1.
1963 in Norway
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Events in the year 1963 in Norway. 1 July - Work begins to build Tromsø Airport 28 August – Lyngs Cabinet was appointed,25 September – Gerhardsens Fourth Cabinet was appointed. Norsk Hydro in cooperation with Harvey Aluminum starts Alnor, a plant at Karmøy to produce aluminium Municipal, the Munch Museum was opened,100 years after Edvard Munchs birth. Stein Mehren, poet, novelist, essayist and playwright, is awarded the Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature and the Mads Wiel Nygaards Endowment for Mot en verden av lys
2.
1961 in Norway
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Events in the year 1961 in Norway. Monarch - Olav V Prime Minister - Einar Gerhardsen 12 January - Princess Astrid marries Johan Martin Ferner, march - Ingrid Bjerkås, ordained as first female minister in the Church of Norway 15 April - The Socialist Peoples Party was founded. 9 August - Holtaheia Accident, A British passenger plane crashes in Strand, all 39 passengers aboard, including 34 children, are killed. 11 September - The 1961 Parliamentary election takes place
3.
Norway
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The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered part of the Kingdom. Norway also lays claim to a section of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land, until 1814, the kingdom included the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland. It also included Isle of Man until 1266, Shetland and Orkney until 1468, Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres and a population of 5,258,317. The country shares a long border with Sweden. Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east, Norway has an extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea. King Harald V of the Dano-German House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway, erna Solberg became Prime Minister in 2013, replacing Jens Stoltenberg. A constitutional monarchy, Norway divides state power between the Parliament, the Cabinet and the Supreme Court, as determined by the 1814 Constitution, the kingdom is established as a merger of several petty kingdoms. By the traditional count from the year 872, the kingdom has existed continuously for 1,144 years, Norway has both administrative and political subdivisions on two levels, counties and municipalities. The Sámi people have an amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the Sámi Parliament. Norway maintains close ties with the European Union and the United States, the country maintains a combination of market economy and a Nordic welfare model with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system. Norway has extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood, the petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the countrys gross domestic product. On a per-capita basis, Norway is the worlds largest producer of oil, the country has the fourth-highest per capita income in the world on the World Bank and IMF lists. On the CIAs GDP per capita list which includes territories and some regions, from 2001 to 2006, and then again from 2009 to 2017, Norway had the highest Human Development Index ranking in the world. It also has the highest inequality-adjusted ranking, Norway ranks first on the World Happiness Report, the OECD Better Life Index, the Index of Public Integrity and the Democracy Index. Norway has two names, Noreg in Nynorsk and Norge in Bokmål. The name Norway comes from the Old English word Norðrveg mentioned in 880, meaning way or way leading to the north. In contrasting with suðrvegar southern way for Germany, and austrvegr eastern way for the Baltic, the Anglo-Saxon of Britain also referred to the kingdom of Norway in 880 as Norðmanna land. This was the area of Harald Fairhair, the first king of Norway, and because of him
4.
1965 in Norway
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Events in the year 1965 in Norway. The case remained unsolved despite the media coverage and public interest in the matter. 13 September – The 1965 Parliamentary election takes place,12 October - Per Borten becomes Prime Minister of Norway 12 October – Bortens Cabinet was appointed. Norsk Hydro joins Elf Aquitaine and six other French companies to form Petronord to perform search for oil, kirsti Sparboe wins the Melodi Grand Prix, singing Karusell by Jolly Kramer-Johansen
5.
1966 in Norway
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Events in the year 1966 in Norway. Monarch - Olav V Prime Minister - Per Borten 7 August - The Storskog border control between Norway and the Soviet Union is opened and it remains the only legal border crossing from Norway to Russia till this day. The first Bislett Games were held at Bislett Stadium in Oslo, ebba Haslund, novelist, is awarded the Norwegian Booksellers Prize for the novel Det trange hjerte. 26 May – Helga Eng, psychologist and educationalist,26 December – Christopher Dahl, sailor and Olympic gold medallist
6.
