1.
Formula One
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Formula One is the highest class of single-seat auto racing that is sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile. The FIA Formula One World Championship has been the form of racing since the inaugural season in 1950. The formula, designated in the name, refers to a set of rules, the F1 season consists of a series of races, known as Grands Prix, held worldwide on purpose-built F1 circuits and public roads. The results of each race are evaluated using a system to determine two annual World Championships, one for drivers, one for constructors. The racing drivers are required to be holders of valid Super Licences, the races are required to be held on tracks graded 1, the highest grade a track can receive by the FIA. Most events are held in locations on purpose-built tracks, but there are several events in city centres throughout the world. Formula One cars are the fastest road racing cars in the world. Formula One cars race at speeds of up to approximately 375 km/h with engines currently limited in performance to a maximum of 15,000 RPM, the cars are capable of lateral acceleration in excess of five g in corners. The performance of the cars is very dependent on electronics – although traction control and other driving aids have been banned since 2008 – and on aerodynamics, suspension, the formula has radically evolved and changed through the history of the sport. F1 had a global television audience of 425 million people during the course of the 2014 season. Grand Prix racing began in 1906 and became the most popular internationally in the second half of the twentieth century. The Formula One Group is the holder of the commercial rights. Its high profile and popularity have created a major merchandising environment, since 2000 the sports spiraling expenditures and the distribution of prize money favoring established top teams have forced complaints from smaller teams and led several teams to bankruptcy. On 23 January 2017 it was confirmed that Liberty Media had completed its $8 billion acquisition of Delta Topco, the Formula One series originated with the European Grand Prix Motor Racing of the 1920s and 1930s. The formula is a set of rules that all cars must meet. Formula One was a new formula agreed upon after World War II during 1946, the first world championship race was held at Silverstone, United Kingdom in 1950. A championship for constructors followed in 1958, national championships existed in South Africa and the UK in the 1960s and 1970s. Non-championship Formula One events were held for years, but due to the increasing cost of competition
2.
Jackie Stewart
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Sir John Young Jackie Stewart, OBE is a British former Formula One racing driver from Scotland. Nicknamed the Flying Scot, he competed in Formula One between 1965 and 1973, winning three World Drivers Championships, and twice runner-up, over nine seasons. In the United States, he worked as a commentator on television broadcasts at the Indianapolis 500, Daytona 500. He has also been a spokesman for Ford, Rolex and Moët, between 1997 and 1999, in partnership with his son, Paul, he was team principal of the Stewart Grand Prix Formula One racing team. Stewart was born in Milton, West Dunbartonshire, Scotland, a village 15 miles west of Glasgow, Stewarts family were Austin, later Jaguar, car dealers and had built up a successful business. Jackie attended Hartfield primary school in the town of Dumbarton. Stewart was unable to continue his education past the age of 16. He was not actually diagnosed with dyslexia until 1980, when his oldest son Mark was diagnosed with the condition. He has said, When youve got dyslexia and you find something youre good at, you put more into it than anyone else, you cant think the way of the clever folk, so youre always thinking out of the box. At the age of 13 he had won a clay pigeon shooting competition and then went on to become a member of the Scottish shooting team, competing in the United Kingdom. He won the British, Irish, Welsh and Scottish skeet shooting championships and he competed for a place in the British trap shooting team for the 1960 Summer Olympics, but finished third behind Joseph Wheater and Brett Huthart. He took up an offer from Barry Filer, a customer of his family business, for 1961, Filer provided a Marcos, in which Stewart scored four wins, and competed once in Filers Aston DB4GT. In 1962, to if he was ready to become a professional driver, tested a Jaguar E-type at Oulton Park. He won two races, his first in England, in the E-type, and David Murray of Ecurie Ecosse offered him a ride in the Tojeiro EE Mk2, then their Cooper T49, in which he won at Goodwood. For 1963, he earned fourteen wins, a second, in 1964, he again signed with Ecurie Ecosse. Jackie came down for the test at Goodwood, taking over a new, soon Stewart was bettering McLarens times, causing McLaren to return to the track for some quicker laps. Again, Stewart was quicker, and Tyrrell offered Stewart a spot on the team, in 1964 he drove in Formula Three for Tyrrell. His debut, in the wet at Snetterton on 15 March, was dominant, within days, he was offered a Formula One ride with Cooper, but declined, preferring to gain experience under Tyrrell, he failed to win just two races in becoming F3 champion
3.
Team Lotus
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Team Lotus was the motorsport sister company of English sports car manufacturer Lotus Cars. The team ran cars in motorsport series, including Formula One, Formula Two, Formula Ford, Formula Junior, IndyCar. The Lotus name returned to Formula One in 2010, as the name of Tony Fernandess Lotus Racing team. In 2011, Team Lotuss iconic black-and-gold livery returned to F1 as the livery of the Lotus Renault GP team, sponsored by Lotus Cars, colin Chapman established Lotus Engineering Ltd in 1952 at Hornsey, UK. Lotus achieved rapid success with the 1953 Mk 6 and the 1954 Mk 8 sports cars, Team Lotus was split off from Lotus Engineering in 1954. A new Formula Two regulation was announced for 1957, and in Britain, the following year, the Lotus 12 appeared. Driving one in 1958, Allison won the F2 class in the International Trophy at Silverstone, beating Stuart Lewis-Evanss Cooper. As the Coventry Climax engines were enlarged in 1952 to 2. 2-litres, Chapman decided to enter Grand Prix racing, running a pair of Lotus 12s at Monaco in 1958 for Graham Hill and these were replaced later that year by Lotus 16s. By then, the success had caused it to expand to such an extent that it had to move to new premises at Cheshunt. The first Formula One victory for Team Lotus came when Innes Ireland won the 1961 United States Grand Prix, a year earlier, Stirling Moss had recorded the first victory for a Lotus car at Monaco in his Lotus 18 entered by the independent Rob Walker Racing Team. There were successes in Formula Two and Formula Junior, the road car business was doing well with the Lotus Seven and the Lotus Elite and this was followed by the Lotus Elan in 1962. In 1963 Clark drove the Lotus 25 to a remarkable seven wins in a season and won the World Championship. The 1964 title was still for the taking by the time of the last race in Mexico but problems with Clarks Lotus, however, in 1965, Clark dominated again, six wins in his Lotus 33 gave him the championship. While very innovative, Chapman also came under criticism for the fragility of his designs. In Dave Friedmans book Indianapolis Memories 1961–1969, Dan Gurney is quoted as saying and we had several structural failures in those cars. But at the time, I felt it was the price you paid for getting something significantly better, a switch to the new Ford Cosworth DFV, designed by former Lotus employee Keith Duckworth, in 1967 returned the team to winning form. Although they failed to win the title in 1967, by the end of the season, the Lotus 49, however, for 1968 Lotus had lost its exclusive right to use the DFV. The season-opening 1968 South African Grand Prix confirmed Lotuss superiority, with Jim Clark and it would be Clarks last win
4.
Ford Motor Company
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The Ford Motor Company is an American multinational automaker headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16,1903, the company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand. Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer, Troller, and Australian performance car manufacturer FPV, in the past, it has also produced tractors and automotive components. Ford owns an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom, and it also has a number of joint-ventures, one in China, one in Taiwan, one in Thailand, one in Turkey, and one in Russia. It is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family, Fords former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover, acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively, were sold to Tata Motors in March 2008. Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010, in 2011, Ford discontinued the Mercury brand, under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States, Canada, Mexico, and the Middle East since 1938. During the financial crisis at the beginning of the 21st century, it was close to bankruptcy, Ford is the second-largest U. S. -based automaker and the fifth-largest in the world based on 2015 vehicle production. At the end of 2010, Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe, Ford is the eighth-ranked overall American-based company in the 2010 Fortune 500 list, based on global revenues in 2009 of $118.3 billion. In 2008, Ford produced 5.532 million automobiles and employed about 213,000 employees at around 90 plants, the company went public in 1956 but the Ford family, through special Class B shares, still retain 40 percent voting rights. The Ford Motor Company was launched in a factory in 1903 with $28,000 in cash from twelve investors, most notably John. During its early years, the company produced just a few cars a day at its factory on Mack Avenue and later its factory on Piquette Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. Groups of two or three men worked on car, assembling it from parts made mostly by supplier companies contracting for Ford. Henry Ford was 39 years old when he founded the Ford Motor Company and it has been in continuous family control for over 100 years and is one of the largest family-controlled companies in the world. The first gasoline powered automobile had been created in 1885 by the German inventor Carl Benz, between 1903 and 1908, Ford produced the Models A, B, C, F, K, N, R, and S. Hundreds or a few thousand of most of these were sold per year, in 1908, Ford introduced the mass-produced Model T, which totalled millions sold over nearly 20 years. In 1927, Ford replaced the T with the Model A, Ford launched the first low-priced car with a V8 engine in 1932. In an attempt to compete with General Motors mid-priced Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Henry Ford purchased the Lincoln Motor Company in 1922, in order to compete with such brands as Cadillac and Packard for the luxury segment of the automobile market. The creation of a laboratory in Dearborn, Michigan in 1951, doing unfettered basic research
5.
1972 Formula One season
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The 1972 Formula One season was the 26th season of the FIAs Formula One motor racing. It featured the 23rd World Championship of Drivers, the 15th International Cup for F1 Manufacturers, the World Championship season commenced on 23 January and ended on 8 October after twelve races. For 1972 Team Lotus focused again on the type 72 chassis, imperial Tobacco continued its sponsorship of the team under its new John Player Special brand. The cars, now referred to as JPS, were fielded in a new black. Lotus took the championship by surprise in 1972 with 25-year-old Brazilian driver Emerson Fittipaldi who became the youngest world champion at that point, Stewart came second in the championship. The British Racing Motors team took its last victory when Jean-Pierre Beltoise won the rain-affected 1972 Monaco Grand Prix in a BRM P160, the Dutch Grand Prix was cancelled this year because of safety arrangements that were not completed for the race. It was supposed to be held between the Belgian and French Grand Prixs at the location, Zandvoort. Also, a second American motor race called the United States Grand Prix West, the Mexican Grand Prix was scheduled to be the last race of the season, but it was cancelled after local interest dissipated after the death of Pedro Rodríguez. The Formula One circus returned to Argentina in January for the first time since 1960, the short No.9 arena configuration of the Buenos Aires city autodrome was used, and Argentine Carlos Reutemann, in his first ever F1 race took pole position in a Brabham-Ford/Cosworth. Reutemann unfortunately did not win – defending champion Jackie Stewart of the UK won in a Tyrrell-Ford/Cosworth, the southern hemisphere tour continued in South Africa at the Kyalami circuit near Johannesburg in March. Denny Hulme won the race in a McLaren-Ford/Cosworth, which was McLarens first F1 victory since 1969, Formula One started its 4-month European tour in Spain at the Jarama circuit near Madrid. The Lotus 72, improved after suspension revisions to the chassis to make the car better suited to slick tires won in the hands of Brazilian Emerson Fittipaldi – winning his 2nd ever F1 race. The Monaco Grand Prix in 1972 was run in atrocious conditions – it poured down all throughout race day, the circuit had been changed to move the pits away from the start-finish line, which proved to be too narrow to fit a wide-enough start-finish line and wide-enough pits. The pits for the first and only time were moved next to the straight after where the chicane is. Frenchman Jean-Pierre Beltoise won his only championship F1 race after producing a stirring drive in his BRM, there was some controversy when the F1 troupe arrived at the Nivelles circuit just outside Brussels. A lot of people were unhappy with the replacement of the Spa-Francorchamps circuit, but the racing continued, and Fittipaldi won again in his John Player Lotus 72D. There was a 4-week break between Grand Prixs as the Dutch Grand Prix was cancelled due to safety issues with the Zandvoort circuit, the circuits twisty, undulating and sometimes fast nature provided a considerable challenge. New Zealander Chris Amon took pole with his new Matra MS120D, eight-tenths faster than the next fastest driver, Amon, Hulme, Jackie Stewart and Belgian Jacky Ickx in a Ferrari went away from the field
6.
