1.
Belmont Stakes
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The Belmont Stakes is an American Grade I stakes Thoroughbred horse race held every June at Belmont Park in Elmont, New York. It is a 1. 5-mile-long horse race, open to three-year-old Thoroughbreds, colts and geldings carry a weight of 126 pounds, fillies carry 121 pounds. The 1973 Belmont Stakes and Triple Crown winner Secretariat holds the mile, the attendance at the Belmont Stakes is among the American thoroughbred racing top attended events. The 2004 Belmont Stakes drew an audience of 21.9 million viewers. The 149th Running of the Belmont Stakes will take place on Saturday, the first Belmont Stakes was held at Jerome Park Racetrack in The Bronx, built in 1866 by stock market speculator Leonard Jerome and financed by August Belmont, Sr. for whom the race was named. The first race in 1867 saw the filly Ruthless win, while the year was won by General Duke. The race continued to be held at Jerome Park until 1890, the 1895 race was almost not held because of new laws that banned bookmaking in New York, it was eventually rescheduled for November 2. When anti-gambling legislation was passed in New York State, Belmont Racetrack was closed, the first winner of the Triple Crown was Sir Barton, in 1919, before the series was recognized as such. In 1920, the Belmont was won by the great Man o War, starting in 1926, the winner of the Belmont Stakes has been presented with August Belmont Trophy. The owner may keep the trophy for one year, and also receives a miniature for permanent use. The term Triple Crown was first used when Gallant Fox won the three races in 1930, but the term did not enter widespread use until 1935 when his son Omaha repeated the feat, Sir Barton was then honored retroactively. Since 1931, the order of Triple Crown races has been the Kentucky Derby first, followed by the Preakness Stakes, prior to 1931, the Preakness was run before the Derby eleven times. On May 12,1917 and again on May 13,1922, the Preakness, on eleven occasions, the Belmont Stakes was run before the Preakness Stakes. The date of each event is now set by the Kentucky Derby, the Preakness Stakes is currently held two weeks later, and the Belmont Stakes is held three weeks after the Preakness. The earliest possible date for the Derby is May 1, and the latest is May 7, the earliest possible date for the Belmont is thus June 5, and the latest is June 11. In 1937, War Admiral became the fourth Triple Crown winner after winning the Belmont in a new record time of 2,28 3/5. In the 1940s, four Triple Crown winners followed, Whirlaway in 1941, Count Fleet in 1943, Assault in 1946, Count Fleet won the race by a then-record margin of twenty-five lengths. He also set a record of 2,28 1/5
2.
Belmont Park
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Belmont Park is a major Thoroughbred horse-racing facility located in Elmont, New York, just outside New York City limits. It first opened on May 4,1905 and it is typically open for racing throughout May and June and into late July, and again from late September through late October. It is widely known as the home of the Belmont Stakes, regarded as the Test of the Champion, Belmont hosted its largest crowd in 2004, when 120,139 saw Smarty Jones upset by Birdstone in its Triple Crown bid. Belmont Park is operated by the non-profit New York Racing Association, as are Aqueduct, Belmont Park also has a history of early aviation shows and tournaments that dates back to the early 1900s. According to the plans being discussed, Belmonts stands would be heated, additional barns built for Aqueducts 400 horses, in addition, video lottery machines would be introduced. A new entity would operate Belmont from fall to spring while the New York Racing Association would operate Saratoga Race Course in the summer. Any plans the former governor might have had for the track alignment likely left office with him when Spitzer was forced to resign amid a scandal in March 2008. The Belmont Stakes was named after financier and sportsman August Belmont, Sr. who helped fund the race, other sources say Belmont Park was named in honor of his son—August Belmont II, a key member of the Westchester Racing Association, which established the racecourse. The race was first run in 1867 at Jerome Park Racetrack in the Bronx, in 1937, the wrought iron gates that bore an illustration of that first Belmont Stakes were donated to the track by August Belmont IIs sole surviving son, Perry Belmont. The gates are now on the floor of Belmont Parks clubhouse. The first post parade in the United States was at the 14th Belmont, Secretariats finishing time in his 1973 Belmont victory set a world record for 1 1⁄2 miles on dirt, a world record which still stands. The 31-length victory clinched the first Triple Crown in 25 years, a statue of Secretariat is in the center of the Belmont paddock. Other memorable performances in Belmont Park history include the opening of the track in 1905 with the dead heat between Sysonby and Race King in the Met Cap. In 1923, Belmont Park was host to a duel between the American and English champions, Zev, winner of the Kentucky Derby, against Papyrus. Zev won by five lengths in front of the biggest crowd for a race in a hundred years. Belmont Park was the site of the victory of Foolish Pleasure over champion filly Ruffian in a 1975 match race. Ruffian broke down during the race and had to be euthanized, she is buried near the line in the infield at Belmont Park. The Marlboro, a key event of the Fall Championship meets in the 1970s and 1980s, the third is the Alabama Stakes, run at Saratoga
3.
