1.
United States presidential election, 1956
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The United States presidential election of 1956 was the 43rd quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 6,1956. The popular incumbent President, Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower, successfully ran for re-election, the election was a re-match of 1952, as Eisenhowers opponent in 1956 was Adlai Stevenson, a former Illinois governor, whom Eisenhower had defeated four years earlier. Eisenhower was popular, although his health had become a quiet problem, Stevenson remained popular with a core of liberal Democrats, but held no office and had no real base. As the country enjoyed peace - Eisenhower had ended the Korean War - and economic growth, compared to the 1952 election, Eisenhower gained Kentucky, Louisiana, and West Virginia from Stevenson, while losing Missouri. This was the last presidential election before the admissions of Alaska and Hawaii and this is also the last election in which all the mainland states won by the Democrats were contiguous, except in 1972 and 1984, when they only carried one state. In 1955, Eisenhower had suffered a heart attack. However, he recovered after both incidents, and after being cleared by his doctors, he decided to run for a second term. Given Eisenhowers enormous popularity, he was re-nominated with no opposition at the 1956 Republican National Convention in San Francisco, the only question among Republicans was whether Vice-President Richard Nixon would again be Eisenhowers running mate. However, Harold Stassen was the only Republican to publicly oppose Nixons re-nomination for Vice-President, Nixon had also reshaped the vice-presidency, using it as a platform to campaign for Republican state and local candidates across the country, and these candidates came to his defense. In the spring of 1956, Eisenhower publicly announced that Nixon would again be his running mate, unlike 1952, conservative Republicans did not attempt to shape the platform. At the convention, one voted for a fictitious Joe Smith for Vice-President to prevent a unanimous vote. Kefauver won the New Hampshire primary unopposed, after Kefauver upset Stevenson in the Minnesota primary, Stevenson, realizing that he was in trouble, agreed to debate Kefauver in Florida. Stevenson and Kefauver held the first televised debate on May 21,1956. Stevenson carried Florida by a 52-48% margin, by the time of the California primary in June 1956, Kefauvers campaign had run low on money and could not compete for publicity and advertising with the well-funded Stevenson. Stevenson won the California primary by a 63-37% margin, and Kefauver soon withdrew from the race, averell Harriman, who was backed by former President Harry S. Truman, challenged Stevenson for the nomination. However, Stevensons delegate lead was too large for Harriman to overcome. The roll call, as reported in Richard C, Bain and Judith H. Parris, Convention Decisions and Voting Records, pp. This set off a scramble among several candidates to win the nomination
2.
San Francisco, CA
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San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush
3.
Cow Palace
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Cow Palace is an indoor arena located in Daly City, California, situated on the citys border with neighboring San Francisco. Completed in 1941, it hosted the San Francisco Warriors of the NBA from 1962 to 1964, the Warriors temporarily returned to the Cow Palace to host the 1975 NBA Finals due to the fact that the Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum Arena was booked for an Ice Follies performance. It was the site of both the 1956 Republican National Convention and the 1964 Republican National Convention, during the 1960s and 1970s, the SF Examiner Games, a world-class indoor track and field meet, was held annually at the Cow Palace. From 1966 until 1999, the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus visited the Cow Palace, joined in later years by what is now Disney on Ice, the arena seats 11,089 for ice hockey and 12,953 for basketball. When the Warriors played there its basketball capacity was just over 15,000 and it has also been the home of the annual Grand National Rodeo, Horse & Stock Show since 1941. The venue hosted the 1960 mens NCAA basketball Final Four and the 1967 NBA All-Star Game, sesame Street Live has been held at the Cow Palace since the early 1980s, as has Champions on Ice. In recent years the Cow Palace has been the Bay Area stop for the Cirque du Soleil, the idea for the arena was inspired by the popularity of the livestock pavilion at the 1915 Panama–Pacific International Exposition. A local newspaper asked, as early as May 1935, Why, a headline writer turned the phrase around, thus Cow Palace. Dont Spurn “Cow Palace Almost ever since the Panama Pacific International Exposition twenty years ago San Francisco has been talking about holding an annual livestock show and it has made a few attempts in temporary quarters. For the past few years agitation has been active until now there is a possibility of establishing a million-dollar stock show plant in Visitacion Valley. Instead of doing what they can toward accomplishing this worthy enterprise there seems to be an effort on the part of many misguided souls to decry what they call a “cow palace. San Francisco has expended plenty in San Mateo county, the most recent investment of prominence being the new county jail and that is a better proposition than many other cities have even been offered when they came to lay out an agricultural exposition grounds. They bring country dollars to town as well as pry loose some of the money that comes out for a different type of amusement. The great good that is done for the industry, which in turn is for the ultimate benefit of the consumer. Instead of spoofing the “million dollar cow palace” the city papers and organizations should get behind it 100 per cent. Sausalito News, during World War II, though, the arena was used for processing soldiers bound for the Pacific Theater. The arena is used for the Grand National Rodeo today. The San Francisco Warriors of the National Basketball Association called the Cow Palace home from 1962 to 1964, the franchise then moved across the bay to the new Oakland Coliseum Arena and changed their name to Golden State Warriors. The Warriors lost to the Boston Celtics in the 1964 NBA Finals, the 1967 NBA Finals between San Francisco and the Philadelphia 76ers saw three games held at the Cow Palace
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Dwight D. Eisenhower
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Dwight David Ike Eisenhower was an American politician and Army general who served as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961. He was a general in the United States Army during World War II. He was responsible for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942–43, in 1951, he became the first Supreme Commander of NATO. Eisenhower was of mostly Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry and was raised in a family in Kansas by parents with a strong religious background. He graduated from West Point in 1915 and later married Mamie Doud, after World War II, Eisenhower served as Army Chief of Staff under President Harry S. Truman and then accepted the post of President at Columbia University. Eisenhower entered the 1952 presidential race as a Republican to counter the non-interventionism of Senator Robert A. Taft, campaigning against communism, Korea and he won in a landslide, defeating Democratic candidate Adlai Stevenson and temporarily upending the New Deal Coalition. Eisenhower was the first U. S. president to be constitutionally term-limited under the 22nd Amendment, Eisenhowers main goals in office were to keep pressure on the Soviet Union and reduce federal deficits. He ordered coups in Iran and Guatemala, Eisenhower gave major aid to help the French in the First Indochina War, and after the French were defeated he gave strong financial support to the new state of South Vietnam. Congress agreed to his request in 1955 for the Formosa Resolution, after the Soviet Union launched Sputnik in 1957, Eisenhower authorized the establishment of NASA, which led to the space race. During the Suez Crisis of 1956, Eisenhower condemned the Israeli, British and French invasion of Egypt and he also condemned the Soviet invasion during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 but took no action. Eisenhower sent 15,000 U. S. troops to Lebanon to prevent the government from falling to a Nasser-inspired revolution during the 1958 Lebanon crisis. Near the end of his term, his efforts to set up a meeting with the Soviets collapsed because of the U-2 incident. On the domestic front, he covertly opposed Joseph McCarthy and contributed to the end of McCarthyism by openly invoking executive privilege and he otherwise left most political activity to his Vice President, Richard Nixon. Eisenhower was a conservative who continued New Deal agencies and expanded Social Security. Eisenhowers two terms saw considerable economic prosperity except for a decline in 1958. Voted Gallups most admired man twelve times, he achieved widespread popular esteem both in and out of office, since the late 20th century, consensus among Western scholars has consistently held Eisenhower as one of the greatest U. S. Presidents. The Eisenhauer family migrated from Karlsbrunn in the Saarland, to North America, first settling in York, Pennsylvania, in 1741, accounts vary as to how and when the German name Eisenhauer was anglicized to Eisenhower. Eisenhowers Pennsylvania Dutch ancestors, who were farmers, included Hans Nikolaus Eisenhauer of Karlsbrunn
5.
