1.
Formula One
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Formula One is the highest class of single-seat auto racing that is sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile. The FIA Formula One World Championship has been the form of racing since the inaugural season in 1950. The formula, designated in the name, refers to a set of rules, the F1 season consists of a series of races, known as Grands Prix, held worldwide on purpose-built F1 circuits and public roads. The results of each race are evaluated using a system to determine two annual World Championships, one for drivers, one for constructors. The racing drivers are required to be holders of valid Super Licences, the races are required to be held on tracks graded 1, the highest grade a track can receive by the FIA. Most events are held in locations on purpose-built tracks, but there are several events in city centres throughout the world. Formula One cars are the fastest road racing cars in the world. Formula One cars race at speeds of up to approximately 375 km/h with engines currently limited in performance to a maximum of 15,000 RPM, the cars are capable of lateral acceleration in excess of five g in corners. The performance of the cars is very dependent on electronics – although traction control and other driving aids have been banned since 2008 – and on aerodynamics, suspension, the formula has radically evolved and changed through the history of the sport. F1 had a global television audience of 425 million people during the course of the 2014 season. Grand Prix racing began in 1906 and became the most popular internationally in the second half of the twentieth century. The Formula One Group is the holder of the commercial rights. Its high profile and popularity have created a major merchandising environment, since 2000 the sports spiraling expenditures and the distribution of prize money favoring established top teams have forced complaints from smaller teams and led several teams to bankruptcy. On 23 January 2017 it was confirmed that Liberty Media had completed its $8 billion acquisition of Delta Topco, the Formula One series originated with the European Grand Prix Motor Racing of the 1920s and 1930s. The formula is a set of rules that all cars must meet. Formula One was a new formula agreed upon after World War II during 1946, the first world championship race was held at Silverstone, United Kingdom in 1950. A championship for constructors followed in 1958, national championships existed in South Africa and the UK in the 1960s and 1970s. Non-championship Formula One events were held for years, but due to the increasing cost of competition
2.
Jackie Stewart
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Sir John Young Jackie Stewart, OBE is a British former Formula One racing driver from Scotland. Nicknamed the Flying Scot, he competed in Formula One between 1965 and 1973, winning three World Drivers Championships, and twice runner-up, over nine seasons. In the United States, he worked as a commentator on television broadcasts at the Indianapolis 500, Daytona 500. He has also been a spokesman for Ford, Rolex and Moët, between 1997 and 1999, in partnership with his son, Paul, he was team principal of the Stewart Grand Prix Formula One racing team. Stewart was born in Milton, West Dunbartonshire, Scotland, a village 15 miles west of Glasgow, Stewarts family were Austin, later Jaguar, car dealers and had built up a successful business. Jackie attended Hartfield primary school in the town of Dumbarton. Stewart was unable to continue his education past the age of 16. He was not actually diagnosed with dyslexia until 1980, when his oldest son Mark was diagnosed with the condition. He has said, When youve got dyslexia and you find something youre good at, you put more into it than anyone else, you cant think the way of the clever folk, so youre always thinking out of the box. At the age of 13 he had won a clay pigeon shooting competition and then went on to become a member of the Scottish shooting team, competing in the United Kingdom. He won the British, Irish, Welsh and Scottish skeet shooting championships and he competed for a place in the British trap shooting team for the 1960 Summer Olympics, but finished third behind Joseph Wheater and Brett Huthart. He took up an offer from Barry Filer, a customer of his family business, for 1961, Filer provided a Marcos, in which Stewart scored four wins, and competed once in Filers Aston DB4GT. In 1962, to if he was ready to become a professional driver, tested a Jaguar E-type at Oulton Park. He won two races, his first in England, in the E-type, and David Murray of Ecurie Ecosse offered him a ride in the Tojeiro EE Mk2, then their Cooper T49, in which he won at Goodwood. For 1963, he earned fourteen wins, a second, in 1964, he again signed with Ecurie Ecosse. Jackie came down for the test at Goodwood, taking over a new, soon Stewart was bettering McLarens times, causing McLaren to return to the track for some quicker laps. Again, Stewart was quicker, and Tyrrell offered Stewart a spot on the team, in 1964 he drove in Formula Three for Tyrrell. His debut, in the wet at Snetterton on 15 March, was dominant, within days, he was offered a Formula One ride with Cooper, but declined, preferring to gain experience under Tyrrell, he failed to win just two races in becoming F3 champion
3.
Equipe Matra Sports
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In 1979 the sports division was taken over by Peugeot and renamed as Automobiles Talbot. In the mid-1960s, Matra enjoyed considerable success in Formula 3 and F2 racing, particularly with the MS5 monocoque-based car, winning the French, in the race, he failed to finish due to a broken suspension. Matra entered Formula One in 1968 when Jackie Stewart was a serious contender, the F1 team was established at Vélizy-Villacoublay in the southwestern suburbs of Paris, France. The cars most innovative feature was the use of aviation-inspired structural fuel tanks and these allowed the chassis to be around 15 kg lighter, while still being stronger than its competitors. The FIA considered the technology to be unsafe and decided to ban it for 1970, Matra CEO Jean-Luc Lagardère made a strategic decision for the 1969 championship, the Matra works team would not compete in Formula One. Matra would instead focus its efforts on Ken Tyrrells team and build a new DFV powered car with fuel tanks. The decision was more radical given that Matra was seeking a partnership with Simca. Stewart won the 1969 title easily with the new Cosworth-powered Matra MS80, which was designed by Gérard Ducarouge and Bernard Boyer and it was a spectacular achievement from a constructor that had only entered Formula One the previous year. France became only the country to have produced a winning constructor. Like Cosworth, Lotus and McLaren, Matra experimented with four wheel drive during the 1969 season, johnny Servoz-Gavin became the one and only driver to score a point with a 4WD car, finishing sixth with the Matra MS84 at the Canadian Grand Prix. The MS84, along with Brabhams BT26A, was one of the last spaceframe cars to compete in Formula One, for 1970 following the agreement with Simca, Matra asked Tyrrell to use their V12 engine rather than the Cosworth. Matra V12 engines powered the Shadow DN7 car in two races of 1975 and then the Ligier Formula 1 team from 1976–1978, and again from 1981-1982, the firm was also successful in endurance racing with cars powered by the V12 engine. The sportscar team was based at first at Vélizy-Villacoublay and then moved to Le Castellet, near Marseille, the Matra MS670 won the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1972,1973, and 1974. It also delivered the World Championship for Makes to Matra in both 1973 and 1974. matrasport. dk/ http, //www. epaf. fr Restoration & rebuild of Matra competition cars
4.
Ford Motor Company
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The Ford Motor Company is an American multinational automaker headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16,1903, the company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand. Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer, Troller, and Australian performance car manufacturer FPV, in the past, it has also produced tractors and automotive components. Ford owns an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom, and it also has a number of joint-ventures, one in China, one in Taiwan, one in Thailand, one in Turkey, and one in Russia. It is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family, Fords former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover, acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively, were sold to Tata Motors in March 2008. Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010, in 2011, Ford discontinued the Mercury brand, under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States, Canada, Mexico, and the Middle East since 1938. During the financial crisis at the beginning of the 21st century, it was close to bankruptcy, Ford is the second-largest U. S. -based automaker and the fifth-largest in the world based on 2015 vehicle production. At the end of 2010, Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe, Ford is the eighth-ranked overall American-based company in the 2010 Fortune 500 list, based on global revenues in 2009 of $118.3 billion. In 2008, Ford produced 5.532 million automobiles and employed about 213,000 employees at around 90 plants, the company went public in 1956 but the Ford family, through special Class B shares, still retain 40 percent voting rights. The Ford Motor Company was launched in a factory in 1903 with $28,000 in cash from twelve investors, most notably John. During its early years, the company produced just a few cars a day at its factory on Mack Avenue and later its factory on Piquette Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. Groups of two or three men worked on car, assembling it from parts made mostly by supplier companies contracting for Ford. Henry Ford was 39 years old when he founded the Ford Motor Company and it has been in continuous family control for over 100 years and is one of the largest family-controlled companies in the world. The first gasoline powered automobile had been created in 1885 by the German inventor Carl Benz, between 1903 and 1908, Ford produced the Models A, B, C, F, K, N, R, and S. Hundreds or a few thousand of most of these were sold per year, in 1908, Ford introduced the mass-produced Model T, which totalled millions sold over nearly 20 years. In 1927, Ford replaced the T with the Model A, Ford launched the first low-priced car with a V8 engine in 1932. In an attempt to compete with General Motors mid-priced Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Henry Ford purchased the Lincoln Motor Company in 1922, in order to compete with such brands as Cadillac and Packard for the luxury segment of the automobile market. The creation of a laboratory in Dearborn, Michigan in 1951, doing unfettered basic research
5.
1968 Formula One season
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The 1968 Formula One season was the 22nd season of the FIAs Formula One motor racing. If featured the 19th FIA World Championship, which commenced on 1 January 1968, and ended on 3 November after twelve races, and numerous non-championship races. Although they had failed to win the title in 1967, by the end of the season the Lotus 49, for 1968 Lotus lost its exclusive right to use the DFV. Unsurprisingly the season-opening 1968 South African Grand Prix confirmed Lotus superiority, with Jim Clark and it would be Clarks last win. On 7 April 1968 Clark, one of the most successful, the season saw two significant innovations. The first was the arrival of unrestricted sponsorship, which the FIA decided to permit that year after the withdrawal of support from automobile related firms like BP, Shell and Firestone. In May the Lotus Formula One team appeared at Jarama in the Red, Gold, the second innovation was the introduction of wings as seen previously on various cars including the Chaparral 2F sports car. Colin Chapman introduced modest front wings and a spoiler on Graham Hills Lotus 49B at Monaco, Brabham and Ferrari went one better at the Belgian Grand Prix with full width wings mounted on struts high above the driver. Lotus replied with a full width wing directly connected to the suspension that required a redesign of suspension wishbones. Matra then produced a high mounted front wing connected to the front suspension and this last innovation was mostly used during practice as it required a lot of effort from the driver. By the end of the season most teams were using sophisticated wings, despite the death of Jim Clark, Lotus won both titles in 1968 with Graham Hill, but Stewart was a serious contender, winning several Grands Prix in the Tyrrell-run Matra MS10. The cars most innovative feature was the use of aviation-inspired structural fuel tanks and these allowed the chassis to be around 15 kg lighter, while still being stronger than its competitors. The FIA considered the technology to be unsafe and decided to ban it for 1970, safety became a major issue in Formula One. McLaren fielded a pair of Cosworth powered M7s for reigning Formula One World Champion Denny Hulme, McLaren won the non-championship Brands Hatch Race of Champions, then the Belgian Grand Prix was the scene of the teams first Championship win. In doing so, McLaren became only the driver to win a race in a car manufactured by his own team – Jack Brabham having done it in 1966. Hulme won the Italian Grand Prix and Canadian Grand Prix later in the year, Repco produced a more powerful version of their V8 to maintain competitiveness against Fords new Cosworth DFV, but it proved very unreliable. The Brabhams were fast — Rindt set pole position twice during the season — but Brabham,1968 turned out to be a turning point in the history of Formula One, in terms of technicalities and safety. It was the last year all the races were run on tracks with almost no safety modifications
6.
