1.
Pulitzer Prize
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The Pulitzer Prize /ˈpʊlᵻtsər/ is an award for achievements in newspaper, magazine and online journalism, literature, and musical composition in the United States. It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of American Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher, Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories. In twenty of the categories, each receives a certificate. The winner in the service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal. The Pulitzer Prize does not automatically consider all applicable works in the media, entries must fit in at least one of the specific prize categories, and cannot simply gain entrance for being literary or musical. Works can also only be entered in a maximum of two categories, regardless of their properties, each year,102 jurors are selected by the Pulitzer Prize Board to serve on 20 separate juries for the 21 award categories, one jury makes recommendations for both photography awards. For each award category, a jury makes three nominations, the board selects the winner by majority vote from the nominations or bypasses the nominations and selects a different entry following a 75% majority vote. The board can also vote to issue no award, the board and journalism jurors are not paid for their work, however, the jurors in letters, music, and drama receive a $2,000 honorarium for the year, and each chair receives $2,500. Anyone whose work has been submitted is called an entrant, the jury selects a group of nominated finalists and announces them, together with the winner for each category. However, some journalists who were submitted, but not nominated as finalists. For example, Bill Dedman of msnbc, Dedman wrote, To call that submission a Pulitzer nomination is like saying that Adam Sandler is an Oscar nominee if Columbia Pictures enters Thats My Boy in the Academy Awards. Many readers realize that the Oscars dont work that way—the studios dont pick the nominees and its just a way of slipping Academy Awards into a bio. The Pulitzers also dont work that way, but fewer people know that, newspaper publisher Joseph Pulitzer gave money in his will to Columbia University to launch a journalism school and establish the Prize. It allocated $250,000 to the prize and scholarships and he specified four awards in journalism, four in letters and drama, one in education, and four traveling scholarships. After his death, the first Pulitzer Prizes were awarded June 4,1917, many people have won more than one Pulitzer Prize. Nelson Harding is the person to have won a Prize in two consecutive years, the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning in 1927 and 1928. Four prizes Robert Frost, Poetry Eugene ONeill, Drama Robert E, in rare instances, contributors to the entry are singled out in the citation in a manner analogous to individual winners. Journalism awards may be awarded to individuals or newspapers or newspaper staffs, infrequently, Awards are made in categories relating to journalism, arts, letters and fiction
2.
Pulitzer Prize for Public Service
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The Pulitzer Prize for Public Service is one of the fourteen American Pulitzer Prizes annually awarded for journalism. The Public Service prize was one of the original Pulitzers, established in 1917 and it is the only prize in the program that awards a gold medal and is the most prestigious one for a newspaper to win. As with other Pulitzer Prizes, a committee of jurors narrows the field to three nominees, from which the Pulitzer Board generally picks a winner and finalists, finalists have been made public since 1980. The Pulitzer Board issues an official citation explaining the reason for the award, in its first 97 years to 2013, the Public Service Pulitzer was awarded 96 times. There were four years for which no award was given, in 1950,1951,1953,1955 and 1959, prizes were awarded to two newspapers. A reporter was first named in 1947, recently that has more common. 1919, Milwaukee Journal, for its strong and courageous campaign for Americanism in a constituency where foreign elements made such a policy hazardous from a point of view. 1920, no award given 1921, Boston Post, for its exposure of the operations of Charles Ponzi by a series of articles which finally led to his arrest. 1922, New York World, for exposing the operations of the Ku Klux Klan. 1923, Memphis Commercial Appeal, for its courageous attitude in the publication of cartoons,1928, Indianapolis Times, for its work in exposing political corruption to Indiana, prosecuting the guilty and bringing about a more wholesome state of affairs in civil government. 1930, no award given 1931, The Atlanta Constitution, for a successful municipal graft exposure,1932, Indianapolis News, for its successful campaign to eliminate waste in city management and to reduce the tax levy. McKee, and the exposing the lottery schemes of various fraternal organizations. 1934, Medford Mail Tribune, for its campaign against unscrupulous politicians in Jackson County,1935, The Sacramento Bee, for its campaign against political machine influence in the appointment of two Federal judges in Nevada. 1936, Cedar Rapids Gazette, for its crusade against corruption,1937, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, for its exposure of wholesale fraudulent registration in St. Louis. 1938, Bismarck Tribune, for its news reports and editorials entitled,1939, Miami Daily News, for its campaign for the recall of the Miami City Commission. 1940, Waterbury Republican & American, for its campaign exposing municipal graft,1941, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, for its successful campaign against the city smoke nuisance. 1942, Los Angeles Times, for its campaign which resulted in the clarification and confirmation for all American newspapers of the right of free press as guaranteed under the Constitution. 1943, Omaha World-Herald, for its initiative and originality in planning a campaign for the collection of scrap metal for the war effort
3.
Arkansas Democrat-Gazette
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The Arkansas Democrat-Gazette is the newspaper of record in the U. S. state of Arkansas, printed in Little Rock with a northwest edition published in Lowell. It is distributed for sale in all 75 of Arkansas counties, by virtue of one of its predecessors, the Arkansas Gazette, it claims to be the oldest continuously published newspaper west of the Mississippi River. The original print shop of the Gazette is preserved at the Historic Arkansas Museum in Little Rock, the history of the Arkansas Democrat-Gazette goes back to the earliest days of territorial Arkansas. William E. Woodruff arrived at the capital at Arkansas Post in late 1819 on a dugout canoe with a second-hand wooden press. He cranked out the first edition of the Arkansas Gazette on 20 November 1819, early in its history the Gazette scrupulously avoided political involvement or endorsement. In 1821 the territorial capital was moved to Little Rock, the Gazette led the campaign for Arkansas statehood which was accomplished in 1836 and constantly promoted new immigration to the state. The Gazette supported Texas independence and called for volunteers from Arkansas to assist the Texans, in the 1840s Woodruff lost control of the paper and established a competing paper, the Arkansas Democrat. In 1850, after the Gazette had briefly failed under its new owners, Woodruff regained control and combined it with his Democrat as the Arkansas State Gazette, later in the 1850s, under another owner, the name was shortened to the Arkansas State Gazette. The Gazette struggled through the early Civil War years facing financial problems, the Gazette had initially been pro-Union but altered its position after Lincolns call for troops, much like Arkansas as a whole. In 1863 Little Rock fell to Union troops and the Gazette suspended publication until May 1865 while Federal authorities used the presses for their own publications. During the Reconstruction years a competitor arose called by a variety of names, under a variety of editors, smithee bought the newspaper, changed its name to the Arkansas Democrat, and went after lucrative state printing contracts held by the Gazette. The Gazette and the Democrat engaged in a war of words that soon escalated into an exchange of gunfire between the owner of the Democrat and a part-owner of the Gazette, over the years the Gazette and the Democrat supported opposing candidates and took opposite editorial positions. Throughout the simmering battle the Gazette continued to be the dominant state newspaper, the Gazette was owned and edited by John Netherland Heiskell who guided it with a firm hand through most of the twentieth century. In 1926, August Engel acquired a major interest in the Democrat and he became the newspapers president and general manager, leading it through a period of great growth over the next 43 years. Engel gained a reputation as a hard-working, shrewd businessman who took a part in the editorial process. The Gazette took an editorial stance against Governor Orval Faubus when he tried to prevent the Little Rock Nine from integrating Little Rock Central High School in 1957. In 1958 the Gazette was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Public Service for its stand, despite its honors the circulation of the Gazette dropped during the crisis due to boycotts, which ended when Ashmore left the paper. The Democrat charted a generally neutral editorial stand, Counts also helped arrange the public reconciliation of Eckford and Massery in 1997
4.
Little Rock Nine
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The Little Rock Nine was a group of nine African American students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957. Their enrollment was followed by the Little Rock Crisis, in which the students were prevented from entering the racially segregated school by Orval Faubus. They then attended after the intervention of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, the U. S. Supreme Court issued its historic Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas,347 U. S.483, on May 17,1954. Tied to the 14th Amendment, the decision declared all laws establishing segregated schools to be unconstitutional, after the decision, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People attempted to register black students in previously all-white schools in cities throughout the South. In Little Rock, the city of Arkansas, the Little Rock School Board agreed to comply with the high courts ruling. Virgil Blossom, the Superintendent of Schools, submitted a plan of gradual integration to the board on May 24,1955. The plan would be implemented during the fall of the 1957 school year, by 1957, the NAACP had registered nine black students to attend the previously all-white Little Rock Central High, selected on the criteria of excellent grades and attendance. Ernest Green was the first African American to graduate from Central High School, one of the plans created during attempts to desegregate the schools of Little Rock was by school superintendent Virgil Blossom. The initial approach proposed substantial integration beginning quickly and extending to all grades within a matter of many years and this original proposal was scrapped and replaced with one that more closely met a set of minimum standards worked out in attorney Richard B. This finalized plan would start in September 1957 and would integrate one high school, the second phase of the plan would take place in 1960 and would open up a few junior high schools to a few black children. The final stage would involve limited desegregation of the grade schools at an unspecified time. This plan was met with varied reactions from the NAACP branch of Little Rock, militant members like the Bateses opposed the plan on the grounds that it was vague, indefinite, slow-moving and indicative of an intent to stall further on public integration. This view was short lived, however, changes were made to the plan, the most detrimental being a new transfer system that would allow students to move out of the attendance zone to which they were assigned. The unaltered Blossom Plan had gerrymandered school districts to guarantee a black majority at Horace Mann High and a white majority at Hall High. This meant that, even though black students lived closer to Central, the altered plan gave white students the choice of not attending Horace Mann, but didnt give black students the option of attending Hall. This new Blossom Plan did not sit well with the NAACP and after failed negotiations with the school board and this lawsuit, along with a number of other factors contributed to the Little Rock School Crisis of 1957. Several segregationist councils threatened to hold protests at Central High and physically block the black students from entering the school, Governor Orval Faubus deployed the Arkansas National Guard to support the segregationists on September 4,1957. The sight of a line of soldiers blocking out the students made national headlines, regarding the accompanying crowd, one of the nine students, Elizabeth Eckford, recalled, They moved closer and closer
5.
