1.
1966
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January 1 – In a coup, Colonel Jean-Bédel Bokassa takes over as military ruler of the Central African Republic, ousting President David Dacko. January 2 – A strike of public workers in New York City begins. January 3 – The first Acid Test is conducted at the Fillmore, January 4 A military coup occurs in Upper Volta. The prime ministers of India and Pakistan meet in Moscow, a gas leak fire at the Feyzin oil refinery near Lyon, France, kills 18 and injures 84. January 10 Pakistani–Indian peace negotiations end successfully in Tashkent, Indian prime minister Lal Bahadur Shastri dies the next day. The French paper LExpress publishes a story by Georges Figon, who took part in the kidnapping of Mehdi Ben Barka, Georgia House of Representatives refuses to seat Julian Bond. Home of civil rights activist Vernon Dahmer in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, is firebombed, dahmers family escapes but he dies the next day from severe burns. Commonwealth Prime Ministers Conference convenes in Lagos, Nigeria, January 11 A conference on Rhodesia begins in Lagos, Nigeria. The first SR-71 Blackbird spy plane goes into service at Beale AFB, January 12 – United States President Lyndon Johnson states that the United States should stay in South Vietnam until Communist aggression there is ended. January 13 – Robert C. Weaver becomes the first African-American Cabinet member, by being appointed United States Secretary of Housing, January 15 – A bloody military coup is staged in Nigeria, deposing the civilian government. January 16 – Chicago Bulls, a member of National Basketball Associations club, January 17 The Nigerian coup is overturned by another faction of the military, leaving a military government in power. This is the beginning of a period of military rule. A B-52 bomber collides with a KC-135 Stratotanker over Spain, dropping three 70-kiloton hydrogen bombs near the town of Palomares, and one into the sea, in the 1966 Palomares B-52 crash. Carl Brashear, the first African-American United States Navy diver, is involved in an accident during the recovery of a lost H-bomb which results in the amputation of his leg. January 18 French police announce that Georges Figon has committed suicide, about 8,000 U. S. soldiers land in South Vietnam, U. S. troops now total 190,000. January 19 – Indira Gandhi is elected Prime Minister of India, January 20 – Demonstrations occur against high food prices in Hungary. January 21 – Italian Prime Minister Aldo Moro resigns due to a struggle in his party. January 22 The military government of Nigeria announces that ex-prime minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa was killed during the coup, the Chadian Muslim insurgent group FROLINAT is founded in Sudan, starting the Chadian Civil War
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
1964 in the United States
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Events from the year 1964 in the United States. Senator Barry Goldwater announces that he seek the Republican nomination for President. January 7 – A British firm, the Leyland Motor Corp. announces the sale of 450 buses to the Cuban government, January 8 – In his first State of the Union Address, U. S. President Lyndon Johnson declares a War on Poverty. S. January 10 – Introducing. the Beatles is released by Chicagos Vee-Jay Records to get the jump on Capitol Records release of Meet the Beatles, the 2 record companies fight in court over Vee-Jays release of this album. January 11 – United States Surgeon General Luther Leonidas Terry reports that smoking may be hazardous to ones health, January 12 The predominantly Arab government of Zanzibar is overthrown by African nationalist rebels, a United States Navy destroyer evacuates 61 U. S. citizens. Routine U. S. naval patrols of the South China Sea begin, January 13 – In Manchester, New Hampshire, 14-year-old Pamela Mason is murdered. Edward Coolidge is tried and convicted of the crime, but the conviction is set aside by the landmark Fourth Amendment case Coolidge v. New Hampshire, January 16 John Glenn, the first American to orbit the Earth, resigns from the space program. Opens in New York Citys St. James Theatre, January 17 – John Glenn announces that he will seek the Democratic nomination for U. S. January 18 – Plans to build the New York City World Trade Center are announced, January 20 – Meet the Beatles. The first Beatles album in the United States, is released, arthur Millers After the Fall opens Off-Broadway. A semi-autobiographical work, it arouses controversy over his portrayal of late ex-wife Marilyn Monroe. Designed by McKim, Mead & White, the Smithsonian Institutions Museum of History and Technology, predecessor of the National Museum of American History, opens to the public in Washington, Senator Margaret Chase Smith,66, announces her candidacy for the Republican presidential nomination. January 28 – A U. S. Air Force jet training plane that strays into East Germany is shot down by Soviet fighters near Erfurt, January 29 – Ranger 6 is launched by NASA, on a mission to carry television cameras and crash-land on the Moon. February 1 – The Beatles vault to the #1 spot on the U. S. singles charts for the first time, with I Want to Hold Your Hand, starting the British Invasion in America. February 3 – Protesting against alleged de facto racial segregation, Black. February 4 The Government of the United States authorizes the Twenty-fourth Amendment, General Motors introduces the Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser and the Buick Sport Wagon. February 6 – Cuba cuts off the water supply to the United States Guantanamo Bay Naval Base. February 7 A Jackson, Mississippi jury, trying Byron De La Beckwith for the murder of Medgar Evers in June 1963, reports that it can not reach a verdict, resulting in a mistrial
4.
1965 in the United States
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Events from the year 1965 in the United States. President, Lyndon B. S. Catala is driven onto the beach in Ocean Shores, Washington, january 4 – U. S. President Lyndon B. Johnson proclaims his Great Society during his State of the Union Address. January 19 – The unmanned Gemini 2 is launched on a suborbital test of various spacecraft systems, january 20 – Lyndon B. Johnson is sworn in for his own full term as U. S. President. February 20 – Ranger 8 crashes into the Moon, after a mission of photographing possible landing sites for the Apollo program astronauts. February 21 – Malcolm X is assassinated in Manhattan, february 22 – A new, revised, color production of Rodgers and Hammersteins Cinderella airs on CBS. Lesley Ann Warren makes her TV debut in the title role, the show becomes an annual tradition. March 2 – The Sound of Music premieres at the Rivoli Theater in New York City, March 7 – Bloody Sunday, Some 200 Alabama State Troopers clash with 525 civil rights demonstrators in Selma, Alabama. No one was killed in the clash, March 8 – Vietnam War, Some 3,500 United States Marines arrive in South Vietnam, becoming the first American combat troops in Vietnam. White supremacists beat up white Unitarian Universalist minister James J. Reeb later that day in Selma, March 16 – Police clash with 600 SNCC marchers in Montgomery, Alabama. March 17 In Montgomery, Alabama,1,600 civil rights marchers demonstrate at the Courthouse, in response to the events of March 7 and 9 in Selma, Alabama, President Johnson sends a bill to Congress that forms the basis for the Voting Rights Act of 1965. It is passed by the Senate May 26, the House July 10, March 18 – A United States federal judge rules that SCLC has the lawful right to march to Montgomery, Alabama to petition for redress of grievances. Lee Spence, exactly 102 years after she was sunk with a million dollar cargo while attempting to run past the Union blockade into Charleston, March 21 Ranger program, NASA launches Ranger 9, which is the last in a series of unmanned lunar space probes. Martin Luther King, Jr. leads 3,200 Civil rights activists in the march from Selma, Alabama to the capitol in Montgomery. March 23 – Gemini 3, NASA launches the United States first 2-person crew into Earth orbit, March 25 – Martin Luther King, Jr. and 25,000 civil rights activists successfully end the 4-day march from Selma, Alabama, to the capitol in Montgomery. March 30 – Funeral services are held for Detroit homemaker Viola Liuzzo, March The Negro Family, The Case For National Action government report issued. First African American Playboy Playmate, model Jennifer Jackson, april 3 – The worlds first space nuclear power reactor, SNAP-10A, is launched by the United States from Vandenberg AFB, California. The reactor operates for 43 days and remains in high earth orbit, april 5 – At the 37th Academy Awards, My Fair Lady wins 8 Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director. Rex Harrison wins an Oscar for Best Actor, mary Poppins takes home 5 Oscars
5.
1967 in the United States
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Events from the year 1967 in the United States. January 6 – Vietnam War, United States Marine Corps and Army of the Republic of Vietnam troops launch Operation Deckhouse Five in the Mekong Delta, january 8 – Vietnam War, Operation Cedar Falls starts. January 10 – Segregationist Lester Maddox is sworn in as Governor of Georgia, january 12 – Dr. James Bedford becomes the first person to be cryonically preserved with the intent of future resuscitation. January 14 The New York Times reports that the U. S. Army is conducting secret germ warfare experiments, the Human Be-In takes place in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, the event sets the stage for the Summer of Love. January 15 – Super Bowl I, The Green Bay Packers defeat the Kansas City Chiefs 35–10 at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, january 18 – Albert DeSalvo is convicted of numerous crimes and sentenced to life in prison. January 27 Apollo 1, U. S. astronauts Gus Grissom, Edward Higgins White, the United States, Soviet Union and United Kingdom sign the Outer Space Treaty. January 28 – The Mantra-Rock Dance, called the high of the hippie era, takes place in San Francisco, featuring Swami Bhaktivedanta, Janis Joplin, The Grateful Dead. February 2 – The American Basketball Association is formed, february 5 – NASA launches Lunar Orbiter 3. February 10 – The Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, february 13 – American researchers discover the Madrid Codices by Leonardo da Vinci in the National Library of Spain. February 14 – Respect is recorded by Aretha Franklin, february 18 – New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison claims he will solve the John F. Kennedy assassination, and that a conspiracy was planned in New Orleans. February 23 – The Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution is enacted, March 7 – Jimmy Hoffa begins his 8-year sentence for attempting to bribe a jury. March 9 – Joseph Stalins daughter, Svetlana Alliluyeva, defects to the USA via the U. S. Embassy in New Delhi, March 14 – The body of U. S. President John F. Kennedy is moved to a permanent burial place at Arlington National Cemetery. March 26 –10,000 gather for the Central Park be-in, March 29 – A 13-day TV strike begins in the U. S. March 31 – U. S. President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Consular Treaty. April 1 – The Department of Transportation begins operation, the Federal Aviation Administration is folded into the DOT. April 4 – Martin Luther King, Jr. denounces the Vietnam War during a service in New York City. April 9 – The first Boeing 737 takes its maiden flight, April 10 – The AFTRA strike is settled just in time for the 39th Academy Awards ceremony to be held, hosted by Bob Hope. Best Picture goes to A Man for All Seasons, April 12 – The Ahmanson Theatre opens in Los Angeles. April 14 – In San Francisco,10,000 march against the Vietnam War, April 15 – Large demonstrations are held against the Vietnam War in New York City and San Francisco
6.