1967 in Norway
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Events in the year 1967 in Norway. Monarch - Olav V Prime Minister - Per Borten 1 January - The Norwegian National Insurance Act was introduced,22 October – The opening of the Tjeldsund Bridge. 24 November – The voting age in Norway was set to 20 years of age, municipal and county elections are held throughout the country. The Government Pension Fund of Norway was established by the Norwegian National Insurance Act Per Hansson, journalist, hallvard Rieber-Mohn, writer and Dominican priest, is awarded the Riksmål Society Literature Prize. Astrid Tollefsen, poet, is awarded the Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature for the poetry collection Hendelser,21 February – Marianne Aasen, politician 7 March – Helje Solberg, journalist
7.
Olav V of Norway
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Olav V was King of Norway from 1957 until his death. Olav was the child of Haakon VII and Maud of Wales. He became heir apparent to the Norwegian throne when his father was elected King of Norway in 1905. He was the first heir to the Norwegian throne to be brought up in Norway since Olav IV, in preparation for his future role, he attended both civilian and military schools. In 1929, he married his first cousin Princess Märtha of Sweden, during World War II his leadership was much appreciated and he was appointed Norwegian Chief of Defence in 1944. At his death in 1991, he was the last surviving grandchild of Edward VII of the United Kingdom, due to his considerate, down-to-earth style, King Olav was immensely popular, resulting in the nickname Folkekongen. In a 2005 poll by the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation, Olav was voted Norwegian of the century, Olav was a Danish prince born in Appleton House on the royal Sandringham Estate, Flitcham, United Kingdom. He was named Alexander Edward Christian Frederik, when his father was elected king of Norway, he took the Norwegian name Haakon VII, and on the day he was inaugurated, he gave his son the Norwegian name Olav. Olav was the first heir to the throne since medieval times to have raised in Norway. Unlike his father, who was an officer, Olav chose to complete his main military education in the army. He graduated from the three-year Norwegian Military Academy in 1924, with the fourth best score in his class, Olav then went on to study jurisprudence and economics for two years at Balliol College, Oxford. During the 1930s, Crown Prince Olav was a naval cadet serving on the training ship Olav Tryggvason. Olav moved upwards in the ranks of the Norwegian armed forces, rising in the army from a rank of first lieutenant, to captain in 1931. Olav jumped from the Holmenkollen ski jump in Oslo, and also competed in sailing regattas and he won a gold medal in sailing at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam and remained an active sailor into old age. On 21 March 1929 in Oslo, he married his first cousin Princess Märtha of Sweden with whom he had two daughters, Ragnhild and Astrid and one son, Harald. As exiles during World War II, Crown Princess Märtha and the children lived in Washington. She died in 1954, before her husband ascended the throne, as Crown Prince, Olav had received extensive military training and had participated in most major Norwegian military exercises. Because of this he was one of the most knowledgeable Norwegian military leaders and was respected by other Allied leaders for his knowledge
8.