1970 Formula One season
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The 1970 Formula One season was the 24th season of the FIAs Formula One motor racing. It featured the 21st World Championship of Drivers and the 13th International Cup for F1 Manufacturers, thirteen races were held between 7 March 1970 and 25 October 1970, with the Championship won by Jochen Rindt and the constructors title by Lotus. Rindt died four races before the end of the season, but had earned enough World Championship points such that no other driver managed to surpass his total by the end of the season. It is the season to date in which the World Championship title has been awarded posthumously. Jacky Ickx driving for Ferrari finished the season strongly, but a 4th-place finish in the penultimate round ensured that Rindts title lead would stand, in the end, all of Rindts points came from his five wins. The following teams and drivers competed in the 1970 World Championship, for the 1970 Formula One season, following an agreement with Simca, Tyrrell were asked by Matra to use their V12 rather than the Cosworth. Stewart tested the Matra V12 and found it inferior to the DFV, the new wedge-shaped Lotus 72 had very innovative car design, featuring torsion bar suspension, hip-mounted radiators, inboard front brakes and an overhanging rear wing. The 72 originally had suspension problems, but when dive and squat were designed out of the suspension the car showed its superiority. Lotus new leader, the Austrian Jochen Rindt, dominated the championship until he was killed at Monza when he crashed into some poorly installed crash barriers right before the Parabolica corner and he took the 1970 title posthumously for Lotus. Jacky Ickx won the Austrian, Canadian and Mexican Grands Prix to come second in the Drivers Championship, had he won the United States Grand Prix instead of Brazilian newcomer Emerson Fittipaldi, Ickx would have been crowned champion. The 1970 season was one of the most tragic in Formula One history,1970 saw the introduction of slick tyres by Goodyear. After a Formula One career that began at the 1955 British Grand Prix, the first round was the South Africa Grand Prix held at the Kyalami circuit between Johannesburg and Pretoria. Jack Brabham won the race in a Brabham BT33, the Spanish Grand Prix took place on the Jarama circuit. The defending champion Jackie Stewart won in a March 701, the Monaco Grand Prix ended in a close finish. At the last corner of the last lap, Jack Brabham skidded off the track, allowing Austrian Jochen Rindt in a Lotus 49 to pass and win the race. Formula One had recently lost one of its top drivers, Bruce McLaren had been killed testing a Can-Am car at the Goodwood circuit in southern England, a chicane had also been inserted at the incredibly fast Malmedy corner to reduce speeds onto the Masta straight. Stewart took pole, followed by New Zealander Chris Amon and Rindt, Rindt took the lead going into Eau Rouge, and once the cars came back around towards La Source, Amon was leading. Then, Stewart took the lead, but then retired his March-Ford/Cosworth with engine problems.1 seconds, Frenchman Jean-Pierre Beltoise took the final podium spot, followed by home favorite Jacky Ickx in a Ferrari
7.
McLaren M7A
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The McLaren M7A and its M7B, M7C and M7D variants were Formula One racing cars, built by McLaren and used in the world championship between 1968 and 1971. After two relatively unsuccessful years of Formula One competition, the M7A was used to score McLarens first win at the 1968 Belgian Grand Prix. Designed by Robin Herd and Gordon Coppuck, the M7A was the first McLaren to be powered by the Cosworth DFV engine, the M7B had outboard fuel tanks and the M7C a modified chassis, whilst the M7D was powered by an Alfa-Romeo engine. The M7A made its Grand Prix debut at the race of the 1968 world championship. After its victory in Belgium, it took two wins that year, helping to place McLaren second in the constructors championship. Since 1966, McLaren and his team had been building and racing their own Formula One cars and their first two seasons had been relatively unsuccessful, with six points scored and a best result of fourth. The lack of an engine caused problems, the 1966 M2B cars Ford. In 1967 Cosworth debuted their DFV engine which was supplied exclusively to the Lotus team and it was immediately successful, winning its first race, and for 1968 it became available for purchase by any manufacturer. McLaren bought five DFV engines at a cost of 7,500 pounds sterling each, designer Robin Herd was recruited to the team in 1965 before which he had been an aerospace engineer at the National Gas Turbine Establishment where he worked on the Concorde project. His assistant Gordon Coppuck was another ex-NGTE employee, Herd began the design of the M7A towards the end of 1967 but left to join Cosworth before its completion, leaving Coppuck and Bruce McLaren to complete the work. The M7A was an open-wheeled single-seater with an engine driving the rear wheels. The chassis was a monocoque made from 22-gauge aluminium alloy and 20-gauge magnesium alloy panels glued and riveted together. The monocoque terminated behind the seat and the engine was used as a stressed part of the chassis. The gearbox was attached behind the engine, and the rear suspension – consisting of lateral top links, twin radius arms and reversed wishbones– attached to the gearbox. The front suspension – upper and lower links and radius arms –. Coilover springs and Koni dampers mounted outside of the body were employed front, the outer bodywork was mostly formed by the monocoque, except for the nose and cockpit which were covered by glass-reinforced plastic panels, the engine sometimes also had a GRP cover. The wheelbase was 94 inches, the front track 58 inches, McLarens own magnesium alloy wheels were used, they were 15-inch diameter at the rear and 15- or sometimes 13-inch diameter at the front. Fuel was stored in tanks running down the side of the chassis, above the legs and behind their seat
8.
Donington Grand Prix Exhibition
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With five halls and over 130 exhibits, the Donington Grand Prix Exhibition comprises the largest exhibition of Grand Prix cars in the world. The collection contains vehicles from many forms of open-wheel, single-seater racing, the museum was formed by the late Tom Wheatcroft in March 1973 and is based on Wheatcrofts personal collection of vehicles. These include some that Wheatcrofts own motor racing team ran for drivers such as Roger Williamson and Derek Bell, various external collections of automobilia and motor racing ephemera have been donated to the museum over the years. The collection also has examples of four different four-wheel drive Formula One cars, another star exhibit is the Lotus 18 with which Stirling Moss won the 1961 Monaco Grand Prix, along with Jim Clarks World Championship-winning Lotus 25. Noticeable, however, is the lack of Ferrari vehicles,3 in all. First being a Ferrari 312 driven by Chris Amon, second a 312B and thirdly, a Ferrari F2000, conversely, the 1998 Jordan 198, the most successful in Jordans history, also figures. Another interesting exhibit is an Auto Union, built from pre-war plans following the destruction by Allied bombing during World War II. Wheatcroft has also supplemented the racing car collection with some additional notable cars, in addition to exhibits, the Donington Grand Prix Exhibition also incorporates a conference suite and gift shop. The Donington Grand Prix Exhibition was closed briefly in late 2009 in the wake of the death of Tom Wheatcroft and it reopened in January 2010, along with the cafe and race control offices. The museum sold the Jim Clark Lotus 25 c.2008 to a private collector. Although it is no longer on display, it has given the car the chance to be raced on track by Damon Hill. Several other Formula 1 cars have also disappeared from the museum including Jackie Stewarts 1973 championship winning Tyrrell, Lotus 72 and these cars may have been sold in order to solve Doningtons financial problems when it enlarged the circuit and attempted to host the 2012 British Grand Prix. The Donington Collection is home to the largest exhibition of McLaren vehicles, conversely, its lacklustre predecessor, the Steve Nichols designed MP4/3 TAG Porsche twin-turbo stands alongside it in a diachronic exhibition of Mclaren creations. In addition, rarities such as a Häkkinens MP4/13 in test livery, an M14A driven by Denny Hulme and an MP4/2, the car that took Alain Prost to his first World Drivers Championship in 1985. Alongside these lie helmets of great drivers who drove for the Woking based outfit over the years such as Senna, Prost, Lauda, Häkkinen, Berger, Grand Prix Museum, Macau The Donington Collections Website. Accessed, 20-03-2015 The Donington Grand Prix Exhibition, accessed, 28-11-2009 Donington Grand Prix Collection. Accessed,29 August 2013 The Donington Grand Prix Collection, accessed, 24-04-2009 Donington Collections — by Donington Park Collections official website
9.
Ken Tyrrell
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Robert Kenneth Ken Tyrrell was a British Formula Two racing driver and the founder of the Tyrrell Formula One constructor. Born in East Horsley, Surrey, Tyrrell served in the Royal Air Force during World War II, after the war he became a timber merchant, as a result, he was sometimes known as Chopper. In 1952, at 28, he began racing a Norton-powered Cooper in 500 cc Formula 3, in 1958, he advanced to Formula Two in a Cooper-Climax, joining Cecil Libowitz and Alan Brown. He achieved a number of good placings and the occasional win, by 1961, he was also managing the Mini Coopers, as well as deputising for an injured John Cooper in Formula One. Tyrrell was responsible for discovering Jackie Stewart, whom he had race for his FJr team, along with numerous lesser lights, he also approved Jody Scheckter and motorcycle racing ace John Surtees. He persuaded them a DFV was good insurance against the failure of their own V12, Stewart helped put the new team second in the Constructors Championship for 1968. The success led to Matras Gérard Ducarouge and Bernard Boyer creating the DFV-powered Matra MS80 for 1969, piloted by Jean-Pierre Beltoise and Stewart, who won his first World Drivers Championship. Yet Matra insisted on focusing on their V12, leading Tyrrell to secretly employ Derek Gardner and it was quick, if a trifle unreliable, and spawned the much better Tyrrell 003 for 1971. This, in the hands of Stewart and new-hire François Cevert, took eight wins during 1971 and 1972, for 1972, Gardner tried inboard brakes on the 005 but proved unable to work out their problems. During his early years in F1, Uncle Ken, as he was often known, the 006, with its tall airbox, appeared in 1973 and was better than the 005. However, Tyrrell was profoundly affected by the death of Cevert in practice for the 1973 US Grand Prix, leading to Stewart announcing his retirement, the World Championship already his. With the death of Cevert and the leaving of Stewart, Tyrrell in 1974 hired Scheckter and Patrick Depailler, and Gardner gave them the less-twitchy 007. It was good enough for Scheckter to place third in the World Championship, still, Tyrrell found the time to introduce new concepts for F1. In 1976, the Tyrrell team created the six-wheeled P34, with four front wheels, in the early 1980s, Tyrrells fortunes declined to the point where he had to run his team without sponsorship. Tyrrell still retained his eye for talent, bringing Michele Alboreto, Stefan Bellof and Martin Brundle to F1, without the proper funding, Tyrrell was the only entrant with the Cosworth DFV at a time when all other teams had switched to turbocharged engines. Alboreto scored the engines last win in 1983, but in 1984 the team was excluded from the championship after being found to have run underweight cars before adding ballast during pit stops. Tyrrell denied this and felt his team was being singled out for refusing to run more expensive turbos, in the early 1990s Tyrrell relinquished much of the companys control to his sons and to Harvey Postlethwaite, who was the first to introduce the high-nose concept in the 1990 Tyrrell. Jean Alesi scored two-second places in the car, and the led an lap for the last time
10.
