United States Congress
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It met in Washington, DC from January 3,1943 to January 3,1945, during the last two years of Franklin D. Roosevelts presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Sixteenth Census of the United States in 1940, both chambers had a Democratic majority. World War II continued June 6,1944, Battle of Normandy November 7,1944, General elections, senate Democrats kept their majority despite 1-seat net loss. House Democrats increased their majority with a 20-seat net gain, December 17,1943, Magnuson Act, Sess. 344,57 Stat.600 February 3,1944, Mustering-out Payment Act, 78–225,58 Stat.8 June 6,1944, Servicemens Readjustment Act of 1944, Sess. 78–345,58 Stat.284 June 27,1944, Veterans Preference Act, 78–359,58 Stat.387 July 1,1944, Public Health Service Act, Sess. 373,58 Stat.682 December 22,1944, Pick-Sloan Flood Control Act, minority whip, Harry Lane Englebright, until May 13,1943 Leslie C. Arends, from May 13,1943 Republican Conference Chairman, Roy O. Woodruff Senators are popularly elected every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers, official Congressional Directory for the 78th Congress, 1st Session. Official Congressional Directory for the 78th Congress, 2nd Session, official Congressional Directory for the 78th Congress, 2nd Session. Official Congressional Directory for the 78th Congress, 2nd Session
26.
Governor of Alabama
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The Governor of Alabama is the chief executive of the U. S. state of Alabama. The governor is the head of the branch of Alabamas state government and is charged with enforcing state laws. The governor has the power to approve or veto bills passed by the Alabama Legislature, to convene the legislature. The governor is also the commander-in-chief of the military forces. There have officially been 53 governors of the state of Alabama, the first governor, William Wyatt Bibb, served as the only governor of the Alabama Territory. Five people have served as acting governor, bringing the number of people serving as governor to 58. Four governors have served multiple terms, Bibb Graves, Jim Folsom. Officially, these terms are numbered only with the number of their first term. William D. Jelks also served non-consecutive terms, but his first term was in an acting capacity, the longest-serving governor was George Wallace, who served sixteen years over four terms. The shortest term for a governor was that of Hugh McVay, who served four. Lurleen Wallace, wife of George Wallace, was the first and so far only woman to serve as governor of Alabama, the current governor is Republican Robert J. Bentley, who took office on January 17,2011. For the period before Alabama Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of Mississippi Territory, Alabama Territory was formed on March 3,1817, from Mississippi Territory. It had only one appointed by the President of the United States before it became a state. Alabama was admitted to the Union on December 14,1819, following the end of the American Civil War, Alabama during Reconstruction was part of the Third Military District, which exerted some control over governor appointments and elections. Alabama was readmitted to the Union on July 14,1868, the first Alabama Constitution, ratified in 1819, provided that a governor be elected every two years, limited to serve no more than four out of every six years. This limit remained in place until the constitution of 1868, which simply allowed governors to serve terms of two years, the current constitution of 1901 increased terms to four years, but prohibited governors from succeeding themselves. Amendment 282 to the constitution, passed in 1968, allowed governors to succeed themselves once, the constitution had no set date for the commencement of a governors term until 1901, when it was set at the first Monday after the second Tuesday in the January following an election. The office of lieutenant governor was created in 1868, abolished in 1875, earlier constitutions said the powers of the governor devolved upon the successor, rather than them necessarily becoming governor, but the official listing includes these as full governors
27.
Governor of Arizona
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The Governor of Arizona is the head of the executive branch of Arizonas state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. Twenty-two people have served as governor over 26 distinct terms, one governor, Evan Mecham, was successfully impeached, and one, Fife Symington III, resigned upon being convicted of a felony. The longest-serving governor was Hunt, who was elected seven times, bolin had the shortest tenure, dying less than five months after succeeding as governor. Four governors were born in Arizona, Campbell, Sidney Preston Osborn, Rose Mofford. Arizona has had four governors, the most in the United States. The current Governor is Doug Ducey, who was elected on November 4,2014 and this proposed territory consisted of the part of New Mexico Territory south of 33°40 N. On April 2, they elected a governor, Lewis Owings, the provisional territory was to exist until such time as an official territory was created, but that proposal was rejected by the U. S. Congress at the time. On March 16,1861, soon before the American Civil War broke out, Lewis Owings remained as territorial governor. The Confederacy took ownership of the territory on August 1,1861, when led by Lieutenant Colonel John Baylor won decisive control of the territory. The territory was organized on February 14,1862, on March 20,1862, Baylor issued an order to kill all the adult Apache and take their children into slavery. When Confederate President Jefferson Davis learned of this order, he strongly disapproved and demanded an explanation. Baylor wrote a letter December 29,1862, to justify his decision, by that time, the government of Confederate Arizona was in exile in San Antonio, Texas, as the territory had been effectively lost to Union forces in July 1862, no new governor was appointed. For the period before Arizona Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of New Mexico Territory, Arizona Territory was formed on February 24,1863 from New Mexico Territory, remaining a territory for 49 years. On January 18,1867, the corner of the territory was transferred to the state of Nevada. The state of Arizona was admitted to the Union on February 14,1912, the state constitution of 1912 called for the election of a governor every two years. The term was increased to four years by a 1968 amendment, gubernatorial terms begin on the first Monday in the January following the election. Governors who have served the two term limit can run again after four years out of office. Arizona is one of seven states which does not have a lieutenant governor, instead, in the event of a vacancy in the office of governor, the Secretary of State, if elected, succeeds to the office
28.