Einar Gerhardsen
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Einar Henry Gerhardsen was a Norwegian politician from the Labour Party of Norway. He was Prime Minister for three periods, 1945–1951, 1955–1963 and 1963–1965, with 17 years in office, he is the longest serving Prime Minister in Norway since the introduction of parliamentarism. Many Norwegians often refer to him as Landsfaderen, he is considered one of the main architects of the rebuilding of Norway after World War II. He also served as the second President of the Nordic Council in 1954, Einar Gerhardsen was born in the municipality of Asker, in the county of Akershus. His parents were Gerhard Olsen and Emma Hansen, in 1932 he married Werna Julie Koren Christie, daughter of agent Johan Werner Koren Christie and Klara Rønning. The married couple had two sons, Truls and Rune and a daughter Torgunn and his brother was Rolf Gerhardsen and with him Einar Gerhardsen also had a lifelong working relationship. From the age of 17, Gerhardsen went to meetings in the Labour partys youth movement, in 1918, during the Finnish Civil War, Gerhardsen resigned his membership in the Church of Norway after the church sided with the Whites against the Reds. Originally a road worker, Gerhardsen became politically active in the socialist labour movement during the 1920s and he was convicted several times of taking part in subversive activities until he, along with the rest of the Labour party, gradually moved from communism to democratic socialism. He participated in the Left Communist Youth Leagues military strike action of 1924 and he was convicted for assisting in this crime and sentenced to 75 days of prison. Gerhardsen was elected to Oslo city council in 1932 and became deputy mayor in 1938 and he was deputy leader of the Labour Party from 1939. After the German occupation of Norway in 1940, Gerhardsen became acting chairman of the Labour Party, as the chairman, Gerhardsen became mayor of Oslo on 15 August 1940, but was forced to resign by the Germans on 26 August the same year. In September, the government banned all parliamentary political parties. During World War II, Gerhardsen took part in the resistance against the German occupation of Norway. Having already been under suspicion for a time, Gerhardsen had been detained and subjected to interrogations on 31 previous occasions since the summer of 1940. Initially he was sent to Grini concentration camp in Norway, in February 1942 he was accused of leading resistance work from his imprisonment, and removed from the camp for interrogation. Initially interrogated at the station at Møllergata 19, he was soon transferred to the Gestapo headquarters at Victoria Terrasse. At Victoria Terrasse he was tortured to reveal information on the resistance, in April 1942 he was sent to Sachsenhausen concentration camp in Germany. In September 1944 he was transferred back to Grini, where he spent the rest of the war, after the war, Gerhardsen formed the interim government which sat from the end of the occupation in May 1945 until the elections held in October the same year
9.
Labour Party (Norway)
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The Labour Party, formerly the Norwegian Labour Party, is a social-democratic political party in Norway. It was formerly the senior partner of the governing Red-Green Coalition, the party is currently led by Jonas Gahr Støre. The Labour Party is officially committed to social-democratic ideals and its slogan since the 1930s has been everyone shall take part, and the party traditionally seeks a strong welfare state, funded through taxes and duties. During the first Stoltenberg government, the policies were inspired by Tony Blairs New Labour. The party has frequently described as increasingly neoliberal since the 1980s. The Labour Party profiles itself as a party that subscribes to cooperation on a national as well as international level. Its youth wing is the Workers Youth League, the party is a full member of the Party of European Socialists and Progressive Alliance, and is an observer member of the Socialist International. The Labour Party has always been a supporter of Norways NATO membership and has supported Norwegian membership in the European Union during two referendums. Founded in 1887, the party increased in support until it became the largest party in Norway in 1927. This year also saw the consolidation of surrounding the party during the 1920s following its membership in the Comintern from 1919 to 1923. It formed its first government in 1928, and has led the government for all but 16 years since 1935, from 1945 to 1961, the party had an absolute majority in the Norwegian parliament, the only time this has ever happened in Norwegian history. The domination by the Labour Party, during the 1960s and early 1970s, was broken by competition from the left. From the end of the 1970s however, the party started to lose voters to the right, in 2001 the party achieved its worst electoral results since 1924. Between 2005 and 2013, Labour returned to power after committing to an agreement with other parties in order to form a majority government. Since losing 9 seats in the 2013 election, Labour has been in opposition, the party was founded in 1887 in Arendal and first ran in elections to the Parliament of Norway in 1894. It entered Parliament in 1904 after the 1903 election, and steadily increased its vote until 1927, the party were members of Comintern, a Communist organisation, between 1918 and 1923. From the establishment of Vort Arbeide in 1884, the party had a growing and notable organisation of newspapers, the party press system eventually resulted in Norsk Arbeiderpresse. In January 1913 the party had 24 newspapers, and 6 more newspapers were founded in 1913, the party also had the periodical Det 20de Aarhundre
10.