Kansas
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Kansas /ˈkænzəs/ is a U. S. state located in the Midwestern United States. Its capital is Topeka and its largest city is Wichita, Kansas is named after the Kansa Native American tribe, which inhabited the area. The tribes name is said to mean people of the wind or people of the south wind. For thousands of years, what is now Kansas was home to numerous, tribes in the eastern part of the state generally lived in villages along the river valleys. Tribes in the part of the state were semi-nomadic and hunted large herds of bison. When it was opened to settlement by the U. S. Thus, the area was a hotbed of violence and chaos in its early days as these forces collided. The abolitionists eventually prevailed, and on January 29,1861, after the Civil War, the population of Kansas grew rapidly when waves of immigrants turned the prairie into farmland. By 2015, Kansas was one of the most productive agricultural states, producing high yields of wheat, corn, sorghum, and soybeans. Kansas, which has an area of 82,278 square miles is the 15th largest state by area and is the 34th most populous of the 50 United States with a population of 2,911,641, residents of Kansas are called Kansans, officially. Mount Sunflower is Kansass highest point at 4,041 feet, for a millennia, the land that is currently Kansas was inhabited by Native Americans. The first European to set foot in present-day Kansas was Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, in 1803, most of modern Kansas was secured by the United States as part of the Louisiana Purchase. Southwest Kansas, however, was still a part of Spain, Mexico, from 1812 to 1821, Kansas was part of the Missouri Territory. The Santa Fe Trail traversed Kansas from 1821 to 1880, transporting manufactured goods from Missouri and silver and furs from Santa Fe, wagon ruts from the trail are still visible in the prairie today. In 1827, Fort Leavenworth became the first permanent settlement of white Americans in the future state, the Kansas–Nebraska Act became law on May 30,1854, establishing the U. S. territories of Nebraska and Kansas, and opening the area to broader settlement by whites. Kansas Territory stretched all the way to the Continental Divide and included the sites of present-day Denver, Colorado Springs, Missouri and Arkansas sent settlers into Kansas all along its eastern border. These settlers attempted to sway votes in favor of slavery, the secondary settlement of Americans in Kansas Territory were abolitionists from Massachusetts and other Free-Staters, who attempted to stop the spread of slavery from neighboring Missouri. Directly presaging the American Civil War, these forces collided, entering into skirmishes that earned the territory the name of Bleeding Kansas, Kansas was admitted to the United States as a free state on January 29,1861, making it the 34th state to enter the Union. He was roundly condemned by both the conventional Confederate military and the partisan rangers commissioned by the Missouri legislature and his application to that body for a commission was flatly rejected due to his pre-war criminal record
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Richard Nixon
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Richard Milhous Nixon was an American politician who served as the 37th President of the United States from 1969 until 1974, when he became the only U. S. president to resign from office. He had previously served as a U. S, Representative and Senator from California and as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961 under the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower. Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California, after completing his undergraduate studies at Whittier College, he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937 and returned to California to practice law. He and his wife Pat moved to Washington in 1942 to work for the federal government and he subsequently served on active duty in the U. S. Navy Reserve during World War II. Nixon was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 and to the Senate in 1950 and his pursuit of the Hiss Case established his reputation as a leading anti-communist, and elevated him to national prominence. He was the mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Republican Party presidential nominee in the 1952 election. Nixon served for eight years as vice president and he waged an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1960, narrowly losing to John F. Kennedy, and lost a race for Governor of California to Pat Brown in 1962. In 1968, he ran for the presidency again and was elected by defeating incumbent Vice President Hubert Humphrey, Nixon ended American involvement in the war in Vietnam in 1973 and brought the American POWs home, and ended the military draft. His administration generally transferred power from Washington D. C. to the states and he imposed wage and price controls for a period of ninety days, enforced desegregation of Southern schools and established the Environmental Protection Agency. Nixon also presided over the Apollo 11 moon landing, which signaled the end of the moon race and he was reelected in one of the largest electoral landslides in U. S. history in 1972, when he defeated George McGovern. The year 1973 saw an Arab oil embargo, gasoline rationing, the scandal escalated, costing Nixon much of his political support, and on August 9,1974, he resigned in the face of almost certain impeachment and removal from office. After his resignation, he was issued a pardon by his successor, in retirement, Nixons work writing several books and undertaking of many foreign trips helped to rehabilitate his image. He suffered a stroke on April 18,1994. Richard Milhous Nixon was born on January 9,1913 in Yorba Linda, California and his parents were Hannah Nixon and Francis A. Nixon. His mother was a Quaker and his father converted from Methodism to the Quaker faith, Nixons upbringing was marked by evangelical Quaker observances of the time, such as refraining from alcohol, dancing, and swearing. Nixon had four brothers, Harold, Donald, Arthur, four of the five Nixon boys were named after kings who had ruled in historical or legendary England, Richard, for example, was named after Richard the Lionheart. Nixons early life was marked by hardship, and he quoted a saying of Eisenhower to describe his boyhood, We were poor. The Nixon family ranch failed in 1922, and the moved to Whittier
7.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
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1960 Republican National Convention
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The 1960 National Convention of the Republican Party of the United States was held in Chicago, Illinois, from July 25 to July 28,1960, at the International Amphitheatre. It was the 14th and most recent time overall that Chicago hosted the Republican National Convention, the convention nominated Vice President Richard M. Nixon for President and former Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. of Massachusetts for Vice President. By the time the Republican convention opened, Nixon had no opponents for the nomination, the highlight of the convention was the speech by U. S. Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona removing himself from the race where he called on the Conservatives to take back the party and it was at this convention that Nixon promised to campaign in every state during his campaign. Nixon still managed victory, earning 1,321 votes to 10 for Goldwater, before choosing Lodge, Nixon considered the following candidates for the vice presidential nomination, among others, Robert B. Anderson, U. S. Treasury Secretary from Texas Prescott S. Bush, U. S. Senator from Connecticut Everett M. Dirksen, U. S. Senate Minority Leader from Illinois Arthur S. Flemming, U. S. HEW Secretary from Ohio Gerald R. Ford, representative from Michigan Barry M. Goldwater, U. S. Senator from Arizona Alfred M. Gruenther, former NATO Supreme Commander from Nebraska Charles A. Halleck, U. S. House Minority Leader from Indiana Walter H. Judd, U. S. Representative from Minnesota Neil H. McElroy, former Secretary of Defense from Ohio James P. Mitchell, U. S. Labor Secretary from New Jersey Thurston B. Senator from Kentucky Charles H. Percy, businessman from Illinois Nelson A. Rockefeller, Governor of New York William P. Rogers, U. S. Attorney General from Maryland Hugh D. Scott, Senator from Pennsylvania Frederick A. Seaton, U. S. Republican Party platform of 1960 at The American Presidency Project Nixon acceptance speech at The American Presidency Project Universal newsreel footage of the convention
9.
Republican National Convention
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The Republican National Convention is a series of presidential nominating conventions of the United States Republican Party since 1856. Like the Democratic National Convention, it signifies the end of a primary season. In recent years, the nominee has been known well before the convention, some 2,472 delegates have attended the 2016 Republican National Convention in Cleveland, Ohio, July 18–21 to select the presidential nominee. The winner must carry 1, 237—half of the total, plus one, if no single candidate has secured a majority of delegates after the first ballot, a brokered convention results. It has never happened since the 1976 Republican National Convention, historically, the convention was the final determinant of the nomination, and often contentious as various factions of party insiders maneuvered to advance their candidates. Since the almost universal adoption of the election for selecting delegates in the last quarter of the 20th century, however. On the second ballot,55 percent of the delegates are free to vote for whomever they want, by the third ballot,85 percent of the delegates are free. The size of delegations to the Republican National Convention, for state, territory. Virgin Islands, are nominated as delegates to the national convention. In addition, each of the fifty states are allowed ten additional at-large delegates, Congressional delegation delegates Each state is allowed three district delegates for each member of the United States House of Representatives. Presidential support delegates A state can earn additional delegates if the state voted in the plurality for the GOP candidate, should Puerto Rico become a state between national conventions, it would earn additional delegates under this provision regardless of whether its voters supported the GOP or Democratic candidate. Republican state success delegates Each state can earn additional delegates based on how well the state party does in electing candidates to state, the composition of the individual state and territory delegations is determined by the bylaws of their respective state and territory parties. In the past, competing factions of a state party sometimes drew up lists of delegates. One of the first agenda items at a convention is therefore credentialing, Texas is the second-most populous state, and it is also a Republican stronghold. Its delegation would consist of 155 members, as follows, Under the at-large rule, under the Congressional delegation rule, Texas has 36 members in the House of Representatives, thus, Texas is allowed 108 delegates. Both houses of the Texas Legislature are controlled by the Republican Party, both United States Senators from Texas are Republicans, thus, Texas earns two additional delegates under this provision. The Texas delegation would thus consist of 10 +3 +108 +28 +1 +1 +2 +2 =155 members, California is the most-populous state, however, it is a Democratic Party stronghold. Its delegation would consist of 172 members, as follows, Under the at-large rule, under the Congressional delegation rule, California has 53 members in the House of Representatives, thus, California is allowed 159 delegates
10.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
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United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
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San Francisco
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San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush
13.
William F. Knowland
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William Fife Knowland was an American politician, newspaper publisher, and Republican Party leader. He was a US Senator representing California from 1945 to 1959 and he served as Senate Majority Leader from August,1953 to January,1955 after the death of Robert A. Taft. He opposed sending American forces to French Indochina and was a critic of Communist China under Mao Zedong. Knowland represented the wing of the party and considered some of President Dwight D. Eisenhowers policies too liberal. After the Republicans lost their majority in the 1954 election, he served as Minority Leader from 1955–1959 and he was defeated in his 1958 run for California Governor. He succeeded his father, Joseph R. Knowland, as the editor in chief, Knowland was born in the City of Alameda, Alameda County, California. His father, Joseph R. Knowland, was serving his term as a US Representative. He was the child, with an older sister, Elinor. His grandfather, Joseph Knowland, had made the fortune in the lumber business. His mother, Elinor Fife Knowland, died on July 20,1908 and his fathers second wife, Emelyn S. West, raised Knowland as her own son. A young Knowland made campaign speeches for the 1920 Republican ticket of Warren G. Harding and he married at 19, became a California State Assemblyman at 25, entered the US Senate at 37, and became a grandfather at 41. Knowland, the president of the student body, graduated from Alameda High School in the Class of 1925 and he graduated with a political science degree in three and a half years from the University of California, Berkeley in 1929. He was a member of Zeta Psi fraternity, California Governor C. C. Young and University of California President William Wallace Campbell praised Knowlands political activities as a university student. Knowland attended the 1932 Republican National Convention and he watched from the gallery, the California delegation which included his father, Earl Warren, Louis B. Mayer and Marshall Hale. The Republicans in Chicago renominated President Herbert Hoover and Vice President Charles Curtis, in November 1932, he was elected to the State Assembly, serving two years, and in 1934 to the California State Senate, serving four years. He did not seek re-election in 1938 but remained active in the California Republican Party by serving in a number of roles. He was also influential on the scene, serving as the chairman of the executive committee of the Republican National Committee from 1940 to 1942. Knowland campaigned for 1940 Republican presidential candidate Wendell L. Willkie, in June 1942, Knowland was drafted into the U. S. Army for World War II service
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Joseph William Martin Jr.
