1.
1975 World Sportscar Championship
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The 1975 World Sportscar Championship season was the 23rd season of FIA World Sportscar Championship motor racing. It featured the 1975 World Championship for Makes which was open to Group 5 Sports Cars and it also included the FIA Cup for GT Cars and the FIA Cup for 2-Litre Cars. The three titles were contested concurrently over a nine race series ran from 1 February to 12 July 1975. † Due to a lack of Group 5 entries, the FIA initially rescinded the championship status of the Daytona race, several months after the event the FIA retroactively conferred championship status to the race and placed cars into the classes they would theoretically have entered. Points towards the World Championship for Makes were awarded to the top 10 positions in race in the order of 20-15-12-10-8-6-4-3-2-1. Points were awarded to the position gained by the highest placed car from each make with any positions filled by cars from the same make not attracting points. No points were awarded to positions gained by other than Group 5 Sports Cars. Only the 7 best results were retained for championship classification
2.
1977 World Sportscar Championship
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The 1977 World Sports Car Championship season was the 25th season of FIA World Sportscar Championship motor racing. It featured two separate World Championship series, the European Championship was discontinued at the end of the 1978 season. The 1977 World Championship for Sports Cars, which was restricted to Group 6 Two-Seater Racing Cars, was contested over an eight series which ran from 17 April to 18 September 1977. The championship was won by Alfa Romeo, points towards the 1977 World Championship for Sports Cars were awarded to each relevant car manufacturer for the first ten places in each race in the order of 20-15-12-10-8-6-4-3-2-1. Points were only awarded for the best placed car from each manufacturer at each race with no points given for places gained by cars from the same manufacturer. Only the best six results counted towards each manufacturer’s championship total, discarded points are shown within brackets in the table below. Results of the 1977 World Championship for Sports Cars were as follows, the following models contributed to the nett point scores of their respective manufacturers in the 1977 World Championship for Sports Cars. The championship was won by Porsche
3.
World Sportscar Championship
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The World Sportscar Championship was the world series run for sports car racing by the FIA from 1953 to 1992. The official name of the series changed throughout the years, however it has generally been known as the World Sportscar Championship from its inception in 1953. The World Sportscar Championship was, with the Formula One World Championship, in 2012 the World Sportscar Championship was revived and renamed as the World Endurance Championship. Cars were split into Sports Car and GT categories and were divided into engine displacement classes. The Ferrari and Maserati works teams were fierce competitors throughout much of the decade, notably absent from the overall results were the Jaguar works team, who did not enter any events other than Le Mans, despite the potential of the C- and D-Types. In 1962, the calendar was expanded to include smaller races, the World Sportscar Championship title was discontinued, being replaced by the International Championship for GT Manufacturers. They group cars into three categories with specific sizes, less than one litre, less than two litres, and over two litres. Hillclimbs, sprint races and smaller races expanded the championship, which now had about 15 races per season, for 1963 the three engine capacity classes remained but a prototype category was added. For 1965 the engine classes became for cars under 1300 cc, under 2000 cc, in 1972 the Group 6 Prototype and Group 5 Sports Car classes were both replaced by a new Group 5 Sports Car class. These cars were limited to 3.0 L engines by the FIA, the new Group 5 Sports Cars, together with Group 4 Grand Touring Cars, would contest the FIAs newly renamed World Championship for Makes from 1972 to 1975. Prototypes returned in 1976 as Group 6 cars with their own series, the World Championship for Sports Cars, in 1981, the FIA instituted a drivers championship. While this change was unwelcome amongst some of the private teams, several of the old guard manufacturers returned to the WSC within the next two years, with each marque adding to the diversity of the series. Under the new rules, it was possible for normally aspirated engines to compete with the forced induction engines that had dominated the series in the 70s. In addition, most races ran for either 500 or 1000 km, Group B cars, which was a GT class, were also allowed to race, but entries in this class were sparse, and Group B cars disappeared from the series, with sports-prototypes dominating the championship. Porsche was the first constructor to join the series, with the 956, as costs increased, a C2 class was created for privateer teams and small manufacturers, with greater limits to fuel consumption. In this lower class, most cars used either the BMW M1 engine or the new Cosworth DFL, but, like in the main class, alba, Tiga, Spice and Ecurie Ecosse were among the most competitive in this class. While the Group C formula had brought back to the sport. For 1986, the World Endurance Championship became the World Sports-Prototype Championship, the new classification, known as Group C Category 1, was designed to mandate Formula One engines
4.