Eidanger
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Eidanger is a rural parish and former municipality of Porsgrunn, in Telemark County, Norway. Eidanger was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 and it was merged with Porsgrunn on 1 January 1964. The main part of Eidanger is a peninsula between the Eidangerfjord and the Frierfjord, another major industry is Heistad Fabrikker, which makes products for diabetics. Isola maintains its office and administration office in Eidanger. Isola has two factories in this area where bitumen-based products and steel roofing tiles are manufactured, Eidanger church is located in the former Eidanger municipality. The church was originally a simple stone church in the Romanesque style. The church was extended in 1787 and received a new sacristy in 1981, the altarpiece, stained glass and the pulpit is from 1991 and made by Terje Grøstad. The baptismal font is of stone and is from the 1890s, the church has two bells, one from 1720 and one from 1940. The Old Norse form of the name was Eiðangr, the first element is eið n isthmus, neck of land, the last element is angr m fjord
11.
Porsgrunn
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Porsgrunn is a city and municipality in Telemark county, Norway. It is part of the region of Grenland. The administrative centre of the municipality is the city of Porsgrunn, the municipality of Porsgrunn was established on 1 January 1838. The town of Brevik and the district of Eidanger were merged into the municipality of Porsgrunn on 1 January 1964. The conurbation of Porsgrunn and Skien is considered by Statistics Norway to be the seventh-largest city in Norway, the place is first mentioned in 1576 by the writer Peder Claussøn Friis in his work Concerning the Kingdom of Norway. He writes, Two and a half miles from the sea, the Skien river flows into the fjord, and that place is called Porsgrund. The name was given during medieval times to the then swampy area by the nuns of Gimsøy Abbey, who went here to collect the shrub pors. Prior to 1931, the name was spelled Porsgrund, the coat of arms is from modern times. They were granted on 16 January 1905, the arms were devised in 1905 when the city needed a new city hall. The silver bend is the river running through the city. The upper half shows a branch of bog myrtle on a red background and is thus a canting symbol. The silver anchor on a blue background symbolizes the importance of the local harbor, Porsgrunn has been an important harbor town in the Grenland area since the late 16th century. Moving the Custom House to Porsgrunn added to the flourishing harbor activity, in the 18th century, it was the home of some of Norways most influential families at the time, such as the Aalls, Cappelens, Løvenskiolds, and Deichmans. Also in this period, Porsgrunn was considered the centre of Norway. On the ecclesiastical side, Porsgrunn was separated from the ancient rural parishes of Eidanger, Solum, churches within the Porsgrunn prestegjeld include Østre Porsgrunn Church and Vestre Porsgrunn Church. The city was granted limited city status in 1807, but this was expanded to full city status in 1842, Porsgrunn was once home to Skomvær, the countrys largest sailing ship. In 1985, the sculpture Amphitrite, the wave and the sea birds was unveiled in Porsgrunn, the sculpture, which is one of Jørleif Uthaugs best known works, has a nautical theme in honor of Porsgrunns maritime history. Porsgrunn borders the municipalities of Skien and Siljan to the north, Bamble in the west and it is part of a cluster of municipalities in southern Telemark that constitute the Grenland area of Norway
12.
Ocean liner
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An ocean liner is a ship designed to transport people from one seaport to another along regular long-distance maritime routes according to a schedule. Liners may also carry cargo or mail, and may sometimes be used for other purposes, cargo vessels running to a schedule are sometimes called liners. The category does not include ferries or other vessels engaged in trading, nor dedicated cruise ships where the voyage itself. Nor does it include tramp steamers, even those equipped to handle limited numbers of passengers, some shipping companies refer to themselves as lines and their container ships, which often operate over set routes according to established schedules, as liners. Ocean liners are usually built with a high freeboard to withstand rough seas. Additionally, they are designed with thicker hull plating than is found on cruise ships. Once the dominant form of travel between continents, ocean liners were rendered obsolete by the emergence of long-distance aircraft after World War II. Advances in automobile and railway also played a role. As of 2015, RMS Queen Mary 2 was the ship still in service as an ocean liner. Ocean liners were the mode of intercontinental travel for over a century. In addition to passengers, liners carried mail and cargo, ships contracted to carry British Royal Mail used the designation RMS. Liners were also the way to move gold and other high-value cargoes. The busiest route for liners was on the North Atlantic with ships travelling between Europe and North America and it was on this route that the fastest, largest and most advanced liners travelled. Shipping lines are companies engaged in shipping passengers and cargo, often on established routes and schedules, regular scheduled voyages on a set route are called line voyages and vessels trading on these routes to a timetable are called liners. The alternative to liner trade is tramping whereby vessels are notified on a basis as to the availability of a cargo to be transported. The term ocean liner has come to be used interchangeably with passenger liner, beginning at the advent of the Jet Age, where transoceanic ship service declined, a gradual transition from passenger ships as mean of transportation to nowadays cruise ships started. In order for ocean liners to remain profitable, cruise lines have modified some of them to operate on routes, such as the Queen Elizabeth 2. The Italian Lines SS Michelangelo and SS Raffaello, the last ocean liners to be primarily for crossing the North Atlantic
13.