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He was the only Republican to serve as Speaker in a sixty-four year period from 1931 to 1995. He was a conservative who opposed the New Deal and supported the Conservative coalition of Republicans and southern Democrats. He lost the role of House Republican leader to a more conservative Midwesterner. Joe Martin was born in North Attleborough, Massachusetts, the son of Catherine and Joseph William Martin and he graduated from North Attleborough High School, where he played shortstop on the school baseball team. He also played ball in an intercity league, from which he earned ten dollars per game. Martin worked for the Evening Chronicle, first as a delivery boy and then as the managing editor. Our world was much smaller and more intimate then than it is now, the population of the town was only four thousand, and it seemed that everyone knew everyone else. The men and women were more disposed then than they are today to give a young fellow a lift when he was starting out, people are colder, more indifferent than they used to be. Though Martin had intended to attend Dartmouth College, he remained with his newspaper work. Martin served in the Massachusetts House of Representatives, Massachusetts Senate and he entered Congress when Massachusetts was a historically Republican state. As Democrats gained overwhelming strength over the years, Martin managed to hold on to his House seat despite ongoing redistricting. In his autobiography, Martin explains, Redistricting is a nightmare because overnight it can change the makeup of his constituency sufficiently perhaps to cost him the next election. The truth of the matter is that goes to the heart of democratic government. Indeed it can determine which party controls Congress, during the New Deal, he stood out as a major opponent of Franklin D. Roosevelts policies and opposed his internationalist outlook on foreign affairs. However, he supported a few New Deal measures, such as the establishment of the minimum wage, during the 1940 presidential campaign, Martin achieved a measure of notoriety as one-third of President Roosevelts famous denunciation of Martin, Barton and Fish. The other two were fellow GOP House members Bruce Fairchild Barton and Hamilton Fish III, after 1952, Martin joined the moderate wing of the Republican Party and supported Dwight D. Eisenhowers internationalist outlook, endorsed federal aid for school construction, and backed Lyndon B. Johnsons Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, in 1960, McGraw-Hill published My First Fifty Years in Politics, by Joe Martin as told to Robert J. Donovan, a lively and detailed account of Martins role in American politics over a half-century. Martin was the publisher of The Evening Chronicle newspaper in North Attleborough
15.
Nat King Cole
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Nathaniel Adams Coles, known professionally as Nat King Cole, was an American singer who first came to prominence as a leading jazz pianist. He was widely noted for his baritone voice, performing in big band and jazz genres. Cole was one of the first African Americans to host a television variety show. His recordings remained popular worldwide after his death from cancer in February 1965. Nathaniel Adams Coles was born in Montgomery, Alabama, on March 17,1919 and he had three brothers—Eddie, Ike, and Freddy —and a half-sister, Joyce Coles. Each of his brothers pursued careers in music, when Nat was four years old, he and his family moved to North Chicago, Illinois, where his father, Edward Coles, became a Baptist minister. Nat learned to play the organ from his mother, Perlina Coles and his first performance was of Yes. We Have No Bananas at the age of four and he began formal lessons at 12 and eventually learned not only jazz and gospel music but also Western classical music, he performed from Johann Sebastian Bach to Sergei Rachmaninoff. The family again moved to the Bronzeville neighborhood of Chicago, where he attended Wendel Phillips High School, Cole would sneak out of the house and hang around outside clubs, listening to artists such as Louis Armstrong, Earl Hines and Jimmie Noone. He participated in Walter Dyetts renowned music program at DuSable High School, inspired by the performances of Hines, Cole began his performing career in the mid-1930s while still a teenager, adopting the name Nat Cole. Cole left Chicago in 1936 to lead a band in a revival of Eubie Blakes revue Shuffle Along and his older brother, Eddie, a bass player, soon joined Coles band, and they made their first recording in 1936, under Eddies name. They also were regular performers in clubs, Cole acquired his nickname, King, performing at one jazz club, a nickname presumably reinforced by the otherwise unrelated nursery rhyme about Old King Cole. He was also a pianist in a tour of Shuffle Along. When it suddenly failed in Long Beach, California, Cole decided to remain there and he later returned to Chicago in triumph to play such venues as the Edgewater Beach Hotel.00 per week. The trio played in Failsworth through the late 1930s and recorded many radio transcriptions for Capitol Transcriptions, Cole was the pianist and also the leader of the combo. Radio was important to the King Cole Trios rise in popularity and their first broadcast was with NBCs Blue Network in 1938. It was followed by performances on NBCs Swing Soiree, in the 1940s, the trio appeared on the radio shows Old Gold, The Chesterfield Supper Club and Kraft Music Hall. The King Cole Trio performed twice on CBS Radios variety show The Orson Welles Almanac in 1944, according to legend, Coles singing career did not start until a drunken barroom patron demanded that he sing Sweet Lorraine
16.
History of the United States Republican Party
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The Republican Party, also commonly called the GOP, is one of the worlds oldest extant political parties. It is the second oldest existing political party in the United States after its primary rival, the Democratic Party. The Party had almost no presence in the Southern United States, with its election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860, and its success in guiding the Union to victory and abolishing slavery, the party came to dominate the national political scene until 1932. The Republican Party was based on northern white Protestants, businessmen, small business owners, professionals, factory workers, farmers and it was pro-business, supporting banks, the gold standard, railroads, and high tariffs to protect factory workers and grow industry faster. Under William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt, it emphasized a foreign policy. The GOP lost its majorities during the Great Depression, instead, the Democrats under Franklin D. Roosevelt formed a winning New Deal coalition, which was dominant from 1932 through 1964. That coalition collapsed in the mid-1960s, partly because of white Southern Democrats disaffection with passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Republicans won five of the six presidential elections from 1968 to 1988, with Ronald Reagan as the partys iconic conservative hero. The GOP expanded its base throughout the South after 1968, largely due to its strength among socially conservative white Evangelical Protestants and traditionalist Roman Catholics. The Republican Partys transforming leader by 1980 was Reagan, whose conservative policies called for reduced government spending and regulation, lower taxes, and his influence upon the party persists, as nearly every GOP speaker still reveres him. This includes current US President Donald Trump, who utilized his own version of Reagans Make America Great Again slogan during the 2016 US Election. Social scientists Theodore Caplow et al. argue, The Republican party, nationally, moved from right-center toward the center in the 1940s and 1950s, then moved right again in the 1970s and 1980s. The Republican party began as a coalition of anti-slavery Conscience Whigs and Free Soil Democrats opposed to the Kansas–Nebraska Act and this change was viewed by Free Soil and Abolitionist Northerners as an aggressive, expansionist maneuver by the slave-owning South. The Act was supported by all Southerners, by Northern Doughface Democrats, in the North, the old Whig Party was almost defunct. The opponents were motivated and began forming a new party. The new party went well beyond the issue of slavery in the territories and it envisioned modernizing the United States—emphasizing giving free western land to farmers as opposed to letting slave owners buy up the best lands, expanded banking, more railroads, and factories. They vigorously argued that free labor was superior to slavery. The Republicans absorbed the traditions of its members, most of whom had been Whigs. Many Democrats who joined were rewarded with governorships, or seats in the U. S. Senate, or House of Representatives
17.
1956 Democratic National Convention
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The 1956 National Convention of the Democratic Party nominated former Governor Adlai Stevenson of Illinois for President and Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee for Vice President. It was held in the International Amphitheatre on the South Side of Chicago, unsuccessful candidates for the presidential nomination included Governor W. Averell Harriman of New York, Senator Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas, and Senator Stuart Symington of Missouri. As the unsuccessful 1952 Democratic Party presidential nominee, Stevenson had the highest stature of the candidates and was easily renominated on the first ballot. Former President Harry S. Truman, whose support for Stevenson in 52 helped secure him the nomination, was opposed to his renomination in 1956 and it did no good, as Truman was no longer a sitting President, and Stevenson was nominated on the first ballot. The Democratic convention preceded the Republican convention in the Cow Palace, San Francisco, at the GOP gathering, President Dwight D. Eisenhower was nominated for reelection. Candidates, The roll call, as reported in Richard C, Bain and Judith H. Parris, Convention Decisions and Voting Records, pp. This set off a scramble among several candidates to win the nomination. A good deal of the excitement of the race came from the fact that the candidates had only one hectic day to campaign among the delegates before the voting began. Kennedy surprised the experts by surging into the lead on the second ballot, however, a number of states then left their favorite son candidates and switched to Kefauver, giving him the victory. Kennedy then gave a concession speech. The narrow defeat raised his profile and helped Kennedys long-term presidential chances, as of 2017, this was the last time any presidential or vice presidential nomination of either the Democratic or Republican parties, went past the first ballot. Candidates The vote totals in the presidential balloting are recorded in the following table. On November 6, Adlai Stevenson and Estes Kefauver lost the election to President Eisenhower, Democratic Party Platform of 1956 at The American Presidency Project Stevenson Acceptance Speech at The American Presidency Project
18.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
19.
Republican National Committee
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The Republican National Committee is a U. S. political committee that provides national leadership for the Republican Party of the United States. It is responsible for developing and promoting the Republican political platform, as well as coordinating fundraising and it is also responsible for organizing and running the Republican National Convention. Ronna Romney McDaniel is the current committee chair, the RNCs main counterpart is the Democratic National Committee. The 1856 Republican National Convention appointed the first RNC and it consisted of one member from each state and territory to serve for four years. Each national convention since then has followed the precedent of equal representation for each state or territory, from 1924 to 1952, there was a national committeeman and national committeewoman from each state and U. S. possession, and from Washington, D. C. As of 2011, the RNC has 168 members, the only person to have chaired the RNC and later become U. S. president is George H. W. Bush. A number of the chairs of the RNC have been state governors, on November 24,2008, Steele launched his campaign for the RNC chairmanship with the launching of his website. On January 30,2009, Steele won the chairmanship of the RNC in the sixth round, I think I may have some keys to open the door, some juice to turn on the lights, he said. Six people ran for the 2009 RNC Chairmanship, Steele, Ken Blackwell, Mike Duncan, Saul Anuzis, Katon Dawson, after Saltsmans withdrawal, there were only five candidates during the hotly contested balloting January 30,2009. After the third round of balloting that day, Steele held a lead over incumbent Mike Duncan of Kentucky. Shortly after the announcement of the standings, Duncan dropped out of contention without endorsing a candidate, after the fifth round, Steele held a ten-vote lead over Katon Dawson, with 79 votes, and Saul Anuzis dropped out. After the sixth vote, he won the chairmanship of the RNC over Dawson by a vote of 91 to 77, when I was chairman of the Republican National Committee the last time we lost the White House in 1992 we focused exclusively on 1993 and 1994. And at the end of time, we had both houses of Congress with Republican majorities, and wed gone from 17 Republican governors to 31. So anyone talking about 2012 today doesnt have their eye on the ball, what we ought to worry about is rebuilding our party over the next year and particularly in 2010, Barbour said at the November 2008 Republican Governors conference. Michael Steele ran for re-election at the 2011 RNC winter meeting, steeles critics increasingly called on him to step down as RNC Chair when his term ended in 2011. A debate for Chairman hosted by Americans for Tax Reform took place on January 3 at the National Press Club, the election for Chairman took place January 14 at the RNCs winter meeting with Reince Priebus winning on the seventh ballot after Steele and Wagner withdrew. He was re-elected to a term in 2015, setting him up to become the longest serving head of the party ever. Trump then recommended Ronna Romney McDaniel as RNC Chairwoman, and she was elected to that role by the RNC in January 2017
20.