1974 Formula One season
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The 1974 Formula One season was the 28th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. The season also included three non-championship races and this was also the first title for McLaren and the first of many titles for a team sponsored by the Marlboro cigarette brand. Fittipaldi, Ronnie Peterson and Carlos Reutemann each won three races, Jody Scheckter and Niki Lauda two each, Regazzoni and Denny Hulme, who retired at the end of the season, chris Amons own car, like the Token and the Trojan, was not a success. Two F1 drivers died over the course of the season, Peter Revson in a practice accident at the South African GP in March. The 1974 season was the first in which drivers had permanent racing numbers from race to race, the following teams and drivers contested the 1974 World Championship. In qualifying for the round in Argentina, Ronnie Peterson took pole in his Lotus ahead of Clay Regazzonis Ferrari. Peterson led at the start, whereas fellow front-row starter Regazzoni spun, Fittipaldi was hit by teammate Mike Hailwood and lost two laps while repairing his car, and James Hunt inhereited second whereas Peter Revson, who started fourth, retired in the chaos. Hunt spun before the first lap was over, and second place went to Carlos Reutemanns Brabham, Reutemann passed Peterson on the third lap, and soon the Swede began to fade badly with brake problems. As a result, Mike Hailwood and Denny Hulme in their McLarens were second and third, ahead of Jacky Ickx and Niki Lauda in the second Lotus, Hulme, Ickx and Lauda all passed Hailwood and then Ickx suffered a puncture mid-race and had to pit. Regazzoni was recovering from his spin, and passed Hailwood soon after, Reutemann continued to lead until his engine began to misfire, with Hulme closing in and taking the lead on the penultimate lap. Hulme went on to win, with Lauda and Regazzoni completing the podium after Reutemann ran out of fuel on the last lap, Fittipaldi took a popular home pole in Brazil, beating Reutemann and Lauda. Reutemann, eager to make up after his bad luck in Argentina, took the lead at the start, Reutemann led early on, but was passed by both Peterson and Fittipaldi on lap 4. Peterson battled with former Lotus teammate Fittipaldi for the next 12 laps, Fittipaldi passed him and took the lead, whereas Peterson dropped backwards. Fittipaldi went on to take a victory, with Regazzoni getting second. The field went to South Africa after a two-month break, Lauda took pole position, with Carlos Paces Surtees also on the front row. Arturo Merzario in the Iso-Marlboro team was a third on the grid. At the start, Lauda took the lead, whereas surprise packages Pace, Reutemann was up to second, and he took the lead from Lauda on the tenth lap, and he would remain ahead for the rest of the afternoon. Regazzoni was third ahead of Fittipaldi and Hailwood, but soon Jean-Pierre Beltoises BRM soon passed the two McLarens, as Fittipaldi began to drop back
7.
Formula 5000
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Formula 5000 was an open wheel, single seater auto-racing formula that ran in different series in various regions around the world from 1968 to 1982. It was originally intended as a low-cost series aimed at open-wheel racing cars that no longer fit into any particular formula, the 5000 denomination comes from the maximum 5.0 litre engine capacity allowed in the cars, although many cars ran with smaller engines. Manufacturers included McLaren, Eagle, March, Lola, Lotus, Elfin, Matich, in its declining years in North America Formula 5000 was modified into a closed wheel, but still single-seat sports car racing category. The engines used were generally 5 litre, fuel injected Chevrolet engines with about 500 horsepower at 8000 rpm, increasing costs and Lola domination meant the formula quickly lost its appeal after 1975. Older cars continued to be used in the SCCA national races, unfortunately, smaller privateer teams and drivers that entered Britains non-championship F1 events were left behind, and the RAC quickly adopted the American F5000 regulations. A European championship was first run in 1969 as the Guards Formula 5000 Championship and this was renamed to Guards European Formula 5000 Championship in 1970, to Rothmans European Formula 5000 Championship in 1971 and then to ShellSport European Formula 5000 Championship in 1975. Peter Gethin managed to launch his F1 career thanks to his F5000 championship titles, March 75A and Chevron B30 cars were successful with the V6, the March in particular being little more than a 751 Formula One car with minor modifications for the new engine. However, the problem that befell US F5000 happened in Europe. This was a British-based series for Formula 1, Formula 2, Formula 5000 and Formula Atlantic cars, the F1 Championship was open to Formula 1 and Formula 2 cars only, with Formula 5000 cars no longer eligible. Older F5000 cars continued to be used in the British Sprint Championship and were common in Formula Libre races well into the 1980s. In Australia and New Zealand, the Tasman Formula, defining cars eligible for the annual Tasman Series, was extended in 1970 to include Formula 5000 cars as well as the existing 2.5 litre cars. However, by the 1970s Formula One had become more commercial, the four Australian Formula 5000 Tasman races continued as the Rothmans International Series from 1976 until 1979. Although still called Australian Formula 1 until 1983, F5000 was replaced by Formula Pacific, while European cars such as the various Lolas, McLarens and Chevrons were popular, locally made cars from Matich, Elfin and McRae were also successful. The most popular engine used was the 5.0 L Chevrolet V8, with the Australian made Repco Holden, based on the 5.0 L Holden V8 engine, also popular and successful. Formula 5000 remains a popular category in Australia and New Zealand with the Tasman Revival Series running races in both countries. There is a proposal to re-launch the Tasman Series in December 2016 with a version of the formula. In South Africa, F5000 first ran concurrently with used F1 cars, the category was revived in the late 2000s in New Zealand as an amateur historic racing category. In 2009/2010, a five race series was held, the final round as a support race for the 2010 Australian Grand Prix in Melbourne
8.
Elf Aquitaine
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Elf Aquitaine was a French oil company which merged with TotalFina to form TotalFinaElf. The new company changed its name to Total in 2003, Elf has been maintained as a major brand of Total. Elf Aquitaines heritage is rooted among three French oil companies, Régie Autonome des Pétroles, Société Nationale des Pétroles dAquitaine, and these companies were formed to exploit the discovery of a gas field in Saint-Marcet in the Aquitaine region of south-western France. In December 1965 RAP and BRP were merged to form Entreprise de Recherches et dActivités Pétrolières, ERAP had SNPA, Union Générale des Pétroles, and Union Industrielle des Pétroles as subsidiaries. The resulting company achieved vertical integration, owning assets in all phases of the business from exploration and production to the filling station. On April 28,1967 the companys brands and products were unified under the Elf brand. Elf was the first company to pioneer a total synthetic racing oil, in 1976 Elf-ERAP merged with Antar Pétroles de lAtlantique and became Société Nationale Elf Aquitaine, later Elf Aquitaine. Elf Aquitaine was listed on the NYSE in 1991, in 1993 Elf was awarded the exclusive contract to the Iraqi oil fields by then-Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein. In 1996 the French government sold its stake, retaining a Golden Share, in 2000 Elf Aquitaine merged with Total Fina to form TotalFinaElf, which changed its name to Total in 2003. Elf Aquitaine spent millions of dollars in the 1979 Great Oil Sniffer Hoax to develop a new gravity wave-based oil detection system, which was revealed to be a scam. The Elf scandal which came to light in 1994 in France was according to The Guardian, Elf became a private bank for executives who spent £200 million on political favours, mistresses, jewellery, fine art, villas and apartments. Iraqi-born Nadhmi Auchi, at that time rumoured to be among the ten richest men of Britain, received a 15-month suspended sentence, Auchi was also linked to the Clearstream scandal. He is BNP Paribas banks main private share-holder, and until 2001, magistrate Eva Joly investigated the case. In the Leuna/Minol deal following German reunification, Elf Aquitaine took over circa 2,500 vacated gas station allottments in the former East Germany without paying the rightful owners, from its very beginnings Elf used motor racing as a means of promotion. It began with an association with Matra in a French Formula Three program. This resulted in Henri Pescarolo winning the title, the European Formula Two Championship fell to Matra the following year with Jean-Pierre Beltoise. In 1969, the won the Formula One World Championship with Tyrrell. The goal of winning the Le Mans 24 Hours was not achieved until 1972, by which time Elf, Elf, at that time owned by France, then undertook a policy to rebuild and promote French motor racing
9.
Tyrrell Racing
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The Tyrrell Racing Organisation was an auto racing team and Formula One constructor founded by Ken Tyrrell which started racing in 1958 and started building its own cars in 1970. The team experienced its greatest success in the early 1970s, when it won three Drivers Championships and one Constructors Championship with Jackie Stewart. The team never reached such heights again, although it continued to win races through the 1970s and into the early 1980s, the team was bought by British American Tobacco in 1997 and completed its final season as Tyrrell in 1998. Tyrrell Racing first came into being in 1958, running Formula Three cars for Ken Tyrrell, throughout the 1960s, Tyrrell moved through the lower formulas, variously giving single seater debuts to John Surtees and Jacky Ickx. But the teams most famous partnership was the one forged with Jackie Stewart, Tyrrell ran the BRM Formula Two operation throughout 1965,1966 and 1967 whilst Stewart was signed to the Formula One team. Tyrrell then signed a deal to run Formula Two cars made by French company Matra, Stewart was a serious contender, winning several Grands Prix in the Tyrrell-run Matra MS10. The cars most innovative feature was the use of aviation-inspired structural fuel tanks and these allowed the chassis to be around 15 kg lighter while still being stronger than its competitors. The FIA considered the technology to be unsafe and decided to ban it for 1970, for the 1969 championship, the Matra works team decided not to compete in Formula One. Matra would instead focus its efforts on Ken Tyrrells Matra International team and build a new DFV powered car with fuel tanks. Stewart won the 1969 title easily, driving the new Cosworth-powered Matra MS80 which corrected most of the weaknesses of the MS10, stewarts title was the first won by a French chassis, and the only one won by a chassis built in France. It was an achievement from a team and a constructor that had only entered Formula One the previous year. For the 1970 season following Matras merger with Simca, Tyrrell were asked by Matra to use their V12 rather than the Cosworth, Simca was a subsidiary of the American company Chrysler, a rival of Ford. Stewart tested the Matra V12 and found it inferior to the DFV, Tyrrell was still sponsored by French fuel company Elf, and Tyrrell would retain the traditional French blue racing colours for most of the rest of its existence. Tyrrell and Stewart ran the March-Fords throughout 1970 with mixed success, while Derek Gardner worked on the first in-house Tyrrell Grand Prix car at the woodshed in Ockham, the Tyrrell 001, which bore much resemblance to the MS80, emerged at the end of 1970. It earned Stewart a pole position in the Canadian GP but suffered mechanical failures in all of its 3 race starts, the nearly identical Tyrrell 003 won both Drivers and Constructors Championships in 1971, with strong driving from Jackie Stewart and François Cevert. Stewarts 1972 challenge was ruined by an ulcer, but he returned to full fitness in 1973. He and Cevert finishing 1st and 4th in the Championship, tragedy struck on 6 October 1973, as Cevert was killed in practice for the US Grand Prix at Watkins Glen. Stewart, who was to retire at the end of the season, at the end of the season Stewart made public his decision to retire, a decision that was already made before the US Grand Prix
10.