Elmont, New York
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Elmont is an unincorporated census-designated place located in northwestern Hempstead in Nassau County, New York, along its border with the borough of Queens in New York City. It is a bedroom community located on Long Island. The population was 33,198 at the 2010 census, Elmont is famous for Belmont Park which hosts the Belmont Stakes, the third leg of the prestigious Triple Crown of thoroughbred racing. In 1650, Christopher and Thomas Foster purchased a plot of land. The Fosters land was controlled by Dutch settlers from the Holy Roman Empire, the Fosters were intended to raise cattle, and sheep on their newly settled land, the Hempstead Plains of Long Island. They named this place Fosters Meadow—a name which would remain for the next 200 years of the villages history, by the mid-17th century, ethnic descendents of Sephardi Jews were settling on the Hempstead Plains for Agriculture. Control of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam shifted to England in 1664 and this marked the first gradual cultural shift in Fosters Meadow with the establishment of a community of predominantly English Protestant farmers, and their families. In 1683, Long Island was divided into three counties, Kings, Queens, and Suffolk County, under this new structure, Fosters Meadow was originally part of Queens County. During 1790 George Washington passed through the town while touring to the East on Long Island. The current boundaries of Elmont were decided upon in 1898, at point, Nassau County was erected, leading to conflict over land. It was during the century, that Fosters Meadow experienced its second cultural shift. There was an influx of Roman Catholic, and Ashkenazi Jewish agricultural farmers from Brooklyn and these ethnic groups were largely of German, and Italian descent practicing both Roman Catholicism, and Judaism. Indeed, the Catholic population in Fosters Meadow grew to an extent, the Church of the Nativity of Our Lord Jesus Christ, was built during the Wittelsbach Dynasty in 1852. The Roman Catholic Church was re-dedicated Saint Boniface Roman Catholic Parish, the Parish was providing a focal point for the gradual development of a Catholic population base. Rev. Peter Hartraub was essentially the founding pastor, and appointed the first resident pastor of Fosters Meadow in 1858, rev. Peter Hartraub built a new rectory, and in 1887 a new school with four classrooms on the first floor, and an auditorium on the second. The Dominican Sisters were invited to teach in the Catholic School, the community underwent its next political reshuffling in 1882, being subdivided into districts with unique names and boundaries, it was at this time that Fosters Meadow was renamed Elmont. They found what they were looking for on the border of Queens County, Belmont Racetrack, was arguably the most significant milestone in the development of modern-day Elmont. Originally known as Fosters Meadow, the 650 acres of land included a turreted Tudor-Gothic mansion owned by William de Forest Manice, with the opening of Belmont Park in 1905, Elmont reached a turning point in its history
4.
Secretariat (horse)
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Secretariat was an American Thoroughbred racehorse who, in 1973, became the first Triple Crown winner in 25 years. His record-breaking win in the Belmont Stakes, where he left the field 31 lengths behind him, is regarded as one of the greatest races of all time. During his racing career, he won five Eclipse Awards, including Horse of the Year honors at two and three. He was elected to the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1974, in the List of the Top 100 U. S. Racehorses of the 20th Century, Secretariat is second only to Man o War, at age two, Secretariat finished fourth in his 1972 debut in a maiden race, but then won seven of his remaining eight starts, including five stakes victories. His only loss during this period was in the Champagne Stakes and he received the Eclipse Award for champion two-year-old colt, and also was the 1972 Horse of the Year, a rare honor for a horse so young. At age three, Secretariat not only won the Triple Crown, he set speed records in all three races. His time in the Kentucky Derby still stands as the Churchill Downs track record for 1 1⁄4 miles and his controversial time in the Preakness Stakes was eventually recognized as a stakes record in 2012. He lost three times that year, in the Wood Memorial, Whitney and Woodward Stakes, but the brilliance of his nine wins made him an American icon and he won his second Horse of the Year title, plus Eclipse Awards for champion three-year-old colt and champion turf horse. At the beginning of his year, Secretariat was syndicated for a record-breaking $6.08 million on condition that he be retired from racing by the end of the year. Although he sired successful racehorses, he ultimately was most influential through his daughters offspring, becoming the leading broodmare sire in North America in 1992. Secretariat died in 1989 due to laminitis and his daughters produced several notable sires, including Storm Cat, A. P. Indy, Gone West, Dehere and Chiefs Crown, and through them Secretariat appears in the pedigree of many modern champions. He continues to be recognized as one of the greatest horses in American racing history, Secretariat was sired by Bold Ruler and his dam was Somethingroyal, a daughter of Princequillo. Bold Ruler was the leading sire in North America from 1963 to 1969, owned by the Phipps family, Bold Ruler possessed both speed and stamina, having won the Preakness Stakes and Horse of the Year honors in 1957, and American Champion Sprint Horse honors in 1958. Bold Ruler was retired to stud at Claiborne Farm, but the Phippses owned most of the mares to which Bold Ruler was bred, and few of his offspring were sold at public auction. Assuming two foals were produced, the Phipps family would keep one and the owner would keep the other. Under such an arrangement, Chenery sent two mares to be bred to Bold Ruler in 1968, Hasty Matelda and Somethingroyal and she then sent Cicada and Somethingroyal in 1969. The foal-sharing agreement stated that the winner of the toss would get first foal pick of the foals produced in 1969
5.
Jockey
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A jockey is someone who rides horses in horse racing or steeplechase racing, primarily as a profession. The word also applies to camel riders in camel racing, the word is by origin a diminutive of jock, the Northern English or Scots colloquial equivalent of the first name John, which is also used generically for boy, or fellow, at least since 1529. A familiar instance of the use of the word as a name is in Jockey of Norfolk in Shakespeares Richard III. v.3,304, the current usage which means a person who rides a horse in races was first seen in 1670. Another possible origin is the Gaelic word eachaidhe, a horseman, the Irish name Eochaid is related to each, horse, and is usually translated as horse rider. This is phonetically similar to jockey Jockeys must be light to ride at the weights which are assigned to their mounts. There are horse carrying weight limits, that are set by racing authorities, the Kentucky Derby, for example, has a weight limit of 126 lb including the jockeys equipment. The weight of a jockey usually ranges from 108 to 118 lb, despite their light weight, they must be able to control a horse that is moving at 40 mph and weighs 1,200 lb. Though there is no limit for jockeys, they are usually fairly short due to the weight limits. Jockeys typically stand around 4 ft 10 in to 5 ft 6 in, Jockeys are normally self employed, nominated by horse trainers to ride their horses in races, for a fee and a percentage of the purse winnings. In Australia, employment of apprentice jockeys is in terms of indenture to a master, Jockeys often cease their riding careers to take up other employment in racing, usually as trainers. In this way the system serves to induct young people into racing employment. Jockeys usually start out when they are young, riding work in the morning for trainers and it is normally necessary for an apprentice jockey to ride a minimum of about 20 barrier trials successfully before being permitted to ride in races. An apprentice jockey is known as a bug boy because the asterisk that follows the name in the program looks like a bug, all jockeys must be licensed and usually are not permitted to bet on a race. An apprentice jockey has a master, who is a horse trainer and this allowance is adjusted according to the number of winners that the apprentice has ridden. After a four-year indentured apprenticeship, the apprentice becomes a jockey and usually develops relationships with trainers. Sometimes senior jockeys are paid a retainer by an owner gives the owner the right to insist the jockey ride their horses in races. Racing modeled on the English Jockey Club spread throughout the world with colonial expansion, the colors worn by jockeys in races are the registered colors of the owner or trainer who employs them. The practice of riders wearing colors probably stems from medieval times when jousts were held between knights, however, the origins of racing colors of various patterns may have been influenced by racing held in Italian city communities since medieval times
6.