Elizabeth Eckford
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The integration came as a result of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. Elizabeths public ordeal was captured by photographers on the morning of September 4,1957. The most famous photo of the event was taken by Will Counts of the Arkansas Democrat. C and this image by Counts prompted President Dwight D. Eisenhower to send federal troops to Little Rock. On September 41957, Eckford and eight other African American students made an attempt to enter Little Rock Central High School. An angry mob of about 400 surrounded the school that day, fifteen-year-old Eckford tried to enter the school, while soldiers of the National Guard, under orders from Arkansas Governor Faubus, stepped in her way to prevent her from entering. Eventually, she gave up and tried to flee to a bus stop through the mob of segregationists who surrounded and threatened to lynch her, Once Eckford got to the bus stop, she couldnt stop crying. A reporter, Benjamin Fine, having in mind his own 15-year-old daughter and he tried to comfort her and told her, dont let them see you cry. Soon, she was protected by a white woman named Grace Lorch who escorted her onto a city bus. The plan was to have the nine children together, but when the meeting place was changed the night before. Instructions were given by Daisy Bates, a strong activist for desegregation and this last-minute change caused Elizabeth to be the first to take a different route to school, walking up to the front entrance completely alone. Elizabeth Eckford’s family were not informed of the meeting, and didn’t know that the board asked the parents to accompany her. Also, Eckford rode a bus alone to the segregated school. That day, Elizabeth wore a starched black-and-white dress, and she covered her face under black sunglasses, Elizabeth also held her school book in her hand. As she walked toward the school, Elizabeth was surrounded by a crowd of armed guards and a mob of people, the mob included men, women, and teenagers who opposed integration. The white teenagers chanted “Two, four, six, eight, we ain’t gonna integrate. ”Elizabeth attempted to go into the school through the mob, Eckford ran to a bus bench at the end of the block. Eckford described her experience, I stood looking at the school— it looked so big, just then the guards let some white students through. I guess they were waiting to see what was going to happen, when I was able to steady my knees, I walked up to the guard who had let the white students in. When I tried to squeeze past him, he raised his bayonet and then the other guards moved in and they glared at me with a mean look and I was very frightened and didn’t know what to do
6.
Pulitzer Prize for Local Reporting, Edition Time
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The Pulitzer Prize for Breaking News Reporting is a Pulitzer Prize awarded for a distinguished example of breaking news, local reporting on news of the moment. The Pulitzer Committee issues an official citation explaining the reasons for the award,1953, Editorial Staff of Providence Journal and Evening Bulletin, for their spontaneous and cooperative coverage of a bank robbery and police chase leading to the capture of the bandit. 1954, Staff of Vicksburg Sunday Post-Herald, for its coverage of the tornado of December 5,1953. Mrs. Brown dug into the facts behind the dramatic events, as well. 1957, Staff of Salt Lake Tribune, for its prompt,1958, Staff of Fargo Forum, for its swift, vivid and detailed news and picture coverage of a tornado which struck Fargo on June 20. 1961, Sanche De Gramont, for his account of the death of Leonard Warren on the Metropolitan Opera stage. 1962, Robert D. Mullins, Deseret News, Salt Lake City, UT, For his resourceful coverage of a murder and kidnapping at Dead Horse Point, Utah. 1967, Sylvan Fox, Anthony Shannon, William Longgood, New York World-Telegram and Sun for their reporting of an air crash in Jamaica Bay, killing 95 persons on March 1,1962. 1964, Norman C. Miller The Wall Street Journal, for his account of a multi-million dollar vegetable oil swindle in New Jersey. 1965, Melvin H.1966, Staff Los Angeles Times,1967, Robert V. Cox Chambersburg Public Opinion, for his vivid deadline reporting of a mountain manhunt that ended with the killing of a deranged sniper who had terrorized the community. 1969, John Fetterman Louisville Times and Courier-Journal, for his article, Pfc. Gibson Comes Home,1970, Thomas Fitzpatrick Chicago Sun-Times, for his article about the violence of youthful radicals in Chicago, A Wild Nights Ride With SDS. 1971, Staff Akron Beacon Journal, for its coverage of the Kent State University tragedy on May 4,1970,1972, Richard Cooper and John Machacek Rochester Times-Union, for their coverage of the Attica, New York prison riot. 1973, Staff Chicago Tribune, for uncovering flagrant violations of voting procedures in the election of March 21,1972. 1974, Arthur M. Petacque and Hugh F. Hough Chicago Sun-Times,1975, Staff Xenia Daily Gazette, for its coverage, under enormous difficulties, of the tornado that wrecked the city on April 3,1974. 1977, Margo Huston The Milwaukee Journal, for her reports on the elderly,1979, Staff San Diego Evening Tribune, for its coverage of the collision of a Pacific Southwest air liner with a small plane over its city. 1980, Staff The Philadelphia Inquirer, for coverage of the accident at Three Mile Island. 1981, Staff Longview Daily News, for its coverage of the Mt. St. Helens story,1982, Staff Kansas City Star and Kansas City Times, for coverage of the Hyatt Regency Hotel disaster and identification of its causes. 1983, Editorial Staff Fort Wayne News-Sentinel, for its courageous,1984, Newsday team of reporters Newsday, Long Island, NY, for their enterprising and comprehensive coverage of the Baby Jane Doe case and its far-reaching social and political implications
7.
The Forum of Fargo-Moorhead
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The Forum of Fargo-Moorhead, previously titled the Fargo Forum, is a daily newspaper printed in Fargo, North Dakota. It is the flagship of Forum Communications, the Forum, as it is commonly known, is the primary daily paper for southeast North Dakota, and also much of northwest Minnesota. Its average daily circulation is about 65,000 on Sundays and 51,000 on weekdays, the Forum was first published on November 17,1891 by Major A. W. Edwards. However, it traces its lineage to The Republican, which had been founded by Edwards in 1878 and it has been owned by the family of N. B. Black since 1917, publisher Bill Marcil, Jr. is the son of Blacks great-granddaughter, the Forum is also co-owned with radio station WDAY AM and TV stations WDAY-TV and WDAZ-TV. It used to own KOYY under the call sign WDAY-FM, in spring 2008, The Forums news staff merged with WDAY-AMs news team, forming one of the first joint radio-print news-gathering operations in the country. In July 2012, the newspaper turned down the request of a couple to announce their wedding. In 2014, news designer Greg Cornfields layout of a page made The Newseums top ten front pages of the day. In 2015, higher education reporter Grace Lyden won the NDNAs Rookie of the Year award for her bulldog tenacity, WDAY-TV WDAY AM The Forum website Forum Communications Company website WDAY TV and WDAY AM website
8.
Fargo, North Dakota
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Fargo is the most populous city in the state of North Dakota, accounting for over 15% of the state population. Fargo is also the county seat of Cass County, according to the 2015 United States Census estimates, its population was 118,523. In 2014, Forbes magazine ranked Fargo as the fourth fastest-growing small city in the United States. Founded in 1871 and located on the Red River of the North floodplain, Fargo is a cultural, retail, health care, educational, in addition, Fargo is home to North Dakota State University. Historically part of Sioux territory, the area that is present-day Fargo was a stopping point for steamboats traversing the Red River during the 1870s and 1880s. The city was originally named Centralia, but was later renamed Fargo after Northern Pacific Railway director, the area started to flourish after the arrival of the Northern Pacific Railroad and the city became known as the Gateway to the West. During the 1880s, Fargo became the capital of the Midwest because of lenient divorce laws. A major fire struck the city on June 7,1893, but the city was immediately rebuilt with new buildings made of brick, new streets, and a water system. More than 246 new buildings were built within 1 year, there were several rumors concerning the cause of the fire. The North Dakota Agricultural College was founded in 1890 as North Dakotas land-grant university, in 1960, NDAC became known as North Dakota State University. Early in the century, the industry flourished, and in 1905. Fargo-Moorhead boomed after World War II and the city grew rapidly despite being hit by a violent tornado in 1957, the tornado destroyed a large portion of the north end of the city. Ted Fujita, famous for his Fujita tornado scale, analyzed pictures of the Fargo tornado and these were the first major scientific descriptive terms associated with tornadoes. The coming of two interstates revolutionized travel in the region and pushed growth of Fargo to the south and west of the city limits. In 1972, the West Acres Shopping Center, currently the largest shopping mall in North Dakota, was constructed near the intersection of the two Interstates and this mall would become the catalyst for retail growth in the area. Fargo has continued to expand rapidly but steadily, since the mid-1980s, the bulk of new residential growth has occurred in the south and southwest areas of the city due to geographic constraints on the north side. The citys major retail districts on the southwest side have likewise seen rapid development, downtown Fargo has been gentrified due in part to investments by the city and private developers in the Renaissance Zone. Most older neighborhoods, such as Horace Mann, have either avoided decline or been revitalized through housing rehabilitation promoted by planning agencies to strengthen the citys core, NDSU has grown rapidly into a major research university, and forms a major component of the citys identity and economy
9.
Pulitzer Prize for Investigative Reporting
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It is administered by the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism in New York City. From 1953 through 1963, the category was known as The Pulitzer Prize for Local Reporting, from 1964 to 1984, it was known as The Pulitzer Prize for Local Investigative Specialized Reporting. The Pulitzer Committee issues an official citation explaining the reasons for the award,1953, Edward J. Mowery, New York World-Telegram & Sun, for his reporting of the facts which brought vindication and freedom to Louis Hoffner. 1954, Alvin McCoy, The Kansas City Star, for a series of stories which led to the resignation under fire of C. Wesley Roberts as Republican National Chairman. 1955, Roland Kenneth Towery, Cuero Record, for his series of articles exposing a scandal in the administration of the Veterans Land Program in Texas. 1956, Arthur Daley, The New York Times, for his coverage and commentary on the world of sports in his daily column. They fulfilled their assignments despite great handicaps and the risk of reprisal from lawless elements,1960, Miriam Ottenberg, Evening Star, for a series of seven articles exposing a used-car racket in Washington, D. C. that victimized many unwary buyers. The series led to new regulations to protect the public and served to alert other communities to such sharp practices, the series brought about reforms that attracted nationwide attention. 1962, George Bliss, Chicago Tribune, for his initiative in uncovering scandals in the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago, with resultant remedial action. 1963, Oscar Griffin, Jr.1964, James V. Magee, Albert V.1965, Gene Goltz, Houston Post, for his expose of government corruption Pasadena, Texas, which resulted in widespread reforms. 1966, John Anthony Frasca, Tampa Tribune, for his investigation,1967, Gene Miller, Miami Herald, for initiative and investigative reporting that helped to free two persons wrongfully convicted of murder. 1968, J. Anthony Lukas, The New York Times, for the document he wrote in his investigation of the life. 1969, Al Delugach and Denny Walsh, St. Louis Globe-Democrat, for their campaign against fraud and abuse of power within the St. Louis Steamfitters Union, Local 562. 1970, Harold Eugene Martin, Montgomery Advertiser and Alabama Journal, for his expose of a scheme for using Alabama prisoners for drug experimentation. 1971, William Jones, Chicago Tribune, for exposing collusion between police and some of Chicagos largest private companies to restrict service in low income areas. 1972, Timothy Leland, Gerard M. ONeill, Stephen A. Kurkjian and Ann Desantis, Boston Globe, for their exposure of corruption in Somerville. 1974, William Sherman, New York Daily News, for his investigative reporting in the exposure of extreme abuse of the New York Medicaid program. 1975, Indianapolis Star, for its disclosures of local corruption and dilatory law enforcement
10.