Sidney Preston Osborn
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Sidney Preston Osborn was the first Secretary of State of Arizona, and later the seventh Governor of Arizona and is, as of 2015, the only governor of Arizona to be elected to four consecutive terms. Osborn is also the second governor of Arizona, preceded by Thomas Edward Campbell. Osborn worked as a page for the Arizona Territorial Legislature in 1898, for a time Osborn worked as a newspaper reporter and editor, later he served as a delegate to the Arizona state constitutional convention of 1910. Despite being elected three times as Secretary of State by wide margins in the 1910s, Osborn had little success for the next two decades. He lost two primaries for Governor in 1924 and 1938, and a Senate primary against Henry F. Ashurst in 1934, despite a narrow primary win in 1940, his elections as a gubernatorial nominee never went below 60% of the vote. The best example occurred at the beginning of his governorship, Upon taking office, Osborn had the states top officials turn in a signed. If an official became an embarrassment to the state, Osborn would date the letter, during his fourth term, Osborn suffered from Lou Gehrigs Disease and was hardly able to communicate with his staff. He eventually died in office in 1948 and was succeeded by Dan Garvey, Osborn was buried in Phoenixs Greenwood/Memory Lawn Mortuary & Cemetery. Despite numerous conceptions, Osborn Road in Phoenix was not named after Osborn and it was first named as such in 1900 when Osborn was 16
29.
Governor of Arkansas
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The Governor of Arkansas is the head of the executive branch of Arkansass state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. The state has had 45 elected governors, as well as 10 acting governors who assumed powers and duties following the resignation or death of the governor, before becoming a state, Arkansas Territory had four governors appointed to it by the President of the United States. Orval Faubus served the longest term as governor, being elected six times to serve twelve years. Bill Clinton, elected five times over two terms, fell only one month short of twelve years. The current governor is Asa Hutchinson, who took office on January 13,2015 after his election on November 4,2014, for the period before Arkansas Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of Missouri Territory. Arkansaw Territory was split from Missouri Territory on July 4,1819 and it lost land twice, on November 15,1824, and May 6,1828, with the land being made unorganized territory both times, this land eventually became part of Oklahoma. As secretary of the territory from 1819 to 1829, Robert Crittenden served as acting governor whenever the governor was not in the state. This meant he was in fact the first person to perform the office of Governor of Arkansas Territory, Arkansas was admitted to the Union on June 15,1836. It seceded from the Union on May 6,1861, following the end of the American Civil War, it was part of the Fourth Military District. Arkansas was readmitted to the Union on June 22,1868, the first state constitution of 1836 established four-year terms for governors, which was lowered to two years in the 1874, and current, constitution. Amendment 63 to the Arkansas Constitution, passed in 1984, increased the terms of governor and lieutenant governor to four years. Governors were originally limited only to serving no more than eight out of twelve years. A referendum in 1992 limited governors to two terms and this led to some situations where the governorship changed hands in quick succession, due to senate terms ending or new senate presidents being elected. For example, after John Sebastian Little resigned in 1907, three senate presidents acted as governor before the elected governor took office. Should the president of the senate be similarly incapacitated, the next in line for the governorship was the speaker of the house of representatives. The 1864 constitution created the office of lieutenant governor who would act as president of the senate. The 1868 constitution maintained the position, but the 1874 constitution removed it, amendment 6 to the constitution, passed in 1914 but not recognized until 1925, recreated the office of lieutenant governor, who becomes governor in case of vacancy of the governors office. The governor and lieutenant governor are not elected on the same ticket, Arkansas was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only candidates from the Democratic party
30.