John Player & Sons
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John Player & Sons, known simply as Players, was a tobacco and cigarette manufacturer based in Nottingham, England. Today it is a part of the Imperial Tobacco Group, in March 1820, William Wright set up a small tobacco factory in Craigshill, Livingston, West Lothian. This business expanded and earned Wright a comfortable fortune, John Player bought the business in 1877. He had the Castle Tobacco Factories built in Radford, Nottingham and he had three large factory blocks built, but initially only one was used to process and pack tobacco. The other two blocks were loaned out to lace manufacturers until the business had expanded enough to use the additional space, One of John Players innovations was to offer pre-packaged tobacco. Before this, smokers would have bought tobacco by weight from loose supplies and he also adopted a registered trade mark as a guarantee to the public that the goods could be relied on. The business was run later by Players sons John Dane Player, in 1901, in response to competitive threats from the USA, Players merged with the Imperial Tobacco Group. The largest constituent of Imperial Tobacco was W. D. & H. O. Wills, Players Medium Navy Cut was the most popular by far of the three Navy Cut brands. Two thirds of all the cigarettes sold in Britain were Players, in January 1937, Players sold nearly 3.5 million cigarettes. The popularity of the brand was mostly amongst the middle class and it was smoked in the north but other brands were locally more popular. A new factory was opened in the early 1970s on Nottinghams industrial outskirts, with road access and more effective floor space. On 15 April 2014 Imperial Tobacco announced that the Horizon factory would close in early 2016, bringing an end to cigarette and tobacco manufacture in Nottingham after over 130 years. The No 2 Factory, facing onto Radford Boulevard with its distinctive clock, John Players brands are well known in motor racing from their long association with the Lotus Formula One team, and Norton motorcycle racing team. Ford introduced the John Player Special limited edition, in March 1975, John Players sponsorship of Team Lotus began with the Lotus 49 in Gold Leaf colours in the 1968 Tasman Series. It continued with the Lotus 49 and Lotus 72 in Formula One, changed to the black and gold John Player Special colours in 1972 and ended in 1986 with the Lotus 98T. In Australia, JPS Team BMW competed in the Australian Touring Car Championship between 1981 and 1987, with Jim Richards winning the series in 1985 and 1987. In 1981 BMW released a road version of its 323i touring car in JPS colours to the Australian market. Players brands also sponsored the Forsythe Championship Racing team in Champ Car racing until tobacco advertising through Canadian brands was banned midway through 2003, John Player began sponsoring Norton motorcycle racing in November 1971
11.
Emerson Fittipaldi
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Emerson Fittipaldi is a semi-retired Brazilian automobile racing driver who won both the Formula One World Championship and the Indianapolis 500 twice each and the CART championship once. Moving up from Formula Two, Fittipaldi made his debut for Team Lotus as a third driver at the 1970 British Grand Prix. After Jochen Rindt was killed at the 1970 Italian Grand Prix and he enjoyed considerable success with Lotus, winning the World Drivers Championship in 1972 at the age of 25, a youngest F1 world champion record that he held for 33 years. He later moved to McLaren for 1974, winning the title once again and he surprised the paddock by moving to his brothers Fittipaldi Automotive team prior to the 1976 season, being replaced by James Hunt. Success eluded him during his years in Formula One, with the Fittipaldi cars not competitive enough to fight for victories. Fittipaldi took two podium finishes, before retiring in 1980. Following his Formula One career, Fittipaldi moved to the American CART series, achieving results, including the 1989 CART title. Since his retirement from Indy Car racing in 1996, Fittipaldi races only occasionally, at age 67, he entered the 20146 Hours of São Paulo. Emerson Fittipaldi was born in São Paulo, Brazil and his grandfather Ivan Wojciechowski was an officer in the Tsarist army. He was named after American author and philosopher, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Emerson became a motorsports enthusiast at an early age. Fittipaldi is the brother of former Formula One driver and team owner Wilson Fittipaldi. He is the uncle of TUDOR United Sports Car Championship driver Christian Fittipaldi and he was married to Maria Helena from 1970 to 1982. They had three children together, Juliana, Jayson and Tatiana and he was married a second time, to Teresa, in the mid-1980s. They have one daughter, Joana, and a son, Luca, in early December 2012 he married economist Rossana Fanucchi in São Paulo after a partnership of eleven years. In his youth in Brazil, Emerson was known as Rato - mouse, by the end of his career he was most commonly known as Emmo in the United States and the UK. The plane lost power and plunged 300 feet to the ground, after recovering he became a born-again Christian. He was a friend of Beatles guitarist George Harrison and was with him shortly before Harrison died in November 2001, at age 14, Fittipaldi was racing motorcycles, and at 16, hydrofoils. While racing one day, his brother Wilson took off at 70 mph, afterwards, they both decided that although he had survived, they would no longer race hydrofoils, and moved onto racing karts
12.
Ronnie Peterson
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Bengt Ronnie Peterson was a Swedish racing driver. Known by the nickname SuperSwede, he was a two-time runner-up in the FIA Formula One World Drivers Championship, Peterson began his motor racing career in kart racing, traditionally the discipline where the majority of race drivers begin their careers in open-wheel racing. Later that year he won the FIA European Formula 3 Championship and moved up into Formula One, racing for the March factory team. In his three-year spell with the team, he took six podiums, after seeing out his three-year contract at March, Peterson joined Colin Chapmans Team Lotus in the 1973 season, partnering defending champion Emerson Fittipaldi. During his first two seasons with Lotus, Peterson took seven victories, scoring a career-best 52 points in 1973, after a poor 1975 season, Peterson moved back to March and scored his final victory for the team at the 1976 Italian Grand Prix. After spending the 1977 season with Tyrrell, he moved back to Lotus for the 1978 season as number two driver to Mario Andretti, Peterson was born in Almby in the vicinity of Örebro, Sweden. He developed his style at a young age while competing in karting. After his karting years, Peterson entered Formula Three racing in the Svebe, superb results from the outset quickly attracted the attention of the ambitious Tecno company from Italy, who signed him in 1968. The pairing produced some results, and he won the 1969 Formula Three Championship. Even after his elevation to F1 status Peterson still drove in lower echelon racing series, Peterson made his Grand Prix debut in a March 701 for Colin Crabbes works-supported Antique Automobiles Racing Team at the 1970 Monaco Grand Prix. The limited budget of Crabbes privateer team allowed only minimal testing, Peterson was the only March driver to finish the race, in seventh place. In 1971 Peterson moved up to the full March works team, five Formula One Grand Prix second places earned him the position of runner-up to Jackie Stewart in that years World Championship. Within that year, Peterson drove in the World Sports Car Championship driving an Autodelta Alfa Romeo to win the Watkins Glen 6 hours, Peterson stayed at March until 1973, when he signed for John Player Team Lotus to partner Emerson Fittipaldi. Petersons first Grand Prix win was at the 1973 French Grand Prix, held at Paul Ricard, there were three more wins that year, in Austria, Italy and the United States, but poor reliability restricted him to only third place in the World Championship at seasons end. For 1974, the Lotus 76 was brought forth, the car, however, proved to be a complete failure, disliked by both Peterson and his team mate Ickx. 1975 was a bad year for Lotus, Peterson and Ickx were forced to drive with the now archaic 72 model, whose age was now really beginning to show. Peterson had signed for Shadow but Lotus owner Colin Chapman convinced him to stay with Lotus due to a promise Chapman made to accelerate the rate of development on the Lotus 77 and he drove the first race of 1976 in the Lotus 77 before rejoining March Engineering. Driving the March 761, he won the Italian Grand Prix and he also continued to drive sports cars, particularly for BMW in 1974 and 1975
13.
Autodromo Nazionale Monza
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The Autodromo Nazionale Monza is a race track located near the city of Monza, north of Milan, in Italy. Built in 1922, it is the worlds third purpose-built motor racing circuit after those of Brooklands, the circuits biggest event is the Formula One Italian Grand Prix. With the exception of 1980, the race has been hosted there since the seriess inception, the circuit is generally flat, but has a gradual gradient from the second Lesmos to the Variante Ascari. Since both maximum power and minimal drag are keys for speed on the straights, only competitors with enough power or aerodynamic efficiency at their disposal are able to challenge for the top places. In addition to Formula One, the hosts a endurance event, the 1000 km Monza, which has been run as part of the World Sportscar Championship. Current major events are races of the World Touring Car Championship, the Monza circuit has been the site of many fatal accidents, especially in the early years of the Formula One world championship, and has claimed the lives of 52 drivers and 35 spectators. The first track was built from May to July 1922 by 3,500 workers, the initial form was a 3.4 square kilometres site with 10 kilometres of macadamised road – comprising a 4.5 kilometres loop track, and a 5.5 kilometres road track. The track was opened on 3 September 1922, with the maiden race the second Italian Grand Prix held on 10 September 1922. In 1928, the most serious Italian racing accident to date ended in the death of driver Emilio Materassi and 27 spectators at that years Grand Prix, the accident led to further Grand Prix races confinement to the high-speed loop until 1932. The 1933 race was marked by the deaths of three drivers and the Grand Prix layout was changed, with two chicanes added and the longer straights removed. There was major rebuilding in 1938–39, constructing new stands and entrances, resurfacing the track, moving portions of the track, the resulting layout gave a Grand Prix lap of 6.300 kilometres, in use until 1954. The outbreak of World War II meant racing at the track was suspended until 1948, Monza was renovated over a period of two months at the beginning of 1948 and a Grand Prix was held on 17 October 1948. In 1954, work began to revamp the circuit, resulting in a 5.750 kilometres course. The two circuits could be combined to re-create the former 10 kilometres long circuit, with cars running parallel on the main straight, the track infrastructure was also updated and improved to better accommodate the teams and spectators. The Automobile Club of Italy held 500-mile Race of Two Worlds exhibition competitions, intended to pit United States Auto Club IndyCars against European Formula One and sports cars. The races were held on the oval at the end of June in 1957 and 1958, ecurie Ecosses three Jaguar D-type sports cars used their Le Mans-specification tyres with no ill-effects, but were completely out paced. Two heats in 1957 were won by Jimmy Bryan in his Kuzma-Offenhauser Dean Van Lines Special, Formula One used the 10 kilometres high speed track in the 1955,1956,1960 and 1961 Grands Prix. Stirling Moss and Phil Hill both won twice in this period, with Hills win at Monza making him the first American to win a Formula One race
14.
Watkins Glen International
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Watkins Glen International is an automobile race track located in Watkins Glen, New York, at the southern tip of Seneca Lake. Initially, public roads in the village were used for the race course, in 1956 a permanent circuit for the race was built. In 1968 the race was extended to six hours, becoming the 6 Hours of Watkins Glen, the chicane was removed in 1985, but another chicane called the Inner Loop was installed in 1992 after a fatal accident during the previous years NASCAR Winston Cup event. The circuit is known as the Mecca of North American road racing and is a popular venue among fans. The facility is owned by International Speedway Corporation. The Watkins Glen International race course has several changes over the years. Currently, two distinct layouts are used—the Boot layout and the 1971 Six Hours layout, the first races in Watkins Glen were initiated by Cameron Argetsinger, whose family had a summer home in the area. With Chamber of commerce approval and SCCA sanction, the first Watkins Glen Grand Prix took place in 1948 on a 6. 6-mile course over local public roads. The original 6. 6-mile course is listed in the New York State register and National Register of Historic Places as the Watkins Glen Grand Prix Course, the second layout 4. 6-mile began use in 1953 and also used existing roads. The Watkins Glen Grand Prix Corporation was formed to manage spectators, parking, the first permanent course was constructed on 550 acres, overlapping part of the previous street course. It was designed by Bill Milliken, and engineering professors from Cornell University and this course was used from 1956–1970. In 1968 the race was extended to six hours, the circuit underwent a major overhaul for the 1971 season. The Big Bend and the leading up to it were eliminated. The pits and start/finish line were relocated to this new straightaway, the 90 now became turn one instead of turn 8. When the 1971 Six Hours of Watkins Glen arrived in July 1971, the short course had been finished, but the Boot segments were not complete, nor was the new pit area. The 1971 Six Hours race was run on the course layout. In addition, for 1971 only, the cars used the original start/finish line, when NASCAR returned to the track in 1986, they chose to use the short course layout. IMSA originally used the Boot, but eventually, that also began using the shorter 1971 layout
15.