The Washington Star
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The Washington Star, previously known as the Washington Star-News and the Washington Evening Star, was a daily afternoon newspaper published in Washington, D. C. between 1852 and 1981. For most of time, it was the citys newspaper of record. On August 7,1981, after 128 years, the Washington Star ceased publication, in the bankruptcy sale, The Washington Post purchased the land and buildings owned by the Star, including its printing presses. The Washington Star was founded on December 16,1852 by Captain Joseph Borrows Tate, in 1853, Texas surveyor and newspaper entrepreneur William Douglas Wallach purchased the paper. As the sole owner of the paper for the next 14 years, Wallach built up the paper by capitalizing on reporting of the American Civil War, among other things. In 1867, the group of investors Crosby Stuart Noyes, Samuel H. Kauffmann, the paper would remain family-owned and operated for the next four generations. In 1907, subsequent Pulitzer Prize winning cartoonist Clifford K. Berryman joined the Star, Berryman was most famous for his 1902 cartoon of President Theodore Teddy Roosevelt, Drawing the Line in Mississippi, which spurred the creation of the teddy bear. During his career, Berryman drew thousands of cartoons commenting on American Presidents, presidential figures included former Presidents Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Harry S. Truman. Berrymans career continued at the Star until he collapsed on the floor one morning in 1949. The next major change to the newspaper came in 1938 when the three owning families diversified their interests, on May 1, the Star purchased the M. A. Leese Radio Corporation and acquired Washingtons oldest radio station, WMAL, in the process. Renamed the Evening Star Broadcasting Company, the 1938 acquisition would figure later in the 1981 demise of the newspaper, suburbanization and television were accelerating the decline of evening newspapers in favor of morning dailies. The Post, meanwhile, acquired and merged with its morning rival, by the 1960s, the Post was Washingtons leading newspaper. In 1972, the Star purchased and absorbed one of DCs few remaining competing newspapers, for a short period of time after the merger, both The Evening Star and The Washington Daily News mastheads appeared on the front page. The paper soon was retitled Washington Star News and finally, The Washington Star by the late 1970s, in 1973, the Star was targeted for clandestine purchase by interests close to the South African Apartheid government in its propaganda war, in what became known as the Muldergate Scandal. The Star, whose policy had always been conservative, was seen as favorable to South Africa at the time. In early 1975, the owning families sold their interests in the paper to Joe L. Allbritton, Allbritton, who also owned Riggs Bank, then the most prestigious bank in the capital, planned to use profits from WMAL-AM-FM-TV to shore up the newspapers finances. The Federal Communications Commission stymied him with rules on media cross-ownership, however, WMAL-AM-FM was sold off in 1977, on October 1,1975, press operators at the Post went on strike, severely damaging all printing presses before leaving the building. Allbritton also had disagreements with editor Jim Bellows over editorial policy
11.
Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
12.
Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting
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This Pulitzer Prize has been awarded since 1942 for a distinguished example of reporting on national affairs. In its first six years, it was called the Pulitzer Prize for Telegraphic Reporting - National,1942, Louis Stark of The New York Times for his distinguished reporting of important labor stories during the year. 1943, No award given 1944, Dewey L. Fleming of The Baltimore Sun For his distinguished reporting during the year 1943,1945, James Reston of The New York Times for his news dispatches and interpretive articles on the Dumbarton Oaks security conference. 1947, Edward T. Folliard of The Washington Post for his series of articles published during 1946 on the Columbians, Inc. 1948, Nat S. Finney, Minneapolis Tribune, for his stories on the plan of the Truman administration to impose secrecy about the affairs of federal civilian agencies in peacetime. 1949, C. P. Trussel, New York Times,1950, Edwin O. Guthman, The Seattle Times, for his series on the clearing of Communist charges of Professor Melvin Rader, who had been accused of attending a secret Communist school. Mr. Lewis received the support of his newspaper in championing an American citizen, without adequate funds or resources for his defense. 1956, Charles L. Bartlett, Chattanooga Times, for his original disclosures that led to the resignation of Harold E. Talbott as Secretary of the Air Force. 1958, Clark Mollenhoff, Des Moines Register and Tribune, for his persistent inquiry into labor racketeering,1960, Vance Trimble, Scripps-Howard Newspaper Alliance, for a series of articles exposing the extent of nepotism in the Congress of the United States. 1961, Edward R. Cony, Wall Street Journal, for his analysis of a transaction which drew the attention of the public to the problems of business ethics. 1962, Nathan G. Caldwell and Gene S.1964, Merriman Smith, United Press International,1965, Louis M. Kohlmeier Jr. Wall Street Journal, for his enterprise in reporting the growth of the fortune of President Lyndon B. Johnson and his family. 1966, Haynes Johnson, Washington Evening Star, for his coverage of the civil rights conflict centered about Selma, Ala. 1967, Stanley Penn and Monroe Karmin, The Wall Street Journal,1968, Howard James, Christian Science Monitor, for his series of articles, Crisis in the Courts. 1969, Robert Cahn, Christian Science Monitor, for his inquiry into the future of our national parks and the methods that may help to preserve them. 1970, William J. Eaton, Chicago Daily News, for disclosures about the background of Judge Clement F. Haynesworth Jr. in connection with his nomination for the United States Supreme Court. 1971, Lucinda Franks and Thomas Powers, United Press International, for their documentary on the life and death of 28-year-old revolutionary Diana Oughton,1972, Jack Anderson, syndicated columnist, for his reporting of American policy decision-making during the Indo-Pakistan War of 1971. 1974, Jack White, Providence Journal and Evening Bulletin, for his initiative in exclusively disclosing President Nixons Federal income tax payments in 1970 and 1971. 1974, James R. Polk, Washington Star-News, for his disclosure of alleged irregularities in the financing of the campaign to re-elect President Nixon in 1972,1975, Donald L. Barlett and James B
13.
The Des Moines Register
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The Des Moines Register is the daily morning newspaper of Des Moines, Iowa. A separate edition of the Register is sold throughout much of Iowa, the first newspaper in Des Moines, the Iowa Star, was founded in 1849. In 1855, the Iowa Citizen began publication, it was renamed the Iowa State Register in 1860, in 1902, the Register merged with the Des Moines Leader, a descendant of the Star, to become the Des Moines Register and Leader. In 1903, Des Moines banker Gardner Cowles, Sr. purchased the Register and Leader, under the ownership of the Cowles family, the Register became Iowas largest and most influential newspaper, eventually adopting the slogan The Newspaper Iowa Depends Upon. Newspapers were distributed to all four corners of the state by train, during the 1960s, circulation of the Register peaked at nearly 250,000 for the daily edition and 500,000 for the Sunday edition–more than the population of Des Moines at the time. In 1935, the Register & Tribune Company founded radio station KRNT-AM, named after the newspapers nickname, the R n T. In 1955, the company, renamed Cowles Communications some years earlier, founded Des Moines third television station, KRNT-TV, Cowles eventually acquired other newspapers, radio stations and television stations, but almost all of them were sold to other companies by 1985. In 1943, the Register became the first newspaper to sponsor a statewide opinion poll when it introduced the Iowa Poll, Sports coverage was increased under sports editor Garner Sec Taylor – for whom Sec Taylor Field at Principal Park is named – in the 1920s. For many years the Register printed its sports sections on peach-colored paper, another Register tradition – the sponsorship of RAGBRAI – began in 1973 when writer John Karras challenged columnist Donald Kaul to do a border-to-border bicycle ride across Iowa. The liberal-leaning editorial page has brought Donald Kaul back for Sunday opinion columns, other local columns have faded and given way to Gannett-distributed material. In 1985, faced with declining circulation and revenues, the Cowles family sold off its various properties to different owners, at the time of sale, only The New York Times had won more Pulitzer Prizes for national reporting. Many of the Registers news stories and editorials focus on Des Moines, the Register opened a new printing and distribution facility on the south side of Des Moines in 2000. The news & advertising offices remained in downtown Des Moines, the old building was sold in late 2014 and will be redeveloped into a combination of apartments and retail space. In the three decades before the Cowles family acquired the Register in 1903, the Register was a voice of pragmatic conservatism. However, Garner Cowles Sr. who served as a Republican in the Iowa General Assembly and was a delegate to the 1916 Republican National Convention, was an advocate of progressive Republicanism. The new owners presented a variety of viewpoints, including Darling cartoons that frequently made fun of progressive politicians, Garner Cowles Sr. served in the administration of President Herbert Hoover. The publishers strongly supported Republican Wendell Willkies 1940 presidential campaign against Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt, the newspaper also supported Republican Dwight Eisenhowers campaigns for the Republican nomination and general election in 1952, and again in 1956. Although the Register endorsed presidential candidates Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964, Hubert Humphrey in 1968, the paper was a severe critic of George W. Bushs warrantless wiretapping strategy, claiming that in doing so, President Bush has declared war on the American people
14.
Associated Press
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The Associated Press is an American multinational nonprofit news agency headquartered in New York City that operates as a cooperative, unincorporated association. The AP is owned by its contributing newspapers and radio and television stations in the United States, all of which stories to the AP. Most of the AP staff are members and are represented by the Newspaper Guild, which operates under the Communications Workers of America. As of 2007, news collected by the AP was published and republished by more than 1,700 newspapers, in addition to more than 5,000 television, the photograph library of the AP consists of over 10 million images. The AP operates 243 news bureaus in 120 countries and it also operates the AP Radio Network, which provides newscasts twice hourly for broadcast and satellite radio and television stations. Many newspapers and broadcasters outside the United States are AP subscribers, as part of their cooperative agreement with the AP, most member news organizations grant automatic permission for the AP to distribute their local news reports. The AP employs the inverted pyramid formula for writing that enables the news outlets to edit a story to fit its available publication area without losing the storys essentials. Cutbacks at rival United Press International in 1993 left the AP as the United States primary news service, although UPI still produces and distributes stories and photos daily. Other English-language news services, such as the BBC, Reuters, some historians believe that the Tribune joined at this time, documents show it was a member in 1849. The New York Times became a member shortly after its founding in September 1851, initially known as the New York Associated Press, the organization faced competition from the Western Associated Press, which criticized its monopolistic news gathering and price setting practices. The revelations led to the demise of the NYAP and in December 1892, when the AP was founded, news became a salable commodity. The invention of the press allowed the New York Tribune in the 1870s to print 18,000 papers per hour. During the Civil War and Spanish–American War, there was a new incentive to print vivid, Melville Stone, who had founded the Chicago Daily News in 1875, served as AP General Manager from 1893 to 1921. He embraced the standards of accuracy, impartiality, and integrity, the cooperative grew rapidly under the leadership of Kent Cooper, who built up bureau staff in South America, Europe and, the Middle East. He introduced the telegraph typewriter or teletypewriter into newsrooms in 1914, in 1935, AP launched the Wirephoto network, which allowed transmission of news photographs over leased private telephone lines on the day they were taken. This gave AP a major advantage over other media outlets. While the first network was only between New York, Chicago, and San Francisco, eventually AP had its network across the whole United States, in 1945, the Supreme Court of the United States held in Associated Press v. The decision facilitated the growth of its main rival United Press International, AP entered the broadcast field in 1941 when it began distributing news to radio stations, it created its own radio network in 1974
15.