Homer Martin Adkins
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Homer Martin Adkins was the 32nd governor of the U. S. state of Arkansas. Prior to his service as Governor of Arkansas, he had a career as a pharmacist, salesman. He was born near Jacksonville in Pulaski County, in 1908, he attended Draughons Business College and graduated from the Little Rock College of Pharmacy in 1911 as a licensed pharmacist. Adkins served in the United States Army during World War I as a captain in the Medical Corps, Adkins served one term as sheriff of Pulaski County and was the collector of internal revenue from 1933 to 1940, when he was first elected as governor. In the 1940 general election, Adkins defeated the Republican Harley C, Stump, the mayor of Stuttgart and a leader of the Arkansas Municipal League,91.8 to 8.2 percent. In that campaign Stump claimed the employees of Franklin D. Roosevelts Works Progress Administration were underpaid, Adkins was unopposed in the 1942 general election for his second term. Adkins was a member of the Ku Klux Klan, whose support was important in obtaining his first political victory, Adkins sought to build a voting base based on his background as a Methodist Sunday school teacher and church employee. His detractors often referred to him as Holy Homer and he campaigned on a platform of reform and ending the practice of bootlegging. The Adkins administration presided over a doubling of the surplus in the states treasury and his administration focused on highway construction and financing, electrification, and workers compensation. In his second term, Adkins signed into law a bill that would prevent anyone of Japanese descent from owning land in Arkansas, looking for a new challenge, he was defeated in 1944 in a bid for the U. S. Senate. He opposed Senator Hattie Caraway and the freshman U. S, representative J. William Fulbright of Fayetteville. Mrs. Caraway finished third, with Fulbright later winning the Democratic runoff against Adkins, Fulbright then claimned the Senate seat when he defeated the Republican Victor Wade of Batesville,85.1 to 14.9 percent. In 1948, Adkins was appointed administrator of the Arkansas Employment Security Division, in 1954, Adkins strongly supported the Democrat Orval Faubus in the gubernatorial general election against Pratt C. Remmel, the Republican mayor of Little Rock, in 1956, he established a public relations firm in Little Rock. Adkins died in 1964 in Malvern, Arkansas and he is interred at the Roselawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Little Rock
31.
Governor of California
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The position was created in 1849, the year before California became a state. The current governor is Jerry Brown, a Democrat who was inaugurated January 3,2011, in October 2013, Jerry Brown surpassed Earl Warren for the longest cumulative period of time served as governor. Governors are elected by ballot and serve terms of four years. Governors take office on the first Monday after January 1 after their election, there are two methods available to remove a governor before the expiration of the gubernatorial term of office. Impeachment and removal by the legislature The governor can be impeached for misconduct in office by the State Assembly, recall by the voters Petitions signed by California state voters equal in number to 12% of the last vote for the office of governor can launch a gubernatorial recall election. The voters can vote on whether or not to recall the incumbent governor. If a majority of the voters in the vote to recall the governor. The 2003 California recall began with a drive that successfully forced sitting Democratic Governor Gray Davis into a special recall election. It marked the first time in the history of California that a governor faced a recall election and he was subsequently voted out of office, becoming the second governor in the history of the United States to be recalled after Lynn Frazier of North Dakota in 1921. He was replaced by Republican Arnold Schwarzenegger, the Lieutenant Governor of California is separately elected during the same election, not jointly as the running mate of the gubernatorial candidate. California has had a governor and a lieutenant governor of different parties 26 of the past 31 years, the lieutenant governor is also the President of the California State Senate. In practice, there is an agreement for the Lieutenant Governor not to perform more than perfunctory duties while the Governor is away from the state. This agreement was violated when Mike Curb was in office, as he signed several executive orders at odds with the Brown administration when Brown was out of the state. Court rulings have upheld the lieutenant governors right to perform the duties, peter Burnett had the longest post-governorship,44 years. He left office in 1851 and died in 1895, excluding governors who died in office, Robert Waterman had the shortest post-governorship. He died on April 12,1891, a three months and four days after the expiration of his term. Sworn in at the age of 30, J. Neely Johnson was the youngest governor from 1856 to 1858, sworn in at the age of 72, Jerry Brown became the oldest governor in 2011. Earl Warren was the governor to serve more than two consecutive terms in office
32.
Earl Warren
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Earl Warren was an American jurist and politician, who served as the 30th Governor of California and later the 14th Chief Justice of the United States. Warren is the person elected to three consecutive terms as Governor of California, and with those three elected terms he is second only to Jerry Brown for total gubernatorial wins in California. Before holding these positions, he was the District Attorney for Alameda County, California, Warren was the nominee of the Republican Party for Vice President in 1948, as the running mate of Thomas E. Dewey. He was appointed to chair what became known as the Warren Commission, which was formed to investigate the 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Earl Warren was born in Los Angeles, on March 19,1891, to Mathias H. Warren, a Norwegian immigrant whose family name was Varren, and his wife, Crystal. Mathias Warren was an employee of the Southern Pacific Railroad. After he was blacklisted for joining in a strike, the moved to Bakersfield, California. Matthias worked in a repair yard, and Earl had summer jobs in railroading. Earl Warren grew up in Bakersfield, where he attended Washington Junior High and his father was murdered there by an unknown person during a robbery. In 1912 Warren graduated with a B. A. in political science from the University of California, in 1914 he earned his J. D. at the University of California, Berkeley School of Law. He was a member of The Gun Club secret society, and the Sigma Phi Society, as an undergraduate, Warren also played clarinet in the Cal Band. Warren maintained a friendship with fellow Cal student Robert Gordon Sproul. In 1948, at the Republican National Convention, Sproul would nominate Warren for Vice President, Warren was admitted to the California bar in 1914. Warren worked a year for Associated Oil Company in San Francisco, then joined Robinson & Robinson, in August 1917, Warren enlisted in the U. S. Army for World War I service. Assigned to the 91st Division at Camp Lewis, Washington, 1st Lieutenant Earl Warren was discharged in 1918. After the war, he served as a clerk of the Judicial Committee for the 1919 Session of the California State Assembly, then as the Deputy City Attorney in Oakland, Warren came to the attention of powerful Republican Joseph R. Knowland, publisher of The Oakland Tribune. He was strongly influenced by California Governor Hiram Johnson and other leaders of the Progressive Era to oppose corruption, in 1925, Warren was appointed as the District Attorney of Alameda County. Warren was re-elected to three four-year terms, Warren vigorously investigated allegations that a deputy sheriff was taking bribes in connection with street-paving arrangements
33.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
34.