Ron Turcotte
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Ronald Joseph Morel Turcotte, CM ONB is a retired Canadian thoroughbred race horse jockey best known as the rider of Secretariat, winner of the U. S. Turcotte began his career in Toronto as a hot walker for E. P. Taylors Windfields Farm in 1959, as an apprentice jockey he rode Windfields Northern Dancer to his first victory. He gained prominence with his victory aboard Tom Rolfe in the 1965 Preakness Stakes, Turcotte soon found himself working with Canadian trainer Lucien Laurin at the racetrack in Laurel, Maryland. In 1972 he rode Riva Ridge to victory in the Kentucky Derby, Turcotte became internationally famous in 1973 when he rode Secretariat to win the first Triple Crown in 25 years. He was North Americas leading stakes-winning jockey in 1972 and 1973 and he became the first jockey to win back-to-back Kentucky Derbies since Jimmy Winkfield in 1902 and was the first jockey to ever have won five of six consecutive Triple Crown races. He is the first person from Thoroughbred racing ever to be appointed a member of the Order of Canada, Turcottes career ended in 1978 following a tumble from his horse, Flag of Leyte Gulf, at the start of a race at Belmont Park that left him a paraplegic. He was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1979 and he was voted into the New Brunswick Sports Hall of Fame and in 1980 was inducted into Canadas Sports Hall of Fame. In 2015, a statue of Secretariat and Turcotte crossing the line at the Belmont Stakes was unveiled in Grand Falls, New Brunswick. Born in Drummond, New Brunswick, Turcotte was one of 12 children and he left school at age 14 to work with his father as a lumberjack, then at age 18, headed to Toronto looking for construction work. Turcotte now lives in his town of Grand Falls, New Brunswick, Canada, with his wife Gaëtane. He is an advocate for the disabled and helps to raise funds for disability programs, Turcotte was hospitalized on March 9,2015 following a single-vehicle accident in New Brunswick. The van he was driving flipped after hitting a snowbank, Turcotte and a friend were both injured in the accident. Turcotte sustained fractures to both legs, while his friend suffered minor injuries, in the 2010 Disney movie Secretariat, Ron Turcottes role as Secretariats jockey is played by Otto Thorwarth, a real life jockey himself. The Will to Win, Ron Turcottes Ride to Glory Fifth House Publishers ISBN 978-1-895618-08-2 Ron Turcotte profile at Penny Chenerys Secretariat
7.
Going (horse racing)
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Going, track condition or track rating are the terms used to describe the track surface of a horse racing track prior to a horse race or race meet. The going is determined by the amount of moisture in the ground and is assessed by a steward on the day of the race. The condition of a race track plays an important role in the performance of horses in a race, the factors that go into determining race track condition include the surface conditions, type of surface, and track configuration. Prior to a meeting, an inspection of the racecourse’s surface is conducted by officials. This process consists of an inspection and the use of a tool called a penetrometer which measures the soil’s resistance to penetration. The inspection is conducted before the meeting to allow publication of the rating for the benefit of punters and trainers. In the case of prior to a meeting, a much earlier inspection will be made to permit an early decision as to whether the meeting can proceed. Tracks may be upgraded or downgraded while a meeting is taking place. Jockeys, too, will be involved in inspections made during the meeting if there is any doubt as to the safety of riding on a downgraded or wet track. On December 12014, the Australian Racing Board put into place a revised 10 point system using ratings from Firm 1 through to Heavy 10. The revised system removes the terms ‘Fast’, ‘Dead’, and ‘Slow’ replacing them with ‘Firm’ and Soft’ while also retaining the terms ‘Good’, a penetrometer designed by Cranfield University and TurfTrax, known as the GoingStick, is used for these measurements. The hard grade is used, as a racetrack with this type of surface is generally deemed to be dangerous to both horses and jockeys. No races took place on tracks rated as hard going between 2008 and 2013, in Ireland the term yielding is used for good to soft going. For artificial surfaces in the UK the official grades are, fast standard to fast standard standard to slow slow In the United States, different systems are used for turf racetracks, artificial surfaces use the dirt track rating system at present. For dirt tracks the track conditions are, fast, dry, even, resilient surface good, a track that is almost fast muddy, sloppy, a track saturated with water, with standing water visible. Slow, a track wet on both the surface and base, sealed, A track surface that has been packed down. A sealed dry tracks allows water to run off the track, wet tracks are sealed to provide a safe and even racing surface. For turf tracks, the conditions are, firm, a firm
8.