Matra MS80
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The Matra MS80 was the fourth Formula One car produced by Matra. The Ford Cosworth DFV-powered car took Jackie Stewart to the Formula One World Championship title in 1969, the car was built at Matras Formula One base at Vélizy-Villacoublay in the southwestern suburbs of Paris, designed under the direction of Gérard Ducarouge and Bernard Boyer. Apart from Ferrari cars, the Matra MS80 is the only non-British built car to win the Formula One World Constructors Championship, although officially a Matra, it was run by the non-works Matra International team of Ken Tyrrell. The MS80 was one of the first F1 racing cars to be designed with wings for downforce to increase high-speed tyre grip and these were originally introduced into F1 in 1968. Only two MS80s were assembled in 1969, a third monocoque was built but remained un-assembled until the EPAF company made it a car in 2006. In a 2006 issue of Motor Sport magazine, Jackie Stewart referred to the MS80 as the nicest-handling F1 car he had ever driven,1 Includes 9 points scored using a Matra MS10 and 1 point scored using a Matra MS84
11.
Matra MS10
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The Matra MS10 is a Formula One car entered by the Matra International team during the 1968 Formula One season. Following its success in Formula 2, Matra had developed a F1 car intended to be powered by their own V12 engine. However, Ken Tyrrell, who was running the Formula 2 team, was impressed by the Cosworth DFVs performance in the 1967 season, and persuaded Matra to build a car to take this engine. In the end, Matra Sports would run the V12-engined MS11 as a works entry, the cars most innovative feature was the use of aviation-inspired structural fuel tanks. These allowed the chassis to be around 15 kg lighter, while still being stronger than its competitors, the FIA considered the technology to be unsafe and decided to ban it for 1970, insisting on rubber bag-tanks. Jackie Stewart had raced for Tyrrells Formula 2 Matra team and signed to race for them in Formula 1 for 1968, having spent two fruitless years with BRM. However at the first event in 1968, the South African Grand Prix, he raced the interim MS9, but after qualifying an impressive third, he retired due to engine failure. Stewart then injured his wrist in a F2 race at Jarama, so at the Spanish Grand Prix Jean-Pierre Beltoise debuted the car instead, setting the fastest lap and finishing in fifth place. Beltoise then switched to the works MS11 and Johnny Servoz-Gavin raced the car at the Monaco Grand Prix, as the season progressed the team experimented with fitting aerofoil wings to the car. At the 1969 South African Grand Prix the car was raced with two high wings, one over the front and one over the rear suspension. At other races the MS10 was raced with a lower wing, a second car was built and raced by Servoz-Gavin in the latter part of the season. By the end of the year Stewart had won three World Championship races and the non-championship International Gold Cup, and finished third in the World Championship, similarly, Matra International were third in the Constructors Championship. 1 In the 1968 Constructors Championship, Matra-Ford finished 3rd, Matra finished 9th.2 In 1969,9 points were scored using the MS10,1 Stewart qualified for pole in the MS80 but raced in the MS10. ^1 – The MS10 was used in just one race of the 1969 season, before it was replaced by the MS80
12.
France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
13.
Jacky Ickx
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Jacky Ickx was introduced to the sport when he was taken by his father, motoring journalist Jacques Ickx, to races which he covered. Despite this family background, Jacky had limited interest in the sport until his father bought him a 50 cc Zündapp motorcycle, soon afterwards, Ickx won 8 of 13 races at the first season and the European 50 cc trials title. He also competed in car races where he had already significant experience from taking part in the 1000 km races at the Nürburgring. Ickx entered his first Grand Prix at the Nürburgring in 1966, driving a Matra MS5-Cosworth one-litre Formula Two car, however, a first lap collision with John Taylor caused both cars to retire and Taylor later died as a result of burns received in the accident. In 1967, Ickx again drove at the Nurburgring, with an F2 Matra MS7-Cosworth 1. 6-litre, despite the greater power of the Formula One cars, only two F1 drivers qualified with a faster time than Ickx, Denny Hulme and Jim Clark. As Ickx was racing in the separate F2 class, he started the race all of the F1 cars. He was forced to retire after 12 laps with broken front suspension, at Monza in 1967, he made his F1 debut in a Cooper T81B-Maserati, finishing sixth, despite suffering a puncture on the last lap. He also drove for Cooper in the United States Grand Prix at Watkins Glen, in 1968 Ickx drove in Formula 1 for Ferrari. He retired from his first two races, but at his race at Spa-Francorchamps he started from the front row. At the French Grand Prix at Rouen he took his first win, in heavy rain, Ickx also finished third at Brands Hatch and fourth at the Nürburgring after driving almost the entire race in heavy rain without his helmet visor. At Monza he finished the race in third position, in Canada he crashed and broke his left leg during practice, thus did not start and also missed the subsequent United States Grand Prix. He returned in time for the race of the season in Mexico. Ickx scored 27 points in the 1968 Formula One season finishing in place behind Graham Hill, Jackie Stewart. In 1969, Ickx moved to Brabham, partly at the instigation of the John Wyer team for whom hed had considerable success in sports cars. Wyers main sponsor, Gulf Oil were keen to ensure that they retained his services rather than lose him to Ferraris sports car team. In the 1969 Mexican Grand Prix Ickx finished second and ended the year as runner-up in the world championship. He returned to the Ferrari team for the 1970 season, a move he had been considering since the Italian Grand Prix, as in 1969, Ickx had a disappointing start to the 1970 season. On the first lap of the Spanish Grand Prix he collided with the BRM of Jackie Oliver and it took at least 20 seconds for him to leave the burning car and he was hospitalized with severe burns
14.
Brabham
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Motor Racing Developments Ltd. commonly known as Brabham /ˈbræbəm/, was a British racing car manufacturer and Formula One racing team. Founded in 1960 by two Australians, driver Jack Brabham and designer Ron Tauranac, the team won four Drivers, Jack Brabhams 1966 Drivers Championship remains the only such achievement using a car bearing the drivers own name. In the 1960s, Brabham was the worlds largest manufacturer of open wheel racing cars for sale to customer teams, during this period, teams using Brabham cars won championships in Formula Two and Formula Three. Brabham cars also competed in the Indianapolis 500 and in Formula 5000 racing, the team won two more Formula One Drivers Championships in the 1980s with Brazilian Nelson Piquet. He won his first championship in 1981 in the Ground effects BT49-Ford, in 1983 the Brabham BT52, driven by Piquet and Italian Riccardo Patrese, was powered by the BMW M12 Straight-4 engine, and powered Brabham to four of the teams 35 Grand Prix victories. British businessman Bernie Ecclestone owned Brabham during most of the 1970s and 1980s, Ecclestone sold the team in 1988. Its last owner was the Middlebridge Group, a Japanese engineering firm, midway through the 1992 season, the team collapsed financially as Middlebridge was unable to make repayments against loans provided by Landhurst Leasing. The case was investigated by the United Kingdom Serious Fraud Office, in 2009, an unsuccessful attempt was made by a German organisation to enter the 2010 Formula One season using the Brabham name. The Brabham team was founded by Jack Brabham and Ron Tauranac, Brabham was the more successful driver and went to the United Kingdom in 1955 to further his racing career. In 1959 and 1960, Brabham won the Formula One World Drivers Championship in Coopers revolutionary mid-engined cars, despite their innovation of putting the engine behind the driver, the Coopers and their Chief Designer Owen Maddock were generally resistant to developing their cars. Brabham pushed for further advances, and played a significant role in developing Coopers highly successful 1960 T53 lowline car, Brabham describes Tauranac as absolutely the only bloke Id have gone into partnership with. Later, Brabham offered a Coventry-Climax FWE-engined version of the Herald, with 83 hp, to meet that aim, Brabham and Tauranac set up Motor Racing Developments Ltd. deliberately avoiding the use of either mans name. Unveiled in the summer of 1961, the MRD was soon renamed, motoring journalist Jabby Crombac pointed out that way a Frenchman pronounces those initials—written phonetically, em air day—sounded perilously like the French word. Gavin Youl achieved a finish at Goodwood and another at Mallory Park in the MRD-Ford. The cars were known as Brabhams, with type numbers starting with BT for Brabham Tauranac. By the 1961 Formula One season, the Lotus and Ferrari teams had developed the approach further than Cooper. The Brabham Racing Organisation started the year fielding a customer Lotus chassis, Brabham took two points finishes in Lotuses, before the turquoise-liveried Brabham BT3 car made its debut at the 1962 German Grand Prix. It retired with a problem after 9 of the 15 laps
15.
1969 German Grand Prix
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The 1969 German Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Nürburgring on 3 August 1969 with Formula Two cars competing by invitation. It was the round of the 1969 World Championship for Drivers. The F2 entrants were not eligible for points in the World Championship, the 14-lap race was won by Brabham driver Jacky Ickx after starting from pole position. Jackie Stewart finished second for the Matra team and McLaren driver Bruce McLaren came in third, gerhard Mitter was killed during a practice session for this race at Schwedenkreuz. He was practicing for BMWs 269 F2 project, as a suspension or steering failure was suspected, the BMW team with Hubert Hahne and Dieter Quester withdrew from the race, as did Mitters teammate at Porsche, Hans Herrmann. Mario Andretti drove the 4WD Lotus 63 for very few laps in practice. The heavy fuel load for the made the car ground out in lap 1 after a jump at Wippermann, causing a crash that also took out Vic Elford, whose car flipped upside down. Elford broke his arm in 3 places, Stewart held on but then gearbox problems began to slow him and he dropped away, leaving Ickx in a dominant position. Piers Courage had an accident at Breidscheid when he slipped on some oil and this was the last Formula One race at the Nürburgring before it was rebuilt and fitted with Armco barriers for the 1971 race. Note, The race was run with both Formula One and Formula Two cars running together, Formula Two entrants are denoted by a pink background. Lap leaders, Jackie Stewart Jacky Ickx Note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings, Only the best 5 results from the first 6 rounds and the best 4 results from the last 5 rounds counted towards the Championship. Numbers without parentheses are Championship points, numbers in parentheses are total points scored
16.
1969 Canadian Grand Prix
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The 1969 Canadian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Mosport Park on September 20,1969. Jacky Ickx led home a Brabham 1-2, in this race, Al Pease became the only driver in F1 history to be black flagged for being too slow. This was the race in which a car with 4 Wheel Drive scored points. Note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings, Only the best 5 results from the first 6 rounds and the best 4 results from the last 5 rounds counted towards the Championship. Numbers without parentheses are Championship points, numbers in parentheses are total points scored
17.