Group 6 (racing)
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Group 6 was the official designation applied by the FIA to two motor racing classifications, the Prototype-Sports Car category from 1966 to 1971 and the Two-Seater Racing Cars class from 1976 to 1982. The original Group 6 was introduced for the 1966 racing season, whilst Group 4 specified that competing cars must be one of at least fifty examples built, Group 6 had no minimum production requirement. Nor did it have an engine capacity limit although there were weight, dimensional. The Le Mans 24 Hour retained its place as a championship round, for 1969 the FIA relaxed a number of Group 6 regulations relating to weight, spare wheel, windscreen height and luggage space requirements. For 1972 the Group 6 Prototype-Sports Car class was redesignated and renamed to become the Group 5 Sports Car category, the International Championship of Makes became the World Championship of Makes and the first chapter of Group 6 history was brought to a close by the FIA. Group 6 cars had been eligible to compete in 24 Hours of Le Mans each year from 1966 to 1971, in 1976, the FIA reintroduced the Group 6 classification, now officially called “Two- Seater Racing Cars”. 1981 saw the series expanded with an official Drivers’ title awarded by the FIA for the first time, as in 1981, drivers of Group 6 cars were eligible to score points in the Drivers’ championship but the relevant manufacturers could not score points towards the Makes title. For the 1982 World Endurance Championship the engine capacity maximum for Group 6 cars was set at 3000cc
5.
Porsche
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F. Porsche AG, usually shortened to Porsche AG, is a German automobile manufacturer specializing in high-performance sports cars, SUVs and sedans. Porsche AG is headquartered in Stuttgart, and is owned by Volkswagen AG, Porsches current lineup includes the 718 Boxster/Cayman,911, Panamera, Macan and Cayenne. Ferdinand Porsche founded the company called Dr. Ing. h. c, F. Porsche GmbH in 1931, with main offices at Kronenstraße 24 in the centre of Stuttgart. Initially, the company offered motor vehicle development work and consulting, One of the first assignments the new company received was from the German government to design a car for the people, that is a Volkswagen. This resulted in the Volkswagen Beetle, one of the most successful car designs of all time, the Porsche 64 was developed in 1939 using many components from the Beetle. During World War II, Volkswagen production turned to the version of the Volkswagen Beetle, the Kübelwagen,52,000 produced. Porsche produced several designs for heavy tanks during the war, losing out to Henschel & Son in both contracts that ultimately led to the Tiger I and the Tiger II. However, not all work was wasted, as the chassis Porsche designed for the Tiger I was used as the base for the Elefant tank destroyer. Porsche also developed the Maus super-heavy tank in the stages of the war. At the end of World War II in 1945, the Volkswagen factory at KdF-Stadt fell to the British, Ferdinand lost his position as Chairman of the Board of Management of Volkswagen, and Ivan Hirst, a British Army Major, was put in charge of the factory. On 15 December of that year, Ferdinand was arrested for war crimes, during his 20-month imprisonment, Ferdinand Porsches son, Ferry Porsche, decided to build his own car, because he could not find an existing one that he wanted to buy. He also had to steer the company through some of its most difficult days until his fathers release in August 1947, the first models of what was to become the 356 were built in a small sawmill in Gmünd, Austria. The prototype car was shown to German auto dealers, and when pre-orders reached a set threshold, production was begun by Porsche Konstruktionen GesmbH founded by Ferry, many regard the 356 as the first Porsche simply because it was the first model sold by the fledgling company. After the production of 356 was taken over by the fathers Dr. Ing. h. c. In 1952, Porsche constructed a plant across the street from Reutter Karosserie, the main road in front of Werk 1. The 356 was road certified in 1948, Porsches company logo was based on the coat of arms of the Free Peoples State of Württemberg of former Weimar Germany, which had Stuttgart as its capital. The arms of Stuttgart was placed in the middle as an inescutcheon, on 30 January 1951, not long before the creation of Baden-Württemberg, Ferdinand Porsche died from complications following a stroke. The 356, however, had several stages, A, B, and C, while in production
6.