1968 in the United States
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Events from the year 1968 in the United States. The year 1968 is considered to be a turbulent year and is associated with unrest. January 17 – Lyndon B. Johnson calls for the non-conversion of the U. S. dollar, january 19 – At a White House conference on crime, singer and actress Eartha Kitt denounces the Vietnam War to Lady Bird Johnson while attending a ladies lunch. January 21 – A U. S. B-52 Stratofortress crashes in Greenland, january 22 – Rowan & Martins Laugh-In debuts on NBC. January 23 – North Korea seizes the USS Pueblo, claiming the ship violated its territorial waters while spying, january 30 – The Viet Cong and North Vietnam launch the Tet Offensive against South Vietnam, the United States, and their allies. January 31 – Viet Cong soldiers attack the US Embassy, Saigon, february 1 Vietnam War, A Viet Cong officer named Nguyễn Văn Lém is executed by Nguyễn Ngọc Loan, a South Vietnamese National Police Chief. The event is photographed by Eddie Adams, the photo makes headlines around the world, eventually winning the 1969 Pulitzer Prize, and sways U. S. public opinion against the war. The Pennsylvania Railroad and the New York Central Railroad merge to form Penn Central, february 11 – Madison Square Garden in New York City opens. February 12 – Memphis sanitation strike, Provoked by the crushing to death of two workers, over 1000 black waste collectors in Memphis, Tennessee, begin a strike that lasts until April 16. February 13 – Civil rights disturbances occur at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, february 19 – The Florida Education Association initiates a mass resignation of teachers to protest state funding of education. March 14 – Nerve gas leaks from the U. S. Army Dugway Proving Ground near Skull Valley, march 16 Vietnam War – My Lai massacre, American troops kill scores of civilians. The story will first become public in November 1969 and will help undermine public support for the U. S. efforts in Vietnam, senator Robert F. Kennedy enters the race for the Democratic Party presidential nomination. March 17 – A demonstration in Londons Grosvenor Square against U. S. involvement in the Vietnam War leads to violence,91 people are injured,200 demonstrators arrested. March 18 – Gold standard, The Congress of the United States repeals the requirement for a reserve to back U. S. currency. Selective Service System, and as he attempts to deliver an address, march 26 – Joan Baez marries activist David Harris in New York. March 31 – U. S. President Lyndon B. Johnson announces he will not seek re-election, April 2 – The film 2001, A Space Odyssey premieres in Washington, D. C. April 4 Martin Luther King, Jr. is shot dead at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, riots erupt in major American cities, lasting for several days afterwards. Apollo Program, Apollo 6 is launched, the second and last unmanned test flight of the Saturn V launch vehicle, April 5 Robert F. Kennedy gave a Speech at the Cleveland City Club
7.
Flag of the United States
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The flag of the United States, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. S. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, the current design of the U. S. flag is its 27th, the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777. The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4,1959, the 50-star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21,1959, and was adopted in July 1960. It is the version of the U. S. flag and has been in use for over 56 years. At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, the flag contemporaneously known as the Continental Colors has historically been referred to as the first national flag. The name Grand Union was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the American flag, the flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era, and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design. Both flags could have been constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign. However, an East India Company flag could have nine to 13 stripes. In any case, both the stripes and the stars have precedents in classical heraldry, Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment. The first official U. S. flag flown during battle was on August 3,1777, Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler. A voucher is extant that Capt. Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag, the 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign. In the late 18th century, the notion of a flag did not yet exist. The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee, on May 10,1779, Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States. However, the term, Standard, referred to a standard for the Army of the United States. Each regiment was to carry the standard in addition to its regimental standard. The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag, the appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows, one arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle, the so-called Betsy Ross flag
8.
Timeline of United States history
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This is a timeline of United States history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political and economic events in the United States and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of the United States, some dates before September 14,1752, when the British government adopted the Gregorian calendar, may be given in the Old Style
9.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
10.
Lyndon B. Johnson
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A Democrat from Texas, he previously served as a United States Representative from 1937 to 1949 and then as a United States Senator from 1949 to 1961. He spent six years as Senate Majority Leader, two as Senate Minority Leader, and two more as Senate Majority Whip, Johnson ran for the Democratic nomination in the 1960 presidential election. Although unsuccessful, he was chosen by then-Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts to be his running mate and they went on to win a close election over Richard Nixon and Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. Johnson was sworn in as Vice President on January 20,1961. Two years and ten months later, on November 22,1963 and he successfully ran for a full term in the 1964 election, winning by a landslide over Republican opponent Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona. He is one of four people who have served as President, Vice President, Senator. Johnson was renowned for his personality and the Johnson treatment. Assisted in part by an economy, the War on Poverty helped millions of Americans rise above the poverty line during his administration. With the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, Johnson escalated American involvement in the Vietnam War. In 1964, Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which granted Johnson the power to use force in Southeast Asia without having to ask for an official declaration of war. The number of American military personnel in Vietnam increased dramatically, from 16,000 advisors in non-combat roles in 1963 to 550,000 in early 1968, American casualties soared and the peace process bogged down. Growing unease with the war stimulated a large, angry antiwar movement based especially on university campuses in the U. S. and abroad. Johnson faced further troubles when summer riots broke out in most major cities after 1965, while he began his presidency with widespread approval, support for Johnson declined as the public became upset with both the war and the growing violence at home. In 1968, the Democratic Party factionalized as antiwar elements denounced Johnson, Republican Richard Nixon was elected to succeed him, as the New Deal coalition that had dominated presidential politics for 36 years collapsed. After he left office in January 1969, Johnson returned to his Texas ranch, historians argue that Johnsons presidency marked the peak of modern liberalism in the United States after the New Deal era. Johnson is ranked favorably by some historians because of his policies and the passage of many major laws, affecting civil rights, gun control, wilderness preservation. Lyndon Baines Johnson was born on August 27,1908, near Stonewall, Texas, in a farmhouse on the Pedernales River. Johnson had one brother, Sam Houston Johnson, and three sisters, Rebekah, Josefa, and Lucia, the nearby small town of Johnson City, Texas, was named after LBJs cousin, James Polk Johnson, whose forebears had moved west from Oglethorpe County, Georgia. Johnson had English, German, and Ulster Scots ancestry and he was maternally descended from pioneer Baptist clergyman George Washington Baines, who pastored eight churches in Texas, as well as others in Arkansas and Louisiana
11.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
12.
Texas
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Texas is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Other major cities include Austin, the second most populous state capital in the U. S. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the states struggle for independence from Mexico. The Lone Star can be found on the Texan state flag, the origin of Texass name is from the word Tejas, which means friends in the Caddo language. Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, although Texas is popularly associated with the U. S. southwestern deserts, less than 10 percent of Texas land area is desert. Most of the centers are located in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, the term six flags over Texas refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory. Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas, Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. In 1845, Texas joined the United States as the 28th state, the states annexation set off a chain of events that caused the Mexican–American War in 1846. A slave state before the American Civil War, Texas declared its secession from the U. S. in early 1861, after the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation. One Texan industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle, due to its long history as a center of the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy. The states economic fortunes changed in the early 20th century, when oil discoveries initiated a boom in the state. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified economy, as of 2010 it shares the top of the list of the most Fortune 500 companies with California at 57. With a growing base of industry, the leads in many industries, including agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace. Texas has led the nation in export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product. The name Texas, based on the Caddo word tejas meaning friends or allies, was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves, during Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas, La Provincia de Texas. Texas is the second largest U. S. state, behind Alaska, though 10 percent larger than France and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst country subdivisions by size. If it were an independent country, Texas would be the 40th largest behind Chile, Texas is in the south central part of the United States of America. Three of its borders are defined by rivers, the Rio Grande forms a natural border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south
13.
Vice President of the United States
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The executive power of both the vice president and the president is granted under Article Two, Section One of the Constitution. The vice president is elected, together with the president. The Office of the Vice President of the United States assists, as the president of the United States Senate, the vice president votes only when it is necessary to break a tie. Additionally, pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment, the president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College. Currently, the president is usually seen as an integral part of a presidents administration. The Constitution does not expressly assign the office to any one branch, causing a dispute among scholars whether it belongs to the executive branch, the legislative branch, or both. The modern view of the president as a member of the executive branch is due in part to the assignment of executive duties to the vice president by either the president or Congress. Mike Pence of Indiana is the 48th and current vice president and he assumed office on January 20,2017. The formation of the office of vice president resulted directly from the compromise reached at the Philadelphia Convention which created the Electoral College, the delegates at Philadelphia agreed that each state would receive a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that states allocation of Representatives and Senators. The delegates assumed that electors would typically choose to favor any candidate from their state over candidates from other states, under a plurality election process, this would tend to result in electing candidates solely from the largest states. Consequently, the delegates agreed that presidents must be elected by a majority of the number of electors. To guard against such stratagems, the Philadelphia delegates specified that the first runner-up presidential candidate would become vice president, the process for selecting the vice president was later modified in the Twelfth Amendment. Each elector still receives two votes, but now one of those votes is for president, while the other is for vice president. The requirement that one of those votes be cast for a candidate not from the electors own state remains in effect. S, other statutorily granted roles include membership of both the National Security Council and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. As President of the Senate, the president has two primary duties, to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over. For example, in the first half of 2001, the Senators were divided 50-50 between Republicans and Democrats and Dick Cheneys tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority, as President of the Senate, the vice president oversees procedural matters and may cast a tie-breaking vote. As President of the Senate, John Adams cast 29 tie-breaking votes that was surpassed by John C. Calhoun with 31. Adamss votes protected the presidents sole authority over the removal of appointees, influenced the location of the national capital, on at least one occasion Adams persuaded senators to vote against legislation he opposed, and he frequently addressed the Senate on procedural and policy matters
14.