Four-wheel drive in Formula One
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Four-wheel drive has only been tried a handful of times in Formula One. In the World Championship era since 1950, only eight such cars are known to have been built, nevertheless the team persevered and fitted a standard 1. 5-litre Climax 4-cylinder engine, mounted at a slant to make room for the front driveshaft. In addition the driving position was moved slightly off-centre to accommodate the gearbox, the car was first raced in the 1961 British Empire Trophy, where Rob Walker put Jack Fairman in the car, but the start was an inauspicious one as Fairman crashed on lap 2. In the British Grand Prix at Aintree, Fairman drove the car again, the car was disqualified for outside assistance on lap 56. The cars last major F1 race was its moment of motor racing immortality, the P99s final racing action came in the British Hillclimb championship in 1964,1965 and 1966, with Peter Westbury winning the title in 1964. The P99 was later used as the basis for the 4WD Ferguson P104 Novi indycar, in a 1997 interview for Motor Sport magazine, Sir Stirling Moss nominated the P99 as his favourite of all the F1 cars he drove. This was considered high praise from a man who drove the Mercedes W196, Maserati 250F, Vanwall, the P67 was entered for the 1964 British Grand Prix with Richard Attwood driving, but after qualifying last BRM withdrew the car from the race. It was apt, given its designer, that the P67 itself was used extensively in hillclimbs, as the Ferguson P99 had been before it. After some tuning to the Ferguson transmissions torque distribution it proved successful in this field. As a result several solutions were tried, with three leading Cosworth customers and even Cosworth themselves each trying their hand at building 4WD F1 cars. Ironically, while the 1968 season was plagued by wet races, there was hardly a raindrop to be seen in 1969, furthermore, virtually every driver who drove the cars hated the way they handled. Of the four 4WD projects, the Lotus team were undoubtedly the most committed, bonnier retired with an engine problem while Miles finished tenth, some nine laps down. Mario Andretti drove in place of Miles in the race at the Nürburgring. After losing both championships to Jackie Stewarts Matra, Chapman finally decided that it was time to abandon the 4WD car, One 63 chassis is currently on display as part of the Donington Grand Prix Collection, the other is believed to be in Australia. Like the Lotus 63, the MS84 made its first appearance at the Dutch Grand Prix, servoz-Gavin also drove the car at Watkins Glen, finishing 16 laps down and unclassified, and finally in Mexico, crossing the line just two laps down in eighth place. Bruce McLarens team was the last front-running team to produce a 4WD car in 1969, a brand new chassis designed by Jo Marquart and designated the M9A. The car, complete with distinctive tea tray rear wing, was completed in time for Derek Bell to use in the British Grand Prix alongside the standard M7s, where he retired with suspension failure. After McLaren himself tested the car he compared driving it to trying to write your signature with someone constantly jogging your elbow and the car was never raced again
18.
Downforce
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Downforce is a downwards thrust created by the aerodynamic characteristics of a car. The purpose of downforce is to allow a car to travel faster through a corner by increasing the force on the tires. The same principle that allows an airplane to rise off the ground by creating lift from its wings is used in reverse to apply force that presses the race car against the surface of the track. This effect is referred to as aerodynamic grip and is distinguished from mechanical grip, which is a function of the mass, tires. The creation of downforce by passive devices can be achieved only at the cost of increased drag. The aerodynamic setup for a car can vary considerably between race tracks, depending on the length of the straights and the types of corners. Some cars have had rather unstable aerodynamics, such that a change in angle of attack or height of the vehicle can cause large changes in downforce. Two primary components of a car can be used to create downforce when the car is travelling at racing speed, the shape of the body. Most racing formulae have a ban on aerodynamic devices that can be adjusted during a race, in aerodynamics, it is usual to use the top-view projected area of the wing, instead of its frontal area, as a reference surface to define the lift coefficient. This results in different values for F, although the calculated downforce stays the same, the rounded and tapered shape of the top of the car is designed to slice through the air and minimize wind resistance. Detailed pieces of bodywork on top of the car can be added to allow a flow of air to reach the downforce-creating elements. The overall shape of a street car resembles an airplane wing, almost all street cars have aerodynamic lift as a result of this shape. There are many techniques that are used to counterbalance a street car, using this method, the air flowing under the front bumper will be constricted to a lower cross sectional area, and thus achieve a lower pressure. Volume does not affect the air pressure because it is not an enclosed volume, race cars will exemplify this effect by adding a rear diffuser to accelerate air under the car in front of the diffuser, and raise the air pressure behind it to lessen the cars wake. Other aerodynamic components that can be found on the underside to improve downforce and/or reduce drag, include splitters, some cars, such as the DeltaWing, do not have wings, and generate all of their downforce through their body. A larger surface area creates greater downforce and greater drag, the aspect ratio is the width of the airfoil divided by its depth. The aspect ratio formula is written like AR=b squared/s, where AR=aspect ratio, b=spand squared, also, a greater angle of attack of the wing or spoiler, creates more downforce, which puts more pressure on the rear wheels and more drag. The function of the airfoils at the front of the car is twofold and they create downforce that enhances the grip of the front tires, while also optimizing the flow of air to the rest of the car
19.
Bruce McLaren
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Bruce Leslie McLaren was a New Zealand race-car designer, driver, engineer and inventor. Born in Auckland, New Zealand, Bruce McLaren attended Meadowbank Primary School, as a nine-year-old, he was diagnosed with Perthes disease in his hip that left his left leg shorter than the right. Bruce spent all of his free hours hanging around the workshop, les McLaren restored an aging Austin 7 Ulster, which 14-year-old Bruce used in 1952 when he entered his first competition, a hillclimb. Two years later, he took part in his first real race and he moved up from the Austin to a Ford 10 special and an Austin-Healey, then an F2 Cooper-Climax sports. He immediately began to modify and improve — and master — it, McLaren founded McLaren Automotive in 1963. His performance in the New Zealand Grand Prix in 1958 was noticed by Australian driver Jack Brabham, McLaren was the first recipient, to be followed by others later including Denny Hulme. McLaren went to Cooper and stayed seven years and he raced in F2 and was entered in the German Grand Prix at the Nürburgring in which F2 and F1 cars competed together. He astounded the motor racing fraternity by being first F2, and fifth overall, in a field of the best drivers in the world. McLaren joined the Cooper factory F1 team alongside Jack Brabham in 1959 and won the 1959 United States Grand Prix at age 22 years 104 days, becoming the youngest ever GP winner up to that time. He followed that with a win in the Argentine Grand Prix, the first race of the 1960 Formula One season, McLaren won the 1962 Monaco Grand Prix, eventually finishing a fine third in the championship that year. The next year, he founded Bruce McLaren Motor Racing Ltd, McLaren continued to race and win in Coopers. McLaren left Cooper at the end of 1965, and announced his own GP racing team, with co-driver, Amon left in 1967 to drive for Ferrari. In 1968, McLaren was joined by another fellow Kiwi Denny Hulme, McLaren took his fourth career win racing his own McLaren car at Spa in 1968, achieving the teams first Grand Prix win. Hulme won twice in the McLaren-Ford, the 1969 championship was also a success, with McLaren finishing third in the standings despite taking no wins. In tribute to his homeland, McLarens cars featured the speedy Kiwi logo, McLarens design flair and ingenuity were graphically demonstrated in powerful sports car racing. Just as the Can-Am began to very popular with fans in Canada and the U. S. the new McLaren cars finished second twice. In 1967, they won five of six races and in 1968, the following year, McLarens proved unbeatable, winning all 11 races. In two races, they finished 1-2-3, in 1966, McLaren and co-driver Chris Amon won the prestigious 24 Hour Race at Le Mans in a Ford GT40
20.
Belgian Grand Prix
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The Belgian Grand Prix is an automobile race, part of the Formula One World Championship. The first national race of Belgium was held in 1925 at the Spa regions race course, to accommodate Grand Prix motor racing, the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps race course was built in 1921 but it was only used for motorcycle racing until 1924. After the 1923 success of the new 24 hours of Le Mans in France, the Spa 24 Hours, since inception, Spa-Francorchamps has been known for its unpredictable weather. At one stage in its history it had rained at the Belgian Grand Prix for twenty years in a row, frequently drivers confront a part of the course that is clear and bright while another stretch is rainy and slippery. The Belgian Grand Prix was designated the European Grand Prix six times between 1925 and 1973, when title was an honorary designation given each year to one grand prix race in Europe. It is one of the most popular races on the Formula One calendar, due to the scenic and historical Spa-Francorchamps circuit being a favourite of drivers and fans. In 1925, the first Belgian Grand Prix was held at the very fast, 9-mile Spa-Francorchamps circuit located in the Ardennes region of eastern Belgium and this race was won by the Italian works Alfa driver Antonio Ascari, whose son Alberto would win the race in 1952 and 1953. Sadly, after winning the Belgian race, Antonio Ascari was killed in his race at the 1925 French Grand Prix. The Grand Prix did not come back until 1930, and the circuit had been modified, the race was won by Louis Chiron, and in 1931, the Grand Prix had become something of an endurance race, with Briton William Grover-Williams and Caberto Conelli winning. 1933 was won by Tazio Nuvolari, and 1935 was won by Rudolf Caracciola in a Mercedes, the 1939 race saw the birth of the Raidillon corner, it was a bypass of the Ancienne Douane section. The conditions were dreadful, and the race was marred by the death of British driver Richard Dick Seaman while leading the race, going into Clubhouse corner, Seaman was pushing hard, he skidded off the rain-soaked road, hit a tree and his Mercedes caught fire. Seaman received life-threatening burns, and he succumbed to his injuries later in hospital, the race was won by Seamans teammate Hermann Lang. World War II broke out, and the Belgian Grand Prix did not return until June 1946, Spa was modified to make it even faster, shortening it to 8.7 miles. All of the corners were taken out – the Stavelot hairpin was bypassed and made into a fast banked corner. At this time, every corner except La Source was ultra-high speed, Spa over this time became known as one of the most extreme, challenging and fearsome circuits in motorsports history. 1950 saw the introduction of the Formula One World Championship, the race was dominated by the Alfa Romeos of Argentine Juan Manuel Fangio and their closest challenger, Alberto Ascari, ran into fuel problems and fell back. The race was won by Fangio, and Farina won the years race in his works Alfa after Fangio dropped back with hub problems. 1953 saw Ascari dominate in his Ferrari while the Maseratis fell apart, Fangio crashed and José Froilán González had a steering failure and stopped out near the banked Stavelot corner
21.
Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps
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The Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps motor-racing circuit is the venue of the Formula One Belgian Grand Prix, and of the Spa 24 Hours and 1000 km Spa endurance races. It is also home to the all Volkswagen club event,25 Hours of Spa and it is one of the most challenging race tracks in the world, mainly due to its fast, hilly and twisty nature. Spa is a circuit of many racing drivers and fans. Despite its name, the circuit is not in Spa but lies in the vicinity of the town of Francorchamps within the boundaries of the municipality of Stavelot, with a part in the boundaries of Malmedy. Designed in 1920 by Jules de Thier and Henri Langlois Van Ophem, the track was intended to have hosted its inaugural race in August 1921, however this event had to be cancelled as there was only one entrant. The first car race was held at the circuit in 1922, the circuit was first used for Grand Prix racing in 1925. The old Spa circuit was essentially a speed course with drivers managing higher average speeds than on other race tracks, until 2000, it was possible to travel over the race track when it was still a public road. Near Malmedy, the Masta straight began, which was interrupted by the fast Masta Kink between farm houses before arriving at the town of Stavelot. Before 1970, there were no safety modifications of any kind done to the circuit, former Formula One racing driver and team owner Jackie Oliver was quoted as saying if you went off the road, you didnt know what you were going to hit. The old Spa circuit was unique in that speeds were high with hardly any let-up at all for 3–4 minutes. This made it a difficult mental challenge, because most of the corners were taken at 180+ mph and were not quite flat- every corner was as important as the one before it. If a driver lifted just that bit more, then whole seconds. Even the slightest error of any kind was punished very harshly in more ways than one, but this reality also worked inversely- huge advantages could be gained if a driver came out of a corner slightly faster. When Armco crash barriers were added to the track in 1970, deaths became less frequent there but the track was still notorious for other factors. The Ardennes Forest had very unpredictable weather and there were parts where it was raining and the track was wet, and other parts where the sun was shining, in 1969, the Belgian Grand Prix was boycotted by F1 because of the extreme danger of Spa. There had been 10 racing fatalities in total at the track in the 1960s, the drivers demanded changes made to Spa which were not possible on short notice, so the Belgian Grand Prix was dropped that year. Armco was added to the track and sections of it were improved, for the 1971 race, the track owners and authorities had not brought the track up to date with mandatory safety measures, and the race was cancelled. Formula One would not return to Spa until 1983 on the modern track, the Masta Kink was one of the most fearsome sections on any race track in the world, requiring skill and bravery in equal measure to get it right
22.
