1.
Formula One
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Formula One is the highest class of single-seat auto racing that is sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile. The FIA Formula One World Championship has been the form of racing since the inaugural season in 1950. The formula, designated in the name, refers to a set of rules, the F1 season consists of a series of races, known as Grands Prix, held worldwide on purpose-built F1 circuits and public roads. The results of each race are evaluated using a system to determine two annual World Championships, one for drivers, one for constructors. The racing drivers are required to be holders of valid Super Licences, the races are required to be held on tracks graded 1, the highest grade a track can receive by the FIA. Most events are held in locations on purpose-built tracks, but there are several events in city centres throughout the world. Formula One cars are the fastest road racing cars in the world. Formula One cars race at speeds of up to approximately 375 km/h with engines currently limited in performance to a maximum of 15,000 RPM, the cars are capable of lateral acceleration in excess of five g in corners. The performance of the cars is very dependent on electronics – although traction control and other driving aids have been banned since 2008 – and on aerodynamics, suspension, the formula has radically evolved and changed through the history of the sport. F1 had a global television audience of 425 million people during the course of the 2014 season. Grand Prix racing began in 1906 and became the most popular internationally in the second half of the twentieth century. The Formula One Group is the holder of the commercial rights. Its high profile and popularity have created a major merchandising environment, since 2000 the sports spiraling expenditures and the distribution of prize money favoring established top teams have forced complaints from smaller teams and led several teams to bankruptcy. On 23 January 2017 it was confirmed that Liberty Media had completed its $8 billion acquisition of Delta Topco, the Formula One series originated with the European Grand Prix Motor Racing of the 1920s and 1930s. The formula is a set of rules that all cars must meet. Formula One was a new formula agreed upon after World War II during 1946, the first world championship race was held at Silverstone, United Kingdom in 1950. A championship for constructors followed in 1958, national championships existed in South Africa and the UK in the 1960s and 1970s. Non-championship Formula One events were held for years, but due to the increasing cost of competition
2.
Jackie Stewart
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Sir John Young Jackie Stewart, OBE is a British former Formula One racing driver from Scotland. Nicknamed the Flying Scot, he competed in Formula One between 1965 and 1973, winning three World Drivers Championships, and twice runner-up, over nine seasons. In the United States, he worked as a commentator on television broadcasts at the Indianapolis 500, Daytona 500. He has also been a spokesman for Ford, Rolex and Moët, between 1997 and 1999, in partnership with his son, Paul, he was team principal of the Stewart Grand Prix Formula One racing team. Stewart was born in Milton, West Dunbartonshire, Scotland, a village 15 miles west of Glasgow, Stewarts family were Austin, later Jaguar, car dealers and had built up a successful business. Jackie attended Hartfield primary school in the town of Dumbarton. Stewart was unable to continue his education past the age of 16. He was not actually diagnosed with dyslexia until 1980, when his oldest son Mark was diagnosed with the condition. He has said, When youve got dyslexia and you find something youre good at, you put more into it than anyone else, you cant think the way of the clever folk, so youre always thinking out of the box. At the age of 13 he had won a clay pigeon shooting competition and then went on to become a member of the Scottish shooting team, competing in the United Kingdom. He won the British, Irish, Welsh and Scottish skeet shooting championships and he competed for a place in the British trap shooting team for the 1960 Summer Olympics, but finished third behind Joseph Wheater and Brett Huthart. He took up an offer from Barry Filer, a customer of his family business, for 1961, Filer provided a Marcos, in which Stewart scored four wins, and competed once in Filers Aston DB4GT. In 1962, to if he was ready to become a professional driver, tested a Jaguar E-type at Oulton Park. He won two races, his first in England, in the E-type, and David Murray of Ecurie Ecosse offered him a ride in the Tojeiro EE Mk2, then their Cooper T49, in which he won at Goodwood. For 1963, he earned fourteen wins, a second, in 1964, he again signed with Ecurie Ecosse. Jackie came down for the test at Goodwood, taking over a new, soon Stewart was bettering McLarens times, causing McLaren to return to the track for some quicker laps. Again, Stewart was quicker, and Tyrrell offered Stewart a spot on the team, in 1964 he drove in Formula Three for Tyrrell. His debut, in the wet at Snetterton on 15 March, was dominant, within days, he was offered a Formula One ride with Cooper, but declined, preferring to gain experience under Tyrrell, he failed to win just two races in becoming F3 champion
3.