SS Shalom
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SS Shalom was a combined ocean liner/cruise ship built in 1964 by Chantiers de lAtlantique, St Nazaire, France, for ZIM Lines, Israel, for transatlantic service from Haifa to New York. In 1967, SS Shalom was sold to the German Atlantic Line, subsequently she served as SS Doric for Home Lines, SS Royal Odyssey for Royal Cruise Line and SS Regent Sun for Regency Cruises. The ship was laid up in 1995 following the bankruptcy of Regency Cruises, numerous attempts were made to bring her back to service, but none were successful. The ship sank outside Cape St. Francis, South Africa, on 26 July 2001, the government-controlled ZIM Lines had begun transatlantic operations from Haifa to New York in 1953 with SS Jerusalem. In 1959, they placed an order for a new ship for the transatlantic service with Chantiers de lAtlantique. Proposed names for the new ship included King David and King Solomon, the project manager was Captain Rimon, and the technical superintendent was IDF Naval officer and architect Edmond Wilhelm Brillant. Controversy erupted in the wake of a decision to install two kitchens, kosher and non-kosher – to appeal to a wider clientele. Despite a government committee deciding in favor of one kitchen, the government left the choice to Zim Lines. The Union of Orthodox Rabbis, Rabbinical Council of America, Conservative Rabbinical Assembly and other groups, Shalom was floated out of drydock on 10 November 1962, with only one kitchen. After fitting out, she commenced on her sea trials on 24 January 1964, in February of the same year she was delivered to ZIM Lines, arriving in Haifa for the first time on 3 March 1964. A year after entry into service, the agreed to let nonkosher food be served aboard cruises not visiting Israeli ports. After six months in service, Shalom was rebuilt at Wilton-Feyenoord, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, the ship was also rebuilt in 1973 before entering service for Home Lines, and in 1982 before entering service for Royal Cruise Line. The brand-new Shalom begun her career with a series of cruises out of Haifa. However, by the time she entered service the transatlantic trade was already in decline. To make her better suited for service, Shalom was rebuilt in the Netherlands in October 1964. Shaloms bow cut Stolt Dagali in half, killing nineteen of the tankers forty-four crew, the tankers bow section remained floating, but her aft section sank in 130 feet of water within seconds. Shaloms chief radio officer issued a plea for help, the United States Coast Guard received the information at 2,25 am. Some 3½ hours later, the Coast Guard cutter Point Arden arrived at the scene, five of Stolt Dagalis seamen had been plucked from the sea by Shalom within 30 minutes of the collision and were treated in the ships hospital for shock
14.