Starting gate
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A starting gate also called a starting barrier or starting stalls is a machine used to ensure a fair start to in horse racing and dog racing. Throughout the history of racing, there have been proposals as to how better to start a race. A commonly used starting system for horse races was devised in the mid nineteenth century by Admiral Rous, a starter, standing alongside the jockeys and horses, dropped his flag to signal the start. An assistant some 100 yards down the course raised a flag to indicate false starts. An official starter might be paid, but his duties were very demanding. Early in the century, he was supported by perhaps a single assistant who primed the spring-barrier. In the present day there are many attendants to steady runners from super-structured barrier stalls, the first horse racing starting barriers were simple ropes or occasionally wooden barriers behind which the horses stood. The first automated design was pioneered in Australia and was first used at a race meeting in 1894. Alexander Gray had concluded that the flapping of a starters flag distracted the horses, an impetus for his invention was a £5 fine received by his son, Reuben, a jockey, for allowing his mount to step over the white chalk line that marked the start. His machine was first tried out at Canterbury Park Racecourse in New South Wales in February 1894, grays prototype consisted of a single strand of wire at about the height of the horse’s head that was attached to a spring at either end. When the device was activated the barrier sprang up and away from the horses, grays single-strand barrier was among those first used. Versions of barriers designed by Alexander and Reuben Gray were installed at race tracks in Australia, barriers assured fair starts to races. Fair race starts encouraged owners to enter horses in races and punters to bet, the inventor of the electric starting gate for horse racing is Clay Puett, who was a rider and starter at various tracks in the American West. Puetts device replaced other starting methods which often failed to produce a fair start, a transportable starting machine was imported from the United States to Australia in 1946. It wasnt until 1965 that starting stalls were introduced by the Jockey Club to horseracing in the United Kingdom, many of Puetts actual gates are still in use today at tracks around the world, and all gates are based on his original design. A starting gate is equipped with a number of stalls aligned in a row, smaller gates may be used at training facilities for schooling horses, or as an auxiliary gate in addition to the main gate for large-field races such as the Kentucky Derby. The gates are suspended from a welded steel truss, supported at each end by wheels with pneumatic tires. The entire structure is designed to be towed behind a tractor or truck, so that it can be moved about on the racetrack grounds, alternately, a horse may be backed into the stall from the front entry, again done in the case of a skittish horse
9.
1973 Kentucky Derby
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The 1973 Kentucky Derby was the 99th running of the Kentucky Derby at Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky. Secretariat won the Derby in a time of 1, 59 2⁄5, 2 1⁄2 lengths ahead of Sham. Of the thirteen horses that entered and started the race, all completed the event. The event was viewed in person by a crowd of 134,476. In the wake of Secretariats loss, Angle Light and, in particular, Sham were the horses that were seen as the most likely to win the Derby, many sportswriters believed that the horses in the field possessed great speed and thought the course record would be broken. Shecky Greene took the lead first and led for the majority of the first seven furlongs, Sham took the lead from Shecky Greene near the three quarter mile mark. As the horses entered the homestretch, Secretariat passed Sham in the final furlong, Secretariat would go on to win the Preakness Stakes and Belmont Stakes in the succeeding weeks, thus becoming the ninth horse to complete the Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing. Thirteen horses entered the Derby, which could have at most twenty participants, Horse owners had to pay a final entry fee of $2,500 to have their horses officially entered. The field was larger than anticipated because of new entries following Secretariats loss at the Wood Memorial Stakes in New York, the Wood Memorial had been the last prep race for three year-olds before the Kentucky Derby. It was a 1 1⁄8 mile contest held two weeks prior at Aqueduct Racetrack, Angle Light, whom groom Edward Sweat called a very quiet horse, won the race by a length ahead of Sham, while Secretariat finished in third, four lengths behind. Secretariat was nonetheless the morning line favorite of the Derby entrants and this was because he had been 1972 American Horse of the Year for a two-year-old campaign that featured seven victories in nine starts. Secretariat also won the two races he had entered prior to the Wood Memorial, the Gotham and Bay Shore Stakes, Shams trainer, Frank Pancho Martin, stated that Secretariat was the horse to beat and the only way to knock the horse was to beat him. Sham, who had won the Santa Anita Derby, was seen as the most formidable challenger to Secretariat in the Derby because of his finish ahead of Secretariat in the Wood and his Santa Anita victory. Coming off the heels of the his victory at the Wood, Angle Light was also trained by Lucien Laurin, along with as Secretariat, and thus Secretariat and Angle Light were coupled for betting purposes. Flamingo Stakes winner Our Native finished first or second in seven of his nine starts during the 1973 season, causing him to be named as a contender. Blue Grass Stakes winner My Gallant and Shecky Greene, who won the Fountain of Youth Stakes, were trained in Chicago by Lou Goldline, which also resulted in their odds being coupled. Goldline said the two horses were similar and would do well at Churchill Downs because they both liked fast tracks, impecunious, who was victorious in the Arkansas Derby, was initially entered in the race, but withdrew two days before because of a bruised heel. None of the horses had been sired by a previous Derby winner
10.