Ford Motor Company
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The Ford Motor Company is an American multinational automaker headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16,1903, the company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand. Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer, Troller, and Australian performance car manufacturer FPV, in the past, it has also produced tractors and automotive components. Ford owns an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom, and it also has a number of joint-ventures, one in China, one in Taiwan, one in Thailand, one in Turkey, and one in Russia. It is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family, Fords former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover, acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively, were sold to Tata Motors in March 2008. Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010, in 2011, Ford discontinued the Mercury brand, under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States, Canada, Mexico, and the Middle East since 1938. During the financial crisis at the beginning of the 21st century, it was close to bankruptcy, Ford is the second-largest U. S. -based automaker and the fifth-largest in the world based on 2015 vehicle production. At the end of 2010, Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe, Ford is the eighth-ranked overall American-based company in the 2010 Fortune 500 list, based on global revenues in 2009 of $118.3 billion. In 2008, Ford produced 5.532 million automobiles and employed about 213,000 employees at around 90 plants, the company went public in 1956 but the Ford family, through special Class B shares, still retain 40 percent voting rights. The Ford Motor Company was launched in a factory in 1903 with $28,000 in cash from twelve investors, most notably John. During its early years, the company produced just a few cars a day at its factory on Mack Avenue and later its factory on Piquette Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. Groups of two or three men worked on car, assembling it from parts made mostly by supplier companies contracting for Ford. Henry Ford was 39 years old when he founded the Ford Motor Company and it has been in continuous family control for over 100 years and is one of the largest family-controlled companies in the world. The first gasoline powered automobile had been created in 1885 by the German inventor Carl Benz, between 1903 and 1908, Ford produced the Models A, B, C, F, K, N, R, and S. Hundreds or a few thousand of most of these were sold per year, in 1908, Ford introduced the mass-produced Model T, which totalled millions sold over nearly 20 years. In 1927, Ford replaced the T with the Model A, Ford launched the first low-priced car with a V8 engine in 1932. In an attempt to compete with General Motors mid-priced Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Henry Ford purchased the Lincoln Motor Company in 1922, in order to compete with such brands as Cadillac and Packard for the luxury segment of the automobile market. The creation of a laboratory in Dearborn, Michigan in 1951, doing unfettered basic research
4.
1970 Formula One season
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The 1970 Formula One season was the 24th season of the FIAs Formula One motor racing. It featured the 21st World Championship of Drivers and the 13th International Cup for F1 Manufacturers, thirteen races were held between 7 March 1970 and 25 October 1970, with the Championship won by Jochen Rindt and the constructors title by Lotus. Rindt died four races before the end of the season, but had earned enough World Championship points such that no other driver managed to surpass his total by the end of the season. It is the season to date in which the World Championship title has been awarded posthumously. Jacky Ickx driving for Ferrari finished the season strongly, but a 4th-place finish in the penultimate round ensured that Rindts title lead would stand, in the end, all of Rindts points came from his five wins. The following teams and drivers competed in the 1970 World Championship, for the 1970 Formula One season, following an agreement with Simca, Tyrrell were asked by Matra to use their V12 rather than the Cosworth. Stewart tested the Matra V12 and found it inferior to the DFV, the new wedge-shaped Lotus 72 had very innovative car design, featuring torsion bar suspension, hip-mounted radiators, inboard front brakes and an overhanging rear wing. The 72 originally had suspension problems, but when dive and squat were designed out of the suspension the car showed