Porsche 908
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The Porsche 908 was a racing car from Porsche, introduced in 1968 to continue the Porsche 906/Porsche 910/Porsche 907 series of models designed under Ferdinand Piech. The previous Porsche 907 only had a 2200 cc flat-8 engine with 270 hp, the new 3-litre flat-8 engine produced initially 257 kW at 8400 rpm, as well as some teething problems. The 908 originally was a closed coupe to provide low drag at fast tracks, but from 1969 on was mainly raced as the 908/2, a lighter open spyder. A more compact 908/3 was introduced in 1970 to complement the heavy Porsche 917 on twisty tracks that favored nimble cars, like Targa Florio and Nürburgring. Sold off to privateers for 1972, various 908s were entered until the early 1980s, the 908 is not to be confused with another sportscar of the same number, the Peugeot 908. Despite winning the 1000km Nürburgring, the 908 was anything but convincing in 1968, the older and smaller 2200 cc 907 had started the season with dominating wins and later delivered better results than Porsches first serious attempt in the prototype category. This risky investment should take about a year, though, the 196824 Hours of Le Mans were postponed from June to the end of September due to political unrest in France, setting the stage for a showdown between the 908s and the GT40s. The Porsche 908 LH Long Tails were the fastest in qualifying and the stages of the race. Troubles with the alternator caused delays and even disqualifications as the new Porsche team leaders had misinterpreted the repair rules, once again, a V8-powered Ford won, and a 907 Long Tail came in second in front of the sole surviving standard 908. In addition, Ford won the 1968 International Championship for Makes, for 1969, the Group 6 prototype rules were changed, and Porsche lowered the weight of the Porsche 908/02 Spyder by 100 kg, removing the roof and the long tails. Aluminium tube frames were used, with air pressure gauges to check them, the 196924 Hours of Daytona were a disaster for Porsche, as all three 908/02 failed, and a Lola T70 won. At the 12 Hours of Sebring, a Ford GT40 defeated a trio of factory-entered 908/2s, at that time, the more powerful Porsche 917 was introduced in Geneva, and it seemed that the career of the 908 would be over. But with the car having arrived, the 908 started to succeed. The next race was the BOAC500 at Brands Hatch, where the 908 was finally successful, on the other hand, the prestigious 24 hours of Le Mans was again won by a Ford GT40 in 1969, as the 917s had gearbox troubles after leading for many hours. A908 challenged for the win, as Hans Herrmann came in as a very close 2nd behind Jacky Ickx. Herrmanns 908 low drag coupé was fast on the straights, but near the end the brake pads wore down. The team gambled on not changing the pads, which allowed Ickx to pass under braking, despite the more powerful 917 improving towards the end of 1969, the career of the 908 would continue. On rather twisty and slow tracks like Nürburgring and Targa Florio, so rather than trying to make one size fit all, Porsche built dedicated cars for each type of racing track
7.