Gallant Man
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Gallant Man was a thoroughbred racehorse, named for a horse in a Don Ameche movie. He was one of the most successful racehorses foaled outside of the United States with his near miss in the 1957 Kentucky Derby and his exact foaling date was unknown or at best debated over the years of his life and many years after. His dam, Majideh, is recorded as being in the stall without a live foal until March 20,1954 at approximately 7,45 AM. Gallant Man is remembered primarily for his loss in the 1957 Kentucky Derby. As noted in books, in articles, and on online sites, after the Derby, Hall of Fame trainer John Nerud sent Gallant Man out to decimate the field in the Belmont Stakes, winning by 8 lengths, beating the favorite Bold Ruler. The track and race records Gallant Man achieved that day stood until Secretariats 1973 Belmont Stakes, subsequently, Gallant Man beat Bold Ruler in the Metropolitan Mile, and his Jockey Club Gold Cup was achieved against older horses. Gallant Man raced as a three- and four-year-old at the time as Bold Ruler and Round Table. Gallant Man, who had at one time or another beaten each of them, was never awarded an honor or a championship of any kind. He ranks #36 in Blood-Horse magazine List of the Top 100 U. S, a small brown horse by Migoli out of Majideh, Gallant Man stood a little over fifteen hands and was afflicted with bad ankles. If Ralph Lowe had listened to his vet, Gallant Man would not have bought in the group of nine horses acquired from the Aga Khan. However, Lowes bloodstock agent, Humphrey Finney, thought the horse might be perhaps the worst of the lot. Retired after his 1958 season with a splint problem in his left foreleg, Gallant Man stood at Kentuckys Spendthrift Farm and he did even better as a broodmare sire. Genuine Risk and Gallant Bloom were two of his breeding triumphs, after being pensioned in 1981, Gallant Man was euthanized on September 7,1988 at the age of 34 after a losing battle with lameness, respiratory problems, and many failing organs. When Gallant Man passed, John Nerud said, When he was sound and good and he had it all—speed and endurance. His longevity genes continued throughout the generations and his grandson Lord Avie became one of the few thoroughbred racehorses to place third or better in all of his races and is the longest-lived horse with this distinction. In 2012, Lord Avie at 34 surpassed his grandfather in longevity by approximately 2 1/2 months, Gallant Mans pedigree with photo Gallant Mans page in the Hall of Fame Gallant Mans photo at stud
11.
Citation (horse)
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Citation was the eighth American Triple Crown winner, and one of three major North American Thoroughbreds to win at least 16 consecutive races in major stakes race competition. He was the first horse in history to win one million dollars, owned and bred by Calumet Farm in Lexington, Kentucky, Citation was a bay colt by Bull Lea from the imported mare Hydroplane, who was by the leading sire Hyperion. Although Citation was bred in Kentucky, his pedigree was largely European, of the sixteen horses in the generation of his pedigree, fourteen were bred in Britain. As a descendant of the broodmare Glasalt, Citation was related to the 2000 Guineas winner Colorado, Citation was trained by the Hall of Fame inductee Ben Jones and his son, Hall of Famer Horace A. The horse was ridden by Al Snider and later by Eddie Arcaro. Citation won his first start as a two-year-old at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore and he broke the Arlington Park track record over five furlongs in his third start. For the year, he raced nine times, winning eight starts and his only loss came at the heels of his stablemate, Bewitch, in the Washington Park Futurity, which the filly won in stakes record time for six furlongs. Citation racked up victories in the Elementary Stakes, Futurity Trial, Futurity Stakes, Citation started the 1948 racing season with two victories over older horse Armed, who had been named Thoroughbred racings 1947 Horse of the Year, in an allowance race and the Seminole Handicap. It is rare for a three-year-old to defeat older horses so early in the year, after Citation won the Everglades Stakes and the Flamingo Stakes at Hialeah Park, Snider drowned while fishing off the Florida Keys. Calumet Farm hired Arcaro, one of Sniders friends, in Arcaros first start on Citation, they lost to Saggy in the Chesapeake Trial Stakes. This was the last race that Citation lost for almost two years, Citation reversed the loss to Saggy in the Chesapeake Stakes, which he won over Bovard by 4½ lengths, with Saggy well back. Citation followed with his final Kentucky Derby prep, a win in the Derby Trial Stakes, Citation was then sent to Baltimore where he won the Preakness Stakes by 5½ lengths. Citation then won the Stars and Stripes Handicap, equalling Armeds track record and he next won the American Derby and the Sysonby Mile. After that came the Jockey Club Gold Cup at 2 miles and he then won the Empire City Gold Cup. In Citations next start, he deterred potential challengers and won the Pimlico Special in a rare walkover, Citation then traveled to California, where he finished the year with two wins, including in the Tanforan Handicap at Tanforan Racecourse. By the end of his season, Citation had a record of 20 starts,19 wins and $709,470. His total career record now stood at 27 victories and two seconds in 29 starts and earnings of $865,150 and he had also amassed a 15-race winning streak. For his performances, Citation was named Horse of the Year, gaining 161 of a possible 163 votes in the poll conducted by Turf, toward the end of his three-year-old season, he developed an osselet
12.
Kentucky Derby
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The Kentucky Derby /ˈdɜːrbi/ is a horse race held annually in Louisville, Kentucky, United States, on the first Saturday in May, capping the two-week-long Kentucky Derby Festival. The race is a Grade I stakes race for three-year-old Thoroughbreds at a distance of one, colts and geldings carry 126 pounds and fillies 121 pounds. It is the first leg of the American Triple Crown and is followed by the Preakness Stakes, unlike the Preakness and Belmont Stakes, which took hiatuses in 1891–1893 and 1911–1912, respectively, the Kentucky Derby has been run every consecutive year since 1875. A horse must win all three races to win the Triple Crown, the attendance at the Kentucky Derby ranks first in North America and usually surpasses the attendance of all other stakes races including the Preakness Stakes, Belmont Stakes, and the Breeders Cup. The 2017 Kentucky Derby will be the 143rd running, and is set for Saturday, May 6,2017 with a $2 million guaranteed purse. In 1872, Col. Meriwether Lewis Clark, Jr. grandson of William Clark of the Lewis and Clark expedition, traveled to England, visiting the Derby, a famous race that had been running annually since 1780. Returning home to Kentucky, Clark organized the Louisville Jockey Club for the purpose of raising money to build quality racing facilities just outside the city, the track would soon become known as Churchill Downs, named for John and Henry Churchill, who provided the land for the racetrack. Officially, the racetrack was incorporated as Churchill Downs in 1937, the Kentucky Derby was first run at 1 1⁄2 miles, the same distance as the Epsom Derby. The distance was changed in 1896 to its current 1 1⁄4 miles, on May 17,1875, in front of an estimated crowd of 10,000 people, a field of 15 three-year-old horses contested the first Derby. Under jockey Oliver Lewis, a colt named Aristides, who was trained by future Hall of Famer Ansel Williamson, won the inaugural Derby, later that year, Lewis rode Aristides to a second-place finish in the Belmont Stakes. Despite this, the business foundered until 1902 when Col. Matt Winn of Louisville put together a syndicate of businessmen to acquire the facility, under Winn, Churchill Downs prospered and the Kentucky Derby then became the preeminent stakes race for three-year-old thoroughbred horses in North America. Derby participants are limited to three-year-old horses, no horse since Apollo in 1882 has won the Derby without having raced at age two. The three races offered the largest purse and in 1919 Sir Barton became the first horse to win all three races, however, the term Triple Crown didnt come into use for another eleven years. In 1930, when Gallant Fox became the horse to win all three races, sportswriter Charles Hatton brought the phrase into American usage. Fueled by the media, public interest in the possibility of a superhorse that could win the Triple Crown began in the leading up to the derby. Two years after the term was coined, the race, which had run in mid-May since inception, was changed to the first Saturday in May to allow for a specific schedule for the Triple Crown races. Since 1931, the order of Triple Crown races has been the Kentucky Derby first, followed by the Preakness Stakes, prior to 1931, eleven times the Preakness was run before the Derby. On May 12,1917 and again on May 13,1922, the Preakness, on eleven occasions the Belmont Stakes was run before the Preakness Stakes
13.