Hubert Humphrey
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Hubert Horatio Humphrey Jr. was an American politician who served as the 38th Vice President of the United States under President Lyndon B. Johnson from 1965 to 1969. Humphrey twice served in the United States Senate, representing Minnesota from 1949 to 1964 and 1971 to 1978 and he was the nominee of the Democratic Party in the 1968 presidential election, losing to the Republican nominee Richard M. Nixon. Born in Wallace, South Dakota in 1911, Humphrey attended the University of Minnesota before earning his pharmacist license from the Capitol College of Pharmacy in 1931. He helped run his fathers pharmacy until 1937 when he returned to academia, graduating with a degree from Louisiana State University in 1940. He returned to Minnesota during World War II and became a supervisor for the Works Progress Administration and he was then appointed state director of the Minnesota war service program before becoming the assistant director of the War Manpower Commission. In 1943, Humphrey became a professor of Political Science at Macalester College, Humphrey helped found the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party in 1944, and in 1945, became the DFL candidate for mayor of Minneapolis for a second time, winning with 61% of the vote. Humphrey served as mayor from 1945 to 1948, he was reelected and he served three terms in the Senate from 1949 to 1964 and was the Democratic Majority Whip from 1961 to 1964. Humphrey ran for two failed Presidential campaigns in the 1952 and 1960 Democratic primaries, after Johnson made the surprise announcement that he would not seek reelection in March 1968, Humphrey launched his campaign for the presidency the following month. Humphreys main Democratic challengers were anti-Vietnam War Senators Eugene McCarthy and Robert F. Kennedy, Humphreys delegate strategy succeeded in clinching the nomination, choosing Senator Edmund Muskie as his running mate. On November 5,1968, Humphrey lost to former Vice President Richard Nixon in the general election, Humphrey then returned to teaching in Minnesota before returning to the Senate in 1971. He became the first Deputy President pro tempore of the United States Senate, Humphrey died of bladder cancer at his home in Waverly, Minnesota, and is buried at the Lakewood Cemetery in Minneapolis. He was succeeded by his wife of forty-one years Muriel Humphrey as interim Senator for Minnesota, Humphrey was born in a room over his fathers drugstore in Wallace, South Dakota. In the late 1920s, an economic downturn hit Doland. After his son graduated from Dolands high school, Hubert Humphrey Sr. left Doland and opened a new drugstore in the town of Huron, South Dakota. Because of the financial struggles, Humphrey had to leave the University of Minnesota after just one year. He earned a license from the Capitol College of Pharmacy in Denver, Colorado. Both father and son were innovative businessmen in finding ways to attract customers, to supplement their business, a sign featuring a wooden pig was hung over the drugstore to tell the public about this unusual service. Farmers got the message, and it was Humphreys that became known as the farmers drugstore, Humphrey himself later wrote that we made Humphreys Sniffles, a substitute for Vicks Nose Drops
15.
Minnesota
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Minnesota is a state in the midwestern and northern regions of the United States. Minnesota was admitted as the 32nd U. S. state on May 11,1858, the state has a large number of lakes, and is known by the slogan Land of 10,000 Lakes. Its official motto is LÉtoile du Nord, Minnesota is the 12th largest in area and the 21st most populous of the U. S. Minnesota is known for its progressive political orientation and its high rate of civic participation and voter turnout. Until European settlement, Minnesota was inhabited by the Dakota and Ojibwe/Anishinaabe, in recent decades, immigration from Asia, the Horn of Africa, and Latin America has broadened its historic demographic and cultural composition. Minnesotas standard of living index is among the highest in the United States, Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers by dropping milk into water and calling it mnisota. Many places in the state have similar names, such as Minnehaha Falls, Minneiska, Minneota, Minnetonka, Minnetrista, and Minneapolis, a combination of mni and polis, Minnesota is the second northernmost U. S. state. Its isolated Northwest Angle in Lake of the Woods county is the part of the 48 contiguous states lying north of the 49th parallel. The state is part of the U. S. region known as the Upper Midwest and it shares a Lake Superior water border with Michigan and a land and water border with Wisconsin to the east. Iowa is to the south, North Dakota and South Dakota are to the west, with 86,943 square miles, or approximately 2.25 percent of the United States, Minnesota is the 12th-largest state. Minnesota has some of the Earths oldest rocks, gneisses that are about 3.6 billion years old. About 2.7 billion years ago, basaltic lava poured out of cracks in the floor of the primordial ocean, the roots of these volcanic mountains and the action of Precambrian seas formed the Iron Range of northern Minnesota. Following a period of volcanism 1, in more recent times, massive ice sheets at least one kilometer thick ravaged the landscape of the state and sculpted its terrain. The Wisconsin glaciation left 12,000 years ago and these glaciers covered all of Minnesota except the far southeast, an area characterized by steep hills and streams that cut into the bedrock. This area is known as the Driftless Zone for its absence of glacial drift, much of the remainder of the state outside the northeast has 50 feet or more of glacial till left behind as the last glaciers retreated. Gigantic Lake Agassiz formed in the northwest 13,000 years ago and its bed created the fertile Red River valley, and its outflow, glacial River Warren, carved the valley of the Minnesota River and the Upper Mississippi downstream from Fort Snelling. Minnesota is geologically quiet today, it experiences earthquakes infrequently, the states high point is Eagle Mountain at 2,301 feet, which is only 13 miles away from the low of 601 feet at the shore of Lake Superior. Notwithstanding dramatic local differences in elevation, much of the state is a rolling peneplain. Two major drainage divides meet in Minnesotas northeast in rural Hibbing, forming a triple watershed, precipitation can follow the Mississippi River south to the Gulf of Mexico, the Saint Lawrence Seaway east to the Atlantic Ocean, or the Hudson Bay watershed to the Arctic Ocean
16.
Chief Justice of the United States
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The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the United States federal court system and the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. The Chief Justice is one of nine Supreme Court justices, the eight are the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. From 1789 until 1866, the office was known as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice also serves as a spokesperson for the judicial branch. The Chief Justice leads the business of the Supreme Court and presides over oral arguments, when the court renders an opinion, the Chief Justice—when in the majority—decides who writes the courts opinion. The Chief Justice also has significant agenda-setting power over the courts meetings, in the case of an impeachment of a President of the United States, which has occurred twice, the Chief Justice presides over the trial in the Senate. In modern tradition, the Chief Justice also has the duty of administering the oath of office of the President of the United States. The first Chief Justice was John Jay, the 17th and current Chief Justice is John G. Roberts, Jr. The office was known as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and is still informally referred to using that title. However,28 U. S. C. §1 specifies that the title is Chief Justice of the United States, the title was changed from Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by Congress in 1866 at the suggestion of the sixth Chief Justice, Salmon P. Chase. Chase wished to emphasize the Supreme Courts role as a branch of government. The first Chief Justice commissioned using the new title was Melville Fuller in 1888, use of the previous title when referring to Chief Justices John Jay through Roger B. Taney is technically correct, as that was the title during their time on the court. The other eight members of the court are officially Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, the Chief Justice is the only member of the court to whom the Constitution refers as a Justice, and only in Article I. Article III of the Constitution refers to all members of the Supreme Court simply as Judges, the Chief Justice is nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed to sit on the Court by the United States Senate. The salary of the Chief Justice is set by Congress, the Constitution prohibits Congress from lowering the salary of any judge, including the Chief Justice, while that judge holds office. As of 2015, the salary is $258,100 per year, which is higher than that of the Associate Justices. Three serving Associate Justices have received promotions to Chief Justice, Edward Douglass White in 1910, Harlan Fiske Stone in 1941, Associate Justice Abe Fortas was nominated to the position of Chief Justice of the United States, but his nomination was filibustered by Senate Republicans in 1968. Despite the failed nomination, Fortas remained an Associate Justice until his resignation the following year, there have been 21 individuals nominated for Chief Justice, of whom 17 have been confirmed by the Senate, although a different 17 have served
17.
Earl Warren
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Earl Warren was an American jurist and politician, who served as the 30th Governor of California and later the 14th Chief Justice of the United States. Warren is the person elected to three consecutive terms as Governor of California, and with those three elected terms he is second only to Jerry Brown for total gubernatorial wins in California. Before holding these positions, he was the District Attorney for Alameda County, California, Warren was the nominee of the Republican Party for Vice President in 1948, as the running mate of Thomas E. Dewey. He was appointed to chair what became known as the Warren Commission, which was formed to investigate the 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Earl Warren was born in Los Angeles, on March 19,1891, to Mathias H. Warren, a Norwegian immigrant whose family name was Varren, and his wife, Crystal. Mathias Warren was an employee of the Southern Pacific Railroad. After he was blacklisted for joining in a strike, the moved to Bakersfield, California. Matthias worked in a repair yard, and Earl had summer jobs in railroading. Earl Warren grew up in Bakersfield, where he attended Washington Junior High and his father was murdered there by an unknown person during a robbery. In 1912 Warren graduated with a B. A. in political science from the University of California, in 1914 he earned his J. D. at the University of California, Berkeley School of Law. He was a member of The Gun Club secret society, and the Sigma Phi Society, as an undergraduate, Warren also played clarinet in the Cal Band. Warren maintained a friendship with fellow Cal student Robert Gordon Sproul. In 1948, at the Republican National Convention, Sproul would nominate Warren for Vice President, Warren was admitted to the California bar in 1914. Warren worked a year for Associated Oil Company in San Francisco, then joined Robinson & Robinson, in August 1917, Warren enlisted in the U. S. Army for World War I service. Assigned to the 91st Division at Camp Lewis, Washington, 1st Lieutenant Earl Warren was discharged in 1918. After the war, he served as a clerk of the Judicial Committee for the 1919 Session of the California State Assembly, then as the Deputy City Attorney in Oakland, Warren came to the attention of powerful Republican Joseph R. Knowland, publisher of The Oakland Tribune. He was strongly influenced by California Governor Hiram Johnson and other leaders of the Progressive Era to oppose corruption, in 1925, Warren was appointed as the District Attorney of Alameda County. Warren was re-elected to three four-year terms, Warren vigorously investigated allegations that a deputy sheriff was taking bribes in connection with street-paving arrangements
18.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
19.
John William McCormack
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McCormack was born in Boston to Joseph H. McCormack, a hod carrier and native of Prince Edward Island, Canada, and his wife Mary Ellen McCormack of Boston. He said he was one of 12 children, several of whom died as children or young adults, in fact, Mary Ellen McCormack carried eight children to term, and six lived long enough to be counted in he census or included in other records. John McCormacks older siblings Patrick, Catherine, and James died at ages 24,19 and 17 and his brother Edward died in Boston in 1963 at age 67. McCormacks brother Donald died in Texas in 1966 at the age of 65, McCormack also had a half brother named Harry from his fathers first marriage, Harry died on Prince Edward Island at age 18 in 1902. He died in 1929, and was buried in a grave at Waldoboro Rural Cemetery. McCormack attended the John Andrew Grammar School through the eighth grade and he then left school to help support his family, initially working for $3 a week as an errand boy for a brokerage firm. McCormack and his brothers managed a large newspaper delivery route for $11 a week. He later left the brokerage for the office of attorney William T. Way and he began to study law with Way and passed the Massachusetts bar exam at age 21, despite not having gone to high school or college. As a young man, McCormack began his involvement in politics by making speeches on behalf of other Democratic candidates. In May 1917, McCormack was elected to serve as a member of the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention of 1917, in 1917, McCormack enlisted in the United States Army for World War I. He was posted to Fort Devens, Massachusetts and Fort Lee, Virginia, after the war McCormack practiced law and resumed his political career. In 1926 he made a primary election run against incumbent Congressman James A. Gallivan. McCormack made an impression in a losing cause, leaving him well positioned for a future race. He resumed practicing law, and built a career as a trial attorney. McCormacks opportunity came after Gallivan died in 1928 and that November McCormack won both the special election to complete Gallivans term in the U. S. House as well as the general election for a full term. He was reelected 20 times, initially from the 12th District, McCormack usually won reelection without difficulty, and he served in the House from November 6,1928 to January 3,1971. He did not run for reelection in 1970, during his House career, McCormack served on the Committee on Territories, and the Committee on Ways and Means. He was chairman of the Select Committee on Astronautics and Space Exploration in the 85th Congress, Speaker John Nance Garner appointed McCormack to the powerful Ways and Means Committee in his second term, and he served there until 1941
20.