Porsche 936
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Its name came from using a variant of the Porsche 930s turbocharged engine, as well as competing in Group 6 racing. The Porsche 936 was built to compete in the World Sportscar Championship as well as at 197624 Hours of Le Mans under the Group 6 formula, which it won both of. Chassis 002 with #20 won with Jacky Ickx and Gijs van Lennep won Le Mans, while the #18 chassis 001 of Reinhold Joest and it shared these victories with its production-based sibling, the Porsche 935 which won in Group 5. The open top, two seater spyder was powered by an air-cooled, two-valve 540 hp single-turbocharger flat-6 engine with 2140 cc, the spaceframe chassis was based on the 917, with many of the parts also coming from the car. In the first outings, the Martini Racing car was black. The large hump and the air box above the engine was fitted onto the car later in the season and it is not for the air intake of the turbocharged engine, nor for cooling of the air-cooled engine itself, but instead mainly used for the intercooler. From 1976 to 1981, the factory entered Porsche 936 won the 24 Hours of Le Mans three times with Jacky Ickx, thus each of the three original chassis won once. In 1978, the two previously winning chassis, which had been updated for 1977, came second and third behind the Renault, while the pole-setting new chassis 003 crashed out. Porsche did not intend to sell the 936 to customers, wanting instead to use the 935. In 1979, a half-hearted Essex-sponsored Le Mans entry with two 936 was a failure, and the car crashed at Silverstone. The Martini Racing Liqui Moly backed car took second at Le Mans in 1980, Kremer received blueprints to recreate a modified 81-spec car dubbed chassis 005 for 1982. At the inaugural year of the new Group C formula which the 956 was built for, privateer teams such as Kremer Racing, thus, in an attempt to conform to the new Group C regulations, both teams built new bodyshapes that incorporated a roof onto their 936-replicas. Joests car was designated as 936C JR005 while Kremers car became known as the CK501, lothar Boschen/Jürgen Barth, Das große Buch der Porschetypen, Motorbuch Verlag, Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 3-613-01284-7 Schneider, Peter, Typenkompass Porsche
8.
Germany
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Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
9.
ADAC
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The ADAC is an automobile club in Germany, founded on May 24,1903 as German Motorbiker Association, and was renamed to its present name in 1911. With more than 18 million members in May 2012, it is the largest automobile club in Europe and it is also the largest motorcyclist association in the world, with 1.5 million members. Both the ADAC, and its older rival AvD, are members of the FIA, the European Grand Prix, the former ADAC Eifelrennen, the 24 Hours Nürburgring and many other races are hosted by ADAC. The ADAC also operates a fleet of mobile mechanics in yellow cars that assist motorists in trouble - the Yellow Angels. The ADAC runs its own modification center whereby ordinary vans are turned into mobile garages in 55 man-hours, in addition to this, the ADAC provides 44 air ambulance helicopters for urgent medical rescues in Germany, strategically placed so that any location can be reached within 15 minutes. The ADAC also offers its membership to non German residents, having signed contracts with automobile clubs worldwide, in the UK, it is possible to have breakdown recovery through the local AA while having an ADAC membership. The ADAC is publisher of the magazine with the largest distribution in Germany, on June 3,2008, the ADAC suspended its involvement with the FIA over the scandal surrounding Max Mosley and his subsequent retention as FIA president. The ADAC break-down assistance service was launched in Germany in 1927, during the Nazi period, starting in 1934, all motorists organizations and clubs were replaced by Der Deutsche Automobil-Club e. V. which was closely associated with the National Socialist Motor Corps. These original ADAC Gelbe Engel used NSU Konsul motorbikes, at the end of 1962 ADAC announced the retirement of their motor-bike-sidecar combinations which would be replaced by 40 appropriately equipped Volkswagen Beetles. Growth rates during the twenty years were greatly boosted by German reunification. ADAC is a member for the European Road Assessment Program in Germany. ADAC regularly publishes maps showing safety characteristics of German roads and these maps based on EuroRAPs Road Protection Score Protocol is a measure of how well a road protects road users in the event of an accident. Data on road characteristics is gathered by driving through road inspections using a specially equipped RPS inspection vehicle, trained assessors then rate the safety features and hazards on the inspected road and use standardised formula to produce a safety rating—star rating—which is comparable across Europe. ADAC also undertakes road inspections on behalf of other EuroRAP members, ADAC is the campaigns partner in Germany. Breakdown Breakdown Cover European Campaign for Safe Road Design EuroRAP The dictionary definition of ADAC at Wiktionary ADAC official website
10.
Italy
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Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world
11.
