1.
American League
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The American League of Professional Baseball Clubs, or simply the American League, is one of two leagues that make up Major League Baseball in the United States and Canada. It developed from the Western League, a league based in the Great Lakes states. It is sometimes called the Junior Circuit because it claimed Major League status for the 1901 season,25 years after the formation of the National League. At the end of season, the American League champion plays in the World Series against the National League champion. Through 2016, American League teams have won 64 of the 112 World Series played since 1903, the 2016 American League champions are the Cleveland Indians. The New York Yankees have won 40 American League titles, the most in the history, followed by the Philadelphia/Kansas City/Oakland Athletics. Originally a minor league known as the Western League, the American League later developed into a major league after the American Association disbanded, in its early history, the Western League struggled until 1894, when Ban Johnson became the president of the league. Johnson led the Western League into major league status and soon became the president of the newly renamed American League, babe Ruth, noted as one of the most prolific hitters in Major League Baseball history, spent the majority of his career in the American League. The American League has one notable difference versus the National League, in 1902, the Milwaukee Brewers moved to St. Louis and were renamed the St. Louis Browns. In 1902, The Cleveland Bluebirds were also renamed the Cleveland Broncos, in 1903, the Broncos were renamed the Cleveland Naps. In 1915, the Naps were renamed the Cleveland Indians, in 1903, the Baltimore Orioles moved to New York and were renamed the New York Highlanders. In 1913, the Highlanders were renamed the New York Yankees, in 1904, the Chicago White Stockings were renamed the Chicago White Sox. In 1908, the Boston Americans were renamed the Boston Red Sox, in 1954, the St. Louis Browns moved to Baltimore and were renamed as the Baltimore Orioles. In 1955, the Philadelphia Athletics moved to Kansas City and were renamed as the Kansas City Athletics, in 1961, the league expanded and added two teams as the Los Angeles Angels and the Washington Senators, expanding the league to 10 teams. The original Senators team moved to Minneapolis/St, Paul in 1961 and were renamed as the Minnesota Twins. The Angels team name changed to the California Angels in 1966, then to the Anaheim Angels in 1997, the Kansas City Royals and the Seattle Pilots were added to the American League, expanding the league to 12 teams. In 1970, the Seattle Pilots moved to Milwaukee and were renamed the Milwaukee Brewers, in 1972, the Washington Senators relocated to the Dallas/Fort Worth area and were renamed the Texas Rangers. In 1977, the league expanded to fourteen teams, when the Seattle Mariners, in 1998, the Tampa Bay Rays was added to the American League and at the same time, the Milwaukee Brewers were switched to the National League, leaving the American League with 14 teams
2.
1969 Major League Baseball season
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The 1969 Major League Baseball season was celebrated as the 100th anniversary of professional baseball, honoring the first professional touring baseball team, the Cincinnati Red Stockings. It was the first season of what is now called the Divisional Era, the winners of each division would compete against each other in a League Championship Series, then best-of-five, to determine the pennant winners that would face each other in the World Series. In a year marked by the expansion of the decade, the New York Mets. East Division with a league-best 100–62 record, and sweeping the N. L, West Division Champion Atlanta Braves in three games in the first National League Championship Series, the Miracle Mets became the first expansion team to win a pennant. East Division Champion Orioles, holders of the best record in baseball, West Division Champion Minnesota Twins in three games in the first American League Championship Series. The upstart Mets upset the heavily favored Orioles and won the World Series title in five games, in an effort to counteract a trend of low-scoring games, Major League Baseball adopted two measures during the Baseball Winter Meetings held in December 1968. The strike zone was reduced to the area over home plate between the armpits and the top of the knees of a batter. Also, the height of the mound was reduced from 15 inches to 10 inches. A save became an official MLB statistic to reward relief pitchers who preserve a lead while finishing a game, MLB called for a four-team expansion to take place in 1971 at the 1967 Winter Meetings, the first expansion since 1962. However, there was a complication, influential U. S, the Leagues agreed and moved expansion up to 1969, with the AL putting one of its new franchises in Kansas City. Ewing Kauffman won the bidding for that franchise, naming it the Kansas City Royals, the other AL team was awarded to Seattle. A consortium led by Dewey Soriano and William Daley won the bidding for the Seattle franchise, and named it the Seattle Pilots, a salute to the harbor pilots of the Puget Sound maritime industry. In the NL, one franchise was awarded to San Diego, California, arnholdt Smith, former owner of the AAA Pacific Coast Leagues San Diego Padres, won the bidding for the San Diego franchise, also naming it the Padres. Charles Bronfman, owner of Seagram, won the bidding for the Montreal franchise, naming them the Expos and this was the last NL expansion until the 1993 season. As part of the 1969 expansion, each league was to be split into two divisions of six each, with each league holding a best-of-five League Championship Series to decide the pennant. The AL was divided purely along geographic lines, but when it came to assign divisions in the NL and this alignment also addressed concerns that putting the leagues three strongest clubs—St. Louis, San Francisco, and the Cubs—in the west would result in divisional unequity, the Padres and Expos each finished with 110 losses and at the bottom of their respective divisions. The Royals did better, finishing 69–93 and in fourth in the AL West, the legal fallout of the battle would lead eventually to the expansion for the 1977 season
3.