Massachusetts
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It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the Massachusett tribe, which inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston, over 80% of Massachusetts population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution, during the 20th century, Massachusetts economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance. Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, in 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of Americas most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances, in 1786, Shays Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention. In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept the Atlantic World, in the late 18th century, Boston became known as the Cradle of Liberty for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution. The entire Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, in the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams, both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world. Massachusetts public school students place among the top nations in the world in academic performance, the official name of the state is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. While this designation is part of the official name, it has no practical implications. Massachusetts has the position and powers within the United States as other states. Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the Algonquian language family such as the Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Mahican, and Massachusett. While cultivation of crops like squash and corn supplemented their diets, villages consisted of lodges called wigwams as well as longhouses, and tribes were led by male or female elders known as sachems. Between 1617 and 1619, smallpox killed approximately 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans, the first English settlers in Massachusetts, the Pilgrims, arrived via the Mayflower at Plymouth in 1620, and developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag people. This was the second successful permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, the event known as the First Thanksgiving was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World which lasted for three days
21.
Party leaders of the United States Senate
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The Senate Majority and Minority Leaders are two United States Senators and members of the party leadership of the United States Senate. They are elected to their positions in the Senate by their party caucuses, the Senate Democratic Caucus. By rule, the Presiding Officer gives the Majority Leader priority in obtaining recognition to speak on the floor of the Senate, the Assistant Majority and Minority Leaders of the United States Senate are the second-ranking members of each partys leadership. The main function of the Majority and Minority Whips is to gather votes on major issues, because they are the second ranking member of the Senate, if there is no floor leader present, the whip may become acting floor leader. Before 1969, the titles were Majority Whip and Minority Whip. The Senate is currently composed of 52 Republicans,46 Democrats, the current leaders are Republican Majority Leader Mitch McConnell of Kentucky and Democratic Minority Leader Chuck Schumer of New York. The current Assistant Majority Leader is Republican John Cornyn of Texas, the current Assistant Minority Leader/Whip is Democrat Dick Durbin of Illinois. The Democrats began the practice of electing floor leaders in 1920 while they were in the minority, John W. Kern was a Democratic Senator from Indiana. While the title was not official, he is considered to be the first Senate party leader from 1913 through 1917, the Constitution designates the Vice President of the United States as President of the United States Senate. The Constitution also calls for a President pro tempore to serve as the leader of the body when the President of the Senate is absent, for these reasons, it is the Majority Leader who, in practice, manages the Senate. This is in contrast to the House of Representatives where the elected Speaker of the House has a deal of discretionary power. The Democratic Party first selected a leader in 1920, the Republican Party first formally designated a leader in 1925. gov Republican Majority Democratic Minority
22.
Mike Mansfield
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Michael Joseph Mike Mansfield was an American politician and diplomat. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as a U. S and he was the longest-serving Senate Majority Leader, serving from 1961 to 1977. During his tenure, he shepherded Great Society programs through the Senate, after retiring from the Senate, Mansfield served as U. S. Mansfield is the longest-serving American ambassador to Japan in history. After his ambassadorship, Mansfield served for a time as an adviser on East Asian affairs to Goldman Sachs. Mansfield was born in the Brooklyn borough of New York City, the son of Patrick J. Mansfield and Josephine Mansfield, who were both Irish Catholic immigrants. His mother died from pneumonia in 1906, and his father subsequently sent Michael and he attended local public schools, and worked in his relatives grocery store. He turned into a runaway, even living at a state orphanage in Twin Bridges for half a year. At 14, Mansfield dropped out of school and lied about his age in order to enlist in the U. S. Navy during World War I. He went on several overseas convoys on the USS Minneapolis, but was discharged by the Navy after his age was discovered. After his Navy discharge, he enlisted in the U. S. Army, Mansfield was a Private First Class in the U. S. Marine Corps from 1920 to 1922. He served in the Western Recruiting Division at San Francisco until January 1921, the following month, he was detached to the Guard Company, Marine Barracks, Navy Yard, Mare Island, California. In April, he boarded the USAT Sherman, bound for the Philippines, after a brief stopover at the Marine Barracks at Cavite, he arrived at his duty station on May 5,1921, the Marine Barracks, Naval Station, Olongapo, Philippine Islands. One year later, Mansfield was assigned to Company A, Marine Battery, a short tour of duty with the Asiatic Fleet took him along the coast of China, before he returned to Olongapo in late May 1922. His service with the Marines established a lifelong interest in Asia and that August, Mansfield returned to Cavite in preparation for his return to the United States and eventual discharge. On November 9,1922, Marine Private Michael J. Mansfield was released on the completion of his enlistment and he was awarded the Good Conduct Medal, his character being described as “excellent” during his two years as a Marine. Following his return to Montana in 1922, Mansfield worked as a mucker, shoveling ore and other waste, having never attended high school, he took entrance examinations to attend the Montana School of Mines, studying to become a mining engineer. He later met a schoolteacher and his future wife, Maureen Hayes. With her financial support, Mansfield studied at the University of Montana in Missoula and he was also a member of Alpha Tau Omega fraternity
23.
Montana
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Montana /mɒnˈtænə/ is a state in the Western region of the United States. The states name is derived from the Spanish word montaña, Montana has several nicknames, although none official, including Big Sky Country and The Treasure State, and slogans that include Land of the Shining Mountains and more recently The Last Best Place. Montana has a 545-mile border with three Canadian provinces, British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan, the state to do so. It also borders North Dakota and South Dakota to the east, Wyoming to the south, Montana is ranked 4th in size, but 44th in population and 48th in population density of the 50 United States. The western third of Montana contains numerous mountain ranges, smaller island ranges are found throughout the state. In total,77 named ranges are part of the Rocky Mountains, the eastern half of Montana is characterized by western prairie terrain and badlands. The economy is based on agriculture, including ranching and cereal grain farming. Other significant economic activities include oil, gas, coal and hard rock mining, lumber, the health care, service, and government sectors also are significant to the states economy. Millions of tourists annually visit Glacier National Park, the Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument, the name Montana comes from the Spanish word Montaña and the Latin word Montana, meaning mountain, or more broadly, mountainous country. Montaña del Norte was the name given by early Spanish explorers to the mountainous region of the west. The name was changed by Representatives Henry Wilson and Benjamin F. Harding, when Ashley presented a bill to establish a temporary government in 1864 for a new territory to be carved out of Idaho, he again chose Montana Territory. This time Rep. Samuel Cox, also of Ohio, objected to the name, Cox complained that the name was a misnomer given most of the territory was not mountainous and that a Native American name would be more appropriate than a Spanish one. Other names such as Shoshone were suggested, but it was decided that the Committee on Territories could name it whatever they wanted, with an area of 147,040 square miles, Montana is slightly larger than Japan. It is the fourth largest state in the United States after Alaska, Texas, and California, the largest landlocked U. S. state, and the worlds 56th largest national state/province subdivision. To the north, Montana shares a 545-mile border with three Canadian provinces, British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan, the state to do so. It borders North Dakota and South Dakota to the east, Wyoming to the south, the states topography is roughly defined by the Continental Divide, which splits much of the state into distinct eastern and western regions. Most of Montanas 100 or more named mountain ranges are in the western half. The Absaroka and Beartooth ranges in the states south-central part are part of the Central Rocky Mountains
24.
United States Congress
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The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington, D. C, both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment. Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party, Congress has 535 voting members,435 Representatives and 100 Senators. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members and these members can, however, sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation. Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency, known as a district. Congressional districts are apportioned to states by using the United States Census results. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, currently, there are 100 senators representing the 50 states. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a term, with terms staggered. The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process—legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers, however, the Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue-raising bills, the House initiates impeachment cases, while the Senate decides impeachment cases. A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before a person can be forcibly removed from office. The term Congress can also refer to a meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years, the current one, the 115th Congress, began on January 3,2017, the Congress starts and ends on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, members of the House of Representatives are referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played a role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. Several academics described Congress, Congress reflects us in all our strengths, Congress is the governments most representative body. Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the public policy issues of the day. —Smith, Roberts, and Wielen Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux, most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent
25.
89th United States Congress
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It met in Washington, DC from January 3,1965 to January 3,1967, during the third and fourth years of Lyndon Johnsons presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Eighteenth Census of the United States in 1960, both chambers had a Democratic supermajority. It is regarded as arguably the most productive in American history, some of its landmark legislation includes Social Security Amendments of 1965, the Voting Rights Act, Higher Education Act, and Freedom of Information Act. January 4,1965, President Johnson proclaimed his Great Society during his State of the Union Address, January 20,1965, Inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson as President and Hubert Humphrey as Vice President. L. 89–10 July 27,1965, Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act, 89–92 July 30,1965, Social Security Act of 1965, Pub. L. 89–97 August 6,1965, Voting Rights Act, Pub. L, 89–110 August 10,1965, Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965, Pub. L. 89–117 August 26,1965, Public Works and Economic Development Act of 1965, 89–136 September 29,1965, National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act, Pub. L. 89–209 October 3,1965, Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, 89–236 October 6,1965, Heart Disease, Cancer, and Stroke Amendments, Pub. L. 89–239 October 20,1965, Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act, 89–272 October 22,1965, Highway Beautification Act, Pub. L. 89–285 November 8,1965, Higher Education Act, Pub. L, 89–329 November 8,1965, Vocational Rehabilitation Act Amendments Pub. L. 89–333 April 13,1966, Uniform Time Act, Pub. L, 89–387 July 13,1966, Cotton Research and Promotion Act, Pub. L. 89–554, which enacted what is now called the Freedom of Information Act September 9,1966, National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act, 89–563 October 15,1966, National Historic Preservation Act, Pub. L. 89–665 October 15,1966, National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act, 89–669, §4–5 October 15,1966, Department of Transportation Act, Pub. L. 89–670 November 2,1966, Cuban Adjustment Act, Pub. L, 89–732 November 3,1966, Comprehensive Health, Planning and Service Act, Pub. L. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the Changes in membership section, kirwan Minority Leader, Gerald Ford Minority Whip, Leslie C. Arends Republican Conference Chairman, Melvin R. Laird Policy Committee Chairman, John Jacob Rhodes House Democratic Caucus This list is arranged by chamber, senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district. Senators are popularly elected every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, names of members are preceded by their district numbers
26.