Governor of Colorado
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The Governor of the State of Colorado is the head of the executive branch of Colorados state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. Seven people served as governor of Colorado Territory over eight terms, since statehood, there have been 36 governors, serving 41 distinct terms. The longest-serving governors were Richard Dick Lamm and Roy Romer, who served twelve years over three terms. Thus, Peabody served only a few minutes as governor, the current governor is John Hickenlooper, who took office on January 11,2011. The self-proclaimed Provisional Government of the Territory of Jefferson was organized on November 7,1859, Jefferson Territory included all of present-day Colorado, but extended about 3 miles farther east,138 miles farther north, and about 50 miles farther west. The territory was never recognized by the government in the tumultuous days before the American Civil War. The Jefferson Territory had only one governor, Robert Williamson Steele and he proclaimed the territory dissolved on June 6,1861, several months after the official formation of the Colorado Territory, but only days after the arrival of its first governor. For the period before Colorado Territory was formed, see the lists of Governors of New Mexico Territory, Utah Territory, Kansas Territory, the State of Colorado was admitted to the Union on August 1,1876. To serve as governor, one must be at least 30 years old, be a citizen of the United States, and have been a resident of the state for at least two years prior to election. The state constitution of 1876 originally called for election of the governor two years, with their term beginning on the second Tuesday of the January following the election. An amendment passed in 1956, taking effect in 1959, increased terms to four years, originally, there was no term limit applied to the governor, a 1990 amendment allowed governors to succeed themselves only once. There is however no limit on the number of terms one may serve as long as one who has served the two term limit is out of office for four years. Should the office of governor become vacant, the lieutenant governor becomes governor, the lieutenant governor was elected separately from the governor until a 1968 amendment to the constitution made it so that they are elected on the same ticket. There are four living former governors of Colorado, the oldest being Roy Romer, the most recent death of a former governor was that of John David Vanderhoof, who died on September 19,2013
35.
John Charles Vivian
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John Charles Vivian was a United States attorney, journalist, and Republican politician who served as the 30th Governor of the State of Colorado from 1943 to 1947. Governor of Colorado to be elected Governor, John Charles Vivian was born in Golden, Colorado, on June 30,1887. The Vivian family was prominent in Republican politics, of Cornish origin. Vivian received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Colorado in 1909, Vivian married Maude Charlotte Kleyn, a professor from the University of Michigan School of Music. Vivian served in the United States Marines during World War I, John Vivian was elected Lieutenant Governor of Colorado in 1938. Vivian was elected Governor in 1942 and was reelected in 1944, Governor Vivian was a staunch fiscal conservative in both public policy and his personal life. He was labeled our spend nothing governor by both opponents and supporters, Vivian died in Golden, Colorado, on February 10,1964, at the age of seventy-six. History of Colorado Law and government of Colorado List of Governors of Colorado State of Colorado Colorado Legislative Council, presidents and Speakers of the Colorado General Assembly, A Biographical Portrait From 1876. The Denver Post, February 14,1943, the Denver Post, May 8,1945, page 2. The Denver Post, September 20,1945, page 7, the Denver Post, January 27,1947, page 4. The Denver Post, August 7,1947, page 17, the Denver Times, June 14,1908. Empire Magazine, September 22,1963, page 23, las Animas - Bent County Democrat, January 15,1943. Rocky Mountain News, October 16,1942, rocky Mountain News, January 13,1943. Rocky Mountain News, November 6,1943, rocky Mountain News, June 30,1945, page 30. Rocky Mountain News, July 10,1946, rocky Mountain News, April 18,1948, page 29. The Governors of Colorado The Governor John Charles Vivian Collection at the Colorado State Archives
36.