Fenway Park
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Fenway Park is a baseball park located in Boston, at 4 Yawkey Way near Kenmore Square. Since 1912, it has been the home for the Boston Red Sox and it is the oldest ballpark in MLB. It is the fourth-smallest among MLB ballparks by seating capacity, second-smallest by total capacity, Fenway has hosted the World Series ten times, with the Red Sox winning five of them, and the Boston Braves winning one. The first, in the inaugural season, was the 1912 World Series. April 20,2012, marked Fenway Parks centennial, on March 7 of that year, the park was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Former pitcher Bill Lee has called Fenway Park a shrine and it is a pending Boston Landmark which will regulate further changes to the park. Today, the park is considered to be one of the most well-known sports venues in the world, the Red Sox moved to Fenway Park from the old Huntington Avenue Grounds. In 1911, owner John I. Taylor purchased the land bordered by Brookline Avenue, Jersey Street, Van Ness Street and Lansdowne Street and developed it into a larger baseball stadium. However, given that Taylors family also owned the Fenway Realty Company, like many classic ballparks, Fenway Park was constructed on an asymmetrical block, with consequent asymmetry in its field dimensions. The General Contractor was the Charles Logue Building Company, the first game was played April 20,1912, with mayor John F. Fitzgerald throwing out the first pitch and Boston defeating the New York Highlanders, 7-6 in 11 innings. Newspaper coverage of the opening was overshadowed by continuing coverage of the Titanic sinking a few days earlier, Fenway Park has historically drawn low attendance, its lowest occurring late in the 1965 season with two games having paid attendance under 500 spectators. On Wednesday, June 17,2009, the park celebrated its 500th consecutive Red Sox sellout, according to WBZ-TV, the team joined three NBA teams which achieved 500 consecutive home sellouts. The sellout streak ended on April 11,2013, in all the Red Sox sold out 794 regular season games, the parks address was originally 24 Jersey Street. In 1977, the section of Jersey Street nearest the park was renamed Yawkey Way in honor of longtime Red Sox owner Tom Yawkey, and the parks address is now 4 Yawkey Way. Some of the include, In 1934, a hand-operated scoreboard was added, with what was then considered high-technology lights to indicate balls. The scoreboard is updated by hand today from behind the wall. The National League scores were removed in 1976, but restored in 2003, in 1946, upper deck seats were installed, Fenway Park is essentially the first double-tiered ballpark in Boston since the South End Grounds of the 1880s. In 1947, arc lights were installed at Fenway Park, the Boston Red Sox were the third-to-last team out of 16 major league teams to have lights in their home park
4.
Boston
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Boston is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County, although the county government was disbanded on July 1,1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles with a population of 667,137 in 2015, making it the largest city in New England. Alternately, as a Combined Statistical Area, this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people, One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon U. S. independence from Great Britain, it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education, through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year, Bostons many firsts include the United States first public school, Boston Latin School, first subway system, the Tremont Street Subway, and first public park, Boston Common. Bostons economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, the city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States as it has undergone gentrification, though it remains high on world livability rankings. Bostons early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the renaming on September 7,1630 was by Puritan colonists from England who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River. The peninsula is thought to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC, in 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colonys first governor John Winthrop led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history, over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their Indian allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid-18th century, Bostons harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812. Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Bostons merchants had found alternatives for their investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the economy, and the citys industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. Boston remained one of the nations largest manufacturing centers until the early 20th century, a network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a network of railroads furthered the regions industry. Boston was a port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies
5.
Tom Yawkey
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Thomas Austin Yawkey, born Thomas Yawkey Austin, was an American industrialist and Major League Baseball executive. Born in Detroit, Yawkey became president of the Boston Red Sox in 1933 and he was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1980. Yawkey was born Thomas Austin in Detroit on February 21,1903 and he was the grandson of lumber and iron magnate William Clyman Yawkey, who agreed in principle to buy the Detroit Tigers in 1903 but died before the deal closed. The deal eventually was completed by Toms uncle, Bill Yawkey, after his father died, Toms uncle adopted him and he took the Yawkey name. Bill Yawkey died in 1919 and left his $40 million estate to his adopted son, Tom Yawkey was a graduate of the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale University in 1925 and was a member of the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity. Yawkey hired Collins as general manager with instructions to buy up as much talent as possible to turn the team around and he also heavily renovated Fenway Park, which had fallen into disrepair over the years. He would never achieve his goal of winning a world championship. Yawkey has been accused of being a racist for his apparent reluctance to employ black players with the Red Sox. The Red Sox had multiple players in their farm system during the 1950s. During this period, the Red Sox went from perennial contender to failing to finish within ten games of first place for 17 years, as owner of the Boston Red Sox, the teams policy on integration ultimately was Yawkeys responsibility. Robinson would later call Yawkey one of the most bigoted guys in baseball, another controversy involved longtime clubhouse attendant Donald Fitzpatrick. Fitzpatrick was accused of abuse of minors between 1971 and 1991 while working in the Red Sox spring training clubhouse in Winter Haven. The abuse was reported to the team by victims and players who witnessed it, Yawkey, and later his wife Jean after Toms death, protected Fitzpatrick from the allegations, according to two sources with knowledge of their relationship. In 2002, Fitzpatrick pled guilty after being charged with four counts of attempted sexual battery for actions between 1975 and 1989, Yawkey died from leukemia in Boston on July 9,1976. His wife, Jean R. Yawkey, became president of the following his death. In 1977, the section of Jersey Street where Fenway Park is located was renamed Yawkey Way in his honor. After Tom Yawkey posthumously established the Yawkey Foundation in 1976 as a bequest in his will and it consists of North and South Islands and a majority of Cat Island. Yawkey was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1980, Yawkey married Elise Sparrow in 1925, with the couple adopting in 1936 a daughter named Julia
6.
Eddie Kasko
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Edward Michael Kasko is a former infielder, manager, scout and front office executive in American Major League Baseball. A standout defensive player as a shortstop and third baseman, the native of Linden, New Jersey, Kasko played for ten MLB seasons with the St. Louis Cardinals, Cincinnati Reds, Houston Astros and Boston Red Sox. He led National League third basemen in fielding percentage in 1960, Kasko was a right-handed batter who stood 6 feet tall and weighed 180 pounds. He lacked home run power but was a contact hitter. His career batting average was.264 in 1,077 games and 3,546 at bats and his 935 Major League hits included 146 doubles and 13 triples, as well as 22 home runs. Selected to the 1961 National League All-Star team, he appeared in that years second all-star classic, Hall of Fame shortstop Ernie Banks pinch-hit for Kasko in the eighth inning and replaced him in the field. Kasko appeared in one World Series—also in 1961, with Cincinnati and he started all five games at shortstop, led the Reds with seven hits, scored one run, and batted.319. Defensively, he made one error in 27 chances in the field, but the Reds were defeated by the New York Yankees. After the 1966 season, his campaign with Boston, Kasko retired as an active player and managed the Red Sox Triple-A clubs. He succeeded the popular Dick Williams as Red Sox manager in 1970, the Red Sox finished above the.500 mark each season, but only contended in 1972 when they finished a half-game out of first place, behind the Detroit Tigers, in the American League East Division. But when the 1973 Red Sox again could not measure up to the powerful Baltimore Orioles of the era and his final record with Boston, over four seasons, was 345–295. Kasko remained with the Red Sox for another two decades, however, as a scout, director of scouting and vice president, baseball development and he was named to the Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame in 2010. The Baseball Encyclopedia, Macmillan Books, 10th edition, career statistics and player information from Baseball-Reference, or Fangraphs, or The Baseball Cube
7.