Governor of Alabama
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The Governor of Alabama is the chief executive of the U. S. state of Alabama. The governor is the head of the branch of Alabamas state government and is charged with enforcing state laws. The governor has the power to approve or veto bills passed by the Alabama Legislature, to convene the legislature. The governor is also the commander-in-chief of the military forces. There have officially been 53 governors of the state of Alabama, the first governor, William Wyatt Bibb, served as the only governor of the Alabama Territory. Five people have served as acting governor, bringing the number of people serving as governor to 58. Four governors have served multiple terms, Bibb Graves, Jim Folsom. Officially, these terms are numbered only with the number of their first term. William D. Jelks also served non-consecutive terms, but his first term was in an acting capacity, the longest-serving governor was George Wallace, who served sixteen years over four terms. The shortest term for a governor was that of Hugh McVay, who served four. Lurleen Wallace, wife of George Wallace, was the first and so far only woman to serve as governor of Alabama, the current governor is Republican Robert J. Bentley, who took office on January 17,2011. For the period before Alabama Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of Mississippi Territory, Alabama Territory was formed on March 3,1817, from Mississippi Territory. It had only one appointed by the President of the United States before it became a state. Alabama was admitted to the Union on December 14,1819, following the end of the American Civil War, Alabama during Reconstruction was part of the Third Military District, which exerted some control over governor appointments and elections. Alabama was readmitted to the Union on July 14,1868, the first Alabama Constitution, ratified in 1819, provided that a governor be elected every two years, limited to serve no more than four out of every six years. This limit remained in place until the constitution of 1868, which simply allowed governors to serve terms of two years, the current constitution of 1901 increased terms to four years, but prohibited governors from succeeding themselves. Amendment 282 to the constitution, passed in 1968, allowed governors to succeed themselves once, the constitution had no set date for the commencement of a governors term until 1901, when it was set at the first Monday after the second Tuesday in the January following an election. The office of lieutenant governor was created in 1868, abolished in 1875, earlier constitutions said the powers of the governor devolved upon the successor, rather than them necessarily becoming governor, but the official listing includes these as full governors
27.
George Wallace
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Wallace has the third longest gubernatorial tenure in post-Constitutional U. S. history, at 16 years and four days. He remains the last third-party candidate to receive pledged electoral college votes from any state and he eventually renounced segregationism but remained a social conservative. Wallace, the first of four children, was born in Clio in Barbour County in southeastern Alabama, to George Corley Wallace Sr. and his wife and he was the third of five generations to bear the name George Wallace. Since his parents disliked the designation Junior, he was called George C. to distinguish him from his father, George, and his grandfather, a physician. Wallaces father left college to pursue a life of farming when food prices were high during World War I, like his parents, George Wallace was a Methodist. From age ten, Wallace was fascinated with politics, in 1935, he won a contest to serve as a page in the Alabama Senate and confidently predicted that he would one day be governor. Wallace became a successful boxer in high school, then went directly to law school in 1937 at the University of Alabama School of Law in Tuscaloosa. He was a member of the Delta Chi fraternity and it was at the University of Alabama that he crossed paths with Frank M. Johnson Jr. who was a much more liberal politician in relation to social issues and issues of race. Wallace also knew George Sparks, who became a conservative governor and these men had an effect on his personal politics reflecting ideologies of both leaders later during his time in office. After receiving an LL. B. degree in 1942, he entered pilot training in the United States Army Air Corps. He failed to complete the course, however, and as a staff sergeant flew B-29 combat missions over Japan in 1945 and he served with the XX Bomber Command under General Curtis LeMay, who would be his running mate in the 1968 presidential race. Wallace nearly died of meningitis while serving in the Army. Left with partial hearing loss and permanent nerve damage, Wallace was medically discharged early with a disability pension, in 1938, at age 19, Wallace contributed to his grandfathers successful campaign for probate judge. Late in 1945, he was appointed as one of the assistant attorneys general of Alabama, at the time, he was considered a moderate on racial issues. Wallace considered it an infringement on states rights, the Dixiecrats carried Alabama in the 1948 general election, having rallied behind Governor Strom Thurmond of South Carolina. In his 1963 inaugural speech as governor, Wallace excused his failure to walk out of the 1948 convention on political grounds, in 1952, he became the Circuit Judge of the Third Judicial Circuit in Alabama. Here he became known as the fighting little judge, a nod to his past boxing association and he gained a reputation for fairness regardless of the race of the plaintiff. He was the first judge in Alabama to call me Mister in a courtroom, on the other hand, Wallace issued injunctions to prevent the removal of segregation signs in rail terminals, becoming the first Southern judge to do so
28.
Governor of Alaska
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The Governor of Alaska is the chief executive of the State of Alaska. Eleven people have served as governor of the State of Alaska over 13 distinct terms, though Alaska had over 30 civilian, only two governors, William Allen Egan and Bill Walker, were born in Alaska. Two people, Egan and Wally Hickel, have elected to multiple non-consecutive terms as governor. Hickel is also noted for a third party win in American politics. The longest-serving governor of the state was Egan, who was elected three times and served nearly 12 years, the longest-serving territorial governor was Ernest Gruening, who served 13½ years. The current governor is Bill Walker, who took office on December 1,2014, Alaska was purchased by the United States from the Russian Empire in 1867, with formal transfer occurring on October 18,1867, which is now celebrated as Alaska Day. Prior to then, it was known as Russian America or Russian Alaska, controlled by the governors, the Department of the Treasury then took control, with the Collector of Customs as the highest ranking federal official in the territory. In 1879, the U. S. Navy was given jurisdiction over the department, some believe the first American administrator of Alaska was Polish immigrant Włodzimierz Krzyżanowski. However, the Anchorage Daily News was unable to find any information to support this claim. On May 17,1884, the Department of Alaska was redesignated the District of Alaska, the governor was appointed by the President of the United States. The District of Alaska was organized into Alaska Territory on August 24,1912, Governors continued to be appointed by the President of the United States. During World War II, parts of the Aleutian Islands were occupied by Imperial Japan from June 5,1942, Alaska was admitted to the Union on January 3,1959. Governors are allowed to succeed themselves once, having to wait four years after their term in a row before being allowed to run again. Should the office of governor become vacant, the lieutenant governor assumes the title of governor, the original constitution of 1956 created the office of secretary of state, which was functionally identical to a lieutenant governor, and was renamed to lieutenant governor in 1970. Many Republicans were unhappy with the choice of Arliss Sturgulewski as their partys candidate for governor in the 1990 election, however, he never held the AIPs secessionist ideals, and switched back to the Republican Party eight months before his term ended. Five of Alaskas governors have served other high offices, including one Cabinet member, three were members of the U. S. Congress, although only two represented Alaska. As of January 2017 there are seven living former governors of Alaska, the most recent death of a former governor was that of Mike Stepovich on February 14,2014. The most recently serving governor to die was Wally Hickel on May 7,2010, list of Governors of Alaska by time in office Timeline of Alaska General Constitution Specific Office of the Governor of Alaska
29.
William A. Egan
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William Allen Bill Egan was an American Democratic politician. He served as the first Governor of the State of Alaska from January 3,1959 to 1966, born in Valdez, Alaska, Egan is one of only two governors in the states history to have been born in Alaska. The child of a mining family of six children in Valdez. By age 10, Egan was working in a local cannery, thanks to the lack of driving laws in the Alaska Territory during the 1920s, Egan learned to drive at an early age, shuttling tourists around during summer months. By the age of 14, Egan was driving trucks for the Alaska Road Commission. Following his graduation as a valedictorian from Valdez High School in 1932, despite the positions inability to vote due to the Tennessee Plan, a nonvoting delegate could address other House members and lobby for both bills and statehood. Dimond won the race, introducing the young Egan, who viewed Dimond as his mentor, Dimond would send copies of the Congressional Record back to Egan in Valdez for him to read. Following on his godfathers footsteps, Egan ran successfully as the Democratic candidate from Valdez in the Alaska Territorial House of Representatives in 1940 and he won three more terms to the House from 1947 to 1953. On November 16,1940, Egan married Desdia Neva McKittrick and they had one child, a son, Dennis. During World War II, where Alaskas own Aleutian Islands saw bloody combat between American and Imperial Japanese forces, Egan continued his political career, while still serving in the House of Representatives, Egan was elected as Mayor of Valdez in 1946. In 1953, Egan was elected to the Alaska Territorial Senate, following the end of the war, the Territory of Alaskas political and geographical isolation was coming to an end. In 1955, the Alaska Legislature ordered the creation of a convention to seek a state constitution suitable for Congressional approval. The convention met at the University of Alaska Fairbanks campus in November, Territorial Senator Egan was chosen to lead the body in drafting a new state document. Following the end of the convention a year later, the Alaska Constitution was sent to Alaskans as part of a referendum in 1958, the statehood issue was turned over to the U. S. Congress later that year, passing by only one vote. President Dwight Eisenhower signed the resulting Alaska Statehood Act into law, Alaska was to become the 49th state. Alaska was scheduled to become a U. S. state on January 3,1959, Egan decided to run to become Alaskas first state governor. He won the race, becoming governor upon the states admission, during his first governorship, Egan supervised the transition of Alaskas territorial bureaucracy into a state government. Egan also encouraged investment in the newest U. S. state, noting its slowly growing oil, during the 1964 Good Friday earthquake, which remains one of the strongest earthquakes of the modern era, Egan supervised and directed the states response to the disaster
30.