McLaren M23
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The McLaren M23 was a Formula One racing car designed by Gordon Coppuck, with input from John Barnard, and built by the McLaren team. It was a development of the McLaren M16 Indianapolis 500 car, a Ford Cosworth DFV engine was used, which was prepared by specialist tuning company Nicholson-McLaren Engines. This helped push the DFVs horsepower output to around 490 bhp and it was introduced for the 1973 season, and scored pole position with Denny Hulme on its very first outing. Hulme and Peter Revson took three wins between them that season, while rookie Jody Scheckter nearly added a fourth. Scheckter was responsible for one of the biggest accidents Formula One has ever seen, at the 1973 British Grand Prix, emerson Fittipaldi joined McLaren from Lotus in 1974. His knowledge of the Lotus 72 helped McLaren develop the M23, most of these changes were adopted for the M23 and its successor, the McLaren M26. At the end of 1975 Fittipaldi left the team to join his brothers Copersucar-sponsored Fittipaldi Automotive team and he was replaced by James Hunt, who went on to win a dramatic and controversial 1976 season with the final evolution M23, the M23D. The M23 was also modified for use in Formula 5000 racing, Australian driver John McCormack drove a Leyland powered M23 to win the 1977 Australian Drivers Championship. McCormack also put his M23 on pole for the 1978 Australian Grand Prix. *12 points in 1973 scored using the M19A and M19C*39 points in 1977 scored using the M26* All points in 1978 scored using the McLaren M26 F1 Racing magazine, January 2001 Motor Sport, August 2002
16.
Lotus 72
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The Lotus 72 was a Formula One car designed by Colin Chapman and Maurice Philippe of Lotus for the 1970 Formula One season. The shape made for better air penetration and higher speeds, in a back-to-back test with the Lotus 49, the 72 was 12 mph faster with the same Cosworth engine. Chapmans efforts produced one of the most remarkable and successful designs in F1 history, taking the stressed engine layout technique from the Lotus 49 and adding advanced aerodynamics produced a car that was years ahead of its rivals. Once the suspension was modified, there were no further problems, the car caused a sensation amongst the media and fans, with many people clamouring to see the remarkable car in action. The car was introduced partway into the 1970 season, driven by Jochen Rindt, Rindt made the car successful, winning the Dutch, French, British and German Grands Prix in quick succession. Rindt was almost certainly going to win the championship but was killed in a qualifying crash at Monza. His replacement, Emerson Fittipaldi, won the United States race, rindts and Fittipaldis combined points for the season helped Lotus to its fourth constructors championship. The car was developed during 1971 by Tony Rudd who had worked at BRM. He worked especially on redesigning the rear suspension and modified the rear wing to produce more downforce, Fittipaldi struggled during the season but scored good results and finished a respectable sixth, whilst the following season was much better. The development work done behind the scenes helped him become the youngest world champion in F1s history in 1972 winning five races in the 72, whilst Lotus again won the constructors championship. The car now sported a striking paintscheme of black and gold, Imperial Tobacco had introduced a new brand, Lotus was now sponsored by John Player Special cigarettes. The 1973 season saw new rules introduced to increase car safety and this included mandatory deformable structure to be built into the sides of the cars, causing the 72 to be further updated with integrated sidepods, larger bodywork and new wing mounts. Fittipaldi was joined for 1973 by Swede Ronnie Peterson, Peterson fell in love with the 72. Fittipaldi left for McLaren in 1974, to drive a car based on the 72. This left Peterson as team leader, while Jacky Ickx joined the team to partner him. The 72 was meant to be replaced by the Lotus 76, intended to be a lighter and leaner version of the 72, but the technology proved to be too ambitious. Lotus turned to the venerable 72 for the 1974 season, a further update to the car, increasing the front and rear track kept the car competitive. Peterson won another three races and challenged for the championship in a closely contested season, ably supported by Ickx who turned in solid performances
17.
James Hunt
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James Simon Wallis Hunt was a British racing driver who won the Formula One World Championship in 1976. After retiring from racing in 1979, Hunt became a media commentator, beginning his racing career in touring car racing, Hunt progressed into Formula Three, where he attracted the attention of the Hesketh Racing team and soon came under their wing. Hunts often reckless and action-packed exploits on track earned him the nickname Hunt the Shunt, Hunt entered Formula One in 1973, driving a March 731 entered by the Hesketh Racing team. He went on to win for Hesketh, driving their own Hesketh 308 car, following a string of races in which he failed to finish, Hunt retired from driving halfway through the 1979 season. After retiring from racing, he established a career commenting on Grands Prix for the BBC. Hunt died from a heart attack aged 45. He was inducted into the Motor Sport Hall of Fame on 29 January 2014, James Hunt was born in Belmont, Surrey, the second child of Wallis, a stockbroker, and Sue Hunt. He had a sister, Sally, three younger brothers, Peter, Timothy and David, and one younger sister, Georgina. Hunts family lived in a flat in Cheam, Surrey, moved to Sutton when he was 11, before his 5th birthday, Hunt was enrolled at a nursery class at Ambleside. He was then educated at Westerleigh School in Hastings, Sussex from 1955, as a youngster, Hunt became a proficient sportsman. He played for the Westerleigh School cricket team, and played in goal at football for two years, at the age of 12 he entered an under-17s tennis tournament, and lost to a 16-year-old in the final. Rather than congratulate himself, he cried for hours. He later competed at Junior Wimbledon, and also became a keen squash player and golfer, as a child, Hunt was fascinated with animals and birds, and professed an intention of becoming a doctor, which his family supported. He was prone to violent tantrums, as an adult, he acknowledged that he was quick tempered, Hunt passed his driving test one week after his 17th birthday, at which point he said his life really began. Hunt also took up skiing in 1965 in Scotland and made plans for further ski trips, before his 18th birthday, he went to the home of Chris Ridge, his tennis doubles partner. Ridges brother Simon, who raced Minis, was preparing his car for a race at Silverstone that weekend, the Ridges took Hunt to see the race, which began his obsession with motor racing. Hunts racing career started off in a racing Mini and he graduated to Formula Ford in 1968. He drove a Russell-Alexis Mk 14 car which was bought through a hire purchase scheme, in his first race at Snetterton, Hunt had lost 15 hp from an incorrect engine ignition setting but managed to finish 5th. Hunt took his first win at Lydden Hill and also set the lap record on the Brands Hatch short circuit, Hunt later raced in Formula Three in 1969 with a budget provided by Gowrings of Reading which bought a Meryln Mk11A
18.
March Engineering
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March Engineering was a Formula One constructor and manufacturer of customer racing cars from the United Kingdom. March Engineering began operations in 1969 and its four founders were Max Mosley, Alan Rees, Graham Coaker and Robin Herd. Herds original F1 plan was to build a team around Jochen Rindt. Marchs launch was unprecedented in its breadth and impact, the Formula One effort initially looked most promising, with March supplying its 701 chassis to Tyrrell for Jackie Stewart. In addition, the factory ran two cars for Jo Siffert and Chris Amon sponsored by STP. A third STP car, entered by Andy Granatelli for Mario Andretti, Ronnie Peterson appeared in a semi-works car for Colin Crabbe when his works Formula Two commitments allowed, various other 701s went to privateers. The team constructed ten Formula One chassis that year, in addition to Formula Two, Formula Three, Formula Ford and Can-Am chassis. Stewart gave the March its first Formula One victory at the 1970 Spanish Grand Prix, the 701s tanks though lacked endplates and skirts to help generate any meaningful ground effect. For the 1971 Formula One season March Engineering came up with the remarkable 711 chassis, which had aerodynamics by Frank Costin, the car took no wins, but Ronnie Peterson finished second on four occasions, ending as runner-up in the World Championship. Alfa Romeo V8 powered cars were entered, to little avail. The 1972 Formula One season completely failed to capitalise on the promise shown in 1970-71, Three distinct models of car were used, beginning with the 721, which was a development of the 711. Peterson and Niki Lauda then drove the disappointing experimental 721X factory cars, Frank Williams ran regular 711 and 721 customer cars for Henri Pescarolo and Carlos Pace. The 721G was light and quick, and the team soon built their own chassis. Had they started the year with these, wins may well have been possible, the 721G set the trend for future March F1 cars, which for the rest of the 1970s were essentially scaled-up F2 chassis. Meanwhile, March was going from strength to strength in Formula Two, also, the German team Eifelland entered under its own name a 721 much-modified with distinctive and eccentric bodywork by designer Luigi Colani for its driver Rolf Stommelen. This car was unsuccessful, and later reverted mostly to conventional 721 form and was used by John Watson to make his F1 debut for John Goldies Goldie Hexagon Racing team. Marchs only notable result was Petersons third place in Germany,1973 was the low-point for March in Formula One. Without significant STP money, the March factory team was struggling, running an almost unsponsored car for Jean-Pierre Jarier, Jarier was replaced by Tom Wheatcrofts driver Roger Williamson, who suffered a fatal accident in Zandvoort
19.
Hesketh Racing
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Hesketh Racing was a Formula One constructor from the United Kingdom, which competed from 1973 to 1978. The team competed in 52 World Championship Grands Prix, winning one and its best placing in the World Constructors Championship was fourth in 1975. Hesketh was notable for giving James Hunt his Formula One debut, Alan Jones also began his Formula One career in a privately entered Hesketh. Unsurprisingly, given Horsleys lack of experience, there were few results, Hesketh subsequently employed James Hunt, who had a reputation for being very fast, but also for writing off cars, and at the time was unemployed. Hesketh took on Hunt as one of his drivers for F3, the team even had a patch specially made for Hunts driving suit which read, Sex - The Breakfast of Champions. By the middle of the season Hunt and Horsley had written off both Formula Three cars, Horsley decided to leave the cockpit, switching to the team management. Hesketh rented a Formula Two March for the rest of 1972, Hesketh rented a Surtees TS9 for the non-championship Race of Champions at Brands Hatch, with Hunt finishing third. This success led to the purchase of a March 731, with Hesketh also signing junior March Engineering designer Harvey Postlethwaite to modify the chassis, the car made its first appearance at the 1973 Monaco Grand Prix, where Hunt ran sixth before the engine failed. He scored a point at the next entry, the French Grand Prix, improved to fourth for the British Grand Prix. He then took place in the season-closing United States Grand Prix. The car was strong, taking place at the Swedish Grand Prix, the Austrian Grand Prix. For 1975, examples of the 308 were sold to Harry Stiller Racing, polar Caravans also purchased a Hesketh chassis, while the works team modified the 308 for Hunt. At the same time, Horsley was developing into an efficient and competent team manager and under his guidance. In late 1975 Lord Hesketh announced he could no longer afford to try to produce the next British world champion, having raced without sponsorship, Hunt was offered the lead drive at McLaren, replacing Emerson Fittipaldi. The Hesketh name would live on in Formula One, although in less glamorous circumstances, first, Postlethwaite took his upgraded 308C design to Wolf-Williams Racing. Then Horsley upgraded the 308 to the 308D and continued as Hesketh Racing, harald Ertl signed to drive the car, with the teams image landing Penthouse Magazine and Rizla as sponsors. Guy Edwards joined in a car from the Belgian Grand Prix onwards with Alex Ribeiro bringing in some funds later in the year. Ertls seventh place at the British Grand Prix was the teams best result of the year, frank Dernie designed the new 308E chassis for the 1977 season, with Rupert Keegan driving alongside Ertl
20.