Little Rock Central High School
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Little Rock Central High School is an accredited comprehensive public high school in Little Rock, Arkansas, United States. Central High School was the site of forced school desegregation after the US Supreme Court ruled in 1954 that segregation of schools was unconstitutional. This was during the period of heightened activism in the Civil Rights Movement, Central is located at the intersection of Daisy L. Gatson Bates Drive and Park Street. Central can trace its origins to 1869 when the Sherman School operated in a structure at 8th and Sherman streets. In 1885 the Sherman School was moved to 14th and Scott streets and was named Scott Street School, five years later in 1890, the Peabody School was constructed at West Capitol and Gaines streets. It was named in honor of philanthropist George Peabody from US$200,000 received via the Peabody Education Fund. In 1905, the city founded Little Rock High School at the intersection of 14th and Cumberland streets, at the time only white students were enrolled. In 1927 at a cost of US$1.5 million, the city completed construction on the nations largest and most expensive high school facility, in 1953 with the construction of Hall High School, the school was renamed as Little Rock Central High School. It has since listed on the U. S. National Register of Historic Places. Central High School, which covers grades 9 through 12, has an enrollment of 2,456 and it is in the Little Rock School District. The current principal is Nancy Rousseau, who became principal in 2002, statues of four figures over the front entrance represent ambition, personality, opportunity, and preparation. Its opening earned national publicity, with nearly 20,000 people attending the dedication ceremony, in 1953 it was renamed as Little Rock Central High School. At the time in Arkansas and other states across the South, in 1954 the US Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education that such segregation in public schools was unconstitutional, and encouraged the states to integrate their schools. Related historic events in the 1950s changed education at Central High School, LRCHS was the focal point of the Little Rock Integration Crisis of 1957. Nine Black students, known as the Little Rock Nine, were denied entrance to the school in defiance of the 1954 U. S. Supreme Court ruling ordering integration of public schools. This provoked a showdown between the Governor Orval Faubus and President Dwight D. Eisenhower that gained international attention. On the morning of September 23,1957, the nine Black high school faced a angry mob of over 1,000 Whites in front of Central High School who were protesting the integration project. As the students were escorted inside by the Little Rock police, violence escalated, by the same order, he federalized the entire 10, 000-man Arkansas National Guard, in order to remove them from the control of Governor Faubus
16.
Little Rock, Arkansas
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Little Rock is the capital and the most populous city of the U. S. state of Arkansas. It is also the county seat of Pulaski County and it was incorporated on November 7,1831, on the south bank of the Arkansas River close to the geographic center of the state. The city derives its name from a rock formation along the river, the capital of the Arkansas Territory was moved to Little Rock from Arkansas Post in 1821. The citys population was 193,524 at the 2010 census, Little Rock is a cultural, economic, government, and transportation center within Arkansas and the South. Little Rocks history is available through history museums, historic districts or neighborhoods like the Quapaw Quarter, the city is the headquarters of Dillards, Windstream Communications, Acxiom, Stephens Inc. University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Heifer International, the Clinton Foundation, other large corporations, such as Dassault Falcon Jet and LM Wind Power have large operations in the city. State government is an employer, with many offices being located in downtown Little Rock. Two Interstate highways, Interstate 30 and Interstate 40, meet in Little Rock, Little Rock derives its name from a small rock formation on the south bank of the Arkansas River called le petit rocher. The little rock was used by river traffic as a landmark. The little rock is across the river from big rock, a bluff at the edge of the river. Archeological artifacts provide evidence of Native Americans inhabiting Central Arkansas for thousands of years before Europeans arrived, the early inhabitants may have been the Folsom people, Bluff Dwellers, and Mississippian culture peoples who built earthwork mounds recorded in 1541 by Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto. Historical tribes of the area were the Caddo, Quapaw, Osage, Choctaw, Little Rock was named for a stone outcropping on the bank of the Arkansas River used by early travelers as a landmark. Le Petit Rocher, named in 1722 by French explorer and trader Jean-Baptiste Bénard de la Harpe, Travelers referred to the area as the Little Rock, and the landmark name stuck. Little Rock is located at 34°44′10″N 92°19′52″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 116.8 square miles, of which,116.2 square miles of it is land and 0.6 square miles of it is water. Little Rock is located on the bank of the Arkansas River in Central Arkansas. Fourche Creek and Rock Creek run through the city, and flow into the river, the western part of the city is located in the foothills of the Ouachita Mountains. Northwest of the city limits are Pinnacle Mountain and Lake Maumelle, the city of North Little Rock is located just across the river from Little Rock, but it is a separate city. North Little Rock was once the 8th ward of Little Rock, an Arkansas Supreme Court decision on February 6,1904, allowed the ward to merge with the neighboring town of North Little Rock
17.
Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting
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This Pulitzer Prize has been awarded since 1942 for a distinguished example of reporting on international affairs, including United Nations correspondence. In its first six years, it was called the Pulitzer Prize for Telegraphic Reporting - International,1942, Laurence Edmund Allen, Associated Press, for reporting on the British Mediterranean Fleet. 1943, Ira Wolfert, North American Newspaper Alliance, for a series of articles on the battle of the Solomon Islands,1944, Daniel De Luce, Associated Press, for his distinguished reporting during the year 1943. 1945, Mark S. Watson, The Baltimore Sun, for distinguished reporting from Washington, London,1946, Homer Bigart, New York Herald Tribune, for distinguished war reporting from the Pacific. 1947, Eddy Gilmore, Associated Press, for his correspondence from Moscow in 1946,1948, Paul W. Ward, Baltimore Sun, for his series of articles published in 1947 on Life in the Soviet Union. 1949, Price Day, Baltimore Sun, for his series of 12 articles entitled, Experiment in Freedom, India,1950, Edmund Stevens, Christian Science Monitor, for his series of 43 articles written over a three-year residence in Moscow entitled, This Is Russia Uncensored. 1951, Keyes Beech, Homer Bigart, Marguerite Higgins, Relman Morin, Fred Sparks,1952, John M. Hightower, Associated Press, for the sustained quality of his coverage of news of international affairs during the year. 1953, Austin Wehrwein, Milwaukee Journal, for a series of articles on Canada. 1954, Jim G.1955, Harrison E. Salisbury, New York Times, for his series of articles. The perceptive and well-written Salisbury articles made a contribution to American understanding of what is going on inside Russia. This was principally due to the wide range of subject matter. 1956, William Randolph Hearst Jr. J. Kingsbury-Smith and Frank Conniff, International News Service,1958, Staff of the New York Times, for its distinguished coverage of foreign news, which was characterized by admirable initiative, continuity and high quality during the year. Rosenthal, New York Times, for his perceptive and authoritative reporting from Poland, mr. Rosenthals subsequent expulsion from the country was attributed by Polish government spokesmen to the depth his reporting into Polish affairs, there being no accusation of false reporting. 1964, Malcolm W. Browne of the Associated Press and David Halberstam of the New York Times, for their reporting of the Vietnam War. 1965, J. A.1966, Peter Arnett, Associated Press,1967, R. John Hughes, Christian Science Monitor, for his thorough reporting of the attempted Communist coup in Indonesia in 1965 and the purge that followed in 1965-66. 1968, Alfred Friendly, Washington Post, for his coverage of the Middle East War of 1967,1969, William Tuohy, Los Angeles Times, for his Vietnam War correspondence in 1968. 1970, Seymour M. Hersh, Dispatch News Service, for his disclosure of the Vietnam War tragedy at the hamlet of My Lai. 1971, Jimmie Lee Hoagland, Washington Post, for his coverage of the struggle against apartheid in the Republic of South Africa,1972, Peter R. Kann, Wall Street Journal, for his coverage of the Indo-Pakistan War of 1971
18.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
19.
Harry Ashmore
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Harry Scott Ashmore was an American journalist who won a Pulitzer Prize for his editorials in 1957 on the school integration conflict in Little Rock, Arkansas. Ashmore was born in Greenville, South Carolina, on July 28,1916 and he attended Greenville High School and Clemson Agricultural College where he graduated with a degree in general science in 1937. He showed an ability in journalism, having served as editor of the student newspapers at both Greenville High School and Clemson College. After graduation from Clemson, Ashmore worked as a reporter, first at the Greenville Piedmont. In 1940, Ashmore married Barbara Edith Laier, a physical education teacher at Furman University, Ashmore was accepted for a Nieman Fellowship at Harvard University in 1941. After the war, Harry Ashmore became the writer at the Charlotte News. In 1947 Ashmore was recruited to be the writer at the Arkansas Gazette in Little Rock. He soon became the editor at the paper, and gained a reputation as a moderate-to-liberal thinker. In 1951 Governor Sid McMath of Arkansas invited Ashmore to address the Southern Governors Conference when it met at Hot Springs, Ashmore spoke to the governors on civil rights, a contentious subject in southern states, and newspapers around the United States reprinted the speech or excerpts from it. Ashmore wrote the first of his books in 1954. The Negro and the Schools was a report of a Ford Foundation study of segregated education in the South and it was published shortly before the United States Supreme Court handed down its decision ending school segregation in Brown v. Board of Education. Chief Justice Earl Warren later told Ashmore that the book was used as a source while drafting the 1955 implementation ruling known as Brown II, also in 1954, Ashmore came to the aid of Orval Faubus, who was running for Governor of Arkansas. Francis Cherry, the incumbent, had tried to smear Faubus by revealing that he had attended Commonwealth College, Faubus at first tried to deny the charge, but Cherry produced documentary evidence. Unhappy with Cherrys tactics, Ashmore ghostwrote a speech for Faubus to respond to the charges, the speech was successful, and is credited with saving Faubuss political career. In 1955 Ashmore took a leave of absence for a year to work on Adlai Stevensons presidential campaign, in 1957 the Federal courts ordered integration of the schools in the Little Rock School District, starting the Little Rock Crisis. Governor Faubus defied the order, while Ashmore editorialized for compliance with the law. This ended the friendship between the two, Ashmore became a rallying point for moderates and liberals in Arkansas, and a figure of hatred for segregationists, who labeled him a carpetbagger. In 1959 the Arkansas General Assembly passed a resolution to rename Toad Suck Ferry to Ashmore Landing, Governor Faubus vetoed the resolution on the grounds that the name change would defame a well-known landing
20.
Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning
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The Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartoon is one of the fourteen American Pulitzer Prizes that are annually awarded for Journalism. Finalists have been announced from 1980, ordinarily two others beside the winner, in its first 92 years to 2013, the Editorial Cartooning Pulitzer was awarded 87 times, none was given in five years and it was never split. Many cartoonists won it more than once. 1935, Ross A. Lewis, Milwaukee Journal, for Sure, Ill Work for Both Sides 1936, no award given 1937, C. D. Batchelor, New York Daily News, for Come on in, Ill treat you right. Berryman, Evening Star, for Where Is the Boat Going, goldberg, New York Sun, for Peace Today 1949, Lute Pease, Newark Evening News, for Who Me. The award is given for distinguished body of the work of Mr. Fitzpatrick in both 1954 and his entire career. Mauldin, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, for I won the Nobel Prize for Literature, oliphant, The Denver Post, for They Wont Get Us To The Conference Table. 2016, Jack Ohman of The Sacramento Bee for cartoons that convey wry, rueful perspectives through sophisticated style that combines bold line work with subtle colors, through 2013, seventeen people have won the Editorial Cartooning Pulitzer twice and five of them have won it three times. Nelson Harding won the prize consecutively in 1927 and 1928 and this book chronologically states the awards, displays the artwork, and then describes the cartoon, Heinz-Dietrich Fischer. Political Caricatures on Global Issues, Pulitzer Prize Winning Editorial Cartoons
21.
Bruce Shanks
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Bruce McKinley Shanks was an American editorial cartoonist who worked for the Buffalo Evening News during the middle of the 20th century. There he won the annual Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning for The Thinker, Shanks was born in Buffalo, New York, the son of George Shanks, who owned a local sign painting business. From 1924 to 1927, he attended Lafayette High School, where he was taught by art instructor Elizabeth Weiffenbach, Shanks began his employment with the Buffalo Evening News as a copy boy. His first cartoons appeared in the sports pages, One character created by Shanks was Olaf Fub, a name dervied from Buffalo spelled backward. A drawing of Fub and the phrase, Olaf Fub sez. continued to introduce the commentary of Evening News writers on local events even well after Shanks death, another character who appeared frequently in Shanks editorial cartoons was John Q. That name was created by Vaughn Shoemaker, another editorial cartoonist, Shanks cartoons were widely distributed by syndicators throughout the U. S. and the world at the height of his career, so he may have contributed to the establishment of the placeholder. Beside the Pulitzer, Shanks won eight Freedoms Foundation awards and several Page One Awards from the American Newspaper Guild
22.
The Buffalo News
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The Buffalo News is the daily newspaper of the Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area, located at 1 News Plaza in Downtown Buffalo, New York. The paper is owned by Warren Buffetts Berkshire Hathaway and it was for decades the only newspaper fully owned by that company. The News was founded in 1873 by Edward Hubert Butler, Sr. as a Sunday paper. In 1880, it began publishing daily editions as well, and in 1914, it became an inversion of its existence by publishing Monday to Saturday. During most of its life, the News was known as The Buffalo Evening News, a gentlemans agreement between the Evening News and the Buffalo Courier-Express meant that the Evening News would be evening-only, and the Courier-Express would be morning-only. Until 1977, the News did not publish on Sundays because of the agreement, the Butler family owned the Evening News until 1977, when longtime owner and publisher Katherine Butler, granddaughter of the founder, died and left no heirs. The Evening News properties were placed in a blind trust, which sold the Evening News to Berkshire Hathaway, the new owners began publishing on Saturday and Sunday mornings. After a period of decline, the Courier-Express published its last issue on September 19,1982. The Evening News then shortened its name to The Buffalo News and became an all-day newspaper, on October 1,2006, the News announced it would abandon its evening edition later that month. Today, The Buffalo News publishes three morning editions and appears online at BuffaloNews. com, reaching over 400,000 readers, the News Designated Market Area had the largest adult population in Upstate New York. The newspaper founded and owned the WBEN television and radio stations, in 1961, Edgar May received the Local Reporting award for his series, Our Costly Dilemma, concerning the need for reform of New York States welfare system. The series touched off debates about welfare reform nationwide, in 1990, Tom Toles brought the News its second Editorial Cartooning award, for his work throughout the year. In 2015, Adam Zyglis won the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning for using, in the committees citation, News journalists have been finalists for three other Pulitzer Prizes, but did not win, Toles and, James Heaney. Urban - Publisher,1974 -1983 Stanford Lipsey - Publisher,1983 -2013 Alfred H. Kirchhofer - Editor,1956 -1966 Paul E. Neville - Editor,1966 -1969 Murray B. Light - Editor,1979 -1999 Margaret M. Sullivan - Editor,1999 -2012 Michael K. Connelly - Editor, 2012-present Three members of the Butler family were publishers
23.
Pulitzer Prize for Photography
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The Pulitzer Prize for Photography was one of the American Pulitzer Prizes annually awarded for journalism. It was inaugurated in 1942 and replaced by two photojournalism prizes in 1968, the Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography and Pulitzer Prize for Spot News Photography, the latter was renamed for Pulitzer Prize for Breaking News Photography in 2000. The Pulitzer Prizes were established by the bequest of Joseph Pulitzer, which suggested four journalism awards, by 1942 there were eight Pulitzers for journalism, for several years now there have been 14 including the two for photojournalism. There were 26 simple Photography prizes awarded in 26 years including two in 1944 and none in 1946,1942, Milton Brooks of Detroit News, for his photo Ford Strikers Riot. 1943, Frank Noel of the Associated Press, for his photo Water,1944, Earle L. Bunker of World-Herald, for his photo Homecoming. 1944, Frank Filan of the Associated Press, for his photo Tarawa Island,1945, Joe Rosenthal of the Associated Press, for his photograph Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima. 1946, no award 1947, Arnold Hardy, amateur photographer, Atlanta, for his photo of a woman leaping from a fire in the Winecoff Hotel,1948, Frank Cushing of Boston Traveler, for his photo Boy Gunman and Hostage. 1949, Nathaniel Fein of New York Herald-Tribune, for his photo, The Babe Bows Out,1950, Bill Crouch of Oakland Tribune, for his picture Near Collision at Air Show. 1951, Max Desfor of Associated Press, for his coverage of the Korean War. 1953, William M. Gallagher of the Flint Journal for Ex-Governor Adlai E. Stevenson,1956, Staff of the New York Daily News for its consistently excellent news picture coverage in 1955, an outstanding example of which is its photo Bomber Crashes in Street. 1959, William Seaman of the Minneapolis Star for his photograph of the sudden death of a child in the street. 1962, Paul Vathis of the Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, bureau of the Associated Press, for the photograph Serious Steps, published April 22,1961. 1963, Héctor Rondón of La República, for his picture of a priest holding a wounded soldier in the 1962 El Porteñazo insurrection in Venezuela. The photograph was distributed by the Associated Press,1964, Robert H. Jackson of the Dallas Times-Herald, for his photograph of Jack Ruby shooting Lee Harvey Oswald. 1965, Horst Faas of the Associated Press, for his photography of the war in South Vietnam during 1964. 1966, Kyoichi Sawada of United Press International, for his photography of the war in Vietnam War during 1965. 1967, Jack R. Thornell of Associated Press New Orleans bureau for his picture of the shooting of James Meredith in Mississippi by a roadside sniper. NEWSEUM, View Pulitzer Prize Winning Pictures from 1945,1969,1971,1973,1982,1996,2000, and 2007 The 1957 Pulitzer Prize Photo
24.
The Washington Daily News
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The Washington Daily News was an afternoon tabloid-style newspaper serving the Washington, D. C. metropolitan area. In this case, the tabloid is merely a reference to the paper format. The Washington Daily News was owned by the E. W. Scripps Company, the newspaper was born on November 8,1921, and competed with four established local daily newspapers, the Washington Post, the Washington Times, the Washington Herald, and the Washington Star. The newspapers masthead had The News printed in large, bold letters, on July 12,1972, certain assets of The Washington Daily News were purchased by and merged with the competing Washington Star. The newspaper was renamed the Washington Star News. By the late 1970s the word News completely disappeared from the title, during the 1960s and early 1970s, their offices were located across the street from DCFD Engine Company 16, which was the odd side of the 1000 block of 13th St. NW. The Washington Daily News was the newspaper for Ernie Pyle. People who gained recognition while working at the Daily News include Judy Mann, others who gained recognition from the News included Bill Beall who won a Pulitzer for a photo of trust between a child and a police officer, and Samuel A. The paper was the newspaper of the D. C-majority African American population in Washington at a time when this market for newspapers was secondary
25.
Pulitzer Prize for Fiction
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The Pulitzer Prize for Fiction is one of the seven American Pulitzer Prizes that are annually awarded for Letters, Drama, and Music. It recognizes distinguished fiction by an American author, preferably dealing with American life, as the Pulitzer Prize for the Novel, it was one of the original Pulitzers, for the program was inaugurated in 1917 with seven prizes, four of which were awarded that year. Finalists have been announced from 1980, ordinarily a total of three, in 31 years under the Novel name, the prize was awarded 27 times, in its first 69 years to 2016 under the Fiction name,62 times. In 11 years, no novel received the award and it has never been shared by two authors. Three writers have won two each in the Fiction category, Booth Tarkington, William Faulkner, and John Updike. Ernest Hemingway was selected by the 1941 and 1953 juries, but the former was overturned and no 1941 award was given
26.
A Death in the Family
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A Death in the Family is an autobiographical novel by author James Agee, set in Knoxville, Tennessee. He began writing it in 1948, but it was not quite complete when he died in 1955 and it was edited and released posthumously in 1957 by editor David McDowell. Agees widow and children were left little money after Agees death. Agee won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1958 for the novel, the novel was included on Times 2005 list of the 100 best English-language novels written since 1923. The novel is based on the events occurred to Agee in 1915 when his father went out of town to see his own father. During the return trip, Agees father was killed in a car accident, the novel provides a portrait of life in Knoxville, Tennessee, showing how such a loss affects the young widow, her two children, her atheist father and the dead mans alcoholic brother. University of Tennessee professor Michael Lofaro claimed the published in 1957 was not the version intended for print by the author. He discussed his work at a conference that was part of the Knoxville James Agee Celebration, Lofaro tracked down the authors original manuscripts and notes and has reconstructed a version he says is more authentic. Lofaros version of the novel, A Death in the Family, A Restoration of the Authors Text, was published in 2007 as part of a 10-volume set, Lofaro is also the author of Agee Agonistes, Essays on the Life, Legend, and Works of James Agee. Altered the order of the book, which was intended to be chronological, some chapters were moved and presented as flashbacks. The number of chapters was changed from 44 short chapters to 20, the novel was adapted into All the Way Home, a 1961 Pulitzer Prize-winning play by Tad Mosel. The movie All The Way Home was adapted by Philip H. Reisman, Jr. from the Agee novel and it was filmed in the same neighborhood where Agee grew up in Knoxville. Produced by David Susskind and directed by Alex Segal, it stars Robert Preston, Jean Simmons, a PBS TV movie version, filmed in Tennessee and starring Annabeth Gish, aired in 2002. Samuel Barber wrote Knoxville, Summer of 1915 on commission from the American soprano Eleanor Steber, william Mayer wrote an opera based on the novel, it premiered in 1983. Photos of the first edition of A Death in the Family
27.