South Africa
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South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa, is the southernmost country in Africa. South Africa is the 25th-largest country in the world by land area and it is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere. About 80 percent of South Africans are of Sub-Saharan African ancestry, divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different Bantu languages, the remaining population consists of Africas largest communities of European, Asian, and multiracial ancestry. South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a variety of cultures, languages. Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the recognition of 11 official languages. The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup détat, however, the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994. During the 20th century, the black majority sought to recover its rights from the dominant white minority, with this struggle playing a role in the countrys recent history. The National Party imposed apartheid in 1948, institutionalising previous racial segregation, since 1994, all ethnic and linguistic groups have held political representation in the countrys democracy, which comprises a parliamentary republic and nine provinces. South Africa is often referred to as the Rainbow Nation to describe the multicultural diversity. The World Bank classifies South Africa as an economy. Its economy is the second-largest in Africa, and the 34th-largest in the world, in terms of purchasing power parity, South Africa has the seventh-highest per capita income in Africa. However, poverty and inequality remain widespread, with about a quarter of the population unemployed, nevertheless, South Africa has been identified as a middle power in international affairs, and maintains significant regional influence. The name South Africa is derived from the geographic location at the southern tip of Africa. Upon formation the country was named the Union of South Africa in English, since 1961 the long form name in English has been the Republic of South Africa. In Dutch the country was named Republiek van Zuid-Afrika, replaced in 1983 by the Afrikaans Republiek van Suid-Afrika, since 1994 the Republic has had an official name in each of its 11 official languages. Mzansi, derived from the Xhosa noun umzantsi meaning south, is a name for South Africa. South Africa contains some of the oldest archaeological and human fossil sites in the world, extensive fossil remains have been recovered from a series of caves in Gauteng Province. The area is a UNESCO World Heritage site and has termed the Cradle of Humankind
23.
South African Grand Prix
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The South African Grand Prix was first run as a Grand Prix motor racing handicap race in 1934 at the Prince George Circuit at East London, Eastern Cape Province. It drew top drivers from Europe including Bernd Rosemeyer, Richard Dick Seaman, Richard Ormonde Shuttleworth, World War II brought an end to the race, but it was revived in 1960 as part of the Formula One circuit, entering the World Championship calendar two years later. It was a popular F1 event, but racing was put on hiatus there right after the controversial 1985 race due to the policy of apartheid, following the end of apartheid in 1991, two further races were held in 1992 and 1993. The South African Grand Prix has not been held since, the first South African Grands Prix were held on a circuit of 23.4 km that ran through different populated areas of the coastal city of East London. This was shortened to 17.7 km in 1936, after World War II, when racing was halted, a permanent circuit was built in 1959. The first South African F1 race was held on 29 December 1962, in that race, Graham Hill took advantage of Jim Clarks mechanical problems with his Lotus and took race victory and the championship. The race was held at Prince George again in 1963 and 1965. 1968 saw Clark take victory, he broke Juan Manuel Fangios record for most career wins and it turned out to be his last F1 victory,1969 saw Jackie Stewart win, and the following year 44-year-old veteran Jack Brabham won his last F1 race. 1971 saw American Mario Andretti won his first F1 race in a Ferrari,1974 saw American Peter Revson crash horribly at Barbeque Bend during testing for the race and slam head-on to the barriers, he later died from his injuries. Argentine Carlos Reutemann won for the first time at that years event,1975 saw South African Jody Scheckter take victory. The 1977 event was the location of one of the most gruesome crashes in history, as Tom Pryce was killed when he hit, Niki Lauda won the race, but the accident sent shock waves throughout the sport. 1978 saw Ronnie Peterson take a victory from Patrick Depailler and Riccardo Patrese. Going into the 1980s, turbo-charged cars began to dominate the Grand Prix, the 1981 event was a victim of the FISA-FOCA war. Consequently it was contested only by the FOCA-aligned teams, with cars which did not strictly comply with the 1981 Formula One regulations. The 1983 event was the last race of season. Piquets Italian teammate Riccardo Patrese won the race,1984 saw the event take place early in the season, and Prost started from the pit lane in the spare car after his race car didnt start. This was made legal when the first start was aborted after Briton Nigel Mansell stalled on the grid, Prost drove through the field to finish 2nd behind his teammate Niki Lauda. Briton Derek Warwick completed the podium in a Renault and Brazilian future world champion Ayrton Senna scored his first point in a Toleman, the 1985 race was mired in international controversy as nations began boycotting South African sporting events because of racial segregation in the country, called apartheid
24.
Kyalami
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Kyalami Racing Circuit is a motor racing circuit located in Midrand, Gauteng province, South Africa. The circuit has used for Grand Prix and Formula One races and has hosted the South African Grand Prix many times. In recent years, the surrounding the circuit has developed into a residential and commercial suburb of Johannesburg. The original, sweeping circuit was in use from 1961 until political sanctions eliminated the Grand Prix after the 1985 race, jukskei Sweep was heavily modified to create the entrance into the bend before the then newly built Pit lane and start/finish straight. Formula One abandoned the rebuilt circuit in 1993 after just two races and a bankruptcy on the part of the promoter and it hosted the South African motorcycle Grand Prix until 1992. Kyalami came under new management and 2008 saw the 50th Anniversary of the 9-Hour revival being held at Kyalami with golden oldies like David Piper, on 6 June 2014, it was announced that Kyalami would be auctioned off on 24 July without reserve. On 24 July 2014, it was auctioned off for R205 million, the winning bidder was Porsche South Africa
25.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
26.
Jack Brabham
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Sir John Arthur Jack Brabham, AO, OBE was an Australian racing driver who was Formula One champion in 1959,1960, and 1966. He was a founder of the Brabham racing team and race car constructor that bore his name, Brabham was a Royal Australian Air Force flight mechanic and ran a small engineering workshop before he started racing midget cars in 1948. His successes with midgets in Australian and New Zealand road racing led to his going to Britain to further his racing career. There he became part of the Cooper Car Companys racing team and he contributed to the design of the mid-engined cars that Cooper introduced to Formula One and the Indianapolis 500, and won the Formula One world championship in 1959 and 1960. In 1962 he established his own Brabham marque with fellow Australian Ron Tauranac, in the 1966 Formula One season Brabham became the first – and still the only – man to win the Formula One world championship driving one of his own cars. He was the last surviving World Champion of the 1950s, John Arthur Jack Brabham was born on 2 April 1926 in Hurstville, New South Wales, then a commuter town outside Sydney. Brabham was involved with cars and mechanics from an early age, at the age of 12, he learned to drive the family car and the trucks of his fathers grocery business. Brabham attended technical college, studying metalwork, carpentry, and technical drawing, Brabhams early career continued the engineering theme. At the age of 15 he left school to work, combining a job at a garage with an evening course in mechanical engineering. Brabham soon branched out into his own business selling motorbikes, which he bought and repaired for sale, One month after his 18th birthday on 19 May 1944 Brabham enlisted into the Royal Australian Air Force. He was based at RAAF Station Williamtown, where he maintained Bristol Beaufighters at No.5 Operational Training Unit, on his 20th birthday,2 April 1946, Brabham was discharged from the RAAF with the rank of leading aircraftman. He then started a service, repair, and machining business in a workshop built by his uncle on a plot of land behind his grandfathers house. Brabham started racing after an American friend, Johnny Schonberg, persuaded him to watch a car race. Midget racing was a category for small open-wheel cars racing on dirt ovals and it was popular in Australia, attracting crowds of up to 40,000. Brabham records that he was not taken with the idea of driving, being convinced that the drivers were all lunatics, at first Schonberg drove the homemade device, powered by a modified JAP motorcycle engine built by Brabham in his workshop. In 1948, Schonbergs wife persuaded him to racing and on his suggestion Brabham took over. He almost immediately found that he had a knack for the sport, Brabham has since said that it was terrific driver training. You had to have quick reflexes, in effect you lived—or possibly died—on them, due to the time required to prepare the car, the sport also became his living
27.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
28.
Dunlop Tyres
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Dunlop is a brand of tyres owned by various companies around the world. It is owned and operated by Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company in North America, Europe, Australia, in India the brand is owned by Dunlop India Ltd. whose parent company is the Ruia Group. In Asia, Africa and Latin America by Sumitomo Rubber Industries, in 1985, Dunlop Rubber Company was acquired by BTR plc, and Sumitomo acquired the rights to manufacture and market Dunlop branded road tyres. Sumitomo did not acquire any Dunlop company, in 1997 Sumitomo gained agreement to use the Dunlop name in its corporate name, and changed the name of its UK subsidiary to Dunlop Tyres Ltd. The company has manufacturing operations throughout the world. With the closure of the Washington plant in 2006, Goodyear Dunlop ceased mainstream car, until May 2014 Goodyear Dunlop occupied a compact part of the site with their British main office. In the UK, the company operates as an organisation, importing tyres from manufacturing plants around the world, including China, Slovenia. The Goodyear Dunlop joint venture is managed from sites in Luxembourg and Brussels, fort Dunlop was a motorsport manufacturing operation located in a corner of the original Dunlop factory in Erdington, Birmingham, established in 1891 until May 2014. This factory produced specialised vintage, motorcycle and touring car tyres, on 30 May 2014, the Birmingham factory ceased tyre production, ending Dunlop tyre production in the UK. The main Birmingham building has been redeveloped extensively as a residential, office and hotel complex, with a modern shopping facility, car dealerships. It can be observed between junction 5 and 6 of the M6, on the side of the motorway. Dunlop Tyres is the tyre supplier to the British Touring Car Championship, V8 Supercars Championship. It was also the sole supplier for the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters from 2000-2010. Dunlop also supplies tyres to the Japanese Super GTs Nakajima Racing, classes in the FIA World Endurance Championship, the Dunlop GP Racer D209 tyre has been chosen repeatedly as a control tyre for the R&G Racing GSX-R Trophy motorcycle race. It has also chosen for the Henderson Harley-Davidson XR1200 Trophy. The History of the Pneumatic Tyre
29.