WCVB-TV
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WCVB-TV, channel 5, is an ABC-affiliated television station located in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. It is one of three television stations of Hearst Television along with WBAL-TV and WTAE-TV, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Hearst Corporation. WCVB-TV maintains studio and transmitter located separately in Needham, Massachusetts. Nearby Manchester, New Hampshire is considered part of the Boston media market, WMUR-TV, WCVB is also one of six Boston television stations that are carried by satellite provider Bell TV and fiber optic television provider Bell Fibe TV in Canada. The channel 5 allocation in Boston was first occupied by WHDH-TV, the station was owned by the Boston Herald-Traveler Corporation, along with WHDH radio. It was originally an ABC affiliate, but switched to CBS in 1961, however, almost as soon as it signed on, the Federal Communications Commission began investigating allegations of impropriety in the granting of the television stations construction permit. This touched off a struggle that lasted 15 years, as a result, WHDH-TV never had a license renewal period lasting more than six months at a time. It was also critical of the combination of the Herald-Traveler and WHDH-AM-FM-TV, Herald-Traveler Corporation fought the decision in court, but lost in 1972 and Boston Broadcasters was awarded a full license. The local group was led by acoustic expert Leo Beranek, WHDH-TV signed off for the last time on March 18,1972, and was replaced by the new WCVB-TV early the next morning. m. So that WCVB-TV could test its equipment, WCVB used an old International Harvester dealership in Needham to serve as its studio facility, which the station continues to operate from to this day. Although WCVB operates under a different license, it claims the history of the former WHDH-TV as its own and it also inherited all of WHDH-TVs personnel, including anchorman Jack Hynes and sportscaster Don Gillis. It refused to have anything to do with WCVB, and moved its programming back to WNAC-TV, more or less by default, WCVB signed up with ABC. Making good on its promise, WCVB aired more local programming than any other station in the nation throughout the 1970s and 1980s. One of its programs, Good Day. Which first premiered in 1973 as Good Morning, broke ground by taking its entire production on the road and broadcasting from locations outside of the Boston area and around the world. Along with The Morning Exchange on Clevelands WEWS-TV, served as a basis for the format of ABCs Good Morning America, during the 1970s, WCVB-TV was the first television station in southern New England to run a 24-hour program schedule. The station ran a block from 1,00 to 5,00 a. m. branded as 5 All Night, which featured a library of older black-and-white movies. During station breaks, announcer George Fennel would make live announcements and read fan mail from the viewing audience and his actual first on-air portrait was displayed as part of a donation pledge drive for the Jerry Lewis MDA Labor Day Telethon
8.
WEEI (AM)
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Studios are located in Brighton, Massachusetts. The station currently broadcasts programming from ESPN Radio, until October 4,2012, the station aired a highly rated locally produced talk format. WEEI traces its roots to its owner, Edison Electric Illuminating Company of Boston. Edison placed the station on the air September 29,1924, the station broadcast on various frequencies over the next several years, settling on 590 kHz in 1927. In 1926, WEEI became a member of the NBC Red Network and remained an NBC Red affiliate until 1936. CBS bought WEEI outright from Boston Edison on August 31,1942, an FM sister station, WEEI-FM, went on the air in 1948. In the 1960s, the daily WEEIdea feature presented cleaning and cooking tips from housewives, by May 1972, WEEI had six full days of call-in talk programming. On weekdays, morning drive time from 6 am to 10 am was hosted by newsman Len Lawrence, Kimball was hired from WIOD in Miami, where she had replaced broadcaster Larry King after he was arrested on December 20,1971. Ellen is believed to be one of the first women to host a daily, four-hour, call-in talk show, originally called Boston Forum with Ellen Kimball, the name was eventually changed to The Ellen Kimball Show. Later, newsman Ben Farnsworth took over the Saturday call-in segment from 10 am to 2 pm. Paul Benzaquin handled 2 pm to 6 pm weekdays, although its talk radio format was popular, the station went all-news in 1974, following the lead of several other CBS-owned stations. But by the end of the 1970s, WEEI was all-news around the clock, a fire developed in the building following the crash. Although Metromedia canceled the sale of KRLD after it was granted permission to own both the station and KNBN-TV in Dallas–Fort Worth, the sale of WEEI still went forward. Helen Broadcasting continued the all-news format, the station was acquired by Boston Celtics Communications on May 10,1990, the Celtics also simultaneously purchased WFXT from Fox Television Stations. WEEI also carried Sports Byline USA and CBS Radio Sports broadcasts not cleared by WRKO, the all-news format continued in other dayparts until September 3,1991, when WEEI became an all-sports station. Upon the change to all-sports, WEEI featured the Andy Moes show and Glenn and Janet, also part of the roster was Boston sports talk pioneer Eddie Andelman. WEEI also began to carry Boston College Eagles football in 1992, however, the change was followed by a dramatic drop in its ratings, additionally, the station struggled financially, at one point losing $80,000 a week, leading to rumors of a sale of WEEI. Still, WEEI improved its morning ratings after it became one of the earliest affiliates of Imus in the Morning from WFAN in New York City on July 12,1993, sister station WFXT was sold back to Fox Television Stations soon afterward. The original occupant of 850 kHz, WHDH, had a long history, WHDH was founded June 20,1929 in Gloucester, Massachusetts by Ralph Matheson
9.