Safety car
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In motorsport, a safety car or pace car is a car which limits the speed of competing cars on a racetrack in the case of a caution period such as an obstruction on the track or bad weather. The aim of the safety car is to enable the clearance of any obstruction under safer conditions, during a caution period the safety car enters the track ahead of the leader. At the end of the period, the safety car leaves the track. The first reliance on this safety measure occurred with the deployment of a car during the inaugural Indianapolis 500 in 1911. Subject to the regulations in force, it is not uncommon for drivers to be allowed to make pitstops during safety car periods. During normal racing conditions, such interventions would typically involve losing significant terrain over those drivers that remain on track, from 2007, all Formula One cars must have LEDs and/or displays fitted to the steering wheel or cockpit, which inform the driver which flags are being waved. A yellow LED is illuminated when the safety car is deployed, the safety car has both orange and green lights mounted on its roof in the form of a light bar. From 2015, the safety car is not required to wait until all backmarkers have caught back up to the queue. When the safety car is ready to leave the circuit, it will turn off its lights to indicate that it will enter the pit lane at the end of the lap. Drivers must continue in formation until they cross the first safety car line, the driver of the safety car is accompanied by a co-driver to assist with operations and communications. With regards to the limit, the race is being scored and the time is also counting while the safety car is on the track. The sport officially introduced safety cars in 1993, after trials were conducted at both the French and British Grands Prix during the preceding 1992 season, from 2007, new procedures were applied for the first time during the Bahrain Grand Prix. The pit lane was closed immediately upon the deployment of the safety car, no car could enter the pits until all cars on the track had formed up in a line behind the safety car, they passed the pit entrance, and the message pit lane open was given. A ten-second stop/go penalty was imposed on any driver who entered the pit lane before the pit lane open message is given, however, any car which was in the pit entry or pit lane when the safety car was deployed would not incur a penalty. From 2009, however, this procedure has been dropped, and replaced by software that calculates where a car is on the track, cars that enter the pits before this time limit has expired are penalised. When the safety car and the drivers behind it are on the start/finish straight, drivers who go past the red light are disqualified from the race. This has happened to several drivers during the years, such as Giancarlo Fisichella, from 2010, once cars were lined up behind the safety car, lapped cars were no longer allowed to unlap themselves before the race was restarted. The Panel recommended the implementation of a Virtual Safety Car, based on the used in Le Mans racing slow zone
21.
Porsche 914
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The Porsche 914 or VW-Porsche 914 was a mid-engined, targa-topped two-seater roadster designed sports car manufactured and marketed collaboratively by Volkswagen and Porsche from 1969 to 1976. Ferdinand Piëch, who was in charge of research and development at Porsche, was put in charge of the 914 project, on March 1,1968, the first 914 prototype was presented. However, development became complicated after the death of Volkswagens chairman, Heinz Nordhoff and his successor, Kurt Lotz, was not connected with the Porsche dynasty and the verbal agreement between Volkswagen and Porsche fell apart. In Lotzs opinion, Volkswagen had all rights to the model, with this decision, the price and marketing concept for the 914 had failed before series production had begun. As a result, the price of the chassis went up considerably, the 914/6 sold quite poorly while the much less expensive 914/4 became Porsches top seller during its model run, outselling the Porsche 911 by a wide margin with over 118,000 units sold worldwide. Volkswagen versions originally featured an 80 PS fuel-injected 1.7 L flat-4 engine based on the Volkswagen air-cooled engine. Porsches 914/6 variant featured a carbureted 110 PS2.0 L flat-6 engine from the 1969 911T, karmann manufactured the rolling chassis at their plant, completing Volkswagen production in-house or delivering versions to Porsche for their final assembly. The 914/6 models used lower gear ratios and high brake gearing in order to try to overcome the weight of the 6 cylinder engine along with higher power output. Suspension, brakes, and handling were otherwise the same, a Volkswagen-Porsche joint venture, Volkswagen of America, handled export to the U. S. where both versions were badged and sold as Porsches. The four-cylinder cars were sold as Volkswagen-Porsches at European Volkswagen dealerships, for 1974, the 1.7 L engine was replaced by a 85 PS1.8 L, and the new Bosch L-Jetronic fuel injection system was added to American units to help with emissions control. The 914s production ended in 1976, the 2.0 L flat-4 engine continued to be used in the 912E, introduced that year as an entry-level model until the front-engined I-4 cylinder 924 was introduced the following model year. The 914 was Motor Trends Import Car of the Year for 1970, a 914/6 GT driven by Frenchmen Claude Ballot-Lena and Guy Chasseuil won the GTS class and finished sixth overall at the 197024 Hours of Le Mans. Brian Redman used a 914/6 to scout the course in practice runs for the 1970 Targa Florio, the Porsche 914 was produced from 1969 to 1976 in the following models, * Measurement of auto motor und sport Two prototype 914s, dubbed 914/8, were built during 1969. The orange 914/8 was the first constructed, at the instigation of Ferdinand Piëch, powered by the full-blown,350 hp 908 racing engine, it was based on a surplus 914 handbuilt development prototype bodyshell, hence the many differences from the standard vehicle. The second, silver, road-registered car, powered by a carburetted and detuned 908 race engine making 300 hp was then prepared as a gift to Ferry Porsche on his 60th birthday. Also based on a spare prototype shell, it was closer to the standard car in detail. By all accounts Ferry didnt like the car very much and it is now in the Porsche Museum, neither car saw a racetrack except for the purposes of testing. The 914/8 was not considered for production as a regular model, another factory prototype, a 914/6 surfaced in the US in 2001
22.
1973 Canadian Grand Prix
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The 1973 Canadian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Mosport Park on 23 September 1973. It was the race of the 1973 World Championship of Drivers. The 80-lap race was won by Peter Revson after starting second on the grid. This turned out to be Revsons last victory and podium finish in Formula One, as of 2017, this is the last Grand Prix to be won by an American born driver. Emerson Fittipaldi took second position for Team Lotus, while Jackie Oliver took his first podium in five years, the race began in very wet conditions, which caused a number of incidents later in the race. François Cevert and Jody Scheckter collided on the 32nd lap, resulting in the deployment of a safety car for the first time in Formula One history, the car in question was a yellow Porsche 914 driven by former F1 privateer Eppie Wietzes. Wietzes stayed in front of Howden Ganleys Iso-Marlboro car by mistake, pit stops at the time were unusual. Formula One had only recently switched to slick tyres but the conditions necessitated stops mid-race. The small pit lane at Mosport became busy, with a number of drivers heading into the pit lane only to have to drive through as there was no room for them to be serviced. Ganley realised the problem and waited until teammate Tim Schenken had made his stop, the pit stops caused significant confusion, with some believing the leader to be Ganley and others, including Team Lotus manager Colin Chapman, believing it to be Fittipaldi. After a long pause, the starter waved the flag over a group of cars consisting of Ganley, Hailwood, Revson, despite seeing the flag first, Ganley did not believe he had won the grand prix despite lap charts kept by the team showing him leading. The officials then announced Revson as the winner after a confusion which included protests from Ganleys then girlfriend who had been keeping the teams lap chart. Ganley maintains he feels he won the race, citing the fact official lap charts have him pitting when he didnt and this is the first Grand Prix to have a car with the number 0, as driven by Jody Scheckter. Chris Amon was brought into the Tyrrell team in order to try to help with constructors points and he finished way out of the points, three laps down. Team Lotus was able to take the lead from Tyrrell in the championship in the final results. Last race start and finish, Jackie Stewart Note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings, Only the best 7 results from the first 8 races and the best 6 results from the last 7 races counted towards the Championship. Numbers without parentheses are Championship points, numbers in parentheses are total points scored
23.
Roger Williamson
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Roger Williamson was a British racing driver who died during the 1973 Dutch Grand Prix at Zandvoort Circuit in the Netherlands. Williamson was born in Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Leicestershire and he won the 1971 and 1972 British Formula 3 Championship titles. In 1973, he was offered a drive in the March Engineering works Formula One team and this was after testing for the BRM team and being advised not to take the drive. After his Formula One debut at the 1973 British Grand Prix, on his eighth lap, a suspected tyre failure caused his car to flip upside down and catch fire. Williamson had not been injured by the impact, but was trapped under the car which was swiftly engulfed in flame. The track marshals were both trained and badly equipped, and did not assist him. Another driver, David Purley, upon witnessing the crash of his friend, abandoned his own race and pulled over in a desperate and valiant attempt to rescue Williamson. He ran across the track to Williamsons car and tried to turn it upright, before grabbing a fire extinguisher from a marshal and he emptied it on the car and signalled for others to help. Purleys efforts to turn the car upright and extinguish the flames were in vain, Purley later stated he could hear Williamsons screams from underneath the car, but by the time the first fire engine arrived and the fire was extinguished, Williamson had died of asphyxiation. Furthermore, the marshals were wearing normal blazers and not the fire-resistant overalls which the drivers wore. Purley was later awarded the George Medal for the bravery he displayed in attempting to rescue Williamson, a series of photos of the incident, showing a clearly desperate and ultimately dejected Purley, won that years World Press Photo award for Photo Sequences. Williamsons incinerated remains would later be cremated with his ashes being sent to an undisclosed area, in the years following the accident, fire-resistant clothing would become mandatory for all trackside marshals so that they would be able to assist in the event of a fire. The next few years saw a noticeable increase in drivers stopping at accident sites to assist in rescue efforts. In 2003, on the anniversary of his fatal crash. Then-owner Tom Wheatcroft had provided backing to Williamson, and described the day Williamson died as the saddest day of my life. Racers Apart, Memories of motorsport heroes, UK, Motor Racing Publications Ltd. p.293. Roger Williamson Biography Formula One World Roger Williamsons Fatal Accident – Zandvoort 29 July, A pictorial record – World Press Photo Video of incident on YouTube
24.
Circuit Park Zandvoort
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Circuit Park Zandvoort is a motorsport race track located in the dunes north of Zandvoort, Netherlands, near the North Sea coast line. There were plans for races at Zandvoort before World War II, however, a permanent race track was not constructed until after the war, using communications roads built by the occupying German army. Instead, it was 1927 Le Mans winner, S. C. H. Sammy Davis who was brought in as a track design advisor in July 1946 although the layout was partly dictated by the existing roads, the circuit was inaugurated on August 7,1948. The following year the race was called the Zandvoort Grand Prix, the 1952 Dutch Grand Prix was a round of the World Drivers Championship for the first time. There was no GP at Zandvoort in 1954, but 1955 saw the first proper Formula One race counting for the World Championship, in January 1987 this plan got the necessary green light when it was formally approved by the Noord-Holland Provincial Council. However, only a couple of months later a new problem arose, again the track, owned by the municipality of Zandvoort, was in danger of being permanently lost for motorsports. However, a new operating company, the Stichting Exploitatie Circuit Park, was formed and started work at the realization of the reconstruction plans. In 1995, CPZ got the A Status of the Dutch government and this project was finished in 2001 when, after the track was redesigned to a 4.3 kilometers long circuit and a new pits building was realized, a new grandstand was situated along the long straight. One of the events that is held at the circuit, along with DTM and A1GP, is the RTL Masters of Formula 3. A noise restriction order was responsible for this event moving to the Belgian Circuit Zolder for 2007 and 2008, however, the race returned to its historical home in 2009. Circuit Park Zandvoort played host to the first race in the 2006/07 season of A1 Grand Prix from 29 September–1 October 2006, the Dutch round moved to TT Circuit Assen in 2010. A1GP bankrupted before its season and the Dutch round was replaced with Superleague Formula. The circuit gained popularity because of its fast, sweeping corners such as Scheivlak as well as the Tarzanbocht hairpin at the end of the start/finish straight, Tarzanbocht is the most famous corner in the circuit. Since there is a camber in the corner, it provides excellent overtaking opportunities and it is possible to pass around the outside as well as the easier inside lane. On the other hand, many different stories about Tarzan Corner are known, in the history of the circuit, several fatal accidents have occurred. In August 1959 a 26th World Championships Road Race was held here, andré Darrigade of France won the 180 mi race, Tom Simpson was 4th. Since 2008, the course has been used as the venue for the Runners World Zandvoort Circuit Run, the 2010 edition of the race attracted Lornah Kiplagat, a multiple world champion, who won the ladies 5 km race. May 2013 starting 3 p. m. a 24-hours cycle race open for public for soloists, June 2015 the Cycling Zandvoort - 24-uurs race over 4307-m-laps took place
25.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
26.