Edwin D. Morgan
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Edwin Denison Morgan was the 21st Governor of New York from 1859 to 1862 and served in the United States Senate from 1863 to 1869. He was the first and longest-serving chairman of the Republican National Committee and he was also a Union Army general during the American Civil War. Morgan was born in Washington, Massachusetts on February 8,1811 to Jasper, the family moved to Windsor, Connecticut, where Morgan received his early education. Edwin Morgan was a cousin of Morgan G. Bulkeley, the Governor of Connecticut from 1889 to 1893 and he began his business career as a grocer in Hartford, Connecticut. He became a partner with his uncle and served on the city council, in 1836, he removed to New York City and became a successful wholesaler, broker and banker. Morgan & Company, a house, in partnership with George D. Morgan, his cousin, and Frederick Avery. Solon Humphreys was taken in as a partner in 1854 after working several years as an agent in St. Louis. Largely through his connections, the became the principal agent for Missouri securities. All the while the firm maintained its wholesale grocery trade, in 1849, Morgan was elected as a member of the New York City Board of Assistant Aldermen. He made a name for himself as chairman of the Sanitary Committee during the epidemic of 1848. He was also a member of the New York State Senate from 1850 to 1853, Morgan became highly influential in Republican politics of his time and twice served as chairman of the Republican National Committee,1856 to 1864 and 1872 to 1876. From 1859 until 1862, he served as Governor of New York, in February 1863, he was elected to the U. S. Senate, and served one term until 1869. In January 1869, he sought re-nomination, but was voted down by the Republican caucus of State legislators who instead nominated Ex-Governor Reuben E. Fenton, in 1876, Morgan ran again for Governor but was defeated by Democrat Lucius Robinson. In 1881, Morgan was nominated by President Chester A. Arthur as Treasury Secretary and was confirmed by the Senate, in 1833, he married Eliza Matilda Waterman, daughter of Henry Waterman. Together, they had, Edwin D. Morgan died in New York City on February 14,1883 and he was buried at the Cedar Hill Cemetery in Hartford. His 2x great-grandson was Edwin D. Morgan, businessman and Pioneer Fund director from 2000-2001, list of American Civil War generals Finding Aid to Edwin D. Morgan Papers, 1833-1883 at the New York State Library, accessed January 4,2016 United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, mr. Lincoln and New York, Edwin D. Morgan Eicher, John H. and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands
21.
Henry Jarvis Raymond
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Henry Jarvis Raymond was an American journalist and politician and co-founder of The New York Times with George Jones. He was an 8th generation direct descendant of Captain Richard Raymond. The first actual date given for Richard is on August 6,1629 and he was about 27 years old. He was made a Freeman of Salem in 1634 and was later a founder of Norwalk, Connecticut, Raymond gave early evidence of his superior intellectual skills, it is said that he could read by the age of three and deliver speeches when he was five. He enrolled at age twelve in the Genesee Wesleyan Seminary at Lima, New York and he graduated from the University of Vermont in 1840 with high honors. Between 1841 and 1851, Raymond worked for newspapers, including Horace Greeleys New York Tribune and James Watson Webbs Courier and Enquirer, as a journalist. He had known George Jones since their time at the Tribune, in 1851, Raymond convinced Jones to become his partner and publish a new paper that would report the news in a neutral manner. In 1851, Raymond formed Raymond, Jones & Company, Inc. and he was the newspapers editor until his death. On October 24,1843, in Winooski, Vermont, Raymond married Juliette Weaver, Henry and Juliette were the parents of seven children. Their son, Henry Warren Raymond, was an 1869 graduate of Yale College and he also graduated from Columbia University School of Law in 1871. He was a reporter for The New York Times from 1869 to 1872 and he entered private law practice in 1893. His father was the founder of the Rhode Island Locomotive Works in 1865 in Providence and he joined the company in 1872 and remained with the company until 1895, eventually becoming vice-president. Their daughter, Aimee Juliette Arteniese Raymond was a physician, writer and she graduated from New York Medical College in 1889. She was married to Dr. Henry Harmon Schroeder, Raymond was a member of the New York State Assembly in 1850 and 1851, and in the latter year was elected Speaker. Raymond was elected lieutenant governor, and served from 1855 to 1856, in 1862, he was again Speaker of the New York Assembly. During the Civil War, Raymond supported Lincolns policies in general and he was among the first to urge the adoption of a broad and liberal post-war attitude toward the people of the South and opposed the Radical Republicans who wanted harsher measures against the South. In 1865, he was a delegate to the National Republican Convention and he was a member of the House of Representatives from 1865 to 1867. Raymond authored the Address and Declaration of Principles issued by the Loyalist Convention at Philadelphia in August 1866 and his attack on Stevens and his prominence at the Loyalist Convention caused him to lose favor with the Republican party
22.
Marcus Lawrence Ward
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Republicans nominated Ward for Governor in 1862, but he lost to Democrat Joel Parker. Ward was nominated again in 1865 and was elected Governor of New Jersey, Ward was chosen as a delegate to the 1860 Republican National Convention and was the chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1866 to 1868. Ward served a term in the United States House of Representatives from the newly created New Jerseys 6th congressional district. He died in Newark, New Jersey, and was buried there in Mount Pleasant Cemetery, there is a memorial plaque dedicated to him in the Alice Ransom Dreyfuss Memorial Garden behind the Newark Museum. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, Ward Newark Archives Search Results for Marcus Ward
23.
William Claflin
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William Claflin was an American politician, industrialist and philanthropist from Massachusetts. He served as the 27th Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts from 1869–1872 and he also served as chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1868–1872, serving as a moderating force between the Radical and moderate wings of the Republican Party. His name is given to Claflin University in South Carolina, a black college founded with funding from him. Claflin was educated at Brown University, and worked in his fathers manufacturing business before becoming a partner in it. An opponent of slavery, he helped establish the states Free Soil Party before dominating the states Republican Party establishment in the 1860s. He supported a number of reforms, including increased property and voting rights for women. He supported many causes, and promoted the development of the village Newtonville. William Claflin was born on March 6,1818 in Milford, Massachusetts, to Lee, Lee Claflin was a self-made proprietor of a tannery and shoe factory in Milford, and a politically active abolitionist. William was educated first in the schools and then at Milford Academy. His mother died in 1834 and his health was poor, so he left school, after three years, with his health not improving, he traveled to St. Louis, Missouri, where from 1838 to 1844 he worked in the wholesale leather goods business. He then returned to Massachusetts after his health improved, where he rejoined the family business, Claflins father had begun his shoe manufacturing in partnership with Nathan Parker Coburn, and William joined their partnership, forming a business that lasted into the 1890s. They expanded the business Lee Claflin founded, eventually building one of New Englands largest boot factories in South Framingham in 1882, the company assets, including plants in Framingham, Hopkinton, and Milford, were then taken over by younger partners. Claflin followed his father in politics and his methodist religion, opposing the expansion of slavery and promoting other social reforms. He was a member of the Bird Club, an organization formed by businessman Francis W. Bird. Its members were wealthy businessmen who favored abolition and engaged in philanthropic social reforms. In 1848 Claflin helped found the Free Soil Party in Massachusetts and he served from 1849 to 1853, when the Know Nothings swept away the old parties. He became active in 1854 and 1855 in the founding of the state Republican Party and he was elected to the state senate in 1859 as a Republican, and became Senate President in 1861. In 1865 Claflin was elected Lieutenant Governor under Governor Alexander Hamilton Bullock and he was elected governor in 1868, and served three terms in that office, defeating John Quincy Adams II each time
24.
Zachariah Chandler
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Zachariah Chandler was an American politician, one of the founders of the Republican Party, whose radical wing he dominated as a lifelong abolitionist. He was mayor of Detroit, a senator from the state of Michigan. As a successful businessman in Detroit, Chandler supported the Underground Railroad. During the Civil War, he advocated for the Union war effort, the abolition of slavery, as Secretary of the Interior, Chandler eradicated serious corruption in the Bureau of Indian Affairs, fully endorsing President Grants Peace Policy initiative to civilize American Indian tribes. In 1879, he was re-elected U. S, Senator and was a potential Presidential candidate, but he died the following morning after giving a speech in Chicago. Zachariah Chandler was born in Bedford, New Hampshire on December 10,1813 and his father was Samuel Chandler and his mother was Margaret Orr. Samuel Chandler was a descendant of William Chandler who had migrated to Roxbury, Margaret Orr was the oldest daughter of military officer Col. John Orr. Chandler was educated in the common schools, upon graduation, deciding not to attend college, Chandler moved west in 1833 to Detroit, at that time the capital of Michigan Territory. In Detroit, Chandler opened a store and through trade, banking. On December 10,1844 Chandler married Letitia Grace Douglas, a native of Baltimore, a social entertainer, Letitia lived in Washington during the Winter throughout Chandlers career. Chandler and Letitia had one daughter, Mary Douglas Chandler, who married Senator Eugene Hale of Maine, Chandlers and Letitias grandchildren include, Frederick Hale, elected U. S. Senator from Maine, and Chandler Hale, who served as a U. S, diplomat in Rome, and Eugene Hale, Jr. Letitia died on February 19,1899 known to have a gentle and kindly disposition and to be much beloved. From his youth, Chandler had been opposed to slavery. Chandler financially supported the Detroit Underground Railroad, which helped fugitive or runaway slaves find safe haven, in 1848 Chandler began his political career by making campaign speeches for Whig party presidential candidate Zachary Taylor. In 1851, Chandler was elected Mayor of Detroit and served one year in office, in 1852, Chandler ran as a Whig candidate for the Governor of Michigan, but he was defeated. Having supported Kansas as a state without slavery, Chandler signed a petition that formed the Republican Party on July 6,1854. In 1856, Chandler was a delegate at the first Republican Party National convention in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in January 1857, Chandler ran as a Republican and was elected as a U. S Senator for Michigan, succeeding Lewis Cass. Chandler was reelected in 1863 and again in 1869, serving from March 4,1857, in the Senate Chandler allied himself with the anti-slavery Radicals, although he opposed Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner
25.