Tanker (ship)
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A tanker is a merchant vessel designed to transport liquids or gases in bulk. Major types of tankship include the oil tanker, the chemical tanker, in the United States Navy and Military Sealift Command, any type of tanker used to refuel other ships is called an oiler. Tankers can range in size of capacity from several hundred tons, besides ocean- or seagoing tankers there are also specialized inland-waterway tankers which operate on rivers and canals with an average cargo capacity up to some thousand tons. Before this, technology had not supported the idea of carrying bulk liquids. The market was not geared towards transporting or selling cargo in bulk, therefore most ships carried a wide range of different products in different holds. Liquids were usually loaded in casks—hence the term tonnage, which refers to the volume of the holds in terms of how many tuns or casks of wine could be carried, even potable water, vital for the survival of the crew, was stowed in casks. Carrying bulk liquids in earlier ships posed several problems, The holds, on ships the holds were not sufficiently water. The development of iron and steel hulls solved this problem, loading and discharging, Bulk liquids must be pumped - the development of efficient pumps and piping systems was vital to the development of the tanker. Steam engines were developed as prime-movers for early pumping systems, dedicated cargo handling facilities were now required ashore too - as was a market for receiving a product in that quantity. Casks could be unloaded using ordinary cranes, and the nature of the casks meant that the volume of liquid was always relatively small - therefore keeping the market more stable. The effect was negligible in casks, but could cause capsizing if the tank extended the width of the ship, tankers were first used by the oil industry to transfer refined fuel in bulk from refineries to customers. This would then be stored in tanks ashore, and subdivided for delivery to individual locations. The use of tankers caught on other liquids were also cheaper to transport in bulk, store in dedicated terminals. Even the Guinness brewery used tankers to transport the stout across the Irish Sea, among oil tankers, supertankers are designed for transporting oil around the Horn of Africa from the Middle East. The supertanker Seawise Giant, scrapped in 2010, was 458 meters in length and 69 meters wide, supertankers are one of the three preferred methods for transporting large quantities of oil, along with pipeline transport and rail. Despite being highly regulated, tankers have been involved in environmental disasters resulting from oil spills, see Amoco Cadiz, Braer, Erika, Exxon Valdez, Prestige oil spill and Torrey Canyon for examples of coastal accidents. Many modern tankers are designed for a cargo and a specific route. Draft is typically limited by the depth of water in loading and unloading harbors, cargoes with high vapor pressure at ambient temperatures may require pressurized tanks or vapor recovery systems
15.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
16.
Anette Wiig Bryn
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Anette Wiig Bryn is a Norwegian politician for the Progress Party. In her younger days she was a member of the Young Conservatives, in 2004 she became city commissioner of business and culture in the city government of Oslo. She served in the position of deputy representative to the Norwegian Parliament from Oslo during the term 2005–2009 and she was elected to Oslo city council in 2007, but was exempt due to her position as commissioner
17.
Bugge Wesseltoft
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Jens Christian Bugge Wesseltoft is a Norwegian jazz musician, pianist, composer and producer, son of the jazz guitarist Erik Wesseltoft. After high school in Skien, where he was involved in the brass band and dance orchestras. By the age of 16, he joined a rock band. After moving to his father in Oslo, it was mostly music with roots in jazz that mattered, although he worked as a back-up musician and producer for the pop. He had originally intended to study music, but the gigs were too many, there after he toured extensively on the international Jazz scenes, performing both jazz and rock conserts to live audiences, and on a series of recordings on his own Jazzland label. For many years he collaborated with the jazz vocalist Sidsel Endresen, and was in the lineup for her commissioned work at the Moldejazz in 1993. His own commissioned work A Little War Story for the Vossajazz was also performed in 1993, Bugge Wesseltoft formed his own band the New Conception of Jazz in 1995, and their first album New Conception of Jazz, was awarded a Spellemannprisen in 1996. During the 1990s the music of Bugge Wesseltoft found an audience on the Norwegian techno, the connection with the club world led to the 2000 release of Jazzland Remixed, which enhanced his reputation even more with the younger audience. On the album Sharing many was taken by surprise by his use of club DJs. The track Existence could be heard in Philippe Harels movie Extension du domaine de la lutte, an adaptation of Michel Houellebecqs 1994 novel. John Kellman of the All About Jazz magazine recognized Bugge Wesseltoft Solo appearance at The Punkt Festival, Kristiansand, Norway, September 2013, as one of his 25 Best Live Shows of 2013
18.