Johnny Pesky
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John Michael Johnny Pesky, nicknamed The Needle and Mr. Red Sox, was an American professional baseball player, manager and coach. He was a shortstop and third baseman during a major league playing career, appearing in 1,270 games played in 1942. He missed the 1943–45 seasons while serving in World War II, Pesky was associated with the Boston Red Sox for 61 of his 73 years in baseball—from 1940 through June 3,1952,1961 through 1964, and from 1969 until his death. Pesky also managed the Red Sox from 1963 to 1964, a left-handed hitter who threw right-handed, Pesky was a tough man for pitchers to strike out. He was the first American League player to score 6 runs in a 9 inning game.307 in 4,745 at bats as a major leaguer and he was also an excellent bunter who led the league in sacrifice hits in 1942. He was a teammate and close friend of Ted Williams, Bobby Doerr and Dom DiMaggio, Pesky was born in Portland, Oregon, the son of Croat immigrants Jakov and Marija Paveskovich. Pesky played for Lincoln High School, and spent several years playing for amateur teams, such as the Portland Babes, Bend Elks. The third of these teams was associated with the Silver Falls Timber Company, which was owned by Tom Yawkey, a skilled ice hockey player, he once worked out with the Boston Bruins. Early in his career, Portland sportswriters would abbreviate his name to Pesky because it fit better in a box score. He would legally change his name to Pesky in 1947, Pesky was signed as an amateur free agent by the Red Sox before the 1940 season and spent the next two seasons in the minor leagues. In 1940, he played for the Rocky Mount Red Sox of the Piedmont League, where he was a teammate of future Hall of Famer Heinie Manush, who was the teams player-manager. After hitting.325 with Rocky Mount, he moved up to the double-A Louisville Colonels, the next year, he was in the major leagues. During his rookie year in 1942, Pesky led the AL in hits with 205—at the time a record for a well as sacrifice hits with 22. He was second only to teammate Ted Williams in average at.331 and his 53 hits in August set a team record for hits in a month, a record later tied by Dom DiMaggio. In 1947, Pesky batted.324 while leading the league in hits for the third year with 207. In the 1947–48 offseason, the Red Sox traded six players and $310,000 in cash to the St. Louis Browns for Vern Stephens, Stephens, a three-time All-Star, was also a shortstop, and Pesky was asked to move to third base. The switch took a toll on Pesky, who had his worst season to date as a hitter, as his average dropped to.281. He bounced back to hit over.300 each year from 1949 to 1951, Pesky began the 1952 season very slowly, and by mid-June he had played in just 25 games, batting.149
10.
Boston Red Sox
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The Boston Red Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Boston, Massachusetts. The Red Sox compete in Major League Baseball as a club of the American League East division. The Red Sox have won eight World Series championships and have played in 13, founded in 1901 as one of the American Leagues eight charter franchises, the Red Sox home ballpark has been Fenway Park since 1912. The Red Sox name was chosen by the owner, John I. Taylor, around 1908, following the lead of previous teams that had known as the Boston Red Stockings. Boston was a dominant team in the new league, defeating the Pittsburgh Pirates in the first World Series in 1903 and winning four more championships by 1918. Following their victory in the 2013 World Series, they became the first team to win three World Series trophies in the 21st century, including championships in 2004 and 2007. Red Sox history has also marked by the teams intense rivalry with the Yankees. The Boston Red Sox are owned by Fenway Sports Group, which owns the Liverpool F. C. of the Premier League in England. The Red Sox are consistently one of the top MLB teams in road attendance. From May 15,2003 to April 10,2013, the Red Sox sold out every home game—a total of 820 games for a professional sports record. Neil Diamonds Sweet Caroline has become an anthem for the Red Sox, the name Red Sox, chosen by owner John I. Taylor after the 1907 season, refers to the red hose in the team uniform beginning 1908. Sox had been adopted for the Chicago White Sox by newspapers needing a headline-friendly form of Stockings. The team name Red Sox had previously used as early as 1888 by a colored team from Norfolk. The Spanish language media sometimes refers to the team as Medias Rojas, the official Spanish site uses the variant Los Red Sox. The Red Stockings nickname was first used by a team by the Cincinnati Red Stockings. Managed by Harry Wright, Cincinnati adopted a uniform with white knickers and red stockings and earned the famous nickname, the Boston Red Stockings won four championships in the five seasons of the new National Association, the first professional league. Other names were used before Boston officially adopted the nickname Braves in 1912
11.
Major League Baseball
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Major League Baseball is a professional baseball organization, the oldest of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. A total of 30 teams now play in the National League and American League, the NL and AL operated as separate legal entities from 1876 and 1901 respectively. After cooperating but remaining legally separate entities since 1903, the merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball in 2000. The organization also oversees Minor League Baseball, which comprises about 240 teams affiliated with the Major League clubs, with the World Baseball Softball Confederation, MLB manages the international World Baseball Classic tournament. Baseballs first professional team was founded in Cincinnati in 1869,30 years after Abner Doubleday supposedly invented the game of baseball, the first few decades of professional baseball were characterized by rivalries between leagues and by players who often jumped from one team or league to another. The period before 1920 in baseball was known as the dead-ball era, Baseball survived a conspiracy to fix the 1919 World Series, which came to be known as the Black Sox Scandal. The sport rose in popularity in the 1920s, and survived potential downturns during the Great Depression, shortly after the war, baseballs color barrier was broken by Jackie Robinson. The 1950s and 1960s were a time of expansion for the AL and NL, then new stadiums, Home runs dominated the game during the 1990s, and media reports began to discuss the use of anabolic steroids among Major League players in the mid-2000s. In 2006, an investigation produced the Mitchell Report, which implicated many players in the use of performance-enhancing substances, today, MLB is composed of thirty teams, twenty-nine in the United States and one in Canada. Baseball broadcasts are aired on television, radio, and the Internet throughout North America, MLB has the highest season attendance of any sports league in the world with more than 73 million spectators in 2015. MLB is governed by the Major League Baseball Constitution and this document has undergone several incarnations since 1875, with the most recent revisions being made in 2012. Under the direction of the Commissioner of Baseball, MLB hires and maintains the sports umpiring crews, and negotiates marketing, labor, MLB maintains a unique, controlling relationship over the sport, including most aspects of Minor League Baseball. This ruling has been weakened only slightly in subsequent years, the weakened ruling granted more stability to the owners of teams and has resulted in values increasing at double-digit rates. There were several challenges to MLBs primacy in the sport between the 1870s and the Federal League in 1916, the last attempt at a new league was the aborted Continental League in 1960. The chief executive of MLB is the commissioner, Rob Manfred, the chief operating officer is Tony Petitti. There are five other executives, president, chief officer, chief legal officer, chief financial officer. The multimedia branch of MLB, which is based in Manhattan, is MLB Advanced Media and this branch oversees MLB. com and each of the 30 teams websites. Its charter states that MLB Advanced Media holds editorial independence from the league, MLB Productions is a similarly structured wing of the league, focusing on video and traditional broadcast media
12.