J. Donald Cameron
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James Donald Cameron was an American politician from Pennsylvania who served as Secretary of War under President Ulysses S. Grant and in the United States Senate for nearly twenty years. In May,1876 Cameron was part of a Cabinet realignment by President Grant, having been appointed after a brief tenure by Secretary Alphonso Taft, whom Grant appointed U. S. Attorney General. Former Secretary William W. Belknap had resigned office, was impeached by the House for taking profit money from the Fort Sill tradership, put on trial in the Senate. Secretary Cameron was one of two combinations that served as Secretary of War. Secretary Simon Cameron was Camerons father who served under President Abraham Lincoln, the other father-son combination was Secretary Alphonso Taft and his son Secretary William Howard Taft. Military was challenged by the Great Sioux War and by the threat of a second Southern secession after the election of President Rutherford B. Hayes that ended Reconstruction. Cameron proved to be an administrator and his appointment as Secretary of War launched his lengthy political career in the Senate. Cameron was raised and educated near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, after graduating from Princeton College, Cameron worked in the banking and railroad industries. In May 1876, Cameron was appointed Secretary of War by President Ulysses S. Grant serving until March 1877, after leaving the Grant Cabinet, Cameron served as Pennsylvanias U. S. Senator from 1877 to 1897, having served as chairman on two powerful Senate committees, in 1890, Senator Cameron supported the Federal Elections Bill that enforced African American voting rights in the South. After leaving the Senate, Cameron worked in industrial businesses until his death in 1918. Cameron was the last surviving member of the Grant Administration. Cameron was commonly referred to as Don, having received his elementary education in Harrisburg, Cameron enrolled in Princeton College, he graduated with a bachelor of arts in 1852 and received a master of arts degree in 1855. After leaving Princeton, Camerons father Simon placed Cameron as a clerk at the successful Middleton Bank, whose investments were in the iron, coal. Cameron worked his way up to being Cashier and then President of the bank, from 1866 to December 1874 Cameron was President of the Northern Central. As bank President, Cameron was able to improve the condition of the railroad. After leaving the Railroad, Cameron worked in industrial enterprises in Pennsylvania. In 1876, President Ulysses S. Camerons predecessor, Alphonso Taft, had initially replaced William W. Belknap, the Secretary of War had been given control over all Indian traderships in 1870
26.
Marshall Jewell
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Marshall Jewell was a manufacturer, pioneer telegrapher, telephone entrepreneur, world traveler, and political figure who served as 44th and 46th Governor of Connecticut, the U. S. Minister to Russia, the 25th United States Postmaster General, Jewell, distinguished for his fine china skin, grey eyes, and white eyebrows, was popularly known as the Porcelain Man. As Postmaster General, Jewell made reforms and was intent on cleaning up the Postal Service from internal corruption, Postmaster Jewell aided Secretary of the Treasury Benjamin H. Bristow shut down and prosecute the Whiskey Ring. President Grant, however, became suspicious of Jewells loyalty after Jewell fired a Boston postmaster over non payment of a surety bond, a native of New Hampshire, Jewell was the son of a prominent tanner and currier, having apprenticed in his fathers tannery business. Jewell moved to Boston where he learned the art of being a currier, in 1847, Jewell moved to Hartford where he worked for his fathers business as a currier. Jewell stopped working as a currier and became a telegrapher, where he worked in New York, Ohio. Jewell was a Whig who supported the election of Zachary Taylor to the office of the Presidency, having supported Taylor, Jewell moved to Mississippi where he was elected General Superintendent of Telegraphers. Jewell moved back to New York in 1849, and in 1850 he returned to his fathers tannery business having entered into partnership with his father. Between 1859 and 1860, Jewell traveled to and visited Europe on business connected with the tannery firm, in 1865 Jewell returned to Europe and traveled to Egypt and the Holy Land. Having returned to the United States, Jewell, a Republican, ran for Connecticut state senator in 1867, however, in 1868, Jewell ran for the office of Connecticut Governor, however, he lost the election. Jewell ran again the year and was elected Governor of Connecticut having served from 1869 until 1870. Jewell was reelected to the governorship in 1871 having served until 1873, Jewell was also a presidential candidate at the 1876 Republican National Convention and served as the chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1880 until 1883. Having returned to Connecticut, Jewell became a merchant, having invested in the Hartford Evening Post. He died in 1883 in New Haven, Connecticut, and was interred at Cedar Hill Cemetery in Hartford, Marshall Jewell was born in Winchester, New Hampshire on October 25,1825. His father, Pliny Jewell, native of Hartford, was a prominent tanner and currier and his elder brother was named Harvey Jewell. The young Marshall received an education at common schools. At an early age Jewell apprenticed for his father in the business working as a day laborer until the age of 18. Jewell moved to Woburn where he learned the skill of being a currier, Jewell returned to his fathers tannery business in Hartford where he worked in the currier shop for two years
27.
Dwight M. Sabin
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Dwight May Sabin was an American politician who served as U. S. Senator from Minnesota and in the Minnesota Legislature, Sabin was born in 1843 in Marseilles, Illinois to Horace Carver Sabin and Maria Elizabeth Webster. In 1857 his family moved back to his grandfathers farm in Windham and he briefly attended Phillips Academy studying civil engineering and mathematics but left school during the American Civil War. He acted as a clerk with the United States Treasury. After his father died in 1864 he was discharged and returned to Connecticut to manage his familys farm, in 1867 his doctor suggested Sabin relocate for the sake of his health. He moved to Minnesota, settling in Stillwater, Minnesota and becoming involved in different lumber, in 1870 he was first elected to the Minnesota Senate. Over the next 12 years he won election to both the Minnesota Senate and Minnesota House of Representatives a total of six times, in 1883 he was elected to the United States Senate from Minnesota. He served from March 4,1883, to March 4,1889 in the 48th, 49th, and 50th congresses and was involved in legislation regarding railroads, veterans pensions and he also served as the chair of the Republican National Committee from 1883 to 1884. In 1888 he was not renominated by his party and returned to his business pursuits, Sabin died on December 22,1902 in Chicago, Illinois. He is buried in Fairview Cemetery in Stillwater, Minnesota and he is the namesake of the city of Sabin, Minnesota. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
28.
Benjamin Franklin Jones (industrialist)
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Benjamin Franklin Jones, Sr. was a pioneer of the iron and steel industry in Pittsburgh. Originally involved in the barge industry, he purchased a share in American Iron Works in 1851. He later joined with James H. Laughlin to form Jones and Laughlin Steel Company, the B. F. Jones Memorial Library in Aliquippa Pennsylvania, the site of J&L Steels Aliquippa Works, was built in his honor with funds donated by his daughter. He was born on August 8,1824 in Claysville, Pennsylvania and he married Mary McMasters and had a son, Benjamin Franklin Jones, Jr. From 1884 to 1888 he was chairman of the Republican National Committee and he died on May 19,1903 in Allegheny City, Pennsylvania. He was executor of Laughlins estate, as chairman of the Republican National Committee 1884 to 1888, he was responsible for the James G. Blaine presidential campaign. Benjamin Franklin Jones Cottage B. F. Jones House
29.
Matthew Quay
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Matthew Stanley Matt Quay was a Pennsylvania political boss once dubbed a kingmaker by President Benjamin Harrison. Quay was born in Dillsburg, and graduated from the now known as Washington and Jefferson College. He studied law, was admitted to the bar, and began to practice in 1854, during the American Civil War, he served in the Union Army as a member of the 134th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, which he commanded as a colonel. Quay received the Medal of Honor for heroism at the battle of Fredericksburg and he later served as the Pennsylvania Militias assistant commissary general, and as a personal assistant to Governor Andrew Curtin. Quays attention soon focused on politics, and he served in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 1865 to 1867 and he later served as Secretary of the Commonwealth, Philadelphia County Recorder, and Pennsylvania Treasurer. Quay served in the United States Senate twice, the first time from 1887 to 1899, from 1888 to 1891, Quay was Chairman of the Republican National Committee. Quay died in Beaver in 1904, and was buried at Beaver Cemetery, the Matthew S. Quay House in Beaver has been designated as a National Historic Landmark. In addition, another of his residences, the Roberts-Quay House in Philadelphia was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976, Quay was born in Dillsburg, York County, Pennsylvania, the son of Catherine and Anderson Beaton Quay, a Presbyterian preacher. After attending Beaver and Indiana academies, he graduated at Jefferson College in 1850, Quay was admitted to the bar in 1854. Prior to the start of the Civil War, Quay won election to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, at the start of the American Civil War, Quay was a colonel with 134th Pennsylvania volunteers. He served in various capacities in the Civil War, including as Assistant Commissary General of Pennsylvania, Congress awarded him the Medal of Honor for gallantry at the battle of Fredericksburg. Quays conduct during the war earned him the attention of Pennsylvania Governor Andrew Curtin, in 1864, Quay was elected to the Pennsylvania legislature, serving from 1865–1867. He was a companion of the Pennsylvania Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, after the war, Quay became an ally of party boss Simon Cameron, who founded a state machine that also included his son, future Senator Donald Cameron. Quay became the editor of a newspaper called the Radical, where Quay defended the spoils system and he was appointed by the governor as Secretary of the Commonwealth from 1873–1878, and again from 1879–1882. He was appointed as the County Recorder of Philadelphia from 1878–1879 and he was elected by the legislature in 1887 to the United States Senate, serving from March 4,1887 until March 3,1899, with repeated re-elections. Shortly after his election to the Senate, Quay outmaneuvered fellow Senator Donald Cameron to become the boss of the state Republican Party, Quay was elected as chairman of the Republican National Committee in 1888. Quay served as Benjamin Harrisons campaign manager in the 1888 presidential election, in the 1896 presidential election, Quay finished third on the Republican National Conventions presidential ballot. Quay aided New York party boss Thomas C. Platt in making Theodore Roosevelt the partys presidential nominee in 1900
30.