Preakness Stakes
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The Preakness Stakes is an American flat thoroughbred horse race held on the third Saturday in May each year at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore, Maryland. It is a Grade I race run over a distance of 9.5 furlongs on dirt, Colts and geldings carry 126 pounds, fillies 121 lb. It is the jewel of the Triple Crown, held two weeks after the Kentucky Derby and three weeks before the Belmont Stakes. First run in 1873, the Preakness Stakes was named by a former Maryland governor after a winning colt at Pimlico, the race has been termed The Run for the Black-Eyed Susans because a blanket of yellow flowers altered to resemble Marylands state flower is placed around the winners neck. Attendance at the Preakness Stakes ranks second in North America among equestrian events, the 142nd running of the Preakness Stakes will take place on Saturday, May 20,2017. Two years before the Kentucky Derby was run for the first time, Pimlico introduced its new stakes race for three-year-olds, the New Jersey name was said to have come from the Native American name Pra-qua-les for the area. After Preakness won the Dinner Party Stakes, his jockey, Billy Hayward and this was the supposed way that the wire at the finish line was introduced and how the awarding of purse money came to be. In reality, the purse, meaning prize money, had been in use for well over a century. The first Preakness, held on May 27,1873, drew seven starters, john Chamberlains three-year-old, Survivor, collected the $2,050 winning purse by galloping home easily by 10 lengths. This was the largest margin of victory until 2004, when Smarty Jones won by 11 1/2 lengths, in 1890 Morris Park Racecourse in the Bronx, New York hosted the Preakness Stakes. This race was run under conditions, and the age restriction was lifted. The race was won by a horse named Montague. After 1890, there was no race run for three years, for the 15 years from 1894 through 1908, the race was held at Gravesend Race Track on Coney Island, New York. In 1909 it returned to Pimlico, seven editions of the Preakness Stakes have been run under handicap conditions, in which more accomplished or favored horses are assigned to carry heavier weight. It was first run under conditions in 1890 and again in the years 1910-1915. During these years, the race was known as the Preakness Handicap, in March 2009 Magna Entertainment Corp. which owns Pimlico, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy thus throwing open the possibility the Stakes could move again. On April 13,2009, the Maryland Legislature approved a plan to buy the Stakes, attendance at the Preakness Stakes ranks second in North America and usually surpasses the attendance of all other stakes races including the Belmont Stakes, the Breeders Cup and the Kentucky Oaks. The attendance of the Preakness Stakes typically only trails the Kentucky Derby, the Preakness is 1 3⁄16 miles, or 9 1⁄2 furlongs, compared to the Kentucky Derby, which is 1 1⁄4 miles /10 furlongs
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Eastern Time Zone
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time
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CBS
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CBS is an American commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of CBS Corporation. The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major facilities and operations in New York City. CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network, in reference to the iconic logo. It has also called the Tiffany Network, alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley. It can also refer to some of CBSs first demonstrations of color television, the network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. a collection of 16 radio stations that was purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System. Under Paleys guidance, CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States, in 1974, CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS, Inc. In 2000, CBS came under the control of Viacom, which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971, CBS Corporation is controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements, which also controls the current Viacom. The television network has more than 240 owned-and-operated and affiliated stations throughout the United States. The origins of CBS date back to January 27,1927, Columbia Phonographic went on the air on September 18,1927, with a presentation by the Howard Barlow Orchestra from flagship station WOR in Newark, New Jersey, and fifteen affiliates. Operational costs were steep, particularly the payments to AT&T for use of its land lines, in early 1928 Judson sold the network to brothers Isaac and Leon Levy, owners of the networks Philadelphia affiliate WCAU, and their partner Jerome Louchenheim. With the record out of the picture, Paley quickly streamlined the corporate name to Columbia Broadcasting System. He believed in the power of advertising since his familys La Palina cigars had doubled their sales after young William convinced his elders to advertise on radio. By September 1928, Paley bought out the Louchenheim share of CBS, during Louchenheims brief regime, Columbia paid $410,000 to A. H. Grebes Atlantic Broadcasting Company for a small Brooklyn station, WABC, which would become the networks flagship station. WABC was quickly upgraded, and the relocated to 860 kHz. The physical plant was relocated also – to Steinway Hall on West 57th Street in Manhattan, by the turn of 1929, the network could boast to sponsors of having 47 affiliates. Paley moved right away to put his network on a financial footing. In the fall of 1928, he entered talks with Adolph Zukor of Paramount Pictures. The deal came to fruition in September 1929, Paramount acquired 49% of CBS in return for a block of its stock worth $3.8 million at the time
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Parimutuel betting