1970 World Series
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The 1970 World Series matched the American League champion Baltimore Orioles against the National League champion Cincinnati Reds, with the Orioles winning in five games. In this series Emmett Ashford became the first African American to umpire in the Fall Classic and it also featured the first World Series games to be played on artificial turf, as Games 1 and 2 took place at Cincinnatis first-year Riverfront Stadium. This was the last World Series in which all games were played in the afternoon. Also this was the time in a World Series where a team leading 3–0 in the series would fail to complete the sweep by losing game 4. 1910 and 1937 were the others, the Reds went 32–30 in their last 62 regular season games, but swept the Pittsburgh Pirates, three games to none, in the National League Championship Series. The World Series set up to as a matchup of a pair of teams laden with all-star players. The 1970 Cincinnati Reds squad was the first edition of the Big Red Machine, Sparky Andersons first year as a major league manager produced 102 wins and the first of four NL pennants. The Reds led the National League in batting average and finished third in runs scored, Cincinnati pitching, however, would be a weak spot throughout the Series. Two-time 20-game winner Jim Maloney could only make three starts during the season and was shelved. Two 1970 All Star game representatives, Jim Merritt and rookie Wayne Simpson, were suffering arm injuries, Merritt, who won 20 games by the end of August, pitched less than four regular season innings after September 4. Merritt started Game 5 against Baltimore, but was unable to get through the second inning, Simpson started 8–1 and had 14 wins by July 26, but was shelved thereafter. He did not pitch in the post season, right-hander Gary Nolan would assume the ace role for the Reds. By contrast, pitching was a strength for the Baltimore Orioles as manager Earl Weaver had three, healthy 20-game winners, Mike Cuellar, Dave McNally and future Hall of Famer Jim Palmer were all well-rested and ready for the Series. Weaver balanced good pitching with the hitting of 1970 AL MVP Boog Powell, Merv Rettenmund, as well as future Hall of Famers Frank Robinson, the 1970 World Series appearance by Baltimore was the second of what would be three-straight World Series appearances. The Reds would go on to amass four WS appearances in a seven-year stretch and this was the only World Series in which Earl Weaver managed the Orioles to a win. AL Baltimore Orioles vs. NL Cincinnati Reds The Reds got off to a fast start, taking a 3–0 lead off Jim Palmer on a first-inning RBI single by Johnny Bench and a third-inning two-run homer by Lee May. The Orioles offense answered with a homer by Boog Powell in the fourth off Reds starter Gary Nolan. Elrod Hendricks tied it with a homer in the fifth, in the sixth, Robinson made a spectacular backhanded grab of a hard grounder down the line by May before spinning to throw him out
13.
Detroit Tigers
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The Detroit Tigers are an American professional baseball team based in Detroit, Michigan. The Tigers compete in Major League Baseball as a club of the American League Central division. One of the ALs eight charter franchises, the club was founded in Detroit in 1901 and they are the oldest continuous one-name, one-city franchise in the AL. The Tigers have won four World Series championships,11 AL pennants, the Tigers also won division titles in 1972,1984 and 1987 while members of the AL East. The team currently plays its games at Comerica Park in Downtown Detroit. The Tigers constructed Bennett Park at the corner of Michigan Avenue and Trumbull Avenue in Corktown, in 1912, the team moved into Navin Field, which was built on the same location. It was expanded in 1938 and renamed Briggs Stadium and it was renamed Tiger Stadium in 1961 and the Tigers played there until moving to Comerica Park in 2000. The club is a member of the American League, one of four clubs still located in its original city. It was established as a member in 1901. The Tigers played their first game as a league team at home against the Milwaukee Brewers on April 25,1901. After entering the ninth inning behind 13–4, the team staged a comeback to win 14–13. The team finished third in the eight-team league,11 years later, an elegant stadium was constructed on the site of Bennett Park and named Navin Field for owner Frank Navin. In 1938, it was improved and named Briggs Stadium, and was subsequently renamed Tiger Stadium in 1961, Tiger Stadium was used by the Tigers until the end of the 1999 season. Since 2000, they have played in Comerica Park, there are various legends about how the Tigers got their nickname. One involves the orange stripes they wore on their black stockings, Tigers manager George Stallings took credit for the name, however, the name appeared in newspapers before Stallings was manager. Another legend concerns a sportswriter equating the 1901 teams opening day victory with the ferocity of his alma mater and they had played significant roles in certain Civil War battles and in the 1898 Spanish–American War. The baseball team was informally called both Wolverines and Tigers in the news. The earliest known use of the name Tigers in the media was in the Detroit Free Press on April 16,1895, upon entry into the majors, the ballclub sought and received formal permission from the Light Guard to use its trademark
14.