Gunnar Reiss-Andersen
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Gunnar Reiss-Andersen was a Norwegian lyric poet and author. After completing the Examen artium with emphasis in Latin in 1916 he went into the military and trained, there he followed his inclination towards the arts, painting portraits. He subsequently studied painting in Copenhagen and Paris, for several years he worked as an artist, illustrator, and the art reviewer for the Arbeiderbladet newspaper in Oslo. In 1921 he debuted as a poet with his poetry collection titled Indvielsens aar. In 1942 he was forced to flee to Sweden to avoid arrest by the Gestapo and he achieved a wide following in Norway by serving as one of the voices for the resistance, along with Nordahl Grieg and Arnulf Øverland. His poetry written during the war, which had previously circulated illegally, was published in Norway as a collection in the spring of 1945, during his stay in Sweden, he was exposed to modernistic Swedish poetry and the influence of this genre became obvious in his post-war work. In 1962, King Haakon awarded him the rank Knight, First Class in the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav, after 1963 he also received an honorary salary from the publishing house, Gyldendal in recognition for his contributions. Reiss-Andersen married Elizabeth Waage in 1921, and in 1925 he married Tordis Castberg Anker and they had a son, Helge Reiss-Andersen. Gunnar Reiss-Andersen was also the father of Dag Halvorsen, who was a journalist and foreign correspondent, and of Gry Waage, a Norwegian journalist. He is the grandfather to another well-known Norwegian, Berit Reiss-Andersen. Reiss-Andersen died on 30 July 1964 and is buried in Larvik
19.
Henry Larsen (explorer)
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Henry Asbjørn Larsen was a Canadian Arctic explorer. Larsen was born in Norway, like his hero, Roald Amundsen, like Amundsen, he became a seaman. Larsen immigrated to Canada, and became a British citizen in 1927, in 1928, he joined the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. In 1928 the RCMP commissioned the St. Roch for Arctic service, during its first voyage into the Arctic, Larsen served as mate under a captain that the RCMP hired, but, once in the Arctic, Larsen was appointed captain. Larsen commanded the St. Roch for most of the two decades, rising to the rank of Sergeant. In the final years of Larsens career, he was the senior RCMP officer in the Arctic, following his command of the St. Roch, Larsen was promoted to Inspector with responsibility for all Arctic detachments. For the first twelve years that the ship was in commission, Larsen, the St. Roch was specially constructed to be able to survive being frozen-in all winter. During the winter, the RCMP officers who formed her crew would use dog sleds to turn the St. Roch into a floating RCMP outpost, during this time, the St. Roch was the only Canadian presence in the far north, carrying out various governmental duties. This journey was the second crossing of the Northwest Passage. The route was nearly the same as Roald Amundsens 1903 coast-hugging east-west crossing except that Larsen used the Bellot Strait, documents found in the RCMP archives in the 1990s show that the voyage was somehow connected to a Canadian plan to occupy Greenland after the German invasion of Denmark. The Germans could have occupied the island, seized the cryolite mine, the Canadian plan was blocked by the United States but Larsens voyage went ahead anyway. The St. Roch left Vancouver in June 1940, after trouble with ice east of Point Barrow he decided to winter at Walker Bay on the west coast of Victoria Island at the entrance to Prince of Wales Strait. In July 1941 the ship was released from the ice and Larsen followed the coast east, turning north up the channel he was struck by the full force of the ice just north of King William Island. In early September he found refuge at a place called Paisley Bay on the west coast of the Boothia Peninsula near the original North Magnetic Pole, in August 1942 he forced his way out of the ice, went north and with difficulty passed the Bellot Strait. At the other end he found civilization of a sort at the Hudsons Bay Company post at Fort Ross and he then continued through Prince Regent Inlet, Lancaster Sound and Davis Strait, reaching Halifax on 11 October 1942. This was the third crossing of the Northwest Passage, the second east-west crossing. Instead of the route along the coast he used the Parry Channel. Fitted with a powerful engine, the St. Roch left Halifax on 25 July 1944
20.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
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