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In some countries it is known as the Tote after the totalisator, which calculates and displays bets already made. The parimutuel system is used in gambling on horse racing, greyhound racing, jai alai, a modified parimutuel system is also used in some lottery games. Parimutuel betting differs from fixed-odds betting in that the payout is not determined until the pool is closed – in fixed odds betting. Parimutuel gambling is frequently state-regulated, and offered in places where gambling is otherwise illegal. Parimutuel gambling is also offered at off track facilities, where players may bet on the events without actually being present to observe them in person. Consider a hypothetical event which has eight possible outcomes, in a country using a decimal currency such as dollars, each outcome has a certain amount of money wagered, Thus, the total pool of money on the event is $1028.00. Following the start of the event, no more wagers are accepted, the event is decided and the winning outcome is determined to be Outcome 4 with $110.00 wagered. First the commission or take for the company is deducted from the pool, for example with a commission rate of 14. 25% the calculation is. This leaves a remaining amount of $881.51 and this remaining amount in the pool is now distributed to those who wagered on Outcome 4, $881.51 / $110.00 =8.01 ≈ $8 per $1 wagered. This payout includes the $1 wagered plus an additional $7 profit, Thus, the odds on Outcome 4 are 7-to-1. Prior to the event, betting agencies will often provide approximates for what will be out for a given outcome should no more bets be accepted at the current time. Sometimes, the amounts paid out are rounded down to a denomination interval—in the United States and Australia, the rounding loss is sometimes known as breakage and is retained by the betting agency as part of the commission. In horse racing, an example of this circumstance might be when an overwhelming favorite wins. The parimutuel calculation results might call for a very small winning payout, in North America, this condition is usually referred to as a minus pool. In an event with a set of n possible outcomes, with wagers W1, W2, …, after the wagering company deducts a commission rate of r from the pool, the amount remaining to be distributed between the successful bettors is WR = WT. Those who bet on the successful outcome m will receive a payout of WR / Wm for every dollar they bet on it, the parimutuel system was invented by Catalan impresario Joseph Oller in 1867. The first was installed at Ellerslie Racecourse, Auckland, New Zealand in 1913, the U. S. introduction was in 1927, which led to the opening of the suburban Arlington Racetrack in Arlington Park, near Chicago and Sportsmans Park in Cicero, Illinois, in 1932. Unlike many forms of gambling, in parimutuel betting the gambler bets against other gamblers
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Stud (animal)
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A stud animal is a registered animal retained for breeding. The terms for the male of an animal species usually imply that the animal is intact—that is. A specialized vocabulary exists for de-sexed animals and those used in grading up to a purebred status. Stud females are generally used to breed further stud animals, both sexes of stud animals are regularly used in artificial breeding programs. A stud farm, in animal husbandry, is an establishment for selective breeding using stud animals. A stud fee is a paid by the owner of a female animal, such as a horse or a dog. Any veterinary expenses or medications are also an additional cost to the owner of the female animal
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Count Fleet
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Count Fleet was an American thoroughbred racehorse. He was the Triple Crown champion in 1943, Count Fleet was foaled at Stoner Creek Stud farm in Paris, Kentucky in 1928. He was by Kentucky Derby winner Reigh Count out of a mare named Quickly, Count Fleet was owned by the wife of John D. Hertz, best known for the rental car company bearing his name. John Hertz initially did not think much of Count Fleet and contemplated selling him until jockey Johnny Longden convinced him to keep the colt, Count Fleet was trained by Don Cameron and ridden by future Hall of Fame inductee Longden. As a two-year-old Count Fleet started off slowly, losing several times before getting his first win, in the Walden Stakes, he ran away from the field, winning by more than thirty lengths. At seasons end, he had won 10 of his 15 races while never being out of the money and he was assigned 132 lbs. on the 1942 Experimental Free Handicap, the highest impost ever. As a three-year-old, Count Fleet dominated North American racing, never losing a race, leading up to the Kentucky Derby, he won the important Wood Memorial but injured himself in the process. When the season ended, Count Fleet was voted Champion Three Year Old, in the Horse of the Year poll which was conducted by Turf and Sport Digest magazine Count Fleet received 135 of the possible 143 votes, an unprecedented margin of superiority. Rather than risk injury, Count Fleet did not race as a four-year-old after it was discovered that he had injured his leg. Count Fleet was retired to stud having won 16 of 21 races, Count Fleets daughters produced Kelso,1965 Kentucky Derby winner Lucky Debonair, the Canadian star filly Ice Water, and multiple Grade I stakes winner Tompion. Another daughter, Sequence, mated with 1955 Preakness and Belmont winner Nashua to produce Gold Digger and his daughter Virginia Water was mated with Princequillo to produce Milan Mill, the dam of Mill Reef. At the time of his death, he had become the longest lived winner of all three triple crown races according to the foaling and death records that are available, additionally, he had outlived many of his own offspring. More than forty years later, he remains the longest lived Kentucky Derby winner ever, nearly fourteen years to the day of his death, Gallant Man surpassed him as the longest lived Belmont Stakes Winner and the longest lived winner of any triple crown race at all. In 1961, Count Fleet was inducted in the National Museum of Racing, in the Blood-Horse magazine ranking of the top 100 U. S. thoroughbred champions of the 20th Century, Count Fleet was ranked #5
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ProQuest