its superiority. Lotus new leader, the Austrian Jochen Rindt, dominated the championship until he was killed at Monza when he crashed into some poorly installed crash barriers right before the Parabolica corner and he took the 1970 title posthumously for Lotus. Jacky Ickx won the Austrian, Canadian and Mexican Grands Prix to come second in the Drivers Championship, had he won the United States Grand Prix instead of Brazilian newcomer Emerson Fittipaldi, Ickx would have been crowned champion. The 1970 season was one of the most tragic in Formula One history,1970 saw the introduction of slick tyres by Goodyear. After a Formula One career that began at the 1955 British Grand Prix, the first round was the South Africa Grand Prix held at the Kyalami circuit between Johannesburg and Pretoria. Jack Brabham won the race in a Brabham BT33, the Spanish Grand Prix took place on the Jarama circuit. The defending champion Jackie Stewart won in a March 701, the Monaco Grand Prix ended in a close finish. At the last corner of the last lap, Jack Brabham skidded off the track, allowing Austrian Jochen Rindt in a Lotus 49 to pass and win the race. Formula One had recently lost one of its top drivers, Bruce McLaren had been killed testing a Can-Am car at the Goodwood circuit in southern England, a chicane had also been inserted at the incredibly fast Malmedy corner to reduce speeds onto the Masta straight. Stewart took pole, followed by New Zealander Chris Amon and Rindt, Rindt took the lead going into Eau Rouge, and once the cars came back around towards La Source, Amon was leading. Then, Stewart took the lead, but then retired his March-Ford/Cosworth with engine problems.1 seconds, Frenchman Jean-Pierre Beltoise took the final podium spot, followed by home favorite Jacky Ickx in a Ferrari
5.
McLaren M7A
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The McLaren M7A and its M7B, M7C and M7D variants were Formula One racing cars, built by McLaren and used in the world championship between 1968 and 1971. After two relatively unsuccessful years of Formula One competition, the M7A was used to score McLarens first win at the 1968 Belgian Grand Prix. Designed by Robin Herd and Gordon Coppuck, the M7A was the first McLaren to be powered by the Cosworth DFV engine, the M7B had outboard fuel tanks and the M7C a modified chassis, whilst the M7D was powered by an Alfa-Romeo engine. The M7A made its Grand Prix debut at the race of the 1968 world championship. After its victory in Belgium, it took two wins that year, helping to place McLaren second in the constructors championship. Since 1966, McLaren and his team had been building and racing their own Formula One cars and their first two seasons had been relatively unsuccessful, with six points scored and a best result of fourth. The lack of an engine caused problems, the 1966 M2B cars Ford. In 1967 Cosworth debuted their DFV engine which was supplied exclusively to the Lotus team and it was immediately successful, winning its first race, and for 1968 it became available for purchase by any manufacturer. McLaren bought five DFV engines at a cost of 7,500 pounds sterling each, designer Robin Herd was recruited to the team in 1965 before which he had been an aerospace engineer at the National Gas Turbine Establishment where he worked on the Concorde project. His assistant Gordon Coppuck was another ex-NGTE employee, Herd began the design of the M7A towards the end of 1967 but left to join Cosworth before its completion, leaving Coppuck and Bruce McLaren to complete the work. The M7A was an open-wheeled single-seater with an engine driving the rear wheels. The chassis was a monocoque made from 22-gauge aluminium alloy and 20-gauge magnesium alloy panels glued and riveted together. The monocoque terminated behind the seat and the engine was used as a stressed part of the chassis. The gearbox was attached behind the engine, and the rear suspension – consisting of lateral top links, twin radius arms and reversed wishbones– attached to the gearbox. The front suspension – upper and lower links and radius arms –. Coilover springs and Koni dampers mounted outside of the body were employed front, the outer bodywork was mostly formed by the monocoque, except for the nose and cockpit which were covered by glass-reinforced plastic panels, the engine sometimes also had a GRP cover. The wheelbase was 94 inches, the front track 58 inches, McLarens own magnesium alloy wheels were used, they were 15-inch diameter at the rear and 15- or sometimes 13-inch diameter at the front. Fuel was stored in tanks running down the side of the chassis, above the legs and behind their seat
6.