1969 South African Grand Prix
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The 1969 South African Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Kyalami Circuit on 1 March 1969. It was the first round of the 1969 Formula One season, the 80-lap race was won by Matra driver Jackie Stewart after he started from fourth position. Graham Hill finished second for the Lotus team and McLaren driver Denny Hulme came in third, enzo Ferrari, the managing director of the team he founded, announced that Ferrari were only going to nominate one driver for the race. To most peoples surprise, Ferrari at first nominated two drivers for the race without explanation, however, the decision was later changed, with only Chris Amon nominated eventually for Ferrari. Brabham, BRM, Lotus, Matra and McLaren all chose to nominate two drivers for the race meeting, Final F1 Grand Prix start for Sam Tingle Final race, Matra MS10 Note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
30.
Spain
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By population, Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union. Spains capital and largest city is Madrid, other urban areas include Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Bilbao. Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago, in the Middle Ages, the area was conquered by Germanic tribes and later by the Moors. Spain is a democracy organised in the form of a government under a constitutional monarchy. It is a power and a major developed country with the worlds fourteenth largest economy by nominal GDP. Jesús Luis Cunchillos argues that the root of the span is the Phoenician word spy. Therefore, i-spn-ya would mean the land where metals are forged, two 15th-century Spanish Jewish scholars, Don Isaac Abravanel and Solomon ibn Verga, gave an explanation now considered folkloric. Both men wrote in two different published works that the first Jews to reach Spain were brought by ship by Phiros who was confederate with the king of Babylon when he laid siege to Jerusalem. This man was a Grecian by birth, but who had given a kingdom in Spain. He became related by marriage to Espan, the nephew of king Heracles, Heracles later renounced his throne in preference for his native Greece, leaving his kingdom to his nephew, Espan, from whom the country of España took its name. Based upon their testimonies, this eponym would have already been in use in Spain by c.350 BCE, Iberia enters written records as a land populated largely by the Iberians, Basques and Celts. Early on its coastal areas were settled by Phoenicians who founded Western Europe´s most ancient cities Cadiz, Phoenician influence expanded as much of the Peninsula was eventually incorporated into the Carthaginian Empire, becoming a major theater of the Punic Wars against the expanding Roman Empire. After an arduous conquest, the peninsula came fully under Roman Rule, during the early Middle Ages it came under Germanic rule but later, much of it was conquered by Moorish invaders from North Africa. In a process took centuries, the small Christian kingdoms in the north gradually regained control of the peninsula. The last Moorish kingdom fell in the same year Columbus reached the Americas, a global empire began which saw Spain become the strongest kingdom in Europe, the leading world power for a century and a half, and the largest overseas empire for three centuries. Continued wars and other problems led to a diminished status. The Napoleonic invasions of Spain led to chaos, triggering independence movements that tore apart most of the empire, eventually democracy was peacefully restored in the form of a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. Spain joined the European Union, experiencing a renaissance and steady economic growth
31.
Spanish Grand Prix
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The Spanish Grand Prix is a Formula One race currently held at the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya in Barcelona. The race is one of the oldest in the world still contested, the race had modest beginnings as a production car race. Interrupted by the First World War, the race waited a decade for its second running before becoming a staple of the European calendar and it was promoted to the European Championship in 1935 before the Spanish Civil War brought an end to racing. The race was revived in 1967 and has been a regular part of the Formula One World Championship since 1968 at a variety of venues. Motor racing events had taken place in Spain prior to that—the most notable among them being the Catalan Cup of 1908 and 1909, on roads around Sitges, near Barcelona. Both of these events were won by Jules Goux, helping to establish a strong racing tradition in Spain, which has continued to this day. This enthusiasm for racing led to the plan to build a permanent track at Sitges—a 2-kilometre oval that became known as Sitges-Terramar, after this first race, the track fell into financial difficulties, and the organisers had to look for another venue. In 1926, the Spanish Grand Prix moved to the 11-mile Circuito Lasarte on the northern coast, the 1927 Spanish Grand Prix was part of the AIACR World Manufacturers Championship, but the race was still not established and in 1928 and 1929 was run to sports car regulations. The 1930 Spanish Grand Prix for sports cars, scheduled for 27 July, was cancelled due to the bad economic situation following the Wall Street crash in October 1929. The 1931 and 1932 Spanish Grands Prix were also announced, only to be cancelled due to political, finally, in 1933 the Spanish Grand Prix was revived at Lasarte with government backing. Following the 1935 race, Spain descended into war and racing stopped. In 1946, racing returned to Spain in the form of the Penya Rhin Grand Prix at the Pedralbes street circuit in Barcelona, Spain did not return to the international calendar until 1951, joining the list of races of the Formula One championship at Pedralbes. Argentine Juan Manuel Fangio won his first world championship at the 1951 event in an Alfa Romeo while he took advantage of the improved works Ferraris tire problems. The race was scheduled for the 1952 and 1953 seasons but did not take due to a lack of money. A non-championship Grand Prix took place at Jarama in 1967, which was won by Jim Clark racing in a Lotus F1 car, in 1968, Jarama hosted the Spanish Grand Prix, near the beginning of the F1 season. Jarama would get the race in even-numbered years, and Montjuic in odd-numbered years,1970 was a race that saw Belgian Jacky Ickx and Briton Jackie Oliver get involved in a fiery accident, with Ickx and Oliver escaping with burns. The race was won by Stewart, he won again the year after holding off 3 more powerful 12-cylinder engined cars. Austrian Niki Lauda won his first of 25 races in 1974, the 1975 event was marked by tragedy
32.
Austria
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Austria, officially the Republic of Austria, is a federal republic and a landlocked country of over 8.7 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, the territory of Austria covers 83,879 km2. The terrain is mountainous, lying within the Alps, only 32% of the country is below 500 m. The majority of the population speaks local Bavarian dialects of German as their native language, other local official languages are Hungarian, Burgenland Croatian, and Slovene. The origins of modern-day Austria date back to the time of the Habsburg dynasty, from the time of the Reformation, many northern German princes, resenting the authority of the Emperor, used Protestantism as a flag of rebellion. Following Napoleons defeat, Prussia emerged as Austrias chief competitor for rule of a greater Germany, Austrias defeat by Prussia at the Battle of Königgrätz, during the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, cleared the way for Prussia to assert control over the rest of Germany. In 1867, the empire was reformed into Austria-Hungary, Austria was thus the first to go to war in the July Crisis, which would ultimately escalate into World War I. The First Austrian Republic was established in 1919, in 1938 Nazi Germany annexed Austria in the Anschluss. This lasted until the end of World War II in 1945, after which Germany was occupied by the Allies, in 1955, the Austrian State Treaty re-established Austria as a sovereign state, ending the occupation. In the same year, the Austrian Parliament created the Declaration of Neutrality which declared that the Second Austrian Republic would become permanently neutral, today, Austria is a parliamentary representative democracy comprising nine federal states. The capital and largest city, with a population exceeding 1.7 million, is Vienna, other major urban areas of Austria include Graz, Linz, Salzburg and Innsbruck. Austria is one of the richest countries in the world, with a nominal per capita GDP of $43,724, the country has developed a high standard of living and in 2014 was ranked 21st in the world for its Human Development Index. Austria has been a member of the United Nations since 1955, joined the European Union in 1995, Austria also signed the Schengen Agreement in 1995, and adopted the euro currency in 1999. The German name for Austria, Österreich, meant eastern realm in Old High German, and is cognate with the word Ostarrîchi and this word is probably a translation of Medieval Latin Marchia orientalis into a local dialect. Austria was a prefecture of Bavaria created in 976, the word Austria is a Latinisation of the German name and was first recorded in the 12th century. Accordingly, Norig would essentially mean the same as Ostarrîchi and Österreich, the Celtic name was eventually Latinised to Noricum after the Romans conquered the area that encloses most of modern-day Austria, around 15 BC. Noricum later became a Roman province in the mid-first century AD, heers hypothesis is not accepted by linguists. Settled in ancient times, the Central European land that is now Austria was occupied in pre-Roman times by various Celtic tribes, the Celtic kingdom of Noricum was later claimed by the Roman Empire and made a province
33.
Jochen Rindt
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Karl Jochen Rindt was a German-born racing driver who represented Austria during his career. In 1970, he was killed during practice for the Italian Grand Prix, Rindt started motor racing in 1961. Switching to single-seaters in 1963, he was successful in both Formula Junior and Formula Two, in 1964, Rindt made his debut in Formula One at the Austrian Grand Prix, before securing a full drive with Cooper for 1965. After mixed results with the team, he moved to Brabham for 1968 and it was at Lotus that Rindt found a competitive car, although he was often concerned about the security of the notoriously unreliable Lotus vehicles. He won his first Formula One race at the 1969 United States Grand Prix and he had a very successful 1970 season, mainly racing the revolutionary Lotus 72, and won five of the first nine races. In practice for the Italian Grand Prix at Monza, he spun into the guardrails after a failure on his cars brake shaft, Rindt was killed owing to severe throat injuries caused by his seat belt, he was pronounced dead while on the way to hospital. As his closest competitor Jacky Ickx was unable to score sufficient points in the races of the season. Overall, he competed in 62 Grands Prix, winning six and he was also successful in sports car racing, winning the 196524 Hours of Le Mans paired with Masten Gregory in a Ferrari 250LM. Rindt was a figure in Austria and his success resulted in increased interest in motorsport. He hosted a television show titled Motorama and set up a successful exhibition of racing cars in Vienna. During his time in Formula One, he was involved, alongside Jackie Stewart, Rindt left behind his wife, Nina, and a daughter, Natasha. Jochen Rindt was born on 18 April 1942 in Mainz, Germany, to an Austrian mother and his mother had been a successful tennis player in her youth and, like her father, studied law. Rindts parents owned a mill in Mainz, which he later inherited. They were killed in a raid in Hamburg during the Second World War when he was one year old, after which he was raised by his grandparents in Graz. Although his grandfather chose to retain Rindts German citizenship, for his career he drove under an Austrian racing licence. In an interview, he described his heritage as a mixture and. Rindt had one half-brother, Uwe, through his mother, Rindts childhood friends and his brother described him as a laddish child who often performed tricks to amuse others. While on a holiday, he broke his femoral neck
34.
1969 Spanish Grand Prix
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The 1969 Spanish Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at the Montjuïc circuit on May 4,1969. It was the round of the 1969 Formula One season. This is one of only two Grands Prix where the winner finished two laps ahead of the runner-up, the occasion being the 1995 Australian Grand Prix. This was the last race of the high wing era in Formula One, both works Lotus cars suffered massive accidents when their suspension-mounted wing supports failed. Despite the narrow confines of the Montjuïc circuit, drivers Jochen Rindt, chris Amon inherited the lead after Rindts crash. Establishing a thirty-second lead, the New Zealander seemed to be on his way to his first Grand Prix victory until his engine seized on lap 56, note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
35.