Dick Williams
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Richard Hirschfeld Dick Williams was an American left fielder, third baseman, manager, coach and front office consultant in Major League Baseball. He is one of seven managers to win pennants in both leagues, and joined Bill McKechnie in becoming only the second manager to lead three franchises to the Series. He and Lou Piniella are the managers in history to lead four teams to seasons of 90 or more wins. Williams was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2008 following his election by the Veterans Committee, Williams was born on May 7,1929 in St. Louis, Missouri. After growing up in St. Louis and Pasadena, California, Williams signed his first professional contract with the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947, initially an outfielder, he separated a shoulder making a diving catch early in his career, weakening his throwing arm. As a result, he learned to play several positions and became a bench jockey in order to keep his major league job. He appeared in 1,023 games over 13 seasons with the Dodgers, Baltimore Orioles, Cleveland Indians, Kansas City Athletics and Boston Red Sox. A right-handed batter and thrower, Williams had a batting average of.260. He was a favorite of Paul Richards, who acquired Williams four different times between 1956 and 1962 when Richards was a manager or general manager with Baltimore and the Houston Colt. 45s. Williams never played for Houston, he was acquired in an off-season paper transaction on October 12,1962, then traded to the Red Sox for another outfielder, Carroll Hardy and his two-year playing career in Boston was uneventful, except for one occasion. On June 27,1963, Williams was victimized by one of the greatest catches in Fenway Park history. His long drive to the field was snagged by Cleveland right fielder Al Luplow. On October 14,1964, after a season during which Williams hit a career-low.159, looking to begin a post-playing career in baseball, Williams accepted the Seattle assignment. Within days, a shuffle in 1965 affiliations forced Boston to move its top minor league team to the Toronto Maple Leafs of the International League and this caused Bostons Triple-A manager, Seattle native Edo Vanni, to resign in order to remain in the Pacific Northwest. With an unexpected opening for the Toronto job, Williams was promoted to manager of the 1965 Leafs, as a novice pilot, Williams adopted a hard-nosed, disciplinarian style and won two consecutive Governors Cup championships with teams laden with young Red Sox prospects. He then signed a contract to manage the 1967 Red Sox. Boston had suffered eight straight seasons of losing baseball. The Red Sox had talented young players, but the team was known as a country club
15.
Louisville Colonels (minor league baseball)
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The Louisville Colonels was the name of several minor league baseball teams that played in Louisville, Kentucky, in the 20th century. The name is derived from the historic Kentucky colonels, in the 20th century, the Louisville Colonels has been the name of several minor league baseball teams in Louisville. Pee Wee Reese was a rookie with the 1938 Colonels, the Colonels were one of few minor league teams to play throughout World War II and they won pennants in 1944 and 1945. In 1944 the Colonels played in the Junior World Series against Baltimore, in 1946 the Colonels played a role in the desegregation of baseball when they faced the Montreal Royals and Jackie Robinson in the 1946 Junior World Series. Sadly, Robinson later recalled his appearance in Louisville as among his worst experiences with hostile crowds, starting in 1956 the Colonels were affiliated with the Washington Senators. They moved to Fairgrounds Stadium in 1957, in 1959 the Colonels became affiliated with the Milwaukee Braves. They won one of three appearances in the Junior World Series in that time, but in 1962 the American Association folded, in October 1967, Walter J. Dilbeck purchased the Toronto Maple Leafs of the International League and moved them to Louisville, renaming them the Colonels. This last Louisville Colonels team played in the minor league International League through the 1972 season, during this last incarnation, stars included Carlton Fisk, Dwight Evans, Luis Tiant, and Cecil Cooper. The franchise had to move when the Kentucky State Fair Board announced that Fairgrounds Stadium would be renovated for football in a manner that would make it unsuitable for baseball, the team relocated to Pawtucket, Rhode Island and became known as the Pawtucket Red Sox. The most recent incarnation of the Louisville Colonels is a team in the Mens Senior Baseball League and that league and team celebrate their 20th anniversary in 2011. Goody Rosen – Major League Baseball All-Star outfielder Pee Wee Reese – Major League Baseball All-Star Shortstop with the Brooklyn/Los Angeles Dodgers
16.
St. Louis Cardinals
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The St. Louis Cardinals are an American professional baseball team based in St. Louis, Missouri. The Cardinals compete in Major League Baseball as a club of the National League Central division. Busch Stadium has been their home ballpark since 2006, with origins as one of the early professional baseball clubs in St. Upon the discontinuation of the AA, St. Louis joined the NL in 1892, at time, they were called the Browns. One of the most successful franchises in history, the Cardinals have won 11 World Series championships. Their 19 National League pennants rank third in NL history, in addition, St. Louis has won 13 division titles in the East and Central divisions. While still in the AA, St. Louis won four league championships, the Cardinals have won 105 or more games in four different seasons and won 100 or more a total of nine times. Cardinals players have won 20 league MVPs, four batting Triple Crowns, and three Cy Young Awards. Baseball Hall of Fame inductees include Lou Brock, Dizzy Dean, Bob Gibson, Whitey Herzog, Rogers Hornsby, Joe Medwick, Stan Musial, Branch Rickey, Red Schoendienst, Ozzie Smith, and Bruce Sutter. In 2016, Forbes valued the Cardinals at $1.6 billion, making them the 7th-most valuable franchise in MLB, their revenue the year was $300 million. Since their purchase in 1995, owner William DeWitt, Jr. s investment group has seen enormous growth from the $147 million purchase price, John Mozeliak is the general manager and Mike Matheny is the manager. Professional baseball began in St. Louis with the inception of the Brown Stockings in the National Association in 1875, the NA folded following that season, and the next season, St. Louis joined the National League as a charter member, finishing in third place at 45-19. George Bradley hurled the first no-hitter in Major League history, the NL expelled St. Louis from the league after 1877 due to a game-fixing scandal and the team went bankrupt. Without a league, they continued play as a barnstorming team through 1881. For the 1882 season, Chris von der Ahe purchased the team, reorganized it, and made it a member of the American Association. 1882 is generally considered to be the first year existence of the St. Louis Cardinals, the next season, St. Louis shortened their name to the Browns. Soon thereafter they became the dominant team in the AA, as manager Charlie Comiskey guided St. Louis to four pennants in a row from 1885 to 1888. Pitcher and outfielder Bob Caruthers led the league in ERA and wins in 1885 and he also led the AA in OBP and OPS in 1886 and finished fourth in batting average in 1886 and fifth in 1887
17.