Donington Grand Prix Exhibition
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With five halls and over 130 exhibits, the Donington Grand Prix Exhibition comprises the largest exhibition of Grand Prix cars in the world. The collection contains vehicles from many forms of open-wheel, single-seater racing, the museum was formed by the late Tom Wheatcroft in March 1973 and is based on Wheatcrofts personal collection of vehicles. These include some that Wheatcrofts own motor racing team ran for drivers such as Roger Williamson and Derek Bell, various external collections of automobilia and motor racing ephemera have been donated to the museum over the years. The collection also has examples of four different four-wheel drive Formula One cars, another star exhibit is the Lotus 18 with which Stirling Moss won the 1961 Monaco Grand Prix, along with Jim Clarks World Championship-winning Lotus 25. Noticeable, however, is the lack of Ferrari vehicles,3 in all. First being a Ferrari 312 driven by Chris Amon, second a 312B and thirdly, a Ferrari F2000, conversely, the 1998 Jordan 198, the most successful in Jordans history, also figures. Another interesting exhibit is an Auto Union, built from pre-war plans following the destruction by Allied bombing during World War II. Wheatcroft has also supplemented the racing car collection with some additional notable cars, in addition to exhibits, the Donington Grand Prix Exhibition also incorporates a conference suite and gift shop. The Donington Grand Prix Exhibition was closed briefly in late 2009 in the wake of the death of Tom Wheatcroft and it reopened in January 2010, along with the cafe and race control offices. The museum sold the Jim Clark Lotus 25 c.2008 to a private collector. Although it is no longer on display, it has given the car the chance to be raced on track by Damon Hill. Several other Formula 1 cars have also disappeared from the museum including Jackie Stewarts 1973 championship winning Tyrrell, Lotus 72 and these cars may have been sold in order to solve Doningtons financial problems when it enlarged the circuit and attempted to host the 2012 British Grand Prix. The Donington Collection is home to the largest exhibition of McLaren vehicles, conversely, its lacklustre predecessor, the Steve Nichols designed MP4/3 TAG Porsche twin-turbo stands alongside it in a diachronic exhibition of Mclaren creations. In addition, rarities such as a Häkkinens MP4/13 in test livery, an M14A driven by Denny Hulme and an MP4/2, the car that took Alain Prost to his first World Drivers Championship in 1985. Alongside these lie helmets of great drivers who drove for the Woking based outfit over the years such as Senna, Prost, Lauda, Häkkinen, Berger, Grand Prix Museum, Macau The Donington Collections Website. Accessed, 20-03-2015 The Donington Grand Prix Exhibition, accessed, 28-11-2009 Donington Grand Prix Collection. Accessed,29 August 2013 The Donington Grand Prix Collection, accessed, 24-04-2009 Donington Collections — by Donington Park Collections official website
7.