James Agee
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James Rufus Agee was an American novelist, journalist, poet, screenwriter and film critic. In the 1940s, he was one of the most influential critics in the U. S. His autobiographical novel, A Death in the Family, won the author a posthumous 1958 Pulitzer Prize, when Agee was six, his father was killed in an automobile accident. From the age of seven, Agee and his younger sister, the most prominent of these was located near his mothers summer cottage two miles from Sewanee, Tennessee. Saint Andrews School for Mountain Boys was run by the monastic Order of the Holy Cross affiliated with the Episcopal Church. It was there that Agees lifelong friendship with Episcopal priest Father James Harold Flye, a teacher at St. Andrews. As Agees close friend and mentor, Flye corresponded with him on literary and other topics through life and he published the letters after Agees death. Agees mother married St. Andrews bursar Father Erskine Wright in 1924, Agee went to Knoxville High School for the 1924–1925 school year, then traveled with Father Flye to Europe in the summer, when Agee was sixteen. On their return, Agee transferred to a school in New Hampshire. Soon after, he began a correspondence with Dwight Macdonald, at Phillips Exeter, Agee was president of The Lantern Club and editor of the Monthly where his first short stories, plays, poetry and articles were published. Despite barely passing many of his high school courses, Agee was admitted to Harvard Universitys class of 1932. There Agee took classes taught by Robert Hillyer and I. A. Richards, his classmate in those was the poet and critic Robert Fitzgerald. Agee was editor-in-chief of the Harvard Advocate and delivered the class ode at his commencement, in 1934, he published his only volume of poetry, Permit Me Voyage, with a foreword by Archibald MacLeish. In the summer of 1936, during the Great Depression, Agee spent eight weeks on assignment for Fortune with photographer Walker Evans, while Fortune did not publish his article, Agee turned the material into a book entitled Let Us Now Praise Famous Men. It sold only 600 copies before being remaindered, another manuscript from the same assignment discovered in 2003, titled Cotton Tenants, is believed to be the essay submitted to Fortune editors. The 30,000 word text, accompanied by photographs by Walker Evans, was published as a book in June 2013 and its excellence should enhance his reputation. A significant difference between the works is the use of names in Cotton Tenants, Agee assigned fictional names to the subjects of Famous Men in order to protect their identity. In 1941, he became Times film critic, in 1942-1948, he worked as a film critic for The Nation
28.
Pulitzer Prize for Drama
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The Pulitzer Prize for Drama is one of the seven American Pulitzer Prizes that are annually awarded for Letters, Drama, and Music. It is one of the original Pulitzers, for the program was inaugurated in 1917 with seven prizes and it recognizes a theatrical work staged in the U. S. during the preceding calendar year. The drama jury, which consists of one academic and four critics, attends plays in New York, in 1955 Joseph Pulitzer, Jr. Edward Albees Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf. was selected for the 1963 Pulitzer Prize for Drama by that awards committee. However, the selection was overruled by the awards advisory board. Had Albee been awarded, he would be tied with Eugene ONeill for the most Pulitzer Prizes for Drama, in its first 98 years to 2013, the Drama Pulitzer was awarded 82 times, none were given in 15 years and it was never split. Many of the prizes were won by people for their collaboration. * Star marks winners of the annual Tony Award for Best Play or Best Musical,1917, no award 1918, Why Marry. – Jesse Lynch Williams 1919, no award Nine musicals have won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama and they are, George and Ira Gershwins Of Thee I Sing, Rodgers and Hammersteins South Pacific, Bock & Harnicks Fiorello. Of Thee I Sing, Sunday in the Park with George, however, Of Thee I Sing opened when the Tony Awards did not exist, and Next to Normal won the Tony Award for Best Original Score and the Tony Award for Best Orchestrations. The award goes to the playwright, although production of the play is taken into account. In the case of a musical being awarded the prize, the composer, lyricist, the reason given was that the Pulitzer Prize for Drama is a dramatic award, and not a musical one. Additionally, since 1983, when the identity of finalists was first disclosed and they are, Lee Breuer and Bob Telsons The Gospel at Colonus, Lin-Manuel Miranda and Quiara Alegría Hudes In the Heights, and Jeanine Tesori and Lisa Krons Fun Home. The latter two shows, however, each won the Tony Award for Best Musical, ¹All listed dates are Prize years. Generally, the musical in question opened in New York during either the preceding year or the preceding Broadway season. Eugene ONeill won the Pulitzer for Drama four times, three in the 1920s, several people have won two or three. Media related to Pulitzer Prize for Drama winners at Wikimedia Commons
29.
Look Homeward, Angel
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Look Homeward, Angel, A Story of the Buried Life is a 1929 novel by Thomas Wolfe. It is Wolfes first novel, and is considered a highly autobiographical American coming-of-age story, the character of Eugene Gant is generally believed to be a depiction of Wolfe himself. The novel covers the span of time from Eugenes birth to the age of 19, the setting is the fictional town and state of Altamont, Catawba, a fictionalization of his home town, Asheville, North Carolina. Playwright Ketti Frings wrote an adaptation of Wolfes work in a 1957 play of the same title. Thomas Wolfes father, William Oliver Wolfe, ordered a statue from New York. W. O. Wolfe sold the statue to a family in Hendersonville, the angel was then moved to that towns Oakdale Cemetery. The title comes from the John Milton poem Lycidas, Look homeward Angel now, Wolfes original title was The Building of a Wall, which he later changed to O Lost. Wolfe began the novel in 1926, intending to delve into the strange, the novel was written over 20 months. On the novels completion, Wolfe gave the vast manuscript to Scribner editor Maxwell Perkins, though Perkins was impressed with the young authors talent, he demanded that the novel be revised and condensed to a publishable size. The two sat down and worked through it together, after being trimmed by 60,000 words, the novel was published in 1929. Wolfe became insecure about the process, feeling that the novel was Perkins almost as much as his own. This led to an estrangement between the two, resulting in Wolfe leaving Scribner, Wolfe later made amends with Perkins, prior to the formers death in 1938. The original unedited version was published in 2000 and he has even been reported to have received some death threats from residents of Asheville. The boarding house run by Eugene Gants mother, based on one run by Wolfes mother, has called the most famous boardinghouse in American fiction. Wolfe is often characterized as a due to the power of his emotionally charged. Look Homeward, Angel is written in a stream of consciousness reminiscent of James Joyce. The book is divided into three parts, with a total of forty chapters, the first 90 pages of the book deal with an early biography of Gants parents, very closely based on the actual history of Wolfes own mother and father. It begins with his father Olivers decision to become a cutter after seeing a statue of a stone angel
30.
Ketti Frings
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Ketti Frings was an American author, playwright, and screenwriter who won a Pulitzer Prize in 1958. Born Katherine Hartley in Columbus, Ohio, Frings attended Principia College, began her career as a copywriter, in 1941 her novel Hold Back the Dawn was adapted for the screen. The resulting movie was directed by Mitchell Leisen and starred Olivia de Havilland and she wrote her first Broadway play, Mr. Sycamore, in 1942. The play featured Lillian Gish and Stuart Erwin in the lead roles and her Hollywood screenplays include Guest in the House, The File on Thelma Jordon, Come Back, Little Sheba, About Mrs. Leslie, The Shrike, and Foxfire. Frings adapted the Thomas Wolfe novel Look Homeward, Angel into a play of the name that opened on Broadway in 1957. It received six Tony Award nominations and Frings won the annual Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1958 and she was named Woman of the Year by The Los Angeles Times in the same year. Frings was married to Kurt Frings from 1938 to 1963 with whom she had two children, Kathie and Peter and she died of cancer in Los Angeles. Hold Back the Dawn 1940 Mr. Sycamore 1942 Gods Front Porch 1944 Look Homeward, Ketti Frings, Stage and Film Writer. Ketti Frings at the Internet Broadway Database Ketti Frings at the Internet Movie Database Ketti Frings at Library of Congress Authorities, with 15 catalog records
31.
Pulitzer Prize for History
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The Pulitzer Prize for History, administered by Columbia University, is one of the seven American Pulitzer Prizes that are annually awarded for Letters, Drama, and Music. It has been presented since 1917 for a book about the history of the United States. Thus it is one of the original Pulitzers, for the program was inaugurated in 1917 with seven prizes, the Pulitzer Prize program has also recognized some historical work with its Biography prize, from 1917, and its General Non-Fiction prize, from 1952. Finalists have been announced from 1980, ordinarily two others beside the winner, in its first 97 years to 2013, the History Pulitzer was awarded 95 times. Two prizes were given in 1989, none in 1919,1984, four people have won two each, Margaret Leech, Bernard Bailyn, Paul Horgan and Alan Taylor. 1980, Been in the Storm So Long by Leon F. Litwack The Plains Across by John B. Unruh The Urban Crucible by Gary B, media related to Pulitzer Prize for History winners at Wikimedia Commons
32.
Princeton University Press
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The Princeton University Press is an independent publisher with close connections to Princeton University. Its mission is to disseminate scholarship within academia and society at large, the press was founded by Whitney Darrow, with the financial support of Charles Scribner, as a printing press to serve the Princeton community in 1905. Its distinctive building was constructed in 1911 on William Street in Princeton and its first book was a new 1912 edition of John Witherspoons Lectures on Moral Philosophy. Six books from the Princeton University Press have won Pulitzer Prizes, russia Leaves the War by George F. The Princeton University Press Bollingen Series had its beginnings in the Bollingen Foundation, from 1945, the foundation had independent status, publishing and providing fellowships and grants in several areas of study including archaeology, poetry, and psychology. The Bollingen Series was given to the university in 1969, first copyright 1950, 27th printing 1997. Bernstein Military Power, Explaining Victory and Defeat in Modern Battle by Stephen Biddle Banks, book of Lists, Princeton University Press at 100. A Century in Books, Princeton University Press 1905-2005
33.
Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography
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The Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography is one of the seven American Pulitzer Prizes that are annually awarded for Letters, Drama, and Music. It has been presented since 1917 for a biography or autobiography by an American author or co-authors. Thus it is one of the original Pulitzers, for the program was inaugurated in 1917 with seven prizes, finalists have been announced from 1980, ordinarily two others beside the winner. In its first 97 years to 2013, the Biography Pulitzer was awarded 97 times, two were given in 1938, none in 1962. Pupin 1925, Barrett Wendell and His Letters by M. A. Dewolfe Howe 1926, B. Sherwood 1950, John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy by Samuel Flagg Bemis 1951, John C. Robert Oppenheimer by Kai Bird and Martin J. W, brands 2010, The First Tycoon, The Epic Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt by T. J. Pulitzer Prize for History Media related to Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography winners at Wikimedia Commons
34.