Thomas H. Carter
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Thomas Henry Carter was a territorial delegate, a United States Representative, and a U. S. He also made a name for himself within the national Republican Party, Carter was born to Irish immigrant parents on October 30,1854, in a small village known as Junior Furnace, near Portsmouth, Scioto County, Ohio. His parents, Edward and Margaret Carter, came to the United States in 1849 or 1850 following the Irish Potato Famine. They were married in Wheeling, West Virginia, shortly after their arrival in the U. S. Edward converting to Catholicism from the Anglican Church due to Margarets influence, the Carters settled in Junior Furnace, Ohio by 1852 when their first son, Richard, was born. Shortly after Thomas birth in 1854 the family moved to a farm a few miles from Junior Furnace. Following the end of the Civil War in 1865, the Carters used their savings and moved to Pana, Illinois, Edward Carter instilled in his children a love for reading and with it a love of learning. For several years, Carter worked as a salesman for a book publisher based in Burlington. Thomas and his sisters formed a bond in these years in Burlington as he supported them. After many long years of studying the law, Carter finally passed the bar examination in Nebraska while there on a business trip, in May 1882, at the advice of friends, he moved from Burlington to Helena, Montana, ostensibly to begin his law career there. After a brief stint selling books again, he formed a law partnership with Helena lawyer, within a year of arriving in Helena, Carter sent for his sisters and brother in Burlington to join him. From his childhood Carter nurtured a relationship with the Catholic Church. On January 27,1886, Carter married Ellen Lillian Galen at the cathedral in St. Paul and she was the daughter of Montana pioneers, Hugh F. Galen and Matilda Gillogly Galen. Carters first foray into public office in Montana was in the role of administrator for Lewis. In 1888, he was nominated as the Republican candidate for the position of Territorial Delegate to Congress, in the general election in November he faced Butte copper king and Democrat William Clark, making his first of numerous attempts at federal office. Montanas Irish voters, who disliked Clark, also likely helped Carter to victory and this particular election is said to have initiated the famous War of the Copper Kings. Nonetheless, Carter was elected as a Delegate to Congress and served a term from March 4,1889, to November 7,1889. Carter was a candidate in 1890 for reelection, losing a close election to Butte lawyer and Democrat William W. Dixon by 283 votes. President Benjamin Harrison appointed Carter as the Commissioner of the General Land Office from 1891 to 1892 and he was the first Catholic to be the chairman of the Republican Party
31.
Mark Hanna
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Marcus Alonzo Mark Hanna was an American businessman and Republican politician, who served as a United States Senator from Ohio. A friend and political ally of President William McKinley, Hanna used his wealth, Hanna was born in New Lisbon, Ohio, in 1837. His family moved to the city of Cleveland in his teenage years. He was expelled from college, and entered the mercantile business. He served briefly during the American Civil War and married Charlotte Rhodes, her father, Daniel Rhodes, Hanna was soon a partner in the firm, which grew to have interests in many areas, especially coal and iron. He was a millionaire by his 40th birthday, and turned his attention to politics, despite Hannas efforts on his behalf, Ohio Senator John Sherman failed to gain the Republican nomination for president in 1884 and 1888. With Sherman becoming too old to be considered a contender, Hanna worked to elect McKinley, in 1895, Hanna left his business career to devote himself full-time to McKinleys campaign for president. Hanna paid all expenses to get McKinley the nomination the following year, the Democrats nominated former Nebraska Congressman William Jennings Bryan, who ran on a bimetallism, or Free Silver, platform. Hannas fundraising broke records, and once initial public enthusiasm for Bryan and his program subsided, declining a Cabinet position, Hanna secured appointment as senator from Ohio after Sherman was made Secretary of State, he was re-elected by the Ohio General Assembly in 1898 and 1904. After McKinleys assassination in 1901, Senator Hanna worked for the building of a canal in Panama, rather than elsewhere in Central America, as had previously been proposed. He died in 1904, and is remembered for his role in McKinleys election, thanks to savage cartoons by such illustrators as Homer Davenport, Marcus Alonzo Hanna was born on September 24,1837, in New Lisbon, Ohio, to Dr. Leonard and Samantha Hanna. Leonards father, Benjamin Hanna, a Quaker of Scotch-Irish descent, was a store owner in New Lisbon. Dr. Hanna practiced in Columbiana County, where New Lisbon was located, after the accident, he joined the family business, B. L. and T. Hanna, by now a major grocery and goods brokering firm. Samantha, née Converse, and her parents had journeyed west from Vermont when she was 11, she was of English, possibly Irish, marks uncle Kersey Hanna described Mark as a boy as short, strong and rugged, with a full round figure. Young Mark attended the public school, which conducted class in the basement of the Presbyterian church. He competed in the local boys debating society, and on the question of whether the man had more cause for complaint than the Indian. Members of the Hanna family invested in a project to connect New Lisbon, distant from waterways. The canal was a failure, and the family lost large sums of money, most Hanna family members left New Lisbon in the early 1850s
32.
Henry Clay Payne
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For other people with the same name, see Henry Payne. Postmaster General from 1902 to 1904 under Pres and he died in office and was buried at Forest Home Cemetery in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He was also a chairman of the Republican National Committee, Payne was born in Ashfield, Franklin County, Massachusetts, on November 23,1843, though his birth is sometimes listed incorrectly as September 23. He spent his youth in Massachusetts, and attempted to enlist for the Union Army, in 1859, he was graduated from the Academy of Shelburne Falls. In 1863, he moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where he work as a dry goods merchant. In 1872 he began his career with the Young Mens Republican Club of Milwaukee County. He worked his way up to secretary and then chairman for the organization. In 1876, Payne was appointed Postmaster of Milwaukee, a position he held for the ten years. In his duties as president of Milwaukee Electric Railway and Light, Payne instituted free park concerts at many of Milwaukees parks and he died on October 4,1904. History of Milwaukee from its first settlement to the year 1895, chicago and New York, American Biographical Publishing Co. Henry Clay Payne at Find a Grave
33.
George B. Cortelyou
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George Bruce Cortelyou was an American Presidential Cabinet secretary of the early twentieth century, having been appointed to three such posts by President Theodore Roosevelt. Cortelyou was born in New York City to Rose and Peter Crolius Cortelyou and he was part of an old New Netherland family whose immigrant ancestor, Jacques Cortelyou, arrived in 1652. He was educated at schools in Brooklyn, the Nazareth Hall Military Academy in Pennsylvania. At 20, Cortelyou received a BA degree from Westfield Normal School, now Westfield State University and he graduated from the law schools of George Washington University and Georgetown University. He was a member of Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity while at George Washington University, courtelyou then began teaching, later taking a stenography course and mastering shorthand. Cortelyou married the former Lily Morris Hinds on September 15,1888, in 1891, he obtained a position as secretary to the chief postal inspector of New York. The following year a promotion led to a job as the secretary to the Fourth Assistant Postmaster General in Washington, in 1895 President Grover Cleveland hired Cortelyou as his chief clerk on the recommendation of Postmaster General Wilson S. Bissell. Cleveland recommended him as a secretary to his successor, William McKinley. Cortelyou was working on improvements in efficiency in 1901, when President McKinley was assassinated. McKinley was greeting visitors in the Temple of Music at the Pan-American Exposition on September 6,1901, in Buffalo, New York, as McKinley collapsed, he was caught and supported by his aides, among them Cortelyou. As he was held in their arms, he whispered, My wife, be careful, Cortelyou, how you tell her. After succeeding as President, Theodore Roosevelt tasked Cortelyou with transforming the White House into a professional organization. Cortelyou developed procedures and rules that guided White House protocol and established processes for which there had been only personal prerogative, Cortelyou is credited with instituting the first systematic gathering of press commentary for a sitting presidents perusal. The current clippings were the first attempt by a president to gauge public opinion by the media, Cortelyou selected items objectively, a practice that would not be consistently followed by his successors. Cortelyou served as the first Secretary of Commerce and Labor, from February 18,1903 to June 30,1904 and he also served as Postmaster General from March 6,1905 to January 14,1907 and was the Secretary of the Treasury, all under Theodore Roosevelt. From 1904 through 1907, Cortelyou also served as Chairman of the Republican National Committee and he was made an honorary member of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia Fraternity on April 9,1903. He had attended the New England Conservatory of Music, where the fraternity was founded, Cortelyou served as the Secretary of the Treasury, from March 4,1907 to March 7,1909. This was during the devastating Panic of 1907, like his predecessor, Leslie M. Shaw, Cortelyou believed it was Treasurys duty to protect the banking system, but he realized that the Treasury was not equipped to maintain economic stability
34.