Matra MS10
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The Matra MS10 is a Formula One car entered by the Matra International team during the 1968 Formula One season. Following its success in Formula 2, Matra had developed a F1 car intended to be powered by their own V12 engine. However, Ken Tyrrell, who was running the Formula 2 team, was impressed by the Cosworth DFVs performance in the 1967 season, and persuaded Matra to build a car to take this engine. In the end, Matra Sports would run the V12-engined MS11 as a works entry, the cars most innovative feature was the use of aviation-inspired structural fuel tanks. These allowed the chassis to be around 15 kg lighter, while still being stronger than its competitors, the FIA considered the technology to be unsafe and decided to ban it for 1970, insisting on rubber bag-tanks. Jackie Stewart had raced for Tyrrells Formula 2 Matra team and signed to race for them in Formula 1 for 1968, having spent two fruitless years with BRM. However at the first event in 1968, the South African Grand Prix, he raced the interim MS9, but after qualifying an impressive third, he retired due to engine failure. Stewart then injured his wrist in a F2 race at Jarama, so at the Spanish Grand Prix Jean-Pierre Beltoise debuted the car instead, setting the fastest lap and finishing in fifth place. Beltoise then switched to the works MS11 and Johnny Servoz-Gavin raced the car at the Monaco Grand Prix, as the season progressed the team experimented with fitting aerofoil wings to the car. At the 1969 South African Grand Prix the car was raced with two high wings, one over the front and one over the rear suspension. At other races the MS10 was raced with a lower wing, a second car was built and raced by Servoz-Gavin in the latter part of the season. By the end of the year Stewart had won three World Championship races and the non-championship International Gold Cup, and finished third in the World Championship, similarly, Matra International were third in the Constructors Championship. 1 In the 1968 Constructors Championship, Matra-Ford finished 3rd, Matra finished 9th.2 In 1969,9 points were scored using the MS10,1 Stewart qualified for pole in the MS80 but raced in the MS10. ^1 – The MS10 was used in just one race of the 1969 season, before it was replaced by the MS80
8.
France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
9.
Jacky Ickx
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Jacky Ickx was introduced to the sport when he was taken by his father, motoring journalist Jacques Ickx, to races which he covered. Despite this family background, Jacky had limited interest in the sport until his father bought him a 50 cc Zündapp motorcycle, soon afterwards, Ickx won 8 of 13 races at the first season and the European 50 cc trials title. He also competed in car races where he had already significant experience from taking part in the 1000 km races at the Nürburgring. Ickx entered his first Grand Prix at the Nürburgring in 1966, driving a Matra MS5-Cosworth one-litre Formula Two car, however, a first lap collision with John Taylor caused both cars to retire and Taylor later died as a result of burns received in the accident. In 1967, Ickx again drove at the Nurburgring, with an F2 Matra MS7-Cosworth 1. 6-litre, despite the greater power of the Formula One cars, only two F1 drivers qualified with a faster time than Ickx, Denny Hulme and Jim Clark. As Ickx was racing in the separate F2 class, he started the race all of the F1 cars. He was forced to retire after 12 laps with broken front suspension, at Monza in 1967, he made his F1 debut in a Cooper T81B-Maserati, finishing sixth, despite suffering a puncture on the last lap. He also drove for Cooper in the United States Grand Prix at Watkins Glen, in 1968 Ickx drove in Formula 1 for Ferrari. He retired from his first two races, but at his race at Spa-Francorchamps he started from the front row. At the French Grand Prix at Rouen he took his first win, in heavy rain, Ickx also finished third at Brands Hatch and fourth at the Nürburgring after driving almost the entire race in heavy rain without his helmet visor. At Monza he finished the race in third position, in Canada he crashed and broke his left leg during practice, thus did not start and also missed the subsequent United States Grand Prix. He returned in time for the race of the season in Mexico. Ickx scored 27 points in the 1968 Formula One season finishing in place behind Graham Hill, Jackie Stewart. In 1969, Ickx moved to Brabham, partly at the instigation of the John Wyer team for whom hed had considerable success in sports cars. Wyers main sponsor, Gulf Oil were keen to ensure that they retained his services rather than lose him to Ferraris sports car team. In the 1969 Mexican Grand Prix Ickx finished second and ended the year as runner-up in the world championship. He returned to the Ferrari team for the 1970 season, a move he had been considering since the Italian Grand Prix, as in 1969, Ickx had a disappointing start to the 1970 season. On the first lap of the Spanish Grand Prix he collided with the BRM of Jackie Oliver and it took at least 20 seconds for him to leave the burning car and he was hospitalized with severe burns
10.