Cincinnati Reds
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The Cincinnati Reds are an American professional baseball team based in Cincinnati, Ohio. The Reds compete in Major League Baseball as a club of the National League Central division. They were a member of the American Association in 1882. The Reds played in the NL West division from 1969 to 1993 and they have won five World Series titles, nine NL pennants, one AA pennant, and 10 division titles. The team plays its games at Great American Ball Park. Bob Castellini has been executive officer since 2006. The origins of the modern Cincinnati Reds can be traced to the expulsion of a team bearing that name. Both were important activities to entice the citys large German population, while Hulbert made clear his distaste for both beer and Sunday baseball at the founding of the league, neither practice was actually against league rules in those early years. On October 6,1880, however, seven of the eight team owners pledged at a league meeting to formally ban both beer and Sunday baseball at the regular league meeting that December. Only Cincinnati president W. H. Kennett refused to sign the pledge, when these attempts failed, he formed a new independent ballclub known as the Red Stockings in the Spring of 1881, and brought the team to St. Louis for a weekend exhibition. The Reds first game was a 12–3 victory over the St. Louis club, upon arriving in the city, however, Caylor and Thorner discovered that no other owners had decided to accept the invitation, with even Phillips not bothering to attend his own meeting. By chance, the duo met a former pitcher named Al Pratt, the ploy worked, and the American Association was officially formed at the Hotel Gibson in Cincinnati with the new Reds a charter member with Thorner as president. The club never placed higher than second or lower than fifth for the rest of its tenure in the American Association, the National League was happy to accept the teams in part due to the emergence of the new Players League. This new league, a failed attempt to break the reserve clause in baseball. Because the National League decided to expand while the American Association was weakening and it was also at this time that the team first shortened their name from Red Stockings to Reds. The Reds wandered through the 1890s signing local stars and aging veterans, during this time, the team never finished above third place and never closer than 10½ games. At the start of the 20th century, the Reds had hitting stars Sam Crawford, seymours.377 average in 1905 was the first individual batting crown won by a Red. In 1911, Bob Bescher stole 81 bases, which is still a team record, like the previous decade, the 1900s were not kind to the Reds, as much of the decade was spent in the leagues second division
18.
Houston Astros
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The Houston Astros are an American professional baseball team based in Houston, Texas. The Astros are members of the American League West division in Major League Baseball, the Astros have played their home games at Minute Maid Park since 2000. The Astros were established as the Houston Colt. 45s and entered the National League in 1962 with the expansion New York Mets. The current name—reflecting Houstons role as the center of the U. S. space program—was adopted three years later, when they moved into the Astrodome, the worlds first domed sports stadium. The Astros played in the NL from 1962 to 2012 and they played in the West division from 1969 to 1993, and the Central division from 1994 to 2012. The Astros have played in one World Series in 2005 against the Chicago White Sox, from 1888 until 1961, Houstons professional baseball club was the minor league Houston Buffaloes. Although expansion from the National League eventually brought an MLB team to Texas in 1962, Houston officials had been making efforts to do so for years prior. There were four men responsible for bringing Major League Baseball to Houston, George Kirksey and Craig Cullinan. They formed the Houston Sports Association as their vehicle for attaining a big league franchise for the city of Houston and they called the new league the Continental League. Wanting to protect potential new markets, both existing leagues chose to expand from eight teams to ten, however, plans eventually fell through for the Houston franchise after the Houston Buffaloes owner, Marty Marion, could not come to an agreement with the HSA to sell the team. To make matters worse, the Continental League as a whole folded in August 1960, however, on October 17,1960, the National League granted an expansion franchise to the Houston Sports Association in which their team could begin play in the 1962 season. Eventually, the Houston Sports Association succeeded in purchasing the Houston Buffaloes, at this point majority-owned by William Hopkins, the Buffs played one last minor league season as the top farm team of the Chicago Cubs in 1961 before being succeeded by the citys NL club. The new Houston team was named the Colt. 45s after a Name The Team contest was won by William Irving Neder, the Colt.45 was well known as the gun that won the west. The colors selected were blue and orange. The first team was formed mostly through a draft after the 1961 season. The Colt. 45s and their cousins, the New York Mets. Many of those associated with the Houston Buffaloes organization were allowed by the ownership to continue in the major league, Manager Harry Craft, who had joined Houston in 1961, remained in the same position for the team until the end of the 1964 season. General manager Spec Richardson also continued with the organization as business manager, similarly, the radio broadcasting team remained with the new Houston major league franchise
19.
Jim Lonborg
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Dr. James Reynold Lonborg is a former Major League Baseball right-handed starting pitcher who played with the Boston Red Sox, Milwaukee Brewers and Philadelphia Phillies. Though nicknamed Gentleman Jim, he was known for his fearlessly pitching on the inside of the plate over his fifteen-year career, born in Santa Maria, California, Lonborg graduated from Stanford University. He enjoyed his best year in the Carl Yastrzemski-led 1967 Red Sox Impossible Dream season, when he led American League pitchers in wins, games started, and strikeouts. Called upon to pitch the seventh and deciding game with only 2 days rest, Lonborg lasted 6 innings, in addition, he received the Cy Young Award, played in the All-Star game, and finished prominently in voting for the MVP award. In December 1967, Lonborg tore the ligaments in his knee while skiing. He won only 27 games from 1968 to 1971 and was traded to the Milwaukee Brewers after the 1971 season, while he performed well for Milwaukee in 1972, the team traded him in October to the Philadelphia Phillies. He spent the six and a half seasons with Philadelphia before his release midway through the 1979 season. In his 15-year career, Lonborg compiled a 157-137 record with 1475 strikeouts, a 3.86 ERA,90 complete games,15 shutouts, after retiring, Lonborg attended the Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, and graduated in 1983. Since then, he has worked as a general dentist in Hanover and he is active in many nonprofit organizations including Catholic Charities, Little League Baseball, and The Jimmy Fund. He currently lives in Scituate, Massachusetts, Jim Lonborg was selected to the Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame in 2002. On the Boston-based sitcom Cheers, the photo of Sam Malone pitching is actually that of Lonborg, Sam also wore Lonborgs number 16
20.