Governor of Connecticut
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The Governor of Connecticut is the elected head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The current governor is Dan Malloy, who took office on January 5,2011, Connecticut is among the few U. S. states that includes its colonial governors of Connecticut Colony in an unbroken list of chief executives spanning over 350 years to the present day. John Haynes became the first governor in 1639, the first incumbent after the Revolution, Jonathan Trumbull, is therefore numbered the sixteenth governor of Connecticut. For the period before independence, see the list of governors of Connecticut. Connecticut was one of the original Thirteen Colonies and was admitted as a state on January 9,1788, before it declared its independence, Connecticut was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain. Like most early states, Connecticut had claims to western areas and it maintained its Western Reserve until 1800, at which time it was reassigned to the Northwest Territory. There have been 68 governors of the state, serving 72 distinct spans in office, the longest terms in office were in the states early years, when four governors were elected to nine or more one-year terms. The shortest term was that of Hiram Bingham III, who served one day before resigning to take an elected seat in the U. S. Senate. Lowell P. Weicker, Jr. is noted for a third party win in American politics. The Governor of Connecticut is the head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The governor has a duty to enforce laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Connecticut General Assembly. Unusual among U. S. governors, the Governor of Connecticut has no power to pardon, the Governor of Connecticut is automatically a member of the states Bonding Commission. He is a member of the Board of Trustees of the University of Connecticut. The current Constitution of Connecticut, ratified in 1965, calls for a term for the governor. The previous constitution of 1818 originally had only a term for governor. The 1875 amendment also set the date of the term to its current date, before then. The constitution provides for the election of a lieutenant governor for the term as the governor. The two offices are elected on the ticket, this provision was added in 1962
37.
Raymond E. Baldwin
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Raymond Earl Baldwin was a United States Senator, the 72nd and 74th Governor of Connecticut. Baldwin, a conservative Republican, was elected governor of Connecticut in 1938 during a Republican landslide and he promised a balanced budget, government aid to private business, and lower taxes. He sharply cut the budget, producing a million dollars surplus. He was defeated for reelection in 1940, but was elected again in 1942 and 1944. He supervised a complex system of defense and statewide services on the homefront during the war. He planned a program to deal with the postwar reconversion of Connecticuts many warplane. He was elected to the Senate in the Republican landslide of 1946, as a spokesman for the small businesses of America, he compiled a conservative record in favor of less regulation, except for more regulation of labor unions through the Taft-Harley Act. Exhausted by the highly publicized controversy, Baldwin resigned from the Senate in December 1949 to become a state judge, Baldwin was born in 1903 in Rye, New York, the son of Sarah Emily and Lucian Earl Baldwin. He moved to Middletown, Connecticut, and attended public schools and he graduated from Wesleyan University in Middletown in 1916, and entered Yale University. However, upon the declaration of war, he enlisted in the United States Navy and he was assigned to officers training school and was commissioned an ensign in February 1918, and promoted to lieutenant in September 1918. He resigned from the Navy in August 1919 and returned to Yale Law School and he was admitted to the bar in 1921 and practiced in New Haven and Bridgeport. He married Edith Lindholm on June 29,1922, and they had three sons, Baldwin was prosecutor of the Stratford Town Court from 1927 to 1930, and was judge of that court from 1931 to 1933. He was a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives from 1931 to 1933 and he resumed the practice of law from 1933 to 1938, and was town chairman of Stratford from 1935 to 1937. Baldwin was Governor of Connecticut in 1939 and 1940, and the first governor to use the Governors Mansion located on Prospect Avenue in Hartford and he was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection to the office in 1940. Willkie had unofficially promised Baldwin the spot as his mate, but party leaders pressured Willikie to name Charles McNary instead. He was also a delegate in 1944 and 1948, again elected Governor in 1942 and 1944, Baldwin served until his resignation on December 27,1946. During his tenure, he eliminated the state deficit without raising taxes, initiated a program, created an inter-racial commission. Also instituted were a Connecticut Veterans Advisory and Reemployment Commission, and he was elected United States Senator as a Republican on November 5,1946, to fill the vacancy in the term ending January 3,1947, caused by the death of Francis T. Maloney
38.
Governor of Delaware
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The Governor of Delaware is the head of the executive branch of Delawares state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. There have been 70 people who have served as governor, over 73 distinct terms, additionally, Henry Molleston was elected, but died before he could take office. The shortest term is that of Dale E. Wolf, who served 18 days following his predecessors resignation, the current governor is John Carney, who took office on January 17,2017. For the period before independence, see the List of colonial governors of Pennsylvania, between 1681 and 1776, Delaware was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain, administered by colonial governors in Pennsylvania as the Lower Counties on Delaware. In 1776, soon after Delaware and the other Thirteen Colonies declared independence from Britain and it created the office of President of Delaware, a chief executive to be chosen by the legislature to serve a term of three years. The term was lengthened to four years by the 1831 constitution, the current constitution of 1897 allows governors to serve two terms. The 1776 constitution stated that if the presidency were vacant, the speaker of the council would be a vice-president. The offices of governor and lieutenant governor are elected at the same time, two have served as President of Pennsylvania. Four resigned to take other offices, three in the U. S. Congress and one to be President of Pennsylvania, all representatives and senators listed represented Delaware except where noted. As of January 2017, there are six former U. S. governors who are living at this time. The most recent death of a former U. S. governor of Delaware was that of David Buckson, the most recently serving U. S. governor of Delaware to die was Sherman W. Tribbitt, who died on August 14,2010. Delaware gubernatorial elections General Constitutions Specific Office of the Governor of Delaware
39.