Brabham
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Motor Racing Developments Ltd. commonly known as Brabham /ˈbræbəm/, was a British racing car manufacturer and Formula One racing team. Founded in 1960 by two Australians, driver Jack Brabham and designer Ron Tauranac, the team won four Drivers, Jack Brabhams 1966 Drivers Championship remains the only such achievement using a car bearing the drivers own name. In the 1960s, Brabham was the worlds largest manufacturer of open wheel racing cars for sale to customer teams, during this period, teams using Brabham cars won championships in Formula Two and Formula Three. Brabham cars also competed in the Indianapolis 500 and in Formula 5000 racing, the team won two more Formula One Drivers Championships in the 1980s with Brazilian Nelson Piquet. He won his first championship in 1981 in the Ground effects BT49-Ford, in 1983 the Brabham BT52, driven by Piquet and Italian Riccardo Patrese, was powered by the BMW M12 Straight-4 engine, and powered Brabham to four of the teams 35 Grand Prix victories. British businessman Bernie Ecclestone owned Brabham during most of the 1970s and 1980s, Ecclestone sold the team in 1988. Its last owner was the Middlebridge Group, a Japanese engineering firm, midway through the 1992 season, the team collapsed financially as Middlebridge was unable to make repayments against loans provided by Landhurst Leasing. The case was investigated by the United Kingdom Serious Fraud Office, in 2009, an unsuccessful attempt was made by a German organisation to enter the 2010 Formula One season using the Brabham name. The Brabham team was founded by Jack Brabham and Ron Tauranac, Brabham was the more successful driver and went to the United Kingdom in 1955 to further his racing career. In 1959 and 1960, Brabham won the Formula One World Drivers Championship in Coopers revolutionary mid-engined cars, despite their innovation of putting the engine behind the driver, the Coopers and their Chief Designer Owen Maddock were generally resistant to developing their cars. Brabham pushed for further advances, and played a significant role in developing Coopers highly successful 1960 T53 lowline car, Brabham describes Tauranac as absolutely the only bloke Id have gone into partnership with. Later, Brabham offered a Coventry-Climax FWE-engined version of the Herald, with 83 hp, to meet that aim, Brabham and Tauranac set up Motor Racing Developments Ltd. deliberately avoiding the use of either mans name. Unveiled in the summer of 1961, the MRD was soon renamed, motoring journalist Jabby Crombac pointed out that way a Frenchman pronounces those initials—written phonetically, em air day—sounded perilously like the French word. Gavin Youl achieved a finish at Goodwood and another at Mallory Park in the MRD-Ford. The cars were known as Brabhams, with type numbers starting with BT for Brabham Tauranac. By the 1961 Formula One season, the Lotus and Ferrari teams had developed the approach further than Cooper. The Brabham Racing Organisation started the year fielding a customer Lotus chassis, Brabham took two points finishes in Lotuses, before the turquoise-liveried Brabham BT3 car made its debut at the 1962 German Grand Prix. It retired with a problem after 9 of the 15 laps
11.
Four-wheel drive in Formula One
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Four-wheel drive has only been tried a handful of times in Formula One. In the World Championship era since 1950, only eight such cars are known to have been built, nevertheless the team persevered and fitted a standard 1. 5-litre Climax 4-cylinder engine, mounted at a slant to make room for the front driveshaft. In addition the driving position was moved slightly off-centre to accommodate the gearbox, the car was first raced in the 1961 British Empire Trophy, where Rob Walker put Jack Fairman in the car, but the start was an inauspicious one as Fairman crashed on lap 2. In the British Grand Prix at Aintree, Fairman drove the car again, the car was disqualified for outside assistance on lap 56. The cars last major F1 race was its moment of motor racing immortality, the P99s final racing action came in the British Hillclimb championship in 1964,1965 and 1966, with Peter Westbury winning the title in 1964. The P99 was later used as the basis for the 4WD Ferguson P104 Novi indycar, in a 1997 interview for Motor Sport magazine, Sir Stirling Moss nominated the P99 as his favourite of all the F1 cars he drove. This was considered high praise from a man who drove the Mercedes W196, Maserati 250F, Vanwall, the P67 was entered for the 1964 British Grand Prix with Richard Attwood driving, but after qualifying last BRM withdrew the car from the race. It was apt, given its designer, that the P67 itself was used extensively in hillclimbs, as the Ferguson P99 had