George Washington
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George Washington was an American politician and soldier who served as the first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797 and was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He served as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War and he is popularly considered the driving force behind the nations establishment and came to be known as the father of the country, both during his lifetime and to this day. Washington was widely admired for his leadership qualities and was unanimously elected president by the Electoral College in the first two national elections. Washingtons incumbency established many precedents still in use today, such as the system, the inaugural address. His retirement from office two terms established a tradition that lasted until 1940 when Franklin Delano Roosevelt won an unprecedented third term. The 22nd Amendment now limits the president to two elected terms and he was born into the provincial gentry of Colonial Virginia to a family of wealthy planters who owned tobacco plantations and slaves, which he inherited. In his youth, he became an officer in the colonial militia during the first stages of the French. In 1775, the Second Continental Congress commissioned him as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in the American Revolution, in that command, Washington forced the British out of Boston in 1776 but was defeated and nearly captured later that year when he lost New York City. After crossing the Delaware River in the middle of winter, he defeated the British in two battles, retook New Jersey, and restored momentum to the Patriot cause and his strategy enabled Continental forces to capture two major British armies at Saratoga in 1777 and Yorktown in 1781. In battle, however, Washington was repeatedly outmaneuvered by British generals with larger armies, after victory had been finalized in 1783, Washington resigned as commander-in-chief rather than seize power, proving his opposition to dictatorship and his commitment to American republicanism. Washington presided over the Constitutional Convention in 1787, which devised a new form of government for the United States. Following his election as president in 1789, he worked to unify rival factions in the fledgling nation and he supported Alexander Hamiltons programs to satisfy all debts, federal and state, established a permanent seat of government, implemented an effective tax system, and created a national bank. In avoiding war with Great Britain, he guaranteed a decade of peace and profitable trade by securing the Jay Treaty in 1795 and he remained non-partisan, never joining the Federalist Party, although he largely supported its policies. Washingtons Farewell Address was a primer on civic virtue, warning against partisanship, sectionalism. He retired from the presidency in 1797, returning to his home, upon his death, Washington was eulogized as first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen by Representative Henry Lee III of Virginia. He was revered in life and in death, scholarly and public polling consistently ranks him among the top three presidents in American history and he has been depicted and remembered in monuments, public works, currency, and other dedications to the present day. He was born on February 11,1731, according to the Julian calendar, the Gregorian calendar was adopted within the British Empire in 1752, and it renders a birth date of February 22,1732. Washington was of primarily English gentry descent, especially from Sulgrave and his great-grandfather John Washington emigrated to Virginia in 1656 and began accumulating land and slaves, as did his son Lawrence and his grandson, Georges father Augustine
35.
Douglas Southall Freeman
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Douglas Southall Freeman was an American historian, biographer, newspaper editor, and author. He is best known for his biographies of Robert E. Lee and George Washington. From childhood, Freeman exhibited an interest in Southern history, in Lynchburg, his family lived at 416 Main Street, near the home of Confederate general Jubal Early. The family moved to the former Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia in 1892 at the height of the monument commemoration movement that memorialized Virginias Robert E. Lee, J. E. B. In 1904, Freeman was awarded an AB degree from Richmond College, in 1908, at the age of 22, he earned a PhD in history at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. In 1911, Freeman came into possession of a cache of long-lost wartime communications between Robert E. Lee and Confederate president Jefferson Davis, Freeman spent four years working on the documents, and in 1915, he published Lees Dispatches. The book was received enthusiastically by Civil War historians, and it became an important primary source for Civil War scholars, in his Introduction, Freeman summarized seven major revelations contained in the letters. Following the immediate success of Lees Dispatches, Freeman was approached by New York publisher Charles Scribners Sons. Freeman accepted but chose to retain his position at The Richmond News Leader, freemans research of Lee was exhaustive. He evaluated and cataloged every item about Lee, and he reviewed records at West Point and the War Department and material in private collections. In narrating the generals Civil War years, he used came to be known as the fog of war technique. That helped convey the confusion of war that Lee experienced as well as the processes by which Lee grappled with problems, R. E. Lee, A Biography was published in four volumes in 1934 and 1935. In its book review, The New York Times declared it Lee complete for all time, historian Dumas Malone wrote, Great as my personal expectations were, the realization far surpassed them. In 1935, Freeman was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for his four-volume biography and it presents a unique combination of military strategy, biography, and Civil War history, and it shows how armies actually work. Published during World War II, it had a influence on American military leaders. A few months after the conclusion of the war, Freeman was asked to join a tour of American forces in Europe. After completing his studies of Lee, his generals. Applying the same approach of research and writing narrative based on objective fact
36.
Charles Scribner's Sons
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The firm published Scribners Magazine for many years. More recently, several Scribner titles and authors have garnered Pulitzer Prizes, National Book Awards, in 1978 the company merged with Atheneum and became The Scribner Book Companies. In turn it merged into Macmillan in 1984, Simon & Schuster bought Macmillan in 1994. By this point only the book and reference book operations still bore the original family name. The former imprint, now simply Scribner, was retained by Simon & Schuster, as of 2012, Scribner is a division of Simon & Schuster under the title Scribner Publishing Group which also includes the Touchstone Books imprint. The president of Scribner as of 2017 is Susan Moldow, the firm was founded in 1846 by Charles Scribner I and Isaac D. Baker as Baker & Scribner. After Bakers death, Scribner bought the remainder of the company, in 1865, the company made its first venture into magazine publishing with Hours at Home. In 1870, the Scribners organized a new firm, Scribner and Company, after the death of Charles Scribner I in 1871, his son John Blair Scribner took over as president of the company. His other sons Charles Scribner II and Arthur Hawley Scribner would also join the firm and they each later served as presidents. When the other partners in the sold their stake to the family. The company launched St. Nicholas Magazine in 1873 with Mary Mapes Dodge as editor and Frank R. Stockton as assistant editor, when the Scribner family sold the magazine company to outside investors in 1881, Scribner’s Monthly was renamed the Century Magazine. The Scribners brothers were enjoined from publishing any magazine for a period of five years, in 1886, at the expiration of this term, they launched Scribners Magazine. The firms headquarters were in the Scribner Building, built in 1893, on lower Fifth Avenue at 21st Street, both buildings were designed by Ernest Flagg in a Beaux Arts style. The childrens book division was established in 1934 under the leadership of Alice Dalgliesh and it published works by distinguished authors and illustrators including N. C. Wyeth, Robert A. Heinlein, Marcia Brown, Will James, Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, as of 2011 the publisher is owned by the CBS Corporation. Simon & Schuster reorganized their adult imprints into four divisions in 2012, Scribner became the Scribner Publishing Group and would expand to include Touchstone Books which had previously been part of Free Press. The other divisions are Atria Publishing Group, Simon & Schuster Publishing Group, the new Scribner division would be led by Susan Moldow as president. Scott Fitzgerald Thomas Wolfe Simon & Schuster has published thousands of books from thousands of authors and this list represents some of the more notable authors from Scribner since becoming part of Simon & Schuster
37.
Pulitzer Prize for Poetry
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The Pulitzer Prize for Poetry is one of the seven American Pulitzer Prizes that are annually awarded for Letters, Drama, and Music. It has been presented since 1922 for a volume of original verse by an American author. Finalists have been announced from 1980, ordinarily two others beside the winner, the 1918 and 1919 Pulitzers included Special Citations for poetry books, made possible by a special grant from The Poetry Society, which the Pulitzer program now lists as Poetry prizes. 1918, Sara Teasdale 1919, Carl Sandburg 1919, Margaret Widdemer In its first 92 years to 2013, two were given in 2008, none in 1946. Robert Frost won the four times and several others won it more than once. 1922, Collected Poems by Edwin Arlington Robinson 1923, The Ballad of the Harp-Weaver, A Few Figs from Thistles, merwin,1971,2009 Carl Sandburg won one of the special prizes for his poetry in 1919 and won the Poetry Pulitzer in 1951. American poetry List of poetry awards Media related to Pulitzer Prize for Poetry winners at Wikimedia Commons
38.
Robert Penn Warren
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Robert Penn Warren was an American poet, novelist, and literary critic and was one of the founders of New Criticism. He was also a member of the Fellowship of Southern Writers. He founded the literary journal The Southern Review with Cleanth Brooks in 1935. He received the 1947 Pulitzer Prize for the Novel for his novel All the Kings Men and he is the only person to have won Pulitzer Prizes for both fiction and poetry. Warren was born in Guthrie, Kentucky, very near the Tennessee-Kentucky border, to Robert Warren, Robert Penn Warren graduated from Clarksville High School in Clarksville, Tennessee, Vanderbilt University in 1925 and the University of California, Berkeley in 1926. Warren pursued further study at Yale University from 1927 to 1928 and obtained his B. Litt. as a Rhodes Scholar from New College, Oxford. He also received a Guggenheim Fellowship to study in Italy during the rule of Benito Mussolini and that same year he began his teaching career at Southwestern College in Memphis, Tennessee. He contributed The Briar Patch to the Agrarian manifesto Ill Take My Stand along with 11 other Southern writers and poets. However, Warren recanted these views in an article on the Civil Rights Movement, Divided South Searches Its Soul, a month later, Warren published an expanded version of the article as a small book titled Segregation, The Inner Conflict in the South. He subsequently adopted a profile as a supporter of racial integration. In 1965, he published Who Speaks for the Negro, Warrens interviews with civil rights leaders are at the Louie B. Nunn Center for Oral History at the University of Kentucky, Warrens best-known work is All the Kings Men, a novel that won the Pulitzer Prize in 1947. All the Kings Men became a successful film, starring Broderick Crawford. A2006 film adaptation by writer/director Steven Zaillian featured Sean Penn as Willie Stark, the opera Willie Stark by Carlisle Floyd to his own libretto based on the novel was first performed in 1981. Warren served as the Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress, 1944–1945, Promises also won the annual National Book Award for Poetry. In 1974, the National Endowment for the Humanities selected him for the Jefferson Lecture, Warrens lecture was entitled Poetry and Democracy. In 1977, Warren was awarded the St. Louis Literary Award from the Saint Louis University Library Associates, in 1980, Warren was presented with the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Jimmy Carter. In 1981, Warren was selected as a MacArthur Fellow and later was named as the first U. S, poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry on February 26,1986
39.