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ProQuest LLC is an Ann Arbor, Michigan-based global information-content and technology company founded in 1938 as University Microfilms by Eugene B. ProQuest provides solutions, applications, and products for libraries and its resources and tools support research and learning, publishing and dissemination, and the acquisition, management and discovery of library collections. From its founding as a producer of products and then as an electronic publisher. Today, the company provides tools for discovery and citation management and platforms that allow users to discover, manage, use. Content is accessed most commonly through library Internet gateways, the current chief executive officer is Kurt P. Sanford. ProQuest is part of Cambridge Information Group, ProQuest was founded as a microfilm publisher. These are made available through a variety of Web-based interfaces, a recent offering, ProQuest Video Preservation and Discovery Service, allows libraries to preserve and provide access to their proprietary audio and video collections. Ebrary offers access to collections, by subscription or a perpetual archive model, in subject packages tailored for academic, corporate, government, public. Serials Solutions delivers discovery and e-resource access and management services, using a Software-as-a-Service model, Eugene Power, a 1930 M. B. A. graduate of the University of Michigan, founded the company as University Microfilms in 1938, preserving works from the British Museum on microfilm. By June 1938, Power worked in two rented rooms from a downtown Ann Arbor funeral parlor, specializing in microphotography to preserve library collections. In his autobiography Edition of One, Power details the development of the company and this work mainly involved filming maps and European newspapers so they could be shipped back and forth overseas more cheaply and discreetly. Power also noticed a market in dissertations publishing. Students were often forced to publish their own works in order to finish their doctoral degree, Dissertations could be published more cheaply as microfilm than as books. ProQuest still publishes so many dissertations that its Dissertations and Theses collection has been declared the official U. S. off-site repository of the Library of Congress, vaughn Davis Bornet seized on the idea and published Doctoral Dissertations and the Stream of Scholarship and Microfilm Publication of Doctoral Dissertations. As the dissertations market grew, the company expanded into filming newspapers, the companys main newspaper database is ProQuest NewsStand. In 1985 it was purchased from Xerox by Bell & Howell, in the 1980s, UMI began producing CD-ROMs that stored databases of periodicals abstracts and indexes. At a time when modem connections were slow and expensive, it was efficient to mail database CD-ROMs regularly to subscribing libraries. The ProQuest brand name was first used for databases on CD-ROM, an online service called ProQuest Direct was launched in 1995, its name was later shortened to just ProQuest
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CNN
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The Cable News Network is an American basic cable and satellite television news channel owned by the Turner Broadcasting System division of Time Warner. It was founded in 1980 by American media proprietor Ted Turner as a 24-hour cable news channel, upon its launch, CNN was the first television channel to provide 24-hour news coverage, and was the first all-news television channel in the United States. While the news channel has numerous affiliates, CNN primarily broadcasts from the Time Warner Center in New York City and its headquarters at the CNN Center in Atlanta is only used for weekend programming. CNN is sometimes referred to as CNN/U. S. to distinguish the American channel from its sister network. As of August 2010, CNN is available in over 100 million U. S. households, broadcast coverage of the U. S. channel extends to over 890,000 American hotel rooms, as well as carriage on cable and satellite providers throughout Canada. Globally, CNN programming airs through CNN International, which can be seen by viewers in over 212 countries and territories, as of February 2015, CNN is available to about 96,289,000 cable, satellite, and telco television households in the United States. The Cable News Network was launched at 5,00 p. m. Eastern Time on June 1,1980, after an introduction by Ted Turner, the husband and wife team of David Walker and Lois Hart anchored the channels first newscast. Burt Reinhardt, the vice president of CNN at its launch, hired most of the channels first 200 employees, including the networks first news anchor. Since its debut, CNN has expanded its reach to a number of cable and satellite providers, several websites. The company has 36 bureaus, more than 900 affiliated local stations, the channels success made a bona-fide mogul of founder Ted Turner and set the stage for conglomerate Time Warners eventual acquisition of the Turner Broadcasting System in 1996. A companion channel, CNN2, was launched on January 1,1982, on January 28,1986, CNN carried the only live television coverage of the launch and subsequent break-up of Space Shuttle Challenger, which killed all seven crew members on board. On October 14,1987, Jessica McClure, an 18-month-old toddler, fell down a well in Midland, CNN quickly reported on the story, and the event helped make its name. This was before correspondents reported live from the capital while American bombs were falling. Before Saddam Hussein held a press conference with a few of the hundreds of Americans he was holding hostage. Before the nation watched, riveted but powerless, as Los Angeles was looted and burned, before O. J. Simpson took a slow ride in a white Bronco, and before everyone close to his case had an agent and a book contract. This was uncharted territory just a time ago. The moment when bombing began was announced on CNN by Bernard Shaw on January 16,1991, as follows, lets describe to our viewers what were seeing. The skies over Baghdad have been illuminated, were seeing bright flashes going off all over the sky
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Jerome Park Racetrack
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Jerome Park Racetrack was an American thoroughbred horse racing facility from 1866 until 1894. It was located in a part of Westchester County, New York that was annexed into the Bronx in 1874, the racetrack opened in 1866 in the northwest part of Fordham, Westchester County, New York. Built on the old Bathgate estate, and operated by the American Jockey Club, its owner/members were led by financier Leonard W. Jerome and August Belmont, a luxurious clubhouse was built near a rise that looked over the race course on what was known as The Bluff. In those days, many would come to the park by horse, coach and carriage, or by railroad at Fordham Station, located at the bottom of Fordham Hill. Later in the century, it would connect to Bedford Park Station, the first Belmont Stakes, the oldest of the three U. S. Triple Crown races which was named in honor of August Belmont, Sr. was held at Jerome Park Racetrack, in the spring of 1876, a group of polo enthusiasts founded the Westchester Polo Club at Jerome Park Racetrack. On May 13 of that year, the track was the site of the first outdoor polo match ever held in the United States. It is alleged that Lord Randolph Churchill first met Jeromes daughter, Jennie Jerome, later to be courted and married, at the race park, but this allegation is false. The track closed on October 4,1894 to make way for the Jerome Park Reservoir that was needed for the metropolitan New York City water supply system