been before it. After some tuning to the Ferguson transmissions torque distribution it proved successful in this field. As a result several solutions were tried, with three leading Cosworth customers and even Cosworth themselves each trying their hand at building 4WD F1 cars. Ironically, while the 1968 season was plagued by wet races, there was hardly a raindrop to be seen in 1969, furthermore, virtually every driver who drove the cars hated the way they handled. Of the four 4WD projects, the Lotus team were undoubtedly the most committed, bonnier retired with an engine problem while Miles finished tenth, some nine laps down. Mario Andretti drove in place of Miles in the race at the Nürburgring. After losing both championships to Jackie Stewarts Matra, Chapman finally decided that it was time to abandon the 4WD car, One 63 chassis is currently on display as part of the Donington Grand Prix Collection, the other is believed to be in Australia. Like the Lotus 63, the MS84 made its first appearance at the Dutch Grand Prix, servoz-Gavin also drove the car at Watkins Glen, finishing 16 laps down and unclassified, and finally in Mexico, crossing the line just two laps down in eighth place. Bruce McLarens team was the last front-running team to produce a 4WD car in 1969, a brand new chassis designed by Jo Marquart and designated the M9A. The car, complete with distinctive tea tray rear wing, was completed in time for Derek Bell to use in the British Grand Prix alongside the standard M7s, where he retired with suspension failure. After McLaren himself tested the car he compared driving it to trying to write your signature with someone constantly jogging your elbow and the car was never raced again
12.
Downforce
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Downforce is a downwards thrust created by the aerodynamic characteristics of a car. The purpose of downforce is to allow a car to travel faster through a corner by increasing the force on the tires. The same principle that allows an airplane to rise off the ground by creating lift from its wings is used in reverse to apply force that presses the race car against the surface of the track. This effect is referred to as aerodynamic grip and is distinguished from mechanical grip, which is a function of the mass, tires. The creation of downforce by passive devices can be achieved only at the cost of increased drag. The aerodynamic setup for a car can vary considerably between race tracks, depending on the length of the straights and the types of corners. Some cars have had rather unstable aerodynamics, such that a change in angle of attack or height of the vehicle can cause large changes in downforce. Two primary components of a car can be used to create downforce when the car is travelling at racing speed, the shape of the body. Most racing formulae have a ban on aerodynamic devices that can be adjusted during a race, in aerodynamics, it is usual to use the top-view projected area of the wing, instead of its frontal area, as a reference surface to define the lift coefficient. This results in different values for F, although the calculated downforce stays the same, the rounded and tapered shape of the top of the car is designed to slice through the air and minimize wind resistance. Detailed pieces of bodywork on top of the car can be added to allow a flow of air to reach the downforce-creating elements. The overall shape of a street car resembles an airplane wing, almost all street cars have aerodynamic lift as a result of this shape. There are many techniques that are used to counterbalance a street car, using this method, the air flowing under the front bumper will be constricted to a lower cross sectional area, and thus achieve a lower pressure. Volume does not affect the air pressure because it is not an enclosed volume, race cars will exemplify this effect by adding a rear diffuser to accelerate air under the car in front of the diffuser, and raise the air pressure behind it to lessen the cars wake. Other aerodynamic components that can be found on the underside to improve downforce and/or reduce drag, include splitters, some cars, such as the DeltaWing, do not have wings, and generate all of their downforce through their body. A larger surface area creates greater downforce and greater drag, the aspect ratio is the width of the airfoil divided by its depth. The aspect ratio formula is written like AR=b squared/s, where AR=aspect ratio, b=spand squared, also, a greater angle of attack of the wing or spoiler, creates more downforce, which puts more pressure on the rear wheels and more drag. The function of the airfoils at the front of the car is twofold and they create downforce that enhances the grip of the front tires, while also optimizing the flow of air to the rest of the car
Jack Brabham
Jacky Ickx