Pulitzer Prize for Music
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The Pulitzer Prize for Music is one of the seven American Pulitzer Prizes that are annually awarded for Letters, Drama, and Music. It was first awarded in 1943, joseph Pulitzer did not call for such a prize in his will, but had arranged for a music scholarship to be awarded each year. Because of the requirement that the composition had its premiere during the year of its award. In 2004 the terms were modified to read, For a distinguished musical composition by an American that has had its first performance or recording in the United States during the year, in 1965, the jury unanimously decided that no major work was worthy of the Pulitzer Prize. In lieu they recommended a special citation be given to Duke Ellington in recognition of the body of his work, Ellington responded, Fate is being kind to me. Fate doesnt want me to be too famous too young, most Americans still take it for granted that European-based music—classical music, if you will—is the only really respectable kind. In 1996, after years of debate, the Pulitzer Prize board announced a change in the criteria for the music prize so as to attract the best of a wider range of American music. The result was that the following year Wynton Marsalis became the first jazz artist to win the Pulitzer Prize. However, his victory was controversial because according to the Pulitzer guidelines, his winning work, a three-hour-long oratorio about slavery, Blood on the Fields, should not have been eligible. Although a winning work was supposed to have had its first performance during that year, Marsalis piece premiered on April 1,1994 and its recording, yet, the piece won the 1997 prize. Marsalis management had submitted a version of Blood on the Fields which was premiered at Yale University after the composer made seven small changes. Six women have been awarded the Pulitzer Prize, Ellen Taaffe Zwilich,1983, Shulamit Ran,1991, Melinda Wagner,1999, Jennifer Higdon,2010, Caroline Shaw,2013, and Julia Wolfe,2015. In addition to being the first woman to receive the award, in 1992 the music jury, which that year consisted of George Perle, Roger Reynolds, and Harvey Sollberger, selected Ralph Shapeys Concerto Fantastique for the award. However, the Pulitzer Board rejected that decision and chose to give the prize to the second choice, Wayne Petersons The Face of the Night. The music jury responded with a statement stating that they had not been consulted in that decision. The Board responded that the Pulitzers are enhanced by having, in addition to the point of view, the laymans or consumers point of view. George Walker was the first African American composer to win the Prize, Walker is a graduate of the Oberlin Conservatory which he entered at the age of fourteen, and graduated at eighteen with the highest honors in his Conservatory class. Jay T. Harris, a member of the Pulitzer governing board said, the announced rule changes included altering the jury pool to include performers and presenters, in addition to composers and critics
40.
Vanessa (opera)
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Vanessa is an American opera in three acts by Samuel Barber, opus 32, with an original English libretto by Gian-Carlo Menotti. Barber revised the opera in 1964, reducing the four acts to the version most commonly performed today. For the Met premiere, Sena Jurinac was contracted to sing the title role, however, she cancelled six weeks before the opening night and Eleanor Steber replaced her, making it her own for a long time. In the role of Erika, Vanessas niece, was Rosalind Elias, nicolai Gedda sang the lover Anatol, mezzo Regina Resnik sang the Baroness, Vanessas mother, while bass, Giorgio Tozzi, sang the old doctor. The premiere was a success with the audience and with many of the critics as well although they were somewhat qualified in their judgment. Of the final quintet, however, New York Times critic Howard Taubman said it is. a full-blown set-piece that packs an emotional charge, other reports substantiate this and it won Barber the Pulitzer Prize. In Europe, however, it met with a chillier reception, elizabeth Holleque sang the title role. In all three productions, Rosalind Elias, who sang Erika in the 1958 premiere, took on the role of the Baroness. For its 50th anniversary revival by the New York City Opera in November 2007, she was once featured in that role. Highlights from the score include the soprano scena and aria He has come, he has come. Do Not Utter a Word, the mezzo aria Must the Winter Come So Soon. and the last-act quintet, To Leave, to Break. In many print media it says that the libretto of Gian-Carlo Menotti is based on a work of Isak Dinesen, however, the story is not found in any of Isak Dinesens works. Menotti recalled, I was writing a libretto for Sam, Menotti was inspired by Isak Dinesens stories, in particular her Seven Gothic Tales. He said, I felt that the atmosphere, Blixen was present at the premiere of the opera on January 7,1959, but part way through the performance she pleaded illness and left the theater. Her secretary wrote that Barber was upset by Blixens premature departure from the opera, place, Vanessas country house in a northern country. Vanessa, Erika, and the Baroness await the arrival of Anatol, after he left, she covered up all the mirrors of the house until his expected return, unwilling to face looking at her aging self. Thinking that the man who arrives and who is called Anatol is her former lover and he says that he does, but she does not recognize him. It is the young Anatol who has come, his now dead. Upset, Vanessa leaves the room, and Erika and Anatol now enjoy the meal and wine meant for Vanessa, Erika tells the Baroness that the young Anatol seduced her on his first night in the house and the Baroness scolds her
41.
Samuel Barber
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Samuel Osborne Barber II was an American composer of orchestral, opera, choral, and piano music. His Adagio for Strings has earned a permanent place in the repertory of orchestras. He was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Music twice, for his opera Vanessa and for the Concerto for Piano, also widely performed is his Knoxville, Summer of 1915, a setting for soprano and orchestra of a prose text by James Agee. At the time of his death, nearly all of his compositions had been recorded, Barber was born in West Chester, Pennsylvania, the son of Marguerite McLeod and Samuel Le Roy Barber. He was born into a comfortable, educated, social, and his father was a physician, his mother, called Daisy, was a pianist of English-Scottish-Irish descent whose family had lived in the United States since the time of the Revolutionary War. His aunt, Louise Homer, was a contralto at the Metropolitan Opera, his uncle. Louise Homer is known to have influenced Barbers interest in voice, through his aunt, Barber had access to many great singers and songs. At a very early age, Barber became profoundly interested in music and he began studying the piano at the age of 6 and at age 7 composed his first work, Sadness, a 23-measure solo piano piece in C minor. At the age of nine he wrote to his mother, Dear Mother, now dont cry when you read it because it is neither yours nor my fault. I suppose I will have to tell it now without any nonsense, to begin with I was not meant to be an athlet. I was meant to be a composer, and will be Im sure, ill ask you one more thing. —Dont ask me to try to forget this unpleasant thing and go play football. —Please—Sometimes Ive been worrying about this so much that it makes me mad. Barber attempted to write his first opera, entitled The Rose Tree, at the age of 12, he became an organist at a local church. He began composing seriously in his teenage years. Around the same time, he met fellow Curtis schoolmate Gian Carlo Menotti, at the Curtis Institute, Barber was a triple prodigy in composition, voice, and piano. He soon became a favorite of the founder, Mary Louise Curtis Bok. It was through Mrs. Bok that Barber was introduced to his lifelong publisher, at the age of 18, Barber won the Joseph H. Bearns Prize from Columbia University for his violin sonata. From his early to late twenties, Barber wrote a flurry of successful compositions and his first orchestral work, an overture to The School for Scandal, was composed in 1931 when he was 21 years old. It premiered successfully two years later in a given by the Philadelphia Orchestra under conductor Alexander Smallens
42.
G. Schirmer, Inc.
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G. Schirmer, Inc. is an American classical music publishing company based in New York City, founded in 1861. The company was founded in 1861 in the United States by German-born Gustav Schirmer, in 1891, the company established its own engraving and printing plant. The next year it inaugurated the Schirmers Library of Musical Classics, the Musical Quarterly, the oldest academic journal on music in the U. S. was founded by Schirmer in 1915 together with musicologist Oscar Sonneck, who edited the journal until his death in 1928. The company was owned by the Schirmer family for over 100 years until Macmillan, Macmillan then sold G. Schirmer to its current owner, Robert Wise, in 1986, the owner of popular music publisher, Music Sales, Inc. According to a spokesman, the price was around US$7 million. As the sale of Schirmer did not include The Musical Quarterly, in 1986 Schirmer also joined with the Hal Leonard Corporation, a print distributor of jazz and popular music, who became the sole distributors of Schirmers printed music. The last member of the named for the founder was Gus Schirmer the 4th, a theatrical director, producer, and agent. The company also publishes The G. Schirmer Manual of Style, G. Schirmer is a member of the Music Sales Group of Companies, the Music Publishers Association, the National Music Publishers Association, and the Church Music Publishers Association. Schirmer. com, Home page ArtistsHouseMusic. org, Interview with Peggy Monastra on G. Schirmer Music Publishers G. Schirmer, scores at the International Music Score Library Project
43.
Gian Carlo Menotti
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Gian Carlo Menotti was an Italian-American composer and librettist. Although he often referred to himself as an American composer, he kept his Italian citizenship and he wrote the classic Christmas opera Amahl and the Night Visitors, along with over two dozen other operas intended to appeal to popular taste. He won a Pulitzer Prize twice, for The Consul and for The Saint of Bleecker Street and he founded the noted Festival dei Due Mondi in Spoleto in 1958 and its American counterpart, Spoleto Festival USA, in 1977. In 1986 he commenced a Melbourne Spoleto Festival in Australia, Menotti died on February 1,2007, at the age of 95 in a hospital in Monte Carlo, Monaco, where he had a home. He was buried in East Lothian, Scotland, born in Cadegliano-Viconago, Italy, near Lake Maggiore and the Swiss border, Menotti was the sixth of eight children of Alfonso and Ines Menotti, his father being a coffee merchant. Menotti began writing songs when he was seven years old, and he began his formal musical training at the Milan Conservatory in 1923. Following her husbands death, Ines Menotti went to Colombia in a attempt to salvage the familys coffee business. She took Gian Carlo with her, and in 1928 she enrolled him at Philadelphias Curtis Institute of Music, armed with a letter of introduction from the wife of Arturo Toscanini, Gian Carlo studied composition at Curtis under Rosario Scalero. Fellow students at Curtis included Leonard Bernstein and Samuel Barber, Barber became Menottis partner in life and in work, with Menotti crafting the libretto for Barbers most famous opera, Vanessa, which premiered at the Metropolitan Opera in 1958. As a student, Menotti spent much of his time with the Barber family in West Chester, after graduation, the two men bought a house together in Mount Kisco, New York, which they named Capricorn and shared for over forty years. In 1974, Menotti adopted Francis Chip Phelan, an American actor, while there, he jokingly referred to himself as Mr McNotti. It was at Curtis that Menotti wrote his first mature opera, Amelia Goes to the Ball, the Island God and The Last Savage were the only other operas he wrote in Italian, the rest being in English. Like Wagner, he wrote the libretti of all his operas and his most successful works were composed in the 1940s and 1950s. Menotti also taught at the Curtis Institute of Music, Music critic Joel Honig served as his personal secretary during the late 1950s. Menotti wrote the libretti for two of Samuel Barbers operas, Vanessa and A Hand of Bridge, as well as revising the libretto for Antony and Cleopatra. Its success prompted NBC to commissioned an opera specifically for radio, The Old Maid, following this, he wrote a ballet, Sebastian, and a piano concerto before returning to opera with The Medium and The Telephone, or LAmour à trois. His first full-length opera, The Consul, which premiered in 1950, American soprano Patricia Neway starred as the tormented protagonist Magda Sorel, for which she won the Donaldson Award for Best Actress in a Musical in 1950. Menotti apparently intended to give a role to a then-unknown Maria Callas, in 1951, Menotti wrote his Christmas opera Amahl and the Night Visitors for NBC