Monaco
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Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco, is a sovereign city-state and microstate, located on the French Riviera in Western Europe. France borders the country on three sides while the other side borders the Mediterranean Sea, Monaco has an area of 2.02 km2 and a population of about 38,400 according to the last census of 2015. With 19,009 inhabitants per km², it is the second smallest, Monaco has a land border of 5.47 km, a coastline of 3.83 km, and a width that varies between 1,700 and 349 m. The highest point in the country is a pathway named Chemin des Révoires on the slopes of Mont Agel, in the Les Révoires Ward. Monacos most populous Quartier is Monte Carlo and the most populous Ward is Larvotto/Bas Moulins, through land reclamation, Monacos land mass has expanded by twenty percent, in 2005, it had an area of only 1.974 km2. Monaco is known as a playground for the rich and famous, in 2014, it was noted about 30% of the population was made up of millionaires, more than in Zürich or Geneva. Monaco is a principality governed under a form of constitutional monarchy, although Prince Albert II is a constitutional monarch, he wields immense political power. The House of Grimaldi have ruled Monaco, with brief interruptions, the official language is French, but Monégasque, Italian, and English are widely spoken and understood. The states sovereignty was recognized by the Franco-Monegasque Treaty of 1861. Despite Monacos independence and separate foreign policy, its defense is the responsibility of France, however, Monaco does maintain two small military units. Economic development was spurred in the late 19th century with the opening of the countrys first casino, Monte Carlo, since then, Monacos mild climate, scenery, and gambling facilities have contributed to the principalitys status as a tourist destination and recreation center for the rich. In more recent years, Monaco has become a major banking center and has sought to diversify its economy into services and small, high-value-added, the state has no income tax, low business taxes, and is well known for being a tax haven. It is also the host of the street circuit motor race Monaco Grand Prix. Monaco is not formally a part of the European Union, but it participates in certain EU policies, including customs, through its relationship with France, Monaco uses the euro as its sole currency. Monaco joined the Council of Europe in 2004 and it is a member of the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie. Monacos name comes from the nearby 6th-century BC Phocaean Greek colony, according to an ancient myth, Hercules passed through the Monaco area and turned away the previous gods. As a result, a temple was constructed there, the temple of Hercules Monoikos, because the only temple of this area was the House of Hercules, the city was called Monoikos. It ended up in the hands of the Holy Roman Empire, an ousted branch of a Genoese family, the Grimaldi, contested it for a hundred years before actually gaining control
36.
Monaco Grand Prix
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The Monaco Grand Prix is a Formula One motor race held each year on the Circuit de Monaco. The circuit has been called an exceptional location of glamour and prestige. The race is held on a course laid out in the streets of Monaco, with many elevation changes and tight corners as well as a tunnel. In spite of the low average speeds, it is a dangerous place to race. It is the only Grand Prix that does not adhere to the FIAs mandated 305-kilometre minimum race distance, the event was part of the pre-Second World War European Championship and was included in the first World Championship of Drivers in 1950. It was designated the European Grand Prix two times,1955 and 1963, when title was an honorary designation given each year to one Grand Prix race in Europe. Graham Hill was known as Mr. Monaco due to his five Monaco wins in the 1960s, brazils Ayrton Senna won the race more times than any other driver, with six victories, winning five races consecutively between 1989 and 1993. Fernando Alonso is the driver to have won the race in consecutive years for different constructors, winning for Renault in 2006. Like many European races, the Monaco Grand Prix predates the current World Championship, the principalitys first Grand Prix was organised in 1929 by Antony Noghès, under the auspices of Prince Louis II, through the Automobile Club de Monaco. Alexandre Noghès, Antonys father, was founding president of the ACM, the ACM made their first foray into motorsport by holding the Rallye Automobile Monte Carlo in 1911. Their application was refused due to the lack of a major event held wholly within Monacos boundaries. The rally could not be considered as it used the roads of other European countries. To attain full national status, Noghès proposed the creation of an automobile Grand Prix in the streets of Monte Carlo, Noghès obtained the official support of Prince Louis II. Noghès also gained support for his plans from Monegasque Louis Chiron, Chiron thought that the topography of the location would be well suited to setting up a race track. The first race, held on 14 April 1929, was won by William Grover-Williams driving a Bugatti, the first Grand Prix Automobile de Monaco was an invitation-only event, but not all of those invited decided to attend. The leading Maserati and Alfa Romeo drivers decided not to compete, Mercedes sent their leading driver Rudolf Caracciola to drive a Mercedes SSK. Caracciola drove a race, bringing his SSK up to second position at the end of the race. The race was won by Williams driving a Bugatti Type 35B painted dark green, another driver who competed using a pseudonym was Georges Philippe, the Baron Philippe de Rothschild
37.
Circuit de Monaco
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Circuit de Monaco is a street circuit laid out on the city streets of Monte Carlo and La Condamine around the harbour of the principality of Monaco. It is commonly referred to as Monte Carlo because it is largely inside the Monte Carlo neighbourhood of Monaco. The circuit is used on two weekends in the month of May of each year to host the Formula One Monaco Grand Prix and Formula E Monaco ePrix or Monaco Historic Grand Prix alternating yearly. Formula Ones respective feeder series over the years – Formula Two, Formula 3000, the inaugural race was held in 1929 and was won by William Grover-Williams in a Bugatti. To date, only three drivers have won a race at the Circuit. Louis Chiron did it at the non-championship 1931 Monaco Grand Prix,82 years later, the third driver to do so was Stéphane Richelmi at the sprint race of the 2014 Monaco GP2 Series round. The building of the circuit takes six weeks, and the dismantling after the race three weeks. The race circuit has many elevation shifts, tight corners and is narrow and these features make it perhaps the most demanding track in Formula One racing. Although the course has changed many times during its history, it is considered the ultimate test of driving skills in Formula One. It contains both the slowest corner in Formula One and one of the quickest, due to the tight and twisty nature of the circuit, it favours the skill of the drivers over the power of the cars. However, there is very little overtaking as the course is so narrow, nelson Piquet likened racing round the course to riding a bicycle around your living room. Prior to 1987, the number of starting the race was limited to 20. The famous tunnel section is said to be difficult for drivers to cope due to the quick switch from light to dark, then back to light again. As a result, race outcomes tend to be decided by grid positions as well as pit strategies, several attempts have been made to improve cramped conditions in the pit garages. The circuit is generally recognised to be safe than other circuits used for Formula One. Driver and former winner Michael Schumacher stated before the 2012 Grand Prix that the risk is justifiable once a year. If it were not already an existing Grand Prix, it would not be permitted to be added to the Formula One schedule, in January 2009, the circuit was voted top of the Seven Sporting Wonders of the World in a poll of 3,500 British sports fans. The lap starts with a sprint up Boulevard Albert Ier
38.
Graham Hill
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Norman Graham Hill OBE was a British racing driver and team owner from England, who was twice Formula One World Champion. He is the driver ever to win the Triple Crown of Motorsport—the 24 Hours of Le Mans, Indianapolis 500. He also appeared on TV in the 1970s on a variety of non-sporting programmes including panel games and he liked painting in his spare time. Hill and his son Damon were the first father and son pair to have won the Formula One World Championship. Hills grandson Josh, Damons son, also raced his way through the ranks until he retired from Formula Three in 2013 at the age of 22. Hill died at age 46 when the twin-engine six-seat Piper Aztec aeroplane he was piloting crashed and burned in foggy conditions at night near Arkley golf course in North London. Hill, Tony Brise, and four members of Hills racing team were returning from car testing at Circuit Paul Ricard in France and were due to land at Elstree Airfield. After leaving the Navy, he rejoined Smiths Instruments, Hill did not pass his driving test until he was 24 years old, and he himself described his first car as A wreck. A budding racing driver should own such a car, as it teaches delicacy, poise and anticipation and he had been interested in motorcycles but in 1954 he saw an advertisement for the Universal Motor Racing Club at Brands Hatch offering laps for 5 shillings. He made his debut in a Cooper 500 Formula 3 car and was committed to racing thereafter, Hill joined Team Lotus as a mechanic soon after but quickly talked his way into the cockpit. The Lotus presence in Formula One allowed him to make his debut at the 1958 Monaco Grand Prix, in 1960, Hill joined BRM, and won the world championship with them in 1962. Hill was also part of the so-called British invasion of drivers and cars in the Indianapolis 500 during the mid-1960s, in 1967, back at Lotus, Hill helped to develop the Lotus 49 with the new Cosworth-V8 engine. After team mates Jim Clark and Mike Spence were killed in early 1968, Hill led the team, a crash at the 1969 United States Grand Prix at Watkins Glen broke both his legs and interrupted his career. Typically, when asked soon after the crash if he wanted to pass on a message to his wife, upon recovery Hill continued to race in F1 for several more years, but never again with the same level of success. Colin Chapman, believing Hill was a spent force, placed him in Rob Walkers team for 1970, although Hill scored points in 1970 he started the season far from fully fit and the 72 was not fully developed until late in the season. Hill moved to Brabham for 1971-2, his last win in Formula One was in the non-Championship International Trophy at Silverstone in 1971 with the lobster claw Brabham. The team was in flux after the retirements of Sir Jack Brabham and then Ron Tauranacs sale to Bernie Ecclestone, Hill was also irreverently immortalized on a Monty Python episode, in which a Gumby appears asking to see John the Baptists impersonation of Graham Hill. The head of St. John the Baptist appears on a silver platter, Hill was involved with four films between 1966 and 1974, including appearances in Grand Prix and Caravan to Vaccarès, in which he appeared as a helicopter pilot
39.
Team Lotus
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Team Lotus was the motorsport sister company of English sports car manufacturer Lotus Cars. The team ran cars in motorsport series, including Formula One, Formula Two, Formula Ford, Formula Junior, IndyCar. The Lotus name returned to Formula One in 2010, as the name of Tony Fernandess Lotus Racing team. In 2011, Team Lotuss iconic black-and-gold livery returned to F1 as the livery of the Lotus Renault GP team, sponsored by Lotus Cars, colin Chapman established Lotus Engineering Ltd in 1952 at Hornsey, UK. Lotus achieved rapid success with the 1953 Mk 6 and the 1954 Mk 8 sports cars, Team Lotus was split off from Lotus Engineering in 1954. A new Formula Two regulation was announced for 1957, and in Britain, the following year, the Lotus 12 appeared. Driving one in 1958, Allison won the F2 class in the International Trophy at Silverstone, beating Stuart Lewis-Evanss Cooper. As the Coventry Climax engines were enlarged in 1952 to 2. 2-litres, Chapman decided to enter Grand Prix racing, running a pair of Lotus 12s at Monaco in 1958 for Graham Hill and these were replaced later that year by Lotus 16s. By then, the success had caused it to expand to such an extent that it had to move to new premises at Cheshunt. The first Formula One victory for Team Lotus came when Innes Ireland won the 1961 United States Grand Prix, a year earlier, Stirling Moss had recorded the first victory for a Lotus car at Monaco in his Lotus 18 entered by the independent Rob Walker Racing Team. There were successes in Formula Two and Formula Junior, the road car business was doing well with the Lotus Seven and the Lotus Elite and this was followed by the Lotus Elan in 1962. In 1963 Clark drove the Lotus 25 to a remarkable seven wins in a season and won the World Championship. The 1964 title was still for the taking by the time of the last race in Mexico but problems with Clarks Lotus, however, in 1965, Clark dominated again, six wins in his Lotus 33 gave him the championship. While very innovative, Chapman also came under criticism for the fragility of his designs. In Dave Friedmans book Indianapolis Memories 1961–1969, Dan Gurney is quoted as saying and we had several structural failures in those cars. But at the time, I felt it was the price you paid for getting something significantly better, a switch to the new Ford Cosworth DFV, designed by former Lotus employee Keith Duckworth, in 1967 returned the team to winning form. Although they failed to win the title in 1967, by the end of the season, the Lotus 49, however, for 1968 Lotus had lost its exclusive right to use the DFV. The season-opening 1968 South African Grand Prix confirmed Lotuss superiority, with Jim Clark and it would be Clarks last win
40.