Walter W. Bacon
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Walter Wolfkiel Bacon was an American politician and accountant from Wilmington, in New Castle County, Delaware. He was a member of the Republican Party who served three terms as Mayor of Wilmington and two terms as Governor of Delaware and he is the only mayor of a Delaware city to have been elected Governor of Delaware. Bacon was born at New Castle, Delaware, the son of John G. and he began selling newspapers at age 8, graduated from New Castle High School and studied at Beacom College in Wilmington. He married Mabel H. McDaniel on November 28,1906 and they lived at the Mayfair Apartments on North Harrison Street in Wilmington and were members of the Presbyterian Church. Bacon was an accountant with U. S. Steel in Chester, Pennsylvania and Philadelphia, upon Repaunos acquisition by the DuPont Company, he moved to the General Motors Division in Michigan, where he was Treasurer with the Buick Motor Company from 1918 until 1930. Retiring early, he returned to Wilmington and entered politics, beginning as a Republican Party committeeman, Bacon was elected to three terms as Mayor of Wilmington, first in 1935 and again in 1937 and 1939. He was elected again in 1944 when he defeated Isaac J. MacCollum, bacons terms as governor were marked primarily by the events of World War II and its aftermath. Thirty-three thousand Delaware citizens served in the Armed Forces in that war, two were awarded the Medal of Honor, Sergeant William L. Nelson of Middletown, and Sergeant James P. Connor of Wilmington. Air bases at New Castle and Dover were taken over by the U. S. Army, Fort du Pont at Delaware City and Fort Miles at Cape Henlopen became major military installations protecting the shipping routes into the Delaware River. U-boats constantly menaced the coast from the near Atlantic, and because gas and other products were mostly transported by ship. Two things not lacking were vegetables and broiler chickens and they became known as Victory gardens, producing vegetables grew all over Delaware, and the Sussex County chicken business thrived. Through all this, Bacon steadily administered the state government and he was reputed to have been the first governor to work regular 8, 30-to-5,00 hours. He managed a budget of about $13 million and nothing made him prouder than the doubling of the cash balance during his tenure. Social changes increasingly challenged the old fashioned blue laws, when the General Assembly demonstrated reluctance to revise them, the State Attorney General, James R. Morford, ordered some 500 people across the state arrested for various Sabbath offenses. After the arrestees names appeared in newspapers, the laws began to change. Bacon died at Wilmington and is buried in the Old Drawyers Presbyterian Churchyard at Odessa, Bacon has been described as a simple man with simple tastes. He didnt drink, liked baseball, saw every Shirley Temple movie that came to town, pinched pennies, and perhaps was the right man for the right time when he was governor. After the war, the U. S. Government facilities at Fort du Pont, near Delaware City, were deeded to the state and they were named in his honor and became the Governor Bacon Health Center
40.
Governor of Florida
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The Governor of Florida is the head of the executive branch of Floridas state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. When Florida was first acquired by the United States, future president Andrew Jackson served as its military governor, Florida Territory was established in 1822, and five people served as governor over six distinct terms. The first territorial governor, William Pope Duval, served 12 years, since statehood in 1845 there have been 43 people who have served as governor, one of whom served two distinct terms. Three state governors have served two full terms, William D. Bloxham, in two stints, and Reubin Askew and Jeb Bush, who each served their terms consecutively. Bob Graham almost served two terms, as he resigned only three days left. The shortest term in office belongs to Wayne Mixson, who served three days following the resignation of his predecessor, Bob Graham, the current governor is Rick Scott, who took office on January 4,2011, following the 2010 election. He was re-elected in 2014, and his term began on January 6,2015. For a list of governors of Florida before it became a United States territory, spanish Florida was acquired from Spain in the Adams–Onís Treaty, which took effect July 10,1821. Florida Territory was organized on March 30,1822, combining East and West Florida, the State of Florida was admitted to the Union on March 3,1845. Following the end of the American Civil War, it was part of the Third Military District, Florida was readmitted to the Union on June 25,1868. The Florida Constitution of 1838 provided that a governor be elected four years. The secessionist constitution of 1861 would have reduced this to two years and removed the limit, but the state fell to the Union before the first election under that constitution. The rejected constitution of 1865 and the constitution of 1868 maintained the four-year term, though without the earlier term limit. The start of a term was set in 1885 at the first Tuesday after the first Monday in the January following the election, originally, the president of the state senate acted as governor should that office be vacant. The 1865 and 1868 constitutions created the office of lieutenant governor and this office was abolished in 1885, with the president of the senate again taking on that duty. The 1968 constitution recreated the office of lieutenant governor, who now becomes governor in the absence of the governor, the governor and lieutenant governor are elected on the same ticket. Florida was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only candidates from the Democratic and it elected three Republican governors following Reconstruction, but after the Democratic Party re-established control,90 years passed before voters chose another Republican. Fifteen of Floridas governors have served in offices, including one President of the United States
41.