Carl Yastrzemski
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Carl Michael Yastrzemski is an American former Major League Baseball player. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1989, Yastrzemski played his entire 23-year baseball career with the Boston Red Sox. He was primarily a left fielder, but also played 33 games as a third baseman and mostly was a first baseman and designated hitter later in his career. Yastrzemski is an 18-time All-Star, the possessor of seven Gold Gloves, a member of the 3,000 hit club, and he is second on the all-time list for games played, and third for total at-bats. He is the Red Sox all-time leader in career RBIs, runs, hits, singles, doubles, total bases, and games played, and is third on the teams list for home runs behind Ted Williams and David Ortiz. In 1967 Yastrzemski achieved a peak in his career, leading the Red Sox to the American League pennant for the first time in two decades and being voted the 1967 American League MVP. Yaztrzemski also won the Triple Crown that year, a milestone which was not accomplished again in the Major Leagues until Miguel Cabrera achieved the feat 45 years later in 2012, Yastrzemski was born in Bridgehampton, New York to Carl Yastrzemski, Sr. and Hattie Skonieczny. Both his parents were of a Polish background, and young Carl was bilingual from an early age, raised on his fathers potato farm, Carl played on sandlot baseball teams with his father, who, he maintains, was a better athlete than he was. Carl also played Little League Baseball, Yaz attended Notre Dame on a basketball scholarship briefly before embarking on his baseball career. Yastrzemski, who had studied business at Notre Dame, fulfilled a promise to his parents by finishing his degree at Merrimack College in North Andover, Massachusetts, Yastrzemski began his major-league career in 1961. From the beginning, there was pressure on him to perform. He would prove to be a successor at the plate. In 12 years as a fielder, Yastrzemski won seven Gold Gloves. Yastrzemski enjoyed his best season in 1967, when he won the American League Triple Crown with a.326 batting average,44 home runs and 121 RBIs and he was voted Most Valuable Player almost unanimously. His 12. 4WAR was the highest since Babe Ruths 1927 season,1967 was the season of the Impossible Dream for the Red Sox, who rebounded from a ninth-place finish a year before to win the American League pennant on the last day of the season. The Red Sox went into the two games of the season trailing the Twins by 1 game and leading the Tigers by 1/2 game. The Red Sox final two games were against Minnesota with the pennant and home run title on the line, in the Saturday game, Yaz went 3 for 4 with a home run and 4 RBI. Klllebrew also homered, but the Red Sox won, 6-4, thus, the teams went into the final game tied for 1st place, and Yaz and Killebrew were tied with 44 home runs apiece
21.
Tony Conigliaro
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Anthony Richard Conigliaro, nicknamed Tony C and Conig, was a Major League Baseball outfielder and right-handed batter who played for the Boston Red Sox and California Angels. He was born in Revere, Massachusetts and was a 1962 graduate of St. Marys High School in Lynn, during the Red Sox Impossible Dream season of 1967, he was hit in the face by a pitch, causing a severe eye injury and derailing his career. Though he would make a comeback from the injury, his career was not the same afterwards, Conigliaro was signed by the Red Sox in 1962, at the age of 17. In 1963, he batted.363 with 24 home runs playing for the Wellsville Red Sox in the New York–Penn League, after which he was called up to the majors. During his 1964 rookie season, Conigliaro batted.290 with 24 home runs and 52 RBI in 111 games, in his first at-bat in Fenway Park, Conigliaro hit a towering home run in the second inning against the White Sox. In his sophomore season in 1965, Conigliaro led the league in home runs and he was selected for the All-Star Game in 1967. In that season, at age 22, he not only reached a total of 100 home runs. On August 18,1967, the Red Sox were playing the California Angels at Fenway Park, Conigliaro, batting against Jack Hamilton, was hit by a pitch on his left cheekbone and was carried off the field on a stretcher. He sustained a fracture of the left cheekbone and a dislocated jaw with severe damage to his left retina. The batting helmet he was wearing did not have the protective ear-flap that has become standard. A year and a later, Conigliaro made a remarkable return, hitting 20 homers with 82 RBI in 141 games. In 1970, he reached career-high numbers in HRs and RBI and that season he and his brother Billy formed two-thirds of the Red Sox outfield. After a stint with the Angels in 1971, he returned to the Red Sox briefly in 1975 as a DH, Conigliaro batted.267, with 162 home runs and 501 RBI during his 802-game Red sox career. With the Angels, he hit.222 with 4 home runs and 15 RBI in 74 games and he holds the MLB record for most home runs hit by a teenage player. He is the second-youngest player to hit his 100th homer, during the height of his popularity in 1965, he recorded Little Red Scooter, which became a regional hit that he later performed on the Merv Griffin Show, among others. In the same year, he recorded Why Dont They Understand and he also made headline news for dating the actress and model Mamie Van Doren. On January 9,1982, Conigliaro, in Boston to interview for a broadcasting position, shortly thereafter, he suffered a stroke and lapsed into a coma. Conigliaro remained in a state until his death more than eight years later, in February 1990
22.
Road (sports)
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A road game or away game is a sports game where the specified team is not the host and must travel to another venue. Most professional teams represent cities or towns and amateur sports teams often represent academic institutions, each team has a location where it practices during the season and where it hosts games. When a team is not the host, it must travel to games. Thus, when a team is not hosting a game, the team is described as the team, the visiting team, or the away team. The venue in which the game is played is described as the stadium or the road. The host team is said to be the home team, major sporting events, if not held at a neutral venue, are often over several legs at each teams home ground, so that neither team has an advantage over the other. Occasionally, the team may not have to travel very far at all to a road game. These matches often become local derbies, a few times a year, a road team may even be lucky enough to have the road game played at their own home stadium or arena. This is prevalent in college athletics where many schools will play in regional leagues or groundshare. The related term true road game has seen increasing use in U. S. college sports in the 21st century, while regular-season tournaments and other special events have been part of college sports from their creation, the 21st century has seen a proliferation of such events. These are typically held at sites, with some of them taking place outside the contiguous U. S. or even outside the country entirely. In turn, this has led to the use of true road game to refer to contests played at one home venue. In some association football leagues, particularly in Europe, the teams fans sit in their own section. Depending on the stadium, they will either sit in a designated section or be separated from the home fans by a cordon of police officers. However, in the leagues in England, supporters may be free to mix. When games are played at a site, for instance the FA Cup final in England which is always played at Wembley Stadium. This results in each team occupying one half of the stadium and this is different from other sports, particularly in North America, where very few fans travel to games played away from their home stadium. Home and away fans are not separated at these games