Cosworth DFV
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The DFV is an internal combustion engine that was originally produced by Cosworth for Formula One motor racing. Named Four Valve because of the four valves per cylinder, and Double as it was a V8 development of the earlier, four-cylinder FVA and its development in 1967 for Colin Chapmans Team Lotus was sponsored by Ford. For many years it was the dominant engine in Formula One, and it was also used in other categories, including CART, Formula 3000 and Sportscar racing. The engine was a 90°,2,993 cc V8, with bore & stroke of 85.67 x 64.897 mm producing over 400 bhp from the start, reaching over 500 bhp by the end of its Formula 1 career. The 1983 DFY variant had a bore and stroke of 90 x 59 mm giving 2,993 cc. In 1965, the Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile, that administered Formula One racing, Chapman approached the Ford Motor Company and David Brown of Aston Martin for funding, each without initial success. Chapman then approached Ford of Britains public relations chief, former journalist Walter Hayes, since Hayes had joined Ford in 1962 the pair had previously collaborated in the production of the successful Lotus Cortina, introduced in 1963. Hayes arranged dinner for Chapman with Ford employee Harley Copp, a British-based American engineer who had backed and engineered Fords successful entry into NASCAR in the 1950s, stage two would produce a V8 engine for Formula One, by May 1967. Team-mate Jim Clark moved up through the field in his identical car, however, this dominant performance belied a serious fault in the timing gear. Clark took three wins that season, but reliability problems left him third in the Drivers Championship,10 points behind Champion Denny Hulme. The progress of the engine was documented in a film produced by the Ford Motor Companys film section, entitled 9 Days in Summer. Initially, the agreement between Ford, Cosworth and Lotus was binding on all parties, and Ford as the funder had no plans to sell or hire the DFV to any other teams. Only Brabhams Repco V8 engine provided a combination of power and reliability. Hayes released the DFV initially to French team Matra, headed by Ken Tyrrell with Jackie Stewart as a driver. What followed was an age, where teams big or small could buy an engine which was competitive, light, compact, easy to work with. The DFV effectively replaced the Coventry Climax as the standard F1 powerplant for the private teams. Lotus, McLaren, Matra, Brabham, March, Surtees, Tyrrell, Hesketh, Lola, Williams, Penske, Wolf and Ligier are just some of the teams to have used the DFV. In 1969 and 1973 every World Championship race was won by DFV-powered cars, the advent of ground effect aerodynamics on the F1 scene in 1977 provided a new lease of life for the now decade-old engine
27.
V8 engine
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A V8 engine is an eight-cylinder V configuration engine with the cylinders mounted on the crankcase in two sets of four, with all eight pistons driving a common crankshaft. Most banks are set at an angle to each other, some at a narrower angle, with 45°, 60°. In its simplest form, the V8 is basically two parallel inline-four engines sharing a common crankshaft, since the 1920s, most V8s have used the somewhat more complex crossplane crankshaft with heavy counterweights to eliminate the vibrations. This results in an engine that is smoother than a V6, most racing V8s continue to use the single plane crankshaft because it allows faster acceleration and more efficient exhaust system designs. In 1902, Léon Levavasseur took out a patent on a light and he called it the Antoinette after the young daughter of his financial backer. From 1904 he installed this engine in a number of competition speedboats, the aviation pioneer Alberto Santos-Dumont saw one of these boats in Côte dAzur and decided to try it on his 14-bis aircraft. Its early 24 hp at 1400 rpm version with only 55 kg of weight was interesting, Santos-Dumont ordered a larger and more powerful version from Levavasseur. He changed its dimensions from the original 80 mm stroke and 80 mm bore to 105 mm stroke and 110 mm bore, obtaining 50 hp with 86 kg of weight and its power-to-weight ratio was not surpassed for 25 years. Levavasseur eventually produced its own line of V8 equipped aircraft, named Antoinette I to VIII, hubert Latham piloted the V8 powered Antoinette IV and Antoinette VII in July 1909 on two failed attempts to cross the English Channel. However, in 1910, Latham used the VII with the engine to become the first in the world to reach an altitude of 3600 feet. Voisin constructed pusher biplanes with Antoinette engines, also, notably the one first flown successfully by Henry Farman in 1908, the V8 engine configuration became popular in France from 1904 onward, and was used in a number of aircraft engines introduced by Renault, and Buchet among others. Some of these found their way into automobiles in small quantities. In 1905, Darracq built a car to beat the world speed record. They came up with two racing car built on a common crankcase and camshaft. The result was monstrous engine with a displacement of 1,551 cu in, victor Hemery fixed that record on 30 December 1905 with a speed of 109.65 mph. Rolls-Royce built a 3,535 cc V8 car from 1905 to 1906, in 1907 The Hewitt Motor Company built a large 5 passenger Touring Car. It was equipped with a hefty V8 engine that developed 50/60 horsepower and had a bore of 4 inches, the Hewitt was the first American Automobile to be equipped with a V8 engine. De Dion-Bouton introduced a 7,773 cc automobile V8 in 1910 and it was produced only in small quantities, but inspired a number of manufacturers to follow suit
28.
Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company
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The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company is an American multinational tire manufacturing company founded in 1898 by Frank Seiberling and based in Akron, Ohio. Goodyear manufactures tires for automobiles, commercial trucks, light trucks, motorcycles, SUVs, race cars, airplanes, farm equipment, the company was named after American Charles Goodyear, inventor of vulcanized rubber. The first Goodyear tires became popular because they were easily detachable, Goodyear is also known for the Goodyear Blimp. Though Goodyear had been manufacturing airships and balloons since the early 1900s, today it is one of the most recognizable advertising icons in America. The company is the most successful tire supplier in Formula One history, with starts, wins. They pulled out of the sport after the 1998 season and it is the sole tire supplier for NASCAR series. Goodyear is a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average. The company opened a new headquarters building in Akron in 2013. The first Goodyear factory opened in Akron, Ohio, in 1898, the thirteen original employees manufactured bicycle and carriage tires, rubber horseshoe pads, and poker chips. The company grew with the advent of the automobile, in 1901 Frank Seiberling provided Henry Ford with racing tires. In 1903, Paul Weeks Litchfield was granted a patent for the first tubeless automobile tire, by 1908 Ford was outfitting his Model T with Goodyear tires. In 1909 Goodyear manufactured its first aircraft tire, in 1911 Goodyear started experimenting with airship design. It later manufactured airships and observation balloons for the United States Army Air Service during World War I, the transport and reconnaissance capabilities that Goodyear provided contributed significantly to the Allied victory. In 1916, Litchfield found land in the Phoenix area suitable for growing long-staple cotton, the 36,000 acres purchased were controlled by the Southwest Cotton Company, formed with Litchfield as president. In 1924, Litchfield, as Goodyear Vice President, forged a joint venture with the German Luftschiffbau Zeppelin Company to form the Goodyear-Zeppelin Corporation, by 1926 Goodyear was the largest rubber company in the world. Only four years earlier it was forced to halt production of racing tires due to heavy competition. Nevertheless, the popularity of the Goodyear tire on the circuit led to a popular demand for the return of the brand. On August 5,1927, Goodyear had its public offering and was listed on the New York Stock Exchange
29.
Brazil
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Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. As the worlds fifth-largest country by area and population, it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to wildlife, a variety of ecological systems. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral, who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire. Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808, when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, in 1815, the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil, a state governed under a constitutional monarchy. The ratification of the first constitution in 1824 led to the formation of a bicameral legislature, the country became a presidential republic in 1889 following a military coup détat. An authoritarian military junta came to power in 1964 and ruled until 1985, Brazils current constitution, formulated in 1988, defines it as a democratic federal republic. The federation is composed of the union of the Federal District, the 26 states, Brazils economy is the worlds ninth-largest by nominal GDP and seventh-largest by GDP as of 2015. A member of the BRICS group, Brazil until 2010 had one of the worlds fastest growing economies, with its economic reforms giving the country new international recognition. Brazils national development bank plays an important role for the economic growth. Brazil is a member of the United Nations, the G20, BRICS, Unasul, Mercosul, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States, CPLP. Brazil is a power in Latin America and a middle power in international affairs. One of the worlds major breadbaskets, Brazil has been the largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years and it is likely that the word Brazil comes from the Portuguese word for brazilwood, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast. In Portuguese, brazilwood is called pau-brasil, with the word brasil commonly given the etymology red like an ember, formed from Latin brasa and the suffix -il. As brazilwood produces a red dye, it was highly valued by the European cloth industry and was the earliest commercially exploited product from Brazil. The popular appellation eclipsed and eventually supplanted the official Portuguese name, early sailors sometimes also called it the Land of Parrots. In the Guarani language, a language of Paraguay, Brazil is called Pindorama
30.
Sweden
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Sweden, officially the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and Finland to the east, at 450,295 square kilometres, Sweden is the third-largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of 10.0 million. Sweden consequently has a low density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre. Approximately 85% of the lives in urban areas. Germanic peoples have inhabited Sweden since prehistoric times, emerging into history as the Geats/Götar and Swedes/Svear, Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural, while the north is heavily forested. Sweden is part of the area of Fennoscandia. The climate is in very mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence. Today, Sweden is a monarchy and parliamentary democracy, with a monarch as head of state. The capital city is Stockholm, which is also the most populous city in the country, legislative power is vested in the 349-member unicameral Riksdag. Executive power is exercised by the government chaired by the prime minister, Sweden is a unitary state, currently divided into 21 counties and 290 municipalities. Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages, in the 17th century, it expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire, which became one of the great powers of Europe until the early 18th century. Swedish territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were gradually lost during the 18th and 19th centuries, the last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Norway was militarily forced into personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, maintaining a policy of neutrality in foreign affairs. The union with Norway was peacefully dissolved in 1905, leading to Swedens current borders, though Sweden was formally neutral through both world wars, Sweden engaged in humanitarian efforts, such as taking in refugees from German-occupied Europe. After the end of the Cold War, Sweden joined the European Union on 1 January 1995 and it is also a member of the United Nations, the Nordic Council, Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Sweden maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides health care. The modern name Sweden is derived through back-formation from Old English Swēoþēod and this word is derived from Sweon/Sweonas. The Swedish name Sverige literally means Realm of the Swedes, excluding the Geats in Götaland, the etymology of Swedes, and thus Sweden, is generally not agreed upon but may derive from Proto-Germanic Swihoniz meaning ones own, referring to ones own Germanic tribe
31.
Tyrrell 006
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The Tyrrell 006 was a Formula One car designed and built by the Tyrrell Racing Organisation. It was introduced towards the end of 1972, in the hands of Jackie Stewart it won the Drivers Championship for the 1973 Formula One season, Stewarts third and final title. The car was first raced at the 1972 Canadian Grand Prix with Stewarts team-mate, in total there were three Tyrrell 006 models built,006, 006/2, and 006/3. The 006 model was phased out in the early part of the 1974 Formula One season as Tyrrell constructed the succeeding Tyrrell 007. 006 was built for Cevert to replace damaged chassis, while the existing 005 was retained by Stewart for the races of 1972. Stewart continued to use 005 for the first two races of 1973 while 006/2 was in construction and took 006 to the models first win, on the completion of 006/2,005 was reduced to testing duties and was often seen in practice sessions adorned with experimental and copy-cat parts. The drivers retained their respective chassis for the majority of the remaining 1973 races, Cevert also took several podium finishes, but the season was closely fought and Tyrrell were beaten to the Constructors title by Lotus. Cevert damaged 006 in a collision during the Canadian Grand Prix, and it was in 006/3s only ever appearance that Cevert was fatally injured, when he crashed during practice for the final race of the season, the 1973 United States Grand Prix. Stewart personally owns 006/2, he has driven it in on a number of occasions, particularly at the Bahrain Grand Prix weekend and Goodwood Festival of Speed, the surviving 006/2 was used for the early races of the 1974 Formula One season. Jody Scheckter drove it in Argentina, Brazil and South Africa and Patrick Depailler used 006/2 as a fall-back after qualifying breakdowns in Spain, Monaco, after France, Tyrrell retired the 006 model in favour of the newer 007
32.