Spessard Holland
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Spessard Lindsey Holland was an American lawyer and politician. He served as the 28th Governor of Florida from 1941 to 1945, a Democrat, he was a member of the conservative coalition in Congress. Holland was born in Bartow, Florida, the son of Benjamin Franklin and Virginia Spessard Holland and he attended public schools, entering the Summerlin Institute in 1909. Holland graduated magna cum laude from Emory College in 1912, where he was a member of the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity, Holland would go on to teach high school in Warrenton, Georgia for four years. In 1916, Holland began attending law school at the University of Florida, there he taught in the sub-freshman department of the university. He also became the first elected student body president and a member of the debating society. Holland qualified to be a Rhodes Scholar, and was already a partner with R. B. Huffaker in the Huffaker & Holland law firm. At his request, Holland was later transferred to the 24th Aero Squadron, here he served with Lt. George E. Goldwaithe as a gunner and aerial observer, gathering information and taking photographs in reconnaissance missions behind enemy lines. At various times he took part in battles at Meuse-Argonne, Champagne, St. Mihiel, and Lunéville, on one mission, Hollands plane crash-landed in a crater, on December 11,1918, Holland was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. The citation, signed by John J. Pershing, noted, First Lieutenant Spessard L. Holland, upon resigning his commission in July 1919, Holland was promoted to captain. Once back in the U. S. he toured for the Victory Loan Drive, after the war, Holland resumed his law practice in Bartow. This however, was short-lived, because Holland accepted an appointment as the Polk County prosecutor later that year and he served two years in the prosecutors office, but left after being elected to a four-year term as a county judge in 1920. Holland was reelected in 1924, but left after the end of his term in 1929. Holland returned to law practice later that year, joining William F. Bevis in the law firm of Holland & Bevis. The firm grew rapidly, eventually becoming an international law firm that still exists today as Holland & Knight. In 1932, Holland was elected to the Florida Senate, where he served eight years, Holland also supported workers compensation, tax cuts, and unemployment insurance. He was strongly opposed to both the tax and the poll tax, which he helped repeal in 1937. Holland was an alternate Florida delegate to the 1940 Democratic National Convention and he was elected governor of Florida and on January 7,1941 was sworn in for a four-year term
42.
Ellis Arnall
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Ellis Gibbs Arnall was an American politician, a liberal Democrat who served as the 69th Governor of the U. S. state of Georgia from 1943 to 1947. Born in Newnan, Georgia, Arnall attended Mercer University in Macon, Georgia, the University of the South, and he was admitted to the practice of law in 1931. While attending Mercer University, Arnall was initiated into Kappa Alpha Order, in 1932, Coweta County voters elected Arnall to the Georgia House of Representatives. Arnall was elected Speaker Pro Tempore, the second highest officer position in the Georgia House, Rivers appointed Arnall, then thirty-one, to a vacancy in the office of state attorney general. Actions undertaken by Governor Eugene Talmadge had caused the states colleges to lose accreditation, Arnall unseated Talmadge in the 1942 primary,174,757 to 128,394. Without Republican opposition, Arnall hence became the youngest governor then serving in the United States, Arnall obtained the repeal of the poll tax, ratification in 1945 of a new state constitution, and a state employee merit system. He also retired the Georgia state debt, when young men were drafted into the armed forces during World War II, Arnall argued that youths old enough to fight in war should be able to vote for their countrys leadership. He succeeded in lowering the age to eighteen more than two decades before the 26th Amendment to the United States Constitution implemented that change nationally. Georgia thus became the first state to grant the franchise to 18-year-olds, Arnall also removed the prison system under the governors control. He established a board of corrections to oversee state prisons and a pardon, arnalls reforms won him attention from the national press. But his career declined as he was unable to persuade the legislature to allow him to seek re-election, Arnall stood behind Henry A. Wallaces efforts to remain Vice President in 1944, when the former United States Secretary of Agriculture was instead replaced by U. S. This move particularly enraged Talmadge and his supporters, who used the issue to brand Arnall a race-traitor, Eugene Talmadge was elected governor once again in 1946 over James V. Carmichael and another former governor, Eurith D. Rivers. However, he died a month before he was scheduled to take office in January 1947, the state legislature then elected Talmadges son, Herman Talmadge, as governor. Arnall refused to resign the office during the controversy, and the younger Talmadge ended up locking Arnall out of his office in the state capitol, Arnall soon endorsed Melvin E. Thompsons unsuccessful claim to the office. After leaving office, Arnall worked as an attorney and a businessman in Atlanta, founding Arnall Golden & Gregory, for a time one of his law partners was later U. S. Arnall served in the Truman administration for a time as Director of the Office of Price Stabilization. Truman offered Arnall the post of Solicitor General but he declined in order to return to private practice, arnalls last campaign was for governor was in 1966. His principal opponent for the nomination was Lester Maddox, an Atlanta businessman who had hoisted ax handles as a symbol of his opposition to desegregation, Maddox shelled Arnall as the granddaddy of forced racial integration
43.