Firestone Tire and Rubber Company
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Firestone soon saw the huge potential for marketing tires for automobiles. The company was a pioneer in the production of tires. Harvey Firestone had a friendship with Henry Ford, Firestone used this relationship to become the original equipment supplier of Ford Motor Company automobiles, and was also active in the replacement market. In 1988, the company was sold to the Japanese Bridgestone Corporation, Firestone was originally based in Akron, Ohio, also the hometown of its archrival, Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, and another two mid-sized competitors, General Tire and Rubber and BF Goodrich. Founded on August 3,1900, the company initiated operations with 12 employees, together, Firestone and Goodyear were the largest suppliers of automotive tires in North America for over 75 years. In 1906 Henry Ford chose Firestone for Model T original equipment tires, in 1918, Firestone Tire and Rubber Company of Canada was incorporated in Hamilton, Ontario and in 1922, the first Canadian-made tire rolled off the line on September 15. During the 1920s, Firestone produced the Oldfield tire, named for racing driver Barney Oldfield, in 1926, the company opened one of the worlds biggest rubber plantations in Liberia, West Africa, spanning more than 1 million acres. 1926 was also the year that the company opened its first Firestone Complete Auto Care store, in 1927, Henry Ford and tire maven Harvey Firestone took a trip to Los Angeles to select locations for their new factories. Friends say Ford wanted to be near the ocean and picked Long Beach and suggested Firestone go to South Gate, the tiny community southeast of Downtown was mostly agriculture at the time and Firestone found 40 acres of beanfield to house his new manufacturing plant. A year after the plant opened in 1928 it doubled in size, by 1954, when they added the Corporal guided missile to their offerings, the plant was nearly a million square feet. The town grew around Firestone, they named the main boulevard through town after Harvey, by the mid-1970s Ford and GM had massive layoffs as Firestone and other manufacturers opened new plants in non-union locales like Wilson, North Carolina. After much downsizing the end came in 1980 when 1,300 workers were laid off, east Los Angeles College has proposed a new satellite campus at the site. In 1928 the company built a factory in Brentford, England, in 1936 the company opened a plant in Memphis, Tennessee. With a work force exceeding 3,000 employees, the Memphis plant was the largest tire manufacturer in the companys worldwide operation, on July 1,1963, the company celebrated the production of 100 million tires in Memphis. The plant was closed in 1982, during World War II the company was called on by the U. S. Government to make artillery shells, aluminum kegs for food transport and rubberized military products. Firestone ranked 55th among United States corporations in the value of World War II military production contracts, in the 1940s, Firestone was given a defense contract to produce plastic helmet liners. While outproduced by Westinghouse Electric they still made a fair amount for the M1 Helmet, in 1951, Firestone was given the defense contract for the MGM-5 Corporal missile. Firestone was given a total of US$6,888,796 for the first 200 Missiles and this missile was known as the Embryo of the Army and was a surface-to-surface guided missile which could deliver a high-explosive warhead up to 75 nautical miles
41.
1969 Monaco Grand Prix
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The 1969 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at the Circuit de Monaco on 18 May 1969. It was the round of the 1969 Formula One season. The 80-lap race was won by Lotus driver Graham Hill after he started from fourth position, piers Courage finished second for the Brabham team and Hills teammate Jo Siffert came in third. Note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings, Last GP-start for Cooper Last GP-start for Reg Parnell Racing Aerodynamic wings were banned for the event following the previous race at Montjuic Park. Wings would return, albeit under stricter regulations, at the next race, 1st Pole Position - Jackie Stewart Last Win and Podium - Graham Hill Lang, Mike
42.
Netherlands
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The Netherlands, also informally known as Holland is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing borders with Belgium, the United Kingdom. The three largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague, Amsterdam is the countrys capital, while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of parliament and government. The port of Rotterdam is the worlds largest port outside East-Asia, the name Holland is used informally to refer to the whole of the country of the Netherlands. Netherlands literally means lower countries, influenced by its low land and flat geography, most of the areas below sea level are artificial. Since the late 16th century, large areas have been reclaimed from the sea and lakes, with a population density of 412 people per km2 –507 if water is excluded – the Netherlands is classified as a very densely populated country. Only Bangladesh, South Korea, and Taiwan have both a population and higher population density. Nevertheless, the Netherlands is the worlds second-largest exporter of food and agricultural products and this is partly due to the fertility of the soil and the mild climate. In 2001, it became the worlds first country to legalise same-sex marriage, the Netherlands is a founding member of the EU, Eurozone, G-10, NATO, OECD and WTO, as well as being a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union. The first four are situated in The Hague, as is the EUs criminal intelligence agency Europol and this has led to the city being dubbed the worlds legal capital. The country also ranks second highest in the worlds 2016 Press Freedom Index, the Netherlands has a market-based mixed economy, ranking 17th of 177 countries according to the Index of Economic Freedom. It had the thirteenth-highest per capita income in the world in 2013 according to the International Monetary Fund, in 2013, the United Nations World Happiness Report ranked the Netherlands as the seventh-happiest country in the world, reflecting its high quality of life. The Netherlands also ranks joint second highest in the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, the region called Low Countries and the country of the Netherlands have the same toponymy. Place names with Neder, Nieder, Nether and Nedre and Bas or Inferior are in use in all over Europe. They are sometimes used in a relation to a higher ground that consecutively is indicated as Upper, Boven, Oben. In the case of the Low Countries / the Netherlands the geographical location of the region has been more or less downstream. The geographical location of the region, however, changed over time tremendously
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Dutch Grand Prix
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The Dutch Grand Prix was a Formula One automobile race held at Circuit Zandvoort, near Zandvoort, the Netherlands, from 1948 to 1985. The town of Zandvoort is situated in the dunes of Hollands North Sea coastline half an hour west from the Dutch capital of Amsterdam, and the circuit itself is located right next to the beach. There were minor races on a circuit in the town in the 1930s. This was later linked to other roads which were used to coastal defence positions. The first race took place in 1948, under the title of the Zandvoort Grand Prix and it was won by Thailands Prince Bira in an old Maserati. The race was won by Louis Rosier in 1950 and 1951. 1952 was the year the Dutch Grand Prix was part of the third Formula One World Championship, this, the 1956 and 1957 races were cancelled because of apparent lack of money, which was indirectly caused by the 1956-1957 Suez Crisis. The 1958 was won by Moss in a Vanwall,1959 saw Swede Jo Bonnier win his only Formula One championship event and 1960 saw Dan Gurney have an accident and a spectator was killed, the race was won by Jack Brabham in a Cooper. From 1963 to 1965 saw Briton Jim Clark win all three events, and 1967 saw the introduction of the Lotus 49 with its brand new Ford-Cosworth DFV engine. The DFV won on its debut with Clark driving, this became the most successful. 1970, however, saw the 49s successor, the 72 - which was just as advanced a design as the 49 had been 3 years earlier - win comprehensively with Jochen Rindt behind the wheel. The car, with Courage still in it, then caught fire,1971 saw Jacky Ickx win in a Ferrari after a spirited battle with Mexican Pedro Rodriguez in a BRM in rain-soaked conditions. There was no 1972 race, however and it was originally on that years calendar, but the drivers refused to race at Zandvoort, because the facilities and conditions of the circuit were out-of-date with Grand Prix racing at that time. Zandvoort had been modified during its absence from the Grand Prix calendar. It had been lined with Armco and the cars were protected from the sand dunes, new pits were built, and the circuit also saw a chicane placed before Bosuit, the very high-speed corner that went into the pit-straight. For the 1973 race, in a celebration of the efforts put forth, there was a special atmosphere at that weekend and everyone was happy. But in a cruel twist of fate, that race was to be yet another mark on Zandvoorts history. On the eighth lap of the race, Briton Roger Williamson - in only his second ever Formula One race - crashed heavily near Tunnel Oost, Williamson was uninjured during the crash, but time was running out, he could not free himself from the car
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Circuit Park Zandvoort
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Circuit Park Zandvoort is a motorsport race track located in the dunes north of Zandvoort, Netherlands, near the North Sea coast line. There were plans for races at Zandvoort before World War II, however, a permanent race track was not constructed until after the war, using communications roads built by the occupying German army. Instead, it was 1927 Le Mans winner, S. C. H. Sammy Davis who was brought in as a track design advisor in July 1946 although the layout was partly dictated by the existing roads, the circuit was inaugurated on August 7,1948. The following year the race was called the Zandvoort Grand Prix, the 1952 Dutch Grand Prix was a round of the World Drivers Championship for the first time. There was no GP at Zandvoort in 1954, but 1955 saw the first proper Formula One race counting for the World Championship, in January 1987 this plan got the necessary green light when it was formally approved by the Noord-Holland Provincial Council. However, only a couple of months later a new problem arose, again the track, owned by the municipality of Zandvoort, was in danger of being permanently lost for motorsports. However, a new operating company, the Stichting Exploitatie Circuit Park, was formed and started work at the realization of the reconstruction plans. In 1995, CPZ got the A Status of the Dutch government and this project was finished in 2001 when, after the track was redesigned to a 4.3 kilometers long circuit and a new pits building was realized, a new grandstand was situated along the long straight. One of the events that is held at the circuit, along with DTM and A1GP, is the RTL Masters of Formula 3. A noise restriction order was responsible for this event moving to the Belgian Circuit Zolder for 2007 and 2008, however, the race returned to its historical home in 2009. Circuit Park Zandvoort played host to the first race in the 2006/07 season of A1 Grand Prix from 29 September–1 October 2006, the Dutch round moved to TT Circuit Assen in 2010. A1GP bankrupted before its season and the Dutch round was replaced with Superleague Formula. The circuit gained popularity because of its fast, sweeping corners such as Scheivlak as well as the Tarzanbocht hairpin at the end of the start/finish straight, Tarzanbocht is the most famous corner in the circuit. Since there is a camber in the corner, it provides excellent overtaking opportunities and it is possible to pass around the outside as well as the easier inside lane. On the other hand, many different stories about Tarzan Corner are known, in the history of the circuit, several fatal accidents have occurred. In August 1959 a 26th World Championships Road Race was held here, andré Darrigade of France won the 180 mi race, Tom Simpson was 4th. Since 2008, the course has been used as the venue for the Runners World Zandvoort Circuit Run, the 2010 edition of the race attracted Lornah Kiplagat, a multiple world champion, who won the ladies 5 km race. May 2013 starting 3 p. m. a 24-hours cycle race open for public for soloists, June 2015 the Cycling Zandvoort - 24-uurs race over 4307-m-laps took place
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1969 Dutch Grand Prix
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The 1969 Dutch Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at the Zandvoort Circuit on June 21,1969. It was the round of the 1969 Formula One season. The 90-lap race was won by Matra driver Jackie Stewart after he started from second position, jo Siffert finished second for the Lotus team and Ferrari driver Chris Amon came in third. Note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
Jack Brabham
Jacky Ickx