France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
33.
New Zealand
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New Zealand /njuːˈziːlənd/ is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Māui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu—and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal, the countrys varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealands capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland, sometime between 1250 and 1300 CE, Polynesians settled in the islands that later were named New Zealand and developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand, in 1840, representatives of Britain and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, which declared British sovereignty over the islands. In 1841, New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire, today, the majority of New Zealands population of 4.7 million is of European descent, the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pacific Islanders. Reflecting this, New Zealands culture is derived from Māori and early British settlers. The official languages are English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language, New Zealand is a developed country and ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as health, education, economic freedom and quality of life. Since the 1980s, New Zealand has transformed from an agrarian, Queen Elizabeth II is the countrys head of state and is represented by a governor-general. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes, the Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue, and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealands territorial claim in Antarctica. New Zealand is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Pacific Islands Forum, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and called it Staten Landt, in 1645, Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland. British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand, Aotearoa is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the country before the arrival of Europeans. Māori had several names for the two main islands, including Te Ika-a-Māui for the North Island and Te Waipounamu or Te Waka o Aoraki for the South Island. Early European maps labelled the islands North, Middle and South, in 1830, maps began to use North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907, this was the accepted norm. The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised and this set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu
34.
Chris Amon
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Christopher Arthur Chris Amon MBE was a New Zealand motor racing driver. He was active in Formula One racing in the 1960s and 1970s and is regarded as one of the best F1 drivers never to win a championship Grand Prix. His reputation for bad luck was such that fellow driver Mario Andretti once joked that if he became an undertaker, former Ferrari Technical Director Mauro Forghieri stated that Amon was by far the best test driver I have ever worked with. He had all the qualities to be a World Champion but bad luck just wouldnt let him be, apart from driving, Chris Amon also ran his own Formula One team for a short period in 1974. Away from Formula One, Amon had some success in sports car racing, winning the 24 Hours of Le Mans race in 1966, Amon was born in Bulls, and attended Wanganui Collegiate School. He was the child of wealthy sheep-owners Ngaio and Betty Amon. He learned to drive at the age of six, taught by a worker on the family farm. On leaving school, he persuaded his father to buy him an Austin A40 Special, in 1962 Amon entered the Cooper for the New Zealand winter series, but was hampered by mechanical problems. However, Scuderia Veloce entered him in a car, and, in the rain at Lakeside. One of the spectators there was the English racing driver Reg Parnell who persuaded Amon to come to England, in a test at Goodwood Amon continued to impress and was on the pace in the Goodwood International Trophy and Aintree 200 pre-season races. For the 1963 Formula One season the Parnell team were using the year old Lola Mk4A, at the 1963 Belgian Grand Prix, Amon was partnered by Lucien Bianchi and started ahead of him from 15th position. After nine laps, however, an oil fire ended his race, Amon usually qualified in the midfield and generally outpaced his team-mates, who included his good friend Mike Hailwood. His best results of the year were seventh at the French, during this time, however, Amons social life was attracting as much attention as his driving. He was a member of the Ditton Road Flyers, the social set named after the road in London where Amon shared an apartment with American Peter Revson, Hailwood, Parnell was nonetheless impressed with Amons results in what was regarded as less-than-competitive machinery and promoted him to team leader. Parnell died from peritonitis in January 1964 and his son Tim took over the team, in a series of four pre-season races in Britain and Italy, Amon recorded three fifth places at Snetterton, Silverstone and Syracuse. He failed to qualify for the first F1 race of the season, the Monaco GP, but at the next race, the rest of his season, however, was blighted by mechanical problems. Parnell was offered BRM engines for 1965, but only if it ran Richard Attwood as its regular driver, reluctantly, Parnell agreed and Attwood took Amons place. Spotting an opportunity, Bruce McLaren quickly signed Amon for his new McLaren team, at the French GP Amon rejoined Parnell to stand in for an injured Attwood
35.
Brabham
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Motor Racing Developments Ltd. commonly known as Brabham /ˈbræbəm/, was a British racing car manufacturer and Formula One racing team. Founded in 1960 by two Australians, driver Jack Brabham and designer Ron Tauranac, the team won four Drivers, Jack Brabhams 1966 Drivers Championship remains the only such achievement using a car bearing the drivers own name. In the 1960s, Brabham was the worlds largest manufacturer of open wheel racing cars for sale to customer teams, during this period, teams using Brabham cars won championships in Formula Two and Formula Three. Brabham cars also competed in the Indianapolis 500 and in Formula 5000 racing, the team won two more Formula One Drivers Championships in the 1980s with Brazilian Nelson Piquet. He won his first championship in 1981 in the Ground effects BT49-Ford, in 1983 the Brabham BT52, driven by Piquet and Italian Riccardo Patrese, was powered by the BMW M12 Straight-4 engine, and powered Brabham to four of the teams 35 Grand Prix victories. British businessman Bernie Ecclestone owned Brabham during most of the 1970s and 1980s, Ecclestone sold the team in 1988. Its last owner was the Middlebridge Group, a Japanese engineering firm, midway through the 1992 season, the team collapsed financially as Middlebridge was unable to make repayments against loans provided by Landhurst Leasing. The case was investigated by the United Kingdom Serious Fraud Office, in 2009, an unsuccessful attempt was made by a German organisation to enter the 2010 Formula One season using the Brabham name. The Brabham team was founded by Jack Brabham and Ron Tauranac, Brabham was the more successful driver and went to the United Kingdom in 1955 to further his racing career. In 1959 and 1960, Brabham won the Formula One World Drivers Championship in Coopers revolutionary mid-engined cars, despite their innovation of putting the engine behind the driver, the Coopers and their Chief Designer Owen Maddock were generally resistant to developing their cars. Brabham pushed for further advances, and played a significant role in developing Coopers highly successful 1960 T53 lowline car, Brabham describes Tauranac as absolutely the only bloke Id have gone into partnership with. Later, Brabham offered a Coventry-Climax FWE-engined version of the Herald, with 83 hp, to meet that aim, Brabham and Tauranac set up Motor Racing Developments Ltd. deliberately avoiding the use of either mans name. Unveiled in the summer of 1961, the MRD was soon renamed, motoring journalist Jabby Crombac pointed out that way a Frenchman pronounces those initials—written phonetically, em air day—sounded perilously like the French word. Gavin Youl achieved a finish at Goodwood and another at Mallory Park in the MRD-Ford. The cars were known as Brabhams, with type numbers starting with BT for Brabham Tauranac. By the 1961 Formula One season, the Lotus and Ferrari teams had developed the approach further than Cooper. The Brabham Racing Organisation started the year fielding a customer Lotus chassis, Brabham took two points finishes in Lotuses, before the turquoise-liveried Brabham BT3 car made its debut at the 1962 German Grand Prix. It retired with a problem after 9 of the 15 laps
36.
Brabham BT37
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The Brabham BT37 was a Formula One racing car designed by Ralph Bellamy for the Brabham team to use in the 1972 Formula One season. It was relatively unsuccessful compared to Brabhams earlier and later such as the BT19 or the BT44. In the 18 races it was fielded, it collected no wins, no pole positions, the best results were two fourth place-finishes for Carlos Reutemann and Andrea de Adamich. It generally achieved poor qualifying results, the best being fifth for Reutemann on two occasions, in 1974 and 1975, it also raced at the RAC British Hill Climb Championship. It is also notable for giving John Watson his Formula 1 debut in 1973, * Total points scored by all Brabham cars
37.
Argentina
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Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a federal republic in the southern half of South America. With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2, Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world, the second largest in Latin America, and the largest Spanish-speaking one. The country is subdivided into provinces and one autonomous city, Buenos Aires. The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system, Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica, the Falkland Islands, and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. The earliest recorded presence in the area of modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period. The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century, Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with waves of European immigration radically reshaping its cultural. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world by the early 20th century, Argentina retains its historic status as a middle power in international affairs, and is a prominent regional power in the Southern Cone and Latin America. Argentina has the second largest economy in South America, the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the G-15 and it is the country with the second highest Human Development Index in Latin America with a rating of very high. Because of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector, the description of the country by the word Argentina has to be found on a Venice map in 1536. In English the name Argentina probably comes from the Spanish language, however the naming itself is not Spanish, Argentina means in Italian of silver, silver coloured, probably borrowed from the Old French adjective argentine of silver > silver coloured already mentioned in the 12th century. The French word argentine is the form of argentin and derives of argent silver with the suffix -in. The Italian naming Argentina for the country implies Argentina Terra land of silver or Argentina costa coast of silver, in Italian, the adjective or the proper noun is often used in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said lArgentina. The name Argentina was probably first given by the Venitian and Genoese navigators, in Spanish and Portuguese, the words for silver are respectively plata and prata and of silver is said plateado and prateado. Argentina was first associated with the silver mountains legend, widespread among the first European explorers of the La Plata Basin. The first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to La Argentina, a 1602 poem by Martín del Barco Centenera describing the region, the 1826 constitution included the first use of the name Argentine Republic in legal documents. The name Argentine Confederation was also used and was formalized in the Argentine Constitution of 1853. In 1860 a presidential decree settled the name as Argentine Republic
38.
Carlos Reutemann
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As a racing driver, Reutemann was among Formula Ones leading protagonists between 1972 and 1982. He scored 12 Grand Prix wins and six pole positions, in 1981 he finished second in the World Drivers Championship by one point, having been overtaken in the last race of the season. He became the second Formula One driver after Leo Kinnunen to be at the podium of a World Rally Championship event, when he finished third in the 1980 and 1985 editions of Rally Argentina. He was also for three decades the only Formula One driver to score championship points in both F1 and WRC, until Kimi Räikkönens eighth place at the 2010 Jordan Rally. He first raced in 1965 in a Fiat saloon car, after racing touring cars and Formula 2 in Argentina, he moved to Europe in 1970 to drive a Brabham for the Automobile Club of Argentina Team in the European Formula 2 series. He immediately received attention when he took out Austrian Formula One driver Jochen Rindt on the first lap of his first race at Hockenheim, the next season, he finished a close second in the series to Swedens Ronnie Peterson. Brabham F1 team boss Bernie Ecclestone signed Reutemann to drive alongside veteran, at the first race, in front of his home crowd at Buenos Aires for his first Grand Prix, Reutemann qualified his Brabham BT34 on pole position. This was a previously performed only by Mario Andretti, and since matched only by Jacques Villeneuve. He finished the race in seventh after having to pit to replace his soft tyres, teamed with Brazilian Wilson Fittipaldi Júnior for the 1973 season, Reutemann scored two podium finishes and seventh in the Drivers Championship. For 1974, the Gordon Murray-designed Brabham BT44 was a vast improvement, Reutemann took the first three victories of his F1 career at South Africa, Austria and the United States. Though he matched Drivers Champion Emerson Fittipaldis win total, inconsistent performances in the races left Reutemann sixth in the season standings. Five podium finishes in 1975, including a win in Germany at the old Nürburgring, the Brabham team switched to the Alfa Romeo flat-12 engine for 1976 and suffered from serious reliability problems. Laudas unexpected speedy recovery resulted in Reutemann racing only once for the team, in a car at Monza. For the 1977 Ferrari opted to keep the now fully recovered Lauda and have Reutemann replacing Clay Regazzoni, in the first two races, Reutemann finished third in Argentina and won in Brazil, outdriving Lauda in both events, and taking the Championship lead. Over the course of the season, however, Lauda reaffirmed his position as team leader, Lauda won his second Championship, while Reutemann finished fourth. When Lauda moved to Brabham in 1978, Reutemann became the member of the Ferrari team. Reutemann used the Ferrari 312T2 to win in Brazil, and a 312T3 to win in Britain, however, the Lotus team was dominant once their new model 79 was introduced at Monaco, and Reutemann finished a close third in the points standings behind Andretti and Peterson. With an opening at Lotus in 1979 after the death of Ronnie Peterson, after four podiums and six points finishes in the first seven races, Reutemann ended up finishing in only seventh place for the season
39.