Governor of Idaho
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The Governor of Idaho is the head of the executive branch of Idahos state government and commander-in-chief of the states military forces. The governor has the duty to see state laws are executed, Idaho Territory had 16 territorial governors appointed by the President of the United States from the territorys organization in 1863 until the formation of the state of Idaho in 1890. Four of these never took office, resigning before reaching the territory, thirty individuals have held the office of governor of Idaho since the states admission to the Union in 1890, two of whom—C. A. Bottolfsen and Cecil D. Andrus—served non-consecutive terms, the states first governor, George Laird Shoup, had the shortest term of three months, and Cecil D. Andrus served as governor the longest at 14 years. Four governors resigned, but none has died while in office, there have been 20 Republican and 12 Democratic governors. The current governor is C. L. Butch Otter, who took office on January 1,2007, Idaho Territory was created from Dakota Territory, Nebraska Territory, and Washington Territory on March 4,1863. Initially, the territory included all of modern-day Idaho and Montana, on May 26,1864, Montana Territory was split from Idaho Territory, and most of the Wyoming portion was reassigned to Dakota Territory. The portion east of the 111th meridian was split off as part of the new Wyoming Territory on July 25,1868, giving Idaho Territory its final borders. Due to the distance between Washington, D. C. and Boise, there was often a lengthy gap between a governor being appointed and his arrival in the territory, four resigned before even arriving. Idaho was admitted to the Union on July 3,1890, since then, the state has had 30 governors, two of whom served non-consecutive terms. The terms for governor and lieutenant governor are four years, commencing on the first Monday in the January following the election, prior to 1946, the offices were elected to terms of two years. If the office of governor is vacant or the governor is out of state or unable to discharge his duties, after the change to four-year terms, self-succession was not initially allowed, newly elected Governor Robert E. There is no limit to the number of terms a governor may serve, Democratic Republican Sixteen of Idahos governors have served higher federal offices or as governors of other states. Nine have served in the U. S. Senate, eight of those representing Idaho, and three have served in the U. S. House, one representing Idaho, one New York, and one the territories of Idaho and Washington. Idaho shares a governor with Arizona Territory, and one was appointed to Washington Territory, Secretaries of the Interior, and one served as ambassador to the Ottoman Empire. Six governors resigned to take a new office, including both territorial delegates, both Secretaries of the Interior, and two senators, in addition, two people who were appointed governor of Idaho Territory but never took office held other high offices. Gilman Marston, appointed governor in 1870, was a representative and senator from New Hampshire, all representatives and senators mentioned represented Idaho except where noted. There are four living former governors of Idaho, the oldest being Phil Batt, the most recent death of a former governor was that of John V. Evans, at age 89 on July 8,2014
44.
C. A. Bottolfsen
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Clarence Alfred Bottolfsen was a politician from Idaho, a member of the Idaho Republican Party. He served as the 17th and 19th Governor of Idaho, from 1939 to 1941, born in Superior, Wisconsin, Bottolfsen moved with his family to Fessenden, North Dakota, in 1902 where he was educated in the public schools. While in high school, he worked as a devil in a local printing shop. In 1910, the owner of the moved to Arco, Idaho, purchased the Arco Advertiser. He purchased the paper and continued to be the publisher in Arco until 1949 and he married Elizabeth Hanna on August 27,1912. Bottolfsen entered the U. S. Army on June 27,1918, after the War, he took a leading part in the organization of the American Legion and served as State Commander in 1934. Bottolfsen served in the legislature in the house, and was elected speaker in 1931. He also chaired the Idaho Republican Party from 1937 to 1938 and he is one of only two people in Idaho history to serve non-consecutive terms as governor. Early in his first term in 1939, he signed the bill creating the Idaho State Police, Bottolfsen ran for United States Senate in 1944 but was defeated by Glen H. Taylor. In his later years he served as clerk of the Idaho House of Representatives. Bottolfsen was elected to the Idaho State Senate in 1958 and 1960, Bottolfsen was an active Freemason within the Grand Lodge of Idaho, serving as master of Arco Lodge No.48. He was also active with the El Korah Shrine in Boise, the Rotary Club, Bottolfsen died at age 72 in Boise from complications from emphysema, which he suffered from in his final years. Bottolfsen Park in Arco is named after him, Bottolfsen are contained within the University of Idaho Library in Moscow, and he and his wife are interred at Hillcrest Cemetery in Arco. Bottolfsen Park in Arco, Idaho University of Idaho Library – Clarence A. Bottolfsen, papers, national Governors Association Idaho Genealogy Trails Idaho State Historical Society, Clarence A. Bottolfsen C. A. Bottolfsen at Find a Grave
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