Wally Hickel
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Walter Joseph Wally Hickel was an American businessman and politician. Hickel served as the second and eighth Governor of Alaska and he later served a full term as governor from 1990 to 1994 under the banner of the Alaskan Independence Party, thus far the partys most significant electoral achievement. Born in Ellinwood, Kansas in 1919, he grew up on his parents Dust Bowl tenant farm during the Great Depression near Claflin, Hickel relocated to Alaska in 1940, going into the local real estate industry. By 1947, Hickel had formed a construction company. While some fellow Republicans in the Alaska Territory opposed statehood, Hickel joined Democrats in calls for joining the Union during the late 1940s, congress and within the Eisenhower Administration to speak about Alaskan statehood. Thanks in part to his efforts, Hickels debates with Congressional leaders led to enough initially hesitant Republicans voting in favor of the Alaska Statehood Act in 1958. Hickel was elected as Alaskas second governor in the 1966 state general elections, defeating his Democratic rival, Hickel, a moderate Republican and environmentalist, did not push for heavy oil exploitation. In 1968, Hickel appointed Ted Stevens to the United States Senate to replace the recently deceased Bob Bartlett, like his predecessor Egan, Hickel sought to improve relations with Alaskan Natives in seeking resolutions on Native land claims. A group of Native Americans from Interior Alaska, including Morris Thompson and Don and Jules Wright, played roles in his 1966 campaign. Richard Nixons election as U. S. President in late 1968 led to an offer to Hickel from the President-elect to serve in the United States Cabinet as Interior Secretary, initially, Hickel declined the cabinet offer. Nixon replied that his decision was final, Hickel would recall years later that he cried afterward and announced that he would be resigning from the governorship to go to Washington. Hickels nomination was met with what he wrote was a newspaper smear campaign of false and crazy accusations that he had a corrupt. Opposition to his nomination was led by influential columnists Drew Pearson, newspapers opposing his nomination included the New York Times and the Los Angeles Times. In the Senate, his confirmation was opposed by, among others, Democratic senators Walter Mondale, sierra Club director David Brower testified in opposition to Hickel. The Senate nevertheless confirmed his nomination on 23 January 1969, Hickels centrist voice inside the Nixon Administration eventually led to confrontations with the President. That dissent garnered worldwide attention, and on November 25,1970. Days before he lost the office, Hickel had told CBS60 Minutes that he would not quit under pressure, Hickels undersecretaries, such as Leslie Glasgow, who was in charge of Fish, Wildlife, Parks, and Marine Resources, were also dismissed. After less than two years in Washington, Glasgow returned to Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, where he was a professor with expertise in the study of wildlife in the marshes
31.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
32.
Governor of Arizona
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The Governor of Arizona is the head of the executive branch of Arizonas state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. Twenty-two people have served as governor over 26 distinct terms, one governor, Evan Mecham, was successfully impeached, and one, Fife Symington III, resigned upon being convicted of a felony. The longest-serving governor was Hunt, who was elected seven times, bolin had the shortest tenure, dying less than five months after succeeding as governor. Four governors were born in Arizona, Campbell, Sidney Preston Osborn, Rose Mofford. Arizona has had four governors, the most in the United States. The current Governor is Doug Ducey, who was elected on November 4,2014 and this proposed territory consisted of the part of New Mexico Territory south of 33°40 N. On April 2, they elected a governor, Lewis Owings, the provisional territory was to exist until such time as an official territory was created, but that proposal was rejected by the U. S. Congress at the time. On March 16,1861, soon before the American Civil War broke out, Lewis Owings remained as territorial governor. The Confederacy took ownership of the territory on August 1,1861, when led by Lieutenant Colonel John Baylor won decisive control of the territory. The territory was organized on February 14,1862, on March 20,1862, Baylor issued an order to kill all the adult Apache and take their children into slavery. When Confederate President Jefferson Davis learned of this order, he strongly disapproved and demanded an explanation. Baylor wrote a letter December 29,1862, to justify his decision, by that time, the government of Confederate Arizona was in exile in San Antonio, Texas, as the territory had been effectively lost to Union forces in July 1862, no new governor was appointed. For the period before Arizona Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of New Mexico Territory, Arizona Territory was formed on February 24,1863 from New Mexico Territory, remaining a territory for 49 years. On January 18,1867, the corner of the territory was transferred to the state of Nevada. The state of Arizona was admitted to the Union on February 14,1912, the state constitution of 1912 called for the election of a governor every two years. The term was increased to four years by a 1968 amendment, gubernatorial terms begin on the first Monday in the January following the election. Governors who have served the two term limit can run again after four years out of office. Arizona is one of seven states which does not have a lieutenant governor, instead, in the event of a vacancy in the office of governor, the Secretary of State, if elected, succeeds to the office
33.
Samuel Pearson Goddard Jr.
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Samuel Pearson Goddard Jr. was an American politician and the 12th Governor of Arizona, serving from January 1965 till January 1967. He also remained active in politics following his term in office, serving on the Democratic National Committee, Goddard was born in Clayton, Missouri, a suburb of St. Louis, the son of Florence Hilton and Samuel Pearson Goddard. He attended Harvard University and was a member of the glee club. His athletic efforts resulted in his induction into the Rowing Hall of Fame in 1976, Goddard graduated in 1941 with a Bachelor of Arts in history. Soon after graduation, Goddard enlisted in the United States Army Air Corps as a private for World War II service and he was commissioned by the Air Corps in 1942 and served as an operations and communications officer in England, India, North Africa, and the South Pacific. He was discharged from the Air Corps in 1946 as a major, remained active in the Air Force Reserve, Goddard married Julia Judy Hatch of Springfield, Illinois, in 1944. The couple chose to settle in Arizona upon a recommendation that the dry climate would help relieve Judys rheumatoid arthritis. The marriage resulted in three sons, Terry, Tim and Bill, in 1946, Goddard purchased land in Tucson, near Swan Road and 22nd Street and built a home for his family. He also developed the land into a subdivision that included extra large lots, homes that were set back from the street. He called the subdivision Aldea Linda or Beautiful Little Village, Goddard earned his law degree at the University of Arizona in 1949 and began practicing in Tucson. Goddard became a widower in 1999 following the death of his first wife and he died in Paradise Valley, Arizona. He became a community leader, helped organize the Tucson Civic Chorus and the Tucson Watercolor Guild, in 1959, he became the chairman of the Tucson Youth Study Group and was selected as a member of the White House Conference on Youth and Children. His community efforts earned him the title Tucson Man of the Year 1959 and he first was elected chairman of the Arizona Democratic State Committee in 1960. In 1961-1962 he served as president of the 11 state Western Conference of United Funds and he became recognized as a rising power in Democratic politics in the state and in 1962 made an unsuccessful bid for the governorship. He ran for governor again in 1964, and this time won, goddards campaign symbol, the Arizona roadrunner, became familiar throughout the state, and it helped bolster his reputation as a man of energy who got things done. As Governor, Goddard helped to organise a compromise amongst regional governors supporting the Colorado River Basin Project including the Central Arizona Project and this secured a reliable water source for the state, providing a foundation for the subsequent rapid economic population and economic growth that has occurred. Governor Goddard signed a bill banning discrimination on grounds of race, gender, religion and he also established the states first budget office and worked to improve relations with the Mexican state of Sonora. He stood for re-election in 1966 but was defeated by Jack Williams, Goddard also served as chair of the Arizona Democratic Party for 10 years and on the Democratic National Committee for 20 years
34.
Governor of Arkansas
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The Governor of Arkansas is the head of the executive branch of Arkansass state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. The state has had 45 elected governors, as well as 10 acting governors who assumed powers and duties following the resignation or death of the governor, before becoming a state, Arkansas Territory had four governors appointed to it by the President of the United States. Orval Faubus served the longest term as governor, being elected six times to serve twelve years. Bill Clinton, elected five times over two terms, fell only one month short of twelve years. The current governor is Asa Hutchinson, who took office on January 13,2015 after his election on November 4,2014, for the period before Arkansas Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of Missouri Territory. Arkansaw Territory was split from Missouri Territory on July 4,1819 and it lost land twice, on November 15,1824, and May 6,1828, with the land being made unorganized territory both times, this land eventually became part of Oklahoma. As secretary of the territory from 1819 to 1829, Robert Crittenden served as acting governor whenever the governor was not in the state. This meant he was in fact the first person to perform the office of Governor of Arkansas Territory, Arkansas was admitted to the Union on June 15,1836. It seceded from the Union on May 6,1861, following the end of the American Civil War, it was part of the Fourth Military District. Arkansas was readmitted to the Union on June 22,1868, the first state constitution of 1836 established four-year terms for governors, which was lowered to two years in the 1874, and current, constitution. Amendment 63 to the Arkansas Constitution, passed in 1984, increased the terms of governor and lieutenant governor to four years. Governors were originally limited only to serving no more than eight out of twelve years. A referendum in 1992 limited governors to two terms and this led to some situations where the governorship changed hands in quick succession, due to senate terms ending or new senate presidents being elected. For example, after John Sebastian Little resigned in 1907, three senate presidents acted as governor before the elected governor took office. Should the president of the senate be similarly incapacitated, the next in line for the governorship was the speaker of the house of representatives. The 1864 constitution created the office of lieutenant governor who would act as president of the senate. The 1868 constitution maintained the position, but the 1874 constitution removed it, amendment 6 to the constitution, passed in 1914 but not recognized until 1925, recreated the office of lieutenant governor, who becomes governor in case of vacancy of the governors office. The governor and lieutenant governor are not elected on the same ticket, Arkansas was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only candidates from the Democratic party
35.
Orval Faubus
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Orval Eugene Faubus was an American Democratic politician who served as 36th Governor of Arkansas from 1955 to 1967. Orval Eugene Faubus was born in the northwest corner of Arkansas near the village of Combs to John Samuel, Faubus first political race was in 1936 when he contested a seat in the Arkansas House of Representatives, a race in which he finished second. He was urged to challenge the result but declined, which earned him the gratitude of the Democratic Party, as a result, he was elected circuit clerk and recorder of Madison County, a post he held for two terms. When the United States entered World War II, Faubus joined the United States Army and he rose to the rank of major and was in combat several times. His book, In This Faraway Land, documents the period of his life. He was active in causes for the remainder of his life. Meanwhile, conservative Francis Cherry defeated McMaths bid for a term in the 1952 Democratic primary. Cherry became unpopular with voters, and Faubus challenged him in the 1954 primary, in the 1954 campaign, Faubus was compelled to defend his attendance at the defunct northwest Arkansas Commonwealth College in Mena, as well as his early political upbringing. Commonwealth College had been formed by leftist academic and social activists, most of those who attended and taught there were idealistic young people who sought an education or, in the case of the faculty, a job which came with room and board. During the runoff, Cherry and his surrogates accused Faubus of having attended a communist school, Faubus at first denied attending, and then admitted enrolling for only a few weeks. Later, it was shown that he had remained at the school for more than a year, earned good grades, Faubus led a group of students who testified on behalf of the colleges accreditation before the state legislature. Nevertheless, efforts to paint the candidate as a communist sympathizer backfired in a climate of growing resentment against such allegations, Faubus hence narrowly defeated Cherry to win the Democratic gubernatorial nomination. Relations were cool between the two men for years, but when Cherry died in 1965, Faubus put politics aside and was magnanimous in praising his predecessor, in the 1954 general election campaign against Little Rock Mayor Pratt C. Remmel, Faubus secured the endorsement of the previous 1950 and 1952 Republican gubernatorial nominee, Jefferson W. Speck, Faubus defeated Remmel by a 63% to 37% percent margin. Remmel, a businessman and scion of a prominent Republican family, Faubus rejected his fathers radicalism for the more mainline New Deal, a pragmatic move. He was elected governor as a liberal Democrat, the 1954 election made Faubus sensitive to attacks from the political right. It has been suggested that this sensitivity contributed to his stance against integration when he was challenged by segregationist elements within his own party. He was known as a particularly effective one-on-one campaigner and was said to have never turned away anyone who sought to shake his hand, no matter how much time it took
36.