Italy
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Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world
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Andrea de Adamich
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Andrea Lodovico de Adamich is a former racing driver from Italy. He participated in 34 World Championship Formula One Grands Prix, making his début on 1 January 1968 and he scored a total of 6 championship points. He also participated in numerous non-Championship Formula One races, De Adamich was born in Trieste, but the family originated from Fiume where his ancestor Andrea Lodovico de Adamich had been the wealthiest and most powerful merchant. Andrea de Adamich was a saloon and sport-car racer who performed solidly when asked to race in F1 where he was one of the few drivers to have worn spectacles to race. He won the 1966 European Touring Car Championship at the start of a relationship with Alfa Romeo. De Adamich only finished once in 1970 in the McLaren-Alfa and had no more luck the following year when the Alfa engine deal switched to March, in 1972 De Adamich joined the Surtees team and finished a good 4th in the Spanish GP at Jarama. In 1973 he repeated that placing in the Belgian GP at Zolder in a sponsored Brabham but was unable to complete the season due to injuries sustained in a multiple pile-up at the British GP. De Adamich retired the year and became a respected motor sport journalist. From 1978 through 2012 he conducted the TV sport program Grand Prix on Italia 1 and he is currently the vice-president of N. Technology which prepares race cars for Alfa Romeo
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West Germany
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West Germany is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany or FRG in the period between its creation on 23 May 1949 to German reunification on 3 October 1990. During this Cold War era, NATO-aligned West Germany and Warsaw Pact-aligned East Germany were divided by the Inner German border, after 1961 West Berlin was physically separated from East Berlin as well as from East Germany by the Berlin Wall. This situation ended when East Germany was dissolved and its five states joined the ten states of the Federal Republic of Germany along with the reunified city-state of Berlin. With the reunification of West and East Germany, the Federal Republic of Germany, enlarged now to sixteen states and this period is referred to as the Bonn Republic by historians, alluding to the interwar Weimar Republic and the post-reunification Berlin Republic. The Federal Republic of Germany was established from eleven states formed in the three Allied Zones of occupation held by the United States, the United Kingdom and France, US and British forces remained in the country throughout the Cold War. Its population grew from roughly 51 million in 1950 to more than 63 million in 1990, the city of Bonn was its de facto capital city. The fourth Allied occupation zone was held by the Soviet Union, as a result, West Germany had a territory about half the size of the interbellum democratic Weimar Republic. At the onset of the Cold War, Europe was divided among the Western and Eastern blocs, Germany was de facto divided into two countries and two special territories, the Saarland and divided Berlin. The Federal Republic of Germany claimed a mandate for all of Germany. It took the line that the GDR was an illegally constituted puppet state, though the GDR did hold regular elections, these were not free and fair. For all practical purposes the GDR was a Soviet puppet state, from the West German perspective the GDR was therefore illegitimate. Three southwestern states of West Germany merged to form Baden-Württemberg in 1952, in addition to the resulting ten states, West Berlin was considered an unofficial de facto 11th state. It recognised the GDR as a de facto government within a single German nation that in turn was represented de jure by the West German state alone. From 1973 onward, East Germany recognised the existence of two German countries de jure, and the West as both de facto and de jure foreign country, the Federal Republic and the GDR agreed that neither of them could speak in the name of the other. The first chancellor Konrad Adenauer, who remained in office until 1963, had worked for an alignment with NATO rather than neutrality. He not only secured a membership in NATO but was also a proponent of agreements that developed into the present-day European Union, when the G6 was established in 1975, there was no question whether the Federal Republic of Germany would be a member as well. With the collapse of communism in Central and Eastern Europe in 1989, symbolised by the opening of the Berlin Wall, East Germany voted to dissolve itself and accede to the Federal Republic in 1990. Its five post-war states were reconstituted along with the reunited Berlin and they formally joined the Federal Republic on 3 October 1990, raising the number of states from 10 to 16, ending the division of Germany
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Rolf Stommelen
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Rolf Johann Stommelen was a racing driver from Siegen, Germany. He participated in 63 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, achieving one podium and he also participated in several non-Championship Formula One races. Stommelen won the position for the 196924 Hours of Le Mans in a Porsche 917 a year after finishing third in a Porsche 908. In this year, he became the first man to reach speeds exceeding 350 km/h on the Mulsanne Straight in his Porsche 917 LH. In 1970, he made his Formula One debut with Brabham with sponsorship obtained from the German magazine Auto, Motor und Sport and raced both sportscars and Formula 1 throughout the 1970s. After his recovery, Stommelen returned to car racing, winning races for Alfa Romeo. In 1976 Stommelen had the honour to drive the maiden race of the Porsche 936 at the 300 km Nürburgring race, with a black body and without the air-intake, the 936 of this race became known as the black widow. He qualified second, between the factory Renault Alpine A442 of Patrick Depailler and Jean-Pierre Jabouille in first and third, the Renault team was eager to win at Porsches home soil. On race-day in heavy rain, Stommelen managed to overtake the Renault in front right after the start, now in the lead, he rushed towards the Nordkehre, braked and let deliberately room for the Renaults in pursuit to overtake. The Renaults, wanting to back the lead after 2 of 300 km, rushed past Stommelen into the water puddles and crashed into the catch-fences in tandem. This led to the saying On the Nordschleife, you can never brake later than Rolf Stommelen, after the sixth lap, the throttle cable of the 936 stuck in the open position. In 1978 he was given the task by the Porsche factory to drive the Porsche 935 Moby Dick in Martini Colors, due to high fuel-consumption of the engine, Stommelen had to pit too often to battle for the win. The team would not have come so far, if Stommelen had not been constantly seconds faster than his team mates each lap and he also drove Toj SC320 prototype sportscars with some success against the works Alfa team. He was also active in the German GT Championship Deutsche Rennsport Meisterschaft, a master at the Nürburgring, he was a constant winner of races held there. In the 1980s he was still a sought after prototype pilot and raced successful on Kremer CK5, Lancia LC1, Stommelen was killed in a crash during an IMSA Camel GT event at Riverside International Raceway on 24 April 1983. He was running a John Fitzpatrick entered Porsche 935 with codriver Derek Bell, Stommelen had just taken over the car from Bell and was running in second place when the rear wing broke due to mechanical failure at 190 mph. The car became uncontrollable, slammed against a wall, somersaulted
43.
John Watson (racing driver)
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John Marshall Watson, MBE is a British former racing driver and current commentator from Northern Ireland. He competed in Formula One, winning five Grands Prix and was third in the 1982 championship and he also competed in the World Sportscar Championship finishing second in the 1987 championship. After his retirement from motorsport, he became a commentator for Eurosports coverage of Formula One from 1990 to 1996 and he currently commentates on the Blancpain GT Series. John Watson was born in Belfast and educated in Rockport School, watsons Formula One career began in 1972, driving a customer March-Cosworth 721 for Goldie Hexagon Racing in a non-Championship event, the World Championship Victory Race at Brands Hatch. Neither was particularly successful, as in the British race he ran out of fuel on the 36th lap, Watson scored his first championship point in Monte Carlo the following year, for Goldie Hexagon Racing. He went on to score a total of six points that season and he failed to score points the following year, driving for Team Surtees, Team Lotus and Penske Cars. At the Spanish Grand Prix he had the chance to score his first win and he was in 2nd position behind Mario Andretti until he had a problem with his car because it suffered vibrations and had to enter the pit lane. He still finished 8th which was his best result in 1975 and he secured his first podium with third place at the 1976 French Grand Prix. Later that season came his first victory, driving for Penske in the Austrian Grand Prix having qualified second on the grid, after the race he shaved off his beard, the result of a bet with team owner Roger Penske. In the third race of the 1977 Formula One season, the South African Grand Prix, he managed to complete the distance, scored a point. His achievements were overshadowed, however, by the deaths of driver Tom Pryce, problems with the car, accidents, and a disqualification meant that he raced the full distance in only five of the 17 races. In 1978, Watson managed a successful season in terms of race finishes. He managed three podiums and a pole, and notched up 25 points to earn the highest championship placing of his career to that point. Later in the 1981 season, the strength of the McLarens carbon fibre monocoque was demonstrated when he had a crash at Monza during the Italian Grand Prix. Watson lost the car coming out of the high speed Lesmo bends, similar accidents had previously proven fatal, but Watson was uninjured. His most successful year was 1982, when he finished third in the drivers championship, in several races he achieved high placings despite qualifying towards the back of the grid. At the end of the 1983 season however, Watson was dropped by McLaren, negotiations with team boss Ron Dennis reportedly broke down when Watson asked for more money than dual World Champion Lauda was earning, citing having won a GP in 1983 where Lauda did not. Dennis instead signed Renault refugee Alain Prost for nothing, Watson raced with Laudas race number of 1
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McLaren
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McLaren Racing Limited, competing as McLaren Honda, is a British Formula One team based at the McLaren Technology Centre, Woking, Surrey, England. McLaren is best known as a Formula One constructor but has competed in and won the Indianapolis 500. The team is the second oldest active team after Ferrari and they are one of the most successful teams in Formula One history, having won 182 races,12 drivers championships and eight constructors championships. The team is an owned subsidiary of McLaren Technology Group. Further American triumph followed, with Indianapolis 500 wins in McLaren cars for Mark Donohue in 1972, the combination of Prost and Senna was particularly dominant—together they won all but one race in 1988—but later their rivalry soured and Prost left for Ferrari. Fellow English team Williams offered the most consistent challenge during this period, however, by the mid-1990s, Honda had withdrawn from Formula One, Senna had moved to Williams, and the team went three seasons without a win. Ron Dennis retired as McLaren team principal in 2009, handing the role to longtime McLaren employee Martin Whitmarsh. At the end of 2013, after the teams worst season since 2004, McLaren announced in 2013 that they would be using Honda engines from 2015 onwards, replacing Mercedes-Benz. The team raced as McLaren-Honda for the first time since 1992 at the 2015 Australian Grand Prix, Bruce McLaren Motor Racing was founded in 1963 by New Zealander Bruce McLaren. Bruce was a driver for the British Formula One team Cooper with whom he had won three Grands Prix and come second in the 1960 world championship. In 1964 and 1965, McLaren were based in New Malden, then Feltham, during this period, Bruce drove for his team in sports car races in the United Kingdom and North America and also entered the 1965 Tasman Series with Phil Hill, but did not win it. He continued to drive in Grands Prix for Cooper, but judging that teams form to be waning, Bruce made the teams Grand Prix debut at the 1966 Monaco race. His race ended after nine laps due to an oil leak. Neither car brought great success, the best result being a fourth at Monaco, for 1968, after driving McLarens sole entry for the previous two years, Bruce was joined by 1967 champion and fellow New Zealander Denny Hulme, who was already racing for McLaren in Can-Am. That years new M7A car, Herds final design for the team, was powered by Cosworths new and soon to be ubiquitous DFV engine, Hulme also won the Italian and Canadian Grands Prix later in the year, helping the team to second in the constructors championship. The year 1970 started with a place each for Hulme. After his death, Teddy Mayer took over control of the team, Hulme continued with Dan Gurney. Gurney won the first two Can-Am events at Mosport and St. Jovite and placed ninth in the third, but left the team mid-season, and Gethin took over from there
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