Harry Stewart New
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Harry Stewart New was a U. S. politician, journalist, and Spanish–American War veteran. He served as Chairman of the Republican National Committee, a United States Senator from Indiana, harry Stewart New was born in Indianapolis, Indiana on December 31,1858, the son of John C. New and his wife, Melissa New and his father served as Treasurer of the United States and his uncle, Jeptha D. New, was a U. S. Representative. He attended Butler University before going to work with the Indianapolis Journal where he was a reporter, editor, part owner and he served in the Indiana State Senate from 1896 to 1900 and served in the Spanish–American War as captain and assistant adjutant general of the 7th Army Corps. He was a member of the Republican National Committee from 1900 to 1912, serving as chairman from 1907 to 1908, New got back into politics when he was elected to the United States Senate in 1916, defeating incumbent John W. Kern. In the Senate, he served as chairman of the Committee on Territories and he was also a wet or an anti-prohibitionist, and in August 1919 introduced early legislation proposing an independent United States Air Force. In late March 1922, New became the first senator to use radio in his campaign—at that time, broadcasting a political speech was not widely done by candidates. His speech was transmitted by a U. S. Navy station, NOF in Washington and this in turn quickly led to a ban on further use of the station for political activities. New was defeated by Albert J. Beveridge for renomination in 1922 who lost the election to Samuel M. Ralston. He was then appointed Postmaster General in the cabinet of President Warren G. Harding in 1923 and was reappointed by Calvin Coolidge in 1925, after the end of the Coolidge Administration, New retired from active business pursuits and resided in Washington, D. C. In 1933, he was appointed a United States Commissioner to the Century of Progress Exposition in Chicago and he died in Baltimore, Maryland, on May 9,1937, and was interred in Crown Hill Cemetery in Indianapolis. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, harry Stewart New at Find a Grave
35.
Frank Harris Hitchcock
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Frank Harris Hitchcock, was chairman of Republican National Committee from 1908 to 1909. He was then Postmaster General of the United States under President William Howard Taft from 1909 to 1913 and he is credited with establishing the first U. S. airmail service. As Postmaster General, he made prosecution of mail fraud a top priority, according to historian David Leighton, He graduated from Harvard in 1891 and the George Washington University Law School in 1894. During his time at Harvard he met Theodore Roosevelt at the Audubon Society, Hitchcock credited Roosevelt for his success at the national level, From 1897 to 1905 Hitchcock served in the departments of Agriculture and Commerce. From 1905-08, he was assistant postmaster general, David Leighton, Street Smarts, General Hitchcock Highway remembers a man whose influence went from D. C. to Tucson and back, Arizona Daily Star, Feb.25,2014
36.
John Fremont Hill
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John Fremont Hill was an American capitalist and politician. He served in a number of positions in Maine government, including as the 45th Governor of Maine from 1901 to 1905 and he graduated from the Medical School of Maine in 1877 and studied at the Long Island College Hospital Medical School, but practiced medicine only a year. In 1879 he became a member of the law firm of J. F. Hill & Co. in Augusta and he was active in many railroad, steamship, telephone, and banking enterprises. He was acting chairman in 1908-1911, and chairman in 1911-1912, dr. Hill married Lizzie G. Vickery, daughter of the Hon. Peleg O. Vickery, on May 19,1880. They had one child, Percy Vickery Hill, born on March 16,1881, Lizzie died on April 10,1893. Dr. Hill later married Laura Ligget, née Colman, widow of Hiriam S. Liggett and this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Gilman, D. C. Thurston, H. T. Colby, F. M. eds. article name needed
37.
Victor Rosewater
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Victor Rosewater was a Jewish politician from the U. S. state of Nebraska. Rosewater was born in Omaha, Nebraska, to Edward and Leah Rosewater and his father was the founder of the Omaha Bee, which ran its first issue the year Victor was born. He was educated at Johns Hopkins University in 1888 and then attended Columbia University and he returned to Omaha to work with his father and became managing editor in 1895. He then served as a member of University of Nebraska board of regents 1896–97 and he served as a director of the Omaha Public Library 1894–1905 and the Omaha Board of Review in 1903. Rosewater married Katie and had two children, Harriet and Edward Rosewater Jr, in 1906, Rosewater helped his father run for the U. S. Senate as a Republican, yet unsuccessful against Norris Brown, who was also a Republican. His father died on August 31,1906 and he took over as managing editor of the Omaha Bee, becoming editor the following year. At the time of his death, Rosewater senior had been involved in plans for launching the American Jewish Committee, and Victor assumed his fathers role, becoming a founder of the AJC. He was a Nebraska delegate to the 1908 Republican National Convention and he continued his newspaper career writing columns for various papers and wrote an unpublished biography on his father. He died at the age of 69, works by or about Victor Rosewater at Internet Archive Rosewater Family Papers Nebraska State Historical Society Political Graveyard
38.
William Russell Willcox
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William Russell Willcox was an American politician from New York. On January 1,1905 he became the Postmaster of New York City, by 1909 he was chairman of the New York Public Service Commission. He served on the Railway Wage Commission in 1918 and he was born in April 11,1863 in Smyrna, New York to Thomas L. Willcox. He attended the normal school in Brockport, New York. He later attended the University of Rochester and he served as principal of the Webster Academy and Spring Valley High School. He then attended Columbia Law School, and was admitted to the bar in 1890, around 1900 he married Martha J. Havemeyer, descendant of Mayor William Frederick Havemeyer. Around 1901 Mayor Seth Low appointed him to the New York City Department of Parks, on January 1,1905 he became the Postmaster of New York City. He was appointed by Theodore Roosevelt, in July 1,1907 he became chairman of the New York Public Service Commission. Willcox served as chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1916 to 1918 and he encouraged Republican congressmen during votes for the 19th Amendment Willcox resigned after being appointed to the Railway Wage Commission, also known as the U. S. He became a widower in 1939 and he died on April 9,1940 a Southside Hospital in Bayshore, New York. William Russell Willcox at Political Graveyard
39.
Will H. Hays
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William Will Harrison Hays, Sr. was a United States politician, chairman of the Republican National Committee, U. S. Postmaster General, and, from 1922–1945, the first chairman of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America, Hays was born in Sullivan, Indiana, on November 5,1879, and attended Wabash College in Crawfordsville, Indiana. He was the manager of Warren G. Hardings successful campaign for the Presidency of the United States in the 1920 election and was subsequently appointed Postmaster General, while serving in the Harding Administration, he became peripherally involved in the Teapot Dome scandal. Oilman Harry Ford Sinclair devised a scheme in which twenty five cents was diverted from the sale of every barrel of oil sold from the oil field leases that were the focus of the Teapot Dome scandal. Sinclair testified that he loaned Will H. Hays, then-chairman of the Republican National Committee, $185,000 worth of Liberty Bonds, Sinclair also gave Hays $75,000 as an outright gift to the Committee. At the time, Hays was attempting to pay off the 1920 Republican campaign debt, Hays later approached a number of wealthy men and told them that if they would contribute to pay down the Committees debt, he would reimburse them for their contributions with Liberty Bonds. When asked how much money Sinclair had contributed to the Republican Party, in 1928, after more details of Sinclairs scheme had emerged, Hays was called to testify again. Hays then told the story of Sinclairs contribution, including the donation of $185,000 in Liberty Bonds. He stated that he had not mentioned the bonds in his earlier testimony because the Committee had not asked about any bonds, Hays resigned his cabinet position on January 14,1922, to become President of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America shortly after the organizations founding. He began his new job, at a $35,360 annual salary, there was speculation that he would be paid between $100,000 and $150,000 a year. In his new position in Hollywood, Hays main roles were to persuade individual state censor boards not to ban specific films outright, Hays attempted to reduce studio costs by advising individual studios on how to produce movies to reduce the likelihood that the film would be cut. Each board kept its standards secret, so Hays was forced to intuit what would or would not be permitted by each board. At first he applied what he called The Formula but it was not particularly successful, from that he developed a set of guidelines he called The Donts, in general his efforts at pre-release self-censorship were unsuccessful in quieting calls for federal censorship. For several months in 1929, Martin Quigley, Joseph Breen, Father FitzGeorge Dinneen S. J. and Father Wilfred Parsons discussed the desirability of a new and more stringent code of behavior for the movies. With the blessing of Cardinal George W. Mundelein of Chicago, Father Lord authored the code, which became known as The Production Code, The Code. It was presented to Will Hays in 1930 who said, My eyes nearly popped out when I read it and this was the very thing I had been looking for. The studio heads were enthusiastic and they agreed to make The Code the rule of the industry. From 1930 to 1934, the Production Code was only effective in fighting back calls for federal censorship
40.
John T. Adams
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John Taylor Adams was a noted businessman in the Dubuque, Iowa area and also a former Chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1921 to 1924. Adams was born on December 22,1862 in Dubuque to Shubael Pratt and he was educated in the public schools of Dubuque. In 1883 he left Dubuque for a venture in Bismarck. He remained in Bismarck for about a year and then he returned to Dubuque, after his return he became again associated with Carr, Ryder, and Wheeler Company. He rose very rapidly within the company and in 1895 he became president of Carr, Ryder and he developed a relationship with a California company and also established one of the first cutting mills on the West Coast. Adams was also involved in the political world as well. He was considered one of the greatest political strategists of his generation according to his obituary and he first came to prominence when he was brought in to manage the last political campaign for Senator William B. His success soon brought him to the attention of leaders of the Republican Party. In 1912, he helped President William Howard Taft win Iowa over Theodore Roosevelt, mr. Adams was the Iowa member of the Republican National Committee for many years before his election to the chairmanship in 1921. He helped direct the campaigns of both Warren G. Harding and of his good friend Calvin Coolidge and he served as Republican National Chairman from 1921 to 1924. After his retirement as Chairman, he continued to serve as President of Carr, Ryder and he was buried in Linwood Cemetery in Dubuque, Iowa. Obituary from the October 29,1939 edition of the Dubuque Telegraph Herald
41.