Governor of California
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The position was created in 1849, the year before California became a state. The current governor is Jerry Brown, a Democrat who was inaugurated January 3,2011, in October 2013, Jerry Brown surpassed Earl Warren for the longest cumulative period of time served as governor. Governors are elected by ballot and serve terms of four years. Governors take office on the first Monday after January 1 after their election, there are two methods available to remove a governor before the expiration of the gubernatorial term of office. Impeachment and removal by the legislature The governor can be impeached for misconduct in office by the State Assembly, recall by the voters Petitions signed by California state voters equal in number to 12% of the last vote for the office of governor can launch a gubernatorial recall election. The voters can vote on whether or not to recall the incumbent governor. If a majority of the voters in the vote to recall the governor. The 2003 California recall began with a drive that successfully forced sitting Democratic Governor Gray Davis into a special recall election. It marked the first time in the history of California that a governor faced a recall election and he was subsequently voted out of office, becoming the second governor in the history of the United States to be recalled after Lynn Frazier of North Dakota in 1921. He was replaced by Republican Arnold Schwarzenegger, the Lieutenant Governor of California is separately elected during the same election, not jointly as the running mate of the gubernatorial candidate. California has had a governor and a lieutenant governor of different parties 26 of the past 31 years, the lieutenant governor is also the President of the California State Senate. In practice, there is an agreement for the Lieutenant Governor not to perform more than perfunctory duties while the Governor is away from the state. This agreement was violated when Mike Curb was in office, as he signed several executive orders at odds with the Brown administration when Brown was out of the state. Court rulings have upheld the lieutenant governors right to perform the duties, peter Burnett had the longest post-governorship,44 years. He left office in 1851 and died in 1895, excluding governors who died in office, Robert Waterman had the shortest post-governorship. He died on April 12,1891, a three months and four days after the expiration of his term. Sworn in at the age of 30, J. Neely Johnson was the youngest governor from 1856 to 1858, sworn in at the age of 72, Jerry Brown became the oldest governor in 2011. Earl Warren was the governor to serve more than two consecutive terms in office
37.
Pat Brown
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Edmund Gerald Pat Brown Sr. was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 32nd Governor of California from 1959 to 1967. Born in San Francisco, Brown had an early interest in speaking and politics, he earned a law degree in 1927, as district attorney for San Francisco, he was elected Attorney General of California in 1950 before becoming the states governor in 1959. As governor, Brown embarked on massive projects building important infrastructure, while running twice for President in 1960 and 1964, finishing second and first in the primaries, respectively, he was never a serious contender in the national conventions. While losing his bid for a term in 1966 to future President Ronald Reagan. His son Edmund G. Jerry Brown Jr. was the 34th and is currently the 39th Governor of California, his daughter, Brown was born in San Francisco, California, one of four children of Ida and Edmund Joseph Brown. His father was of Irish Catholic descent, and his mother was from a German Protestant family and he acquired the nickname Pat during his school years, the nickname was a reference to his Patrick Henry-like oratory. When he was 12 and selling Liberty Bonds on street corners, he would end his spiel with, Give me liberty, or give me death. Brown was a champion as a member of the Lowell Forensic Society at San Franciscos Lowell High School. Rather than pursue a degree, he instead worked in his fathers cigar store. He studied law at night, while working part-time for attorney Milton Schmitt, after passing the California bar exam the following fall, he began full-time employment in Schmitts office. He quickly became a New Dealer, and an active party participant and his second attempt at election to public office came in 1939, running for District Attorney of San Francisco against Matthew Brady, an incumbent of twenty-two years, who beat him handily. Four years after his defeat, Brown ran for district attorney again in 1943 with the slogan Crack down on crime, elect Brown this time. His victory over Brady was decisive, coming to the surprise of San Francisco politicians and he was reelected to the office in 1947, and after seven years in office, received the support of Governor Earl Warren. He emulated the course followed by Warren when the Governor himself was the Alameda County district attorney, in 1949, he raided Sally Stanfords elegant San Francisco bordello. In 1946, as the Democratic nominee, Brown lost the race for Attorney General of California to Los Angeles County District Attorney, running again in 1950, he won election as Attorney General and was re-elected in 1954. As Attorney General, he was the only Democrat to win election in California. In the general election, Brown defeated Republican U. S, senator William F. Brown was known for his ebullient personality, and his championing of building an infrastructure to meet the needs of the rapidly growing state. With his administration beginning in 1959, Brown set in motion a series of actions whose magnitude was unseen since the governorship of Hiram Johnson, much of the states extant water was controlled by regional bodies, and the federal government
38.
Governor of Colorado
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The Governor of the State of Colorado is the head of the executive branch of Colorados state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. Seven people served as governor of Colorado Territory over eight terms, since statehood, there have been 36 governors, serving 41 distinct terms. The longest-serving governors were Richard Dick Lamm and Roy Romer, who served twelve years over three terms. Thus, Peabody served only a few minutes as governor, the current governor is John Hickenlooper, who took office on January 11,2011. The self-proclaimed Provisional Government of the Territory of Jefferson was organized on November 7,1859, Jefferson Territory included all of present-day Colorado, but extended about 3 miles farther east,138 miles farther north, and about 50 miles farther west. The territory was never recognized by the government in the tumultuous days before the American Civil War. The Jefferson Territory had only one governor, Robert Williamson Steele and he proclaimed the territory dissolved on June 6,1861, several months after the official formation of the Colorado Territory, but only days after the arrival of its first governor. For the period before Colorado Territory was formed, see the lists of Governors of New Mexico Territory, Utah Territory, Kansas Territory, the State of Colorado was admitted to the Union on August 1,1876. To serve as governor, one must be at least 30 years old, be a citizen of the United States, and have been a resident of the state for at least two years prior to election. The state constitution of 1876 originally called for election of the governor two years, with their term beginning on the second Tuesday of the January following the election. An amendment passed in 1956, taking effect in 1959, increased terms to four years, originally, there was no term limit applied to the governor, a 1990 amendment allowed governors to succeed themselves only once. There is however no limit on the number of terms one may serve as long as one who has served the two term limit is out of office for four years. Should the office of governor become vacant, the lieutenant governor becomes governor, the lieutenant governor was elected separately from the governor until a 1968 amendment to the constitution made it so that they are elected on the same ticket. There are four living former governors of Colorado, the oldest being Roy Romer, the most recent death of a former governor was that of John David Vanderhoof, who died on September 19,2013
39.
John Arthur Love
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John Arthur Love was a United States attorney and Republican politician who served as the 36th Governor of the State of Colorado from 1963 to 1973. John Arthur Love was born on a farm near Gibson City, Illinois, at age five, John Love moved with his family to Colorado Springs, Colorado. Love received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Denver in 1938, Love served as a U. S. Navy pilot in World War II for which he was twice awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross. Love started a law practice in Colorado Springs after the war, John Love married Ann Daniels in 1942 and the couple had three children, Dan, Andrew and Rebecca. Rebecca grew up to serve as a justice of the Colorado Supreme Court from 1995 to 2006, Andrew Love served 37 years in the US AirForce and retired in 2004 as a Major General. In 1962, Love defeated incumbent Colorado Governor Stephen L. R, in 1973, John Love resigned the governorship to become the nations first Director of the Office of Energy Policy in the administration of U. S. President Richard M. Nixon. Lieutenant Governor John David Vanderhoof assumed the office of Governor upon Governor Loves resignation, Love resigned as Director after five months due to the political turmoil in the final days of the Nixon Administration. Love died in Colorado on January 21,2002, at the age of 85, History of Colorado Law and government of Colorado Energy Czar List of Governors of Colorado State of Colorado Lamm, Richard D. and Duane A. Smith. Pioneers and Politicians,10 Colorado Governors in Profile, Denver Public Library Western History Collection. Interview / Oral History by Jean Smith and Elaine Walsh,1975, interview / Oral History by David McComb,1974. Interview / Oral History by Barbara Levin and Governor Richard Lamm,1975, walker, Donald L. John A. Love, The Story of Colorados Thirty-Sixth Governor. University of Colorado at Denver,2000, the Governors of Colorado The Governor John Arthur Love Collection at the Colorado State Archives Guide to the John Love Papers at the University of Denver Retrieved 2014-09-26
40.