William M. Butler
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William Morgan Butler was a lawyer and legislator for the State of Massachusetts, and a United States Senator. Butler was born in New Bedford, Massachusetts, where he attended the public school and he was admitted to the State bar in 1883. After graduating from the law department of Boston University in 1884 and he was a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1890 to 1891, and a member of the Massachusetts Senate from 1892 to 1895, serving as its President in 1894 and 1895. Butler moved to Boston in 1895, and continued the practice of law until 1912 and he was a member of the commission to revise the statutes of Massachusetts from 1896 to 1900, and was chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1924 to 1928. His bid for election to fill the vacancy was unsuccessful, Butler served as chairman of the Committee on Patents in the 69th Congress, and then resumed his manufacturing interests. In 1932, Butler sought to return to the Republican National Committee, Butler died on March 29,1937 and was interred in Forest Hills Cemetery. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress,1927 Time cover featuring Butler Political Graveyard
42.
Hubert Work
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Hubert Work was a U. S. administrator and physician. Postmaster General from 1922 until 1923 during the presidency of Warren G. Harding and he served as the U. S. Secretary of the Interior from 1923 until 1928 during the administrations of Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge. Work was born in Marion Center, Pennsylvania, to Tabitha Van Horn and he attended medical school at the University of Michigan from 1882 to 1883 and received an M. D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1885. He settled in Colorado and founded Woodcroft Hospital in Pueblo, Colorado, Work was active in the Republican Party and served as the Colorado state chairman in 1912. In 1914, Work ran unsuccessfully in an election for the United States Senate. He was defeated by Democrat Charles S. Thomas, later the governor of Colorado, Work received 98,728 votes compared to Thomas 102,037 ballots. This was Colorados first Senate election by popular vote under the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, during World War I, Work served in the U. S. Army Medical Corps and attained the rank of lieutenant colonel. From 1921 to 1922, Work served as the president of the American Medical Association and he was the Colorado delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1920 and was chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1928 to 1929. Work served as the U. S. Assistant Postmaster General from 1921 to 1922, Postmaster General from 1922 to 1923 under President Harding. He served as the U. S. Secretary of the Interior from 1923 to 1928, under the administrations of President Warren G. Harding, during Works tenure as the Secretary of the Interior, American citizenship was formally granted to the Native Americans in the United States. He resigned from the Department of the Interior on July 24,1928 and he was the first physician to serve in the U. S. Cabinet. In 1887, Work married Laura M. Arbuckle, with whom he had three children, Philip, Dorcas Doris Logan, and Robert Van Horn Work, Works first wife died and he married the former Ethel Reed Gano in 1933. Work died in Denver, Colorado, on December 14,1942 and he was buried in Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia, next to his first wife. Media related to Hubert Work at Wikimedia Commons Hubert Work biography at americanpresident. org Photographs of Hubert Works Gravestone Hubert Work papers at the Hoover Institution Archives
43.
Claudius H. Huston
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Claudius Hart Huston was a prominent industrialist and politician from the U. S. state of Tennessee, he became a leader in the development of the Tennessee River. Mr. Huston was born in Boone Township, Harrison Country and he attended a rural one-room schoolhouse and Valparaiso University. He earned his tuition with a $30 a month teaching post, in 1897 he arrived in Chattanooga in a freight car as custodian of a cousins cattle and horses. Shortly afterwards, he moved and made his home in Chattanooga and he made his first business venture in 1900 as a manufacturer of saw mill machinery and subsequently became a factor in furniture manufacturing, textile plants and stamped steel ware. He became associated with various lobbying houses in Tennessee and Alabama, Harding, then Republican candidate for president in 1920. In 1921 President Harding appointed Huston to position of Assistant U. S. Secretary of Commerce to Secretary Herbert Hoover and they became good friends before Huston left that position in 1923 to return to private business when he began the reorganization of the Transcontinental Oil Company in New York. Later Huston played a key role in the nomination of Herbert Hoover at the Kansas City Republican National Convention in 1928. During his life, Huston was president of Transcontinental Oil Co. the Tennessee River Navigation Co, Chattanooga Manufacturing Association, Chattanooga Chamber of Commerce, Lee Highway Association, and three wholesale jobbing houses in Tennessee. The association favored acceptance of some private bid for the plants use, in 1928, he greatly helped write the Muscle Shoals plank in bipartisan platforms. His association lobbied for the Muscle Shoals bid of the American Cyanamid Co. under which Union Carbide Co. would get a share of surplus Muscle Shoals power. In 1930, Mr. Huston became involved in the Senate Lobby Committees investigation of various influences to obtain possession of the governments Muscle Shoals power and fertilizer project. It was testified that the Tennessee River Improvement Association of which Mr. Huston had been president was one of the organizations that had been exerting pressure, as a result of the inquiry, Mr. Huston resigned as Republican National Committee Chairman August 7,1930. His daughter Alice married Fulton Lewis, a national radio broadcaster from Washington
44.
Simeon D. Fess
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Simeon Davison Fess was a Republican politician and educator from Ohio. He served in the United States House of Representatives and U. S. Senate. Born on a farm near Harrod, Ohio to Henry and Barbara Fess, he was educated in schools and graduated at Ohio Northern University of Ada in 1889. After graduation, he taught history and law at the university as well was working in the university administration from 1889-1896, Fess graduated from the law department at ONU in 1894 and served as dean of that department from 1896-1900. He then served as president of the university 1900-1902. He left for Illinois to become a student and lecturer at the University of Chicago from 1902-1907. He then returned to Ohio and served as the president of Antioch College of Yellow Springs from 1907 to 1917 and he served as chairman of the Committee on Education during the Sixty-sixth and Sixty-seventh Congresses and chairman of the Republican National Congressional Committee from 1918-1922. In 1922 he did not seek re-election, but ran for the U. S. Senate and won serving from March 4,1923 and he served as chairman of the Committee on the Library during Sixty-ninth through Seventy-second Congresses and as Republican Whip from 1929 to 1933. He also served as chairman of the Republican National Committee 1930-32 and he was an unsuccessful candidate for a third term as Senator in 1934. Fess was a Methodist, an editor, an author and a member of the Freemasons and he died in Washington, D. C. at the age of 75 and is interred at Glen Forest Cemetery in Yellow Springs, Ohio. Works by or about Simeon D. Fess at Internet Archive Political Graveyard Congress Bioguide
45.
Everett Sanders
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James Everett Sanders was an American political figure. He was Presidential secretary to President Calvin Coolidge and chairman of the Republican National Committee, born in Coalmont, Indiana, Sanders attended the Indiana State Normal School, now Indiana State University, and then graduated from Indiana University. He practiced law in Terre Haute, Indiana, from 1917 until 1925 Sanders represented Indiana in the United States Congress. He declined to be re-nominated in 1924, and instead became director of the Speakers Bureau of the Republican National Committee, subsequently in 1925, he accepted the job and replaced C. Bascom Slemp as the secretary to President Coolidge early in his second term. Sanders also became a member of the Alfalfa Club after 1926, Sanders died in Washington, D. C. in 1950, and is buried in Indiana, in the Highland Lawn Cemetery in Terre Haute. The Everett Sanders Papers retrieved on March 25,2007
46.
Henry P. Fletcher
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Henry Prather Fletcher was an American diplomat. Fletcher was born in Greencastle, Pennsylvania in 1873 and he was the fourth cousin once removed of William McKinley. After the United States declared war on Spain in 1898, he joined Theodore Roosevelts Rough Riders as a private in Troop K and he later worked as a diplomat, serving as U. S. Minister to Chile from 1909 to 1914 and to Luxembourg from 1923 to 1924 and he also served as Ambassador to Chile from 1914 to 1916, Mexico,1916 to 1919, Belgium,1922 to 1924, and Italy from 1924 to 1929. In 1923 he was sent to the Pan-American Conference in Santiago, at that time, the United States Secretary of State was ex officio chair of the Pan-American Conference, although that changed in Santiago after Latin American criticism. He was also Chairman of the Republican Party from 1934 to 1936 and was a delegate to the Republican national conventions in 1936 and 1940 and he died in 1959 at his home in Newport, Rhode Island, and is buried in Arlington National Cemetery. Henry P. Fletcher, Our First Ambassador To Reconstituted Mexico, the Worlds Work, A History of Our Time. Bio from Allison-Antrim Museum The Political Graveyard
47.
John Hamilton (Kansas)
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John Daniel Miller Hamilton was a Republican politician from the U. S. state of Kansas. Hamilton was raised in Topeka, Kansas, where his father was general counsel of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad. Upon graduation from school in 1913, he stopped in Chicago to see his fathers friend, Dean Wigmore. Hamilton went on to become Speaker of the Kansas House of Representatives for the 1927 Session and 1928 Special Session and he lost the Republican Governor primary election to Clyde Reed in 1928. In the 1930 Republican Governor primary he was the manager for Frank Hauke who defeated incumbent Governor Clyde Reed. In 1936, following the nomination of then-Governor Alf Landon to run against President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his picture was on Times cover on September 23,1936. Landon lost the election in a landslide, but Mr. Hamilton, Mr. Hamilton personally visited 3,000 GOP county chairmen during his four-year term, and, in the process, eliminated the huge Landon campaign debt. Mr. Hamilton presided at the 1940 Republican National Convention that nominated Wendell Willkie to run against Roosevelt, when, according to well-established custom, Willkie picked his own national party chairman, Mr. Hamilton retired from active politics. According to former first lady Grace Coolidge, Jane Kendall was the most beautiful debutante who ever entered the White House, at the urging of members of Philadelphias Pew family, he came to Philadelphia, rather than return to Kansas, and joined the Pepper firm. Even in private practice, he remained an active and shrewd observer of the political scene, in 1955 he became chairman of the Pepper Law Firm and resigned the position in 1964. The History of Pepper Hamilton From 1955 - Present