Governor of Connecticut
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The Governor of Connecticut is the elected head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The current governor is Dan Malloy, who took office on January 5,2011, Connecticut is among the few U. S. states that includes its colonial governors of Connecticut Colony in an unbroken list of chief executives spanning over 350 years to the present day. John Haynes became the first governor in 1639, the first incumbent after the Revolution, Jonathan Trumbull, is therefore numbered the sixteenth governor of Connecticut. For the period before independence, see the list of governors of Connecticut. Connecticut was one of the original Thirteen Colonies and was admitted as a state on January 9,1788, before it declared its independence, Connecticut was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain. Like most early states, Connecticut had claims to western areas and it maintained its Western Reserve until 1800, at which time it was reassigned to the Northwest Territory. There have been 68 governors of the state, serving 72 distinct spans in office, the longest terms in office were in the states early years, when four governors were elected to nine or more one-year terms. The shortest term was that of Hiram Bingham III, who served one day before resigning to take an elected seat in the U. S. Senate. Lowell P. Weicker, Jr. is noted for a third party win in American politics. The Governor of Connecticut is the head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The governor has a duty to enforce laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Connecticut General Assembly. Unusual among U. S. governors, the Governor of Connecticut has no power to pardon, the Governor of Connecticut is automatically a member of the states Bonding Commission. He is a member of the Board of Trustees of the University of Connecticut. The current Constitution of Connecticut, ratified in 1965, calls for a term for the governor. The previous constitution of 1818 originally had only a term for governor. The 1875 amendment also set the date of the term to its current date, before then. The constitution provides for the election of a lieutenant governor for the term as the governor. The two offices are elected on the ticket, this provision was added in 1962
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John N. Dempsey
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John Noel Dempsey, was an American politician, born in Ireland, who was the 81st Governor of Connecticut. He was a Democrat, and began his career at the age of 21 serving on the Putnam City Council. He later served as mayor of Putnam, before being elected to Governor of Connecticut, Dempsey was born in Cahir, County Tipperary, Ireland. He was the son of a career British Army officer. In 1925, the moved to Putnam, Connecticut, in the northeastern corner of the state. He worked there in the industry and then in the Town Hall. While living in Putnam, Dempsey was the Soccer Coach at the Pomfret School in Pomfret and he was married to Mary Frey and they had three sons and a daughter. In 1936, at the age of 21, Dempsey was elected to the Putnam City Council and he was elected to the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1949, but managed to divide his time between state and local affairs. He served in the General Assembly until 1955, when he became secretary of governor Abraham A. Ribicoff. Dempsey was the 74th Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut during Ribicoffs last term as governor, when Ribicoff resigned as Governor of Connecticut to become a member of President John F. Kennedys Cabinet. Dempsey succeeded him becoming the first person to hold this position since the colonial period who had been born in Europe. He also began a 30-year period in which the former Puritan colony had only Catholic governors in office, in 1969, leaders of both parties introduced the Legislative Management Act to establish support staff and control the operating budget of the Assembly. Both houses voted unanimously to override his veto, and the General Assembly emerged as a branch of government. He was an ally of party chairman John M. Bailey and he chose not to run for re-election in 1970 and was succeeded by Republican Thomas J. Meskill. After leaving office, Dempsey became the President of the Indian Trails Council of the Boy Scouts of America, the University of Connecticut Health Center in Farmington, Connecticut is known as John Dempsey Hospital. He was treated for lung cancer there himself in the last month of his life and he died in his home, on July 16,1989 at Killingly Center, Windham County, Connecticut. He is interred at Saint Mary Cemetery, Putnam, Windham County, new York Times, Former Gov. John Dempsey,74, Led Connecticut During the 60s John N. Dempsey at Find a Grave Connecticut State Library National Governors Association
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Governor of Delaware
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The Governor of Delaware is the head of the executive branch of Delawares state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. There have been 70 people who have served as governor, over 73 distinct terms, additionally, Henry Molleston was elected, but died before he could take office. The shortest term is that of Dale E. Wolf, who served 18 days following his predecessors resignation, the current governor is John Carney, who took office on January 17,2017. For the period before independence, see the List of colonial governors of Pennsylvania, between 1681 and 1776, Delaware was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain, administered by colonial governors in Pennsylvania as the Lower Counties on Delaware. In 1776, soon after Delaware and the other Thirteen Colonies declared independence from Britain and it created the office of President of Delaware, a chief executive to be chosen by the legislature to serve a term of three years. The term was lengthened to four years by the 1831 constitution, the current constitution of 1897 allows governors to serve two terms. The 1776 constitution stated that if the presidency were vacant, the speaker of the council would be a vice-president. The offices of governor and lieutenant governor are elected at the same time, two have served as President of Pennsylvania. Four resigned to take other offices, three in the U. S. Congress and one to be President of Pennsylvania, all representatives and senators listed represented Delaware except where noted. As of January 2017, there are six former U. S. governors who are living at this time. The most recent death of a former U. S. governor of Delaware was that of David Buckson, the most recently serving U. S. governor of Delaware to die was Sherman W. Tribbitt, who died on August 14,2010. Delaware gubernatorial elections General Constitutions Specific Office of the Governor of Delaware
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Charles L. Terry, Jr.
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Charles Layman Charlie Terry Jr. was an American lawyer and politician from Dover, in Kent County, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic Party and served as Chief Justice of the Delaware Supreme Court as well as Governor of Delaware, Terry was born at Camden, Delaware, son of Charles Layman Sr. and Elizabeth Maxon Terry. He attended Wesley College and the University of Virginia, receiving his Law degree from Washington, at Virginia, Terry was initiated into the Psi Chapter of the Phi Sigma Kappa Fraternity. Terry married Jessica Irby and had one child, Charles III and they were members of Christ Episcopal Church in Dover. Terry was admitted to the Delaware Bar in 1924 and practiced in Dover, serving as attorney for the Kent County Levy Court, in 1936, he was appointed Delaware Secretary of State. He then served as Associate Justice of the Delaware Superior Court from December 7,1938 until April 29,1957 and, as President Judge from that date, until July 23,1962. He was then appointed Associate Justice of the Delaware Supreme Court and in May 1963 became its Chief Justice, henry R. Terry had political ambitions and with the support of the incumbent governor, Elbert N. Carvel, resigned as Chief Justice. He was elected as Governor of Delaware in 1964, defeating Republican David P. Buckson, a former acting Governor. ”In particular, the practice of paying fees to these based on the number of cases was ended. A second change occurred with the purchase of Woodburn, the official Governors House, Governor Terry and his family were the first occupants. Terry’s other major initiative was the founding of the Delaware Technical and Community College, the former judge was proving to be a very effective governor, as deft, charming, and authoritative as appropriate. But Delaware could not escape the key issues of the 1960s, in the Delaware General Assembly there were lengthy debates about equal housing, but no significant legislation could be agreed upon. In the streets of Wilmington a few nights of shootings in 1967 resulted in a curfew, Terry went to the Delaware General Assembly and demanded and received the authority to declare a state of emergency with crowd control powers. He immediately put the emergency into effect and although the violence was ended in a week, then, a year later, real problems came with murder of Martin Luther King Jr. on April 4,1968. A few days later Wilmington exploded in two days of rioting, looting and burning. Terry again responded with a declaration and sent the National Guard in to assist the city police. A week later, when the situation seemed under control, the mayor lifted the curfew, believing there was more violence to come, Terry refused. It was not until Terry left office, eight months later, while all this was simmering, students at Delaware State College in Dover shouted down Terry during a speech and briefly occupied the administration building. Terry responded by closing down the school for a month, Terry had become known by some as “The Great Divider. ”Terry was not without considerable support for his notable accomplishments and for the way he handled the violence in Wilmington
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Governor of Florida
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The Governor of Florida is the head of the executive branch of Floridas state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. When Florida was first acquired by the United States, future president Andrew Jackson served as its military governor, Florida Territory was established in 1822, and five people served as governor over six distinct terms. The first territorial governor, William Pope Duval, served 12 years, since statehood in 1845 there have been 43 people who have served as governor, one of whom served two distinct terms. Three state governors have served two full terms, William D. Bloxham, in two stints, and Reubin Askew and Jeb Bush, who each served their terms consecutively. Bob Graham almost served two terms, as he resigned only three days left. The shortest term in office belongs to Wayne Mixson, who served three days following the resignation of his predecessor, Bob Graham, the current governor is Rick Scott, who took office on January 4,2011, following the 2010 election. He was re-elected in 2014, and his term began on January 6,2015. For a list of governors of Florida before it became a United States territory, spanish Florida was acquired from Spain in the Adams–Onís Treaty, which took effect July 10,1821. Florida Territory was organized on March 30,1822, combining East and West Florida, the State of Florida was admitted to the Union on March 3,1845. Following the end of the American Civil War, it was part of the Third Military District, Florida was readmitted to the Union on June 25,1868. The Florida Constitution of 1838 provided that a governor be elected four years. The secessionist constitution of 1861 would have reduced this to two years and removed the limit, but the state fell to the Union before the first election under that constitution. The rejected constitution of 1865 and the constitution of 1868 maintained the four-year term, though without the earlier term limit. The start of a term was set in 1885 at the first Tuesday after the first Monday in the January following the election, originally, the president of the state senate acted as governor should that office be vacant. The 1865 and 1868 constitutions created the office of lieutenant governor and this office was abolished in 1885, with the president of the senate again taking on that duty. The 1968 constitution recreated the office of lieutenant governor, who now becomes governor in the absence of the governor, the governor and lieutenant governor are elected on the same ticket. Florida was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only candidates from the Democratic and it elected three Republican governors following Reconstruction, but after the Democratic Party re-established control,90 years passed before voters chose another Republican. Fifteen of Floridas governors have served in offices, including one President of the United States
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W. Haydon Burns
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William Haydon Burns was the 35th Governor of Florida from 1965 to 1967. He was also Mayor of the city of Jacksonville, Florida from 1949 to 1965, born in Chicago, Illinois, Haydon Burns family moved to Jacksonville in 1922, where he attended Andrew Jackson High School before going on to attend Babson College in Massachusetts. Before the outbreak of World War II he was an appliance salesman, during the war, he joined the U. S. Navy and was posted as a technical officer in the office of the Secretary of the Navy. Following the war, he returned to Jacksonville and began a public relations and business consulting firm, in 1949 Burns announced his intention to run for Mayor of Jacksonville against incumbent C. On June 21,1949, Burns defeated Ashley to become the mayor of Jacksonville, Burns first term was an abbreviated two-year stint, he was thereafter re-elected four times, the longest consecutive stint of any mayor in the citys history. During his time in the office, he oversaw massive growth in Jacksonville. He promoted the city around the world in an attempt to lure international investments and he commissioned the production of a slide show called The Jacksonville Story. Hundreds of audiences around the world saw it, the American National Exhibit showed a film version in the Soviet Union. Burns personally made presentations at The Hague and in Israel and he made The Jacksonville Story known from coast to coast, and so was Jacksonvilles mayor. He was elected president of the U. S, conference of Mayors, president of the Florida League of Municipalities, and delegate to the International Congress of Municipalities. While mayor, he won tax breaks for companies and Prudential Insurance relocated from New Jersey to a skyscraper in Jacksonville. Other insurance companies followed, and Jacksonville became known as the capital of the South. A new courthouse and City Hall were built on the site of wharves. Jacksonville Memorial Coliseum and Sam W. Wolfson Baseball Park made the city thoroughly modern, the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, today CSX, moved from Wilmington, North Carolina, to the Jacksonville riverfront. The worlds largest Sears Roebuck store opened on what once was skid row, a modern expressway system took shape and the city got the Jacksonville Suns baseball franchise and a hockey team. The city faced many problems during Burns term, racial violence ignited on August 27,1960, during a protest to integrate downtown lunch counters in the Hemming Park shopping area. Segregationists responded by attacking the protesters with baseball bats and ax handles, Burns tried to blame the shameful incident on visitors but the police chief attributed the attacks to locals. The citys police department was ridden with scandal and multiple grand jury indictments were handed down on public officials all around him, one of his final acts as mayor was his handling of the Hotel Roosevelt fire in downtown
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