1000 km Monza
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The 1000 kilometres of Monza (also called from 1966 Trofeo Luigi Caracciolo was an endurance race mainly for sports cars held at Autodromo Nazionale Monza in Italy. The Coppa Inter-Europa was first held in 1949, on the 6. 3-kilometre circuit, the race expanded to 1000 kilometres in 1954, and moved to the 10-kilometre circuit in 1956. The event was shortened and returned to the 6. 3-km track the next year, in 1960 and 1961, the race was a part of the FIA GT Cup. In 1963, the race was held as an event for production-based cars in the World Sportscar Championship before being expanded to a 1000-kilometer distance in 1965. A lap was 10.1 kilometers long, yielding a distance of 1010 km after 100 laps. From 1970 to 2008, the shorter Grand Prix circuit has used for 173 laps. The Monzas race was valid for the second, both in 1976 and 1977, in 1978 the WorldSport car Championship was cancelled and the Race was arranged on 320 km and valid for European Sportscar Championship. In 1979, cancelled the European Championship the race was only for Italian Championship. In 1989 the race was cancelled due financial problem of Automobil Club of Milan and for the rebuilding of boxes and paddock facilities. Since 1992, the race has used on and off by various series, most notably, the BPR Global GT Series. The FIA Sportscar Championship also held a running of the 1000 km in 2001. In 1995 and 1996 the race was valid for the BPR Global GT Series, reserved to GT cars, after a 1997 without the race, the 1998 edition was not valid for any international championship, returning to the 1000 km format and open also to sportscars. In 1999 the race return to be valid for an internatiomal championship, the SportsRacing World Cup. with distance reduced to 500 km. In 2000 the race was held on the 500 km distance but was called 1000km due the fact in the day on the morning. In 2001 the race valid for the FIA Sportscar Championship return to a reral 1000 km format, after a year without race, in 2003 the race return to the 500 km format. In 2004, the race, again on 1000 km, were resumed as a part of the Le Mans Series, a race for 2006 was planned by the Le Mans Series, but had to be cancelled due to protests over the noise pollution caused by the event. Agreements were later reached to allow the event to return in 2007, after 2008, the race was not held again until 2017 when a 4 hours is scheduled as part of 2017 European Le Mans Series. The record of most wins belongs to Jacky Ickx, who has won the race in 1972,1973 and 1976
12.
Autodromo Nazionale Monza
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The Autodromo Nazionale Monza is a race track located near the city of Monza, north of Milan, in Italy. Built in 1922, it is the worlds third purpose-built motor racing circuit after those of Brooklands, the circuits biggest event is the Formula One Italian Grand Prix. With the exception of 1980, the race has been hosted there since the seriess inception, the circuit is generally flat, but has a gradual gradient from the second Lesmos to the Variante Ascari. Since both maximum power and minimal drag are keys for speed on the straights, only competitors with enough power or aerodynamic efficiency at their disposal are able to challenge for the top places. In addition to Formula One, the hosts a endurance event, the 1000 km Monza, which has been run as part of the World Sportscar Championship. Current major events are races of the World Touring Car Championship, the Monza circuit has been the site of many fatal accidents, especially in the early years of the Formula One world championship, and has claimed the lives of 52 drivers and 35 spectators. The first track was built from May to July 1922 by 3,500 workers, the initial form was a 3.4 square kilometres site with 10 kilometres of macadamised road – comprising a 4.5 kilometres loop track, and a 5.5 kilometres road track. The track was opened on 3 September 1922, with the maiden race the second Italian Grand Prix held on 10 September 1922. In 1928, the most serious Italian racing accident to date ended in the death of driver Emilio Materassi and 27 spectators at that years Grand Prix, the accident led to further Grand Prix races confinement to the high-speed loop until 1932. The 1933 race was marked by the deaths of three drivers and the Grand Prix layout was changed, with two chicanes added and the longer straights removed. There was major rebuilding in 1938–39, constructing new stands and entrances, resurfacing the track, moving portions of the track, the resulting layout gave a Grand Prix lap of 6.300 kilometres, in use until 1954. The outbreak of World War II meant racing at the track was suspended until 1948, Monza was renovated over a period of two months at the beginning of 1948 and a Grand Prix was held on 17 October 1948. In 1954, work began to revamp the circuit, resulting in a 5.750 kilometres course. The two circuits could be combined to re-create the former 10 kilometres long circuit, with cars running parallel on the main straight, the track infrastructure was also updated and improved to better accommodate the teams and spectators. The Automobile Club of Italy held 500-mile Race of Two Worlds exhibition competitions, intended to pit United States Auto Club IndyCars against European Formula One and sports cars. The races were held on the oval at the end of June in 1957 and 1958, ecurie Ecosses three Jaguar D-type sports cars used their Le Mans-specification tyres with no ill-effects, but were completely out paced. Two heats in 1957 were won by Jimmy Bryan in his Kuzma-Offenhauser Dean Van Lines Special, Formula One used the 10 kilometres high speed track in the 1955,1956,1960 and 1961 Grands Prix. Stirling Moss and Phil Hill both won twice in this period, with Hills win at Monza making him the first American to win a Formula One race
13.
Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari
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The Autodromo Internazionale Enzo e Dino Ferrari is an auto racing circuit near the Italian town of Imola,40 kilometres east of Bologna and 80 kilometres east of the Ferrari factory in Maranello. The circuit is named after Ferraris late founder Enzo and his son Dino who had died in the 1950s, before Enzo Ferraris death in 1988 it was called Autodromo Dino Ferrari. The circuit has FIA Grade 1 license and it was the venue for the Formula One San Marino Grand Prix and it also hosted the 1980 edition of the Italian Grand Prix, which usually takes place in Monza. When Formula One visits Imola, it is seen as the circuit of Ferrari. Imola, as it is known, is one of the few major international circuits to run in an anti-clockwise direction. In April 1953, the first motorcycle races took place, while the first car took place in June 1954. In April 1963, the circuit hosted its first Formula One race, as a non-championship event, a further non-championship event took place at Imola in 1979, which was won by Niki Lauda for Brabham-Alfa Romeo. In 1980 Imola officially debuted in the Formula One calendar by hosting the 50th Italian Grand Prix and it was the first time since the 1948 Edition held at Parco del Valentino that the Autodromo Nazionale Monza did not host the Italian Grand Prix. The race was won by Nelson Piquet and it was such a success that a new race, the race was held over 60 laps of the 5 kilometre circuit for a total race distance of 300 kilometres. In addition Adornis countryman Michele Dancelli took the bronze and five of the top six finishers were Italian, the circuit was also used for stage 11 of the 2015 Giro dItalia, which was won by Ilnur Zakarin. In 1987, Nelson Piquet had an accident there during practice, in the 1989 San Marino Grand Prix, Gerhard Berger crashed his Ferrari at Tamburello after a front wing failure. The car caught fire after the impact but thanks to the quick work of the firefighters. Michele Alboreto also had an accident at the Tamburello corner testing his Footwork Arrows at the circuit in 1991. Riccardo Patrese also had an accident at the Tamburello corner in 1992 while testing for the Williams team, and of course the death of Ayrton Senna on May 1,1994 sealed the fate of the corner being run flat out ever again. The tragedy continued the day, when the three-time World Champion Ayrton Senna lost control of his car. He succumbed shortly after impact as a piece of the car had pierced his helmet, in two unrelated incidents, several spectators and mechanics were also injured during the event. In the aftermath, the continued to host Grands Prix. The flat-out Tamburello corner was reduced to a 4th gear left-right sweeper, Villeneuve corner, previously an innocuous 6th gear right-hander into Tosa, was made a complementary 4th gear sweeper, also with a gravel trap on the outside of the corner
14.
Autodromo di Pergusa
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The Autodromo di Pergusa is an automobile and motorcycle circuit that encircles the only Sicilian natural lake, Pergusa Lake. The circuit is known as Enna-Pergusa, as the lake is located near the city of Enna. During the 1960s, the track hosted various events such as the Coppa Citta di Enna. It also played host to a non-championship Formula One event known as the Mediterranean Grand Prix, in 1989 the Italian round of the World Superbike Championship was held here. In the 1990s, the track was upgraded and hosted events for the FIA Sportscar Championship, FIA GT Championship, in 1997 the track was also the location of the Ferrari festival. The circuit played host to rounds 7 and 8 of the FIA European Touring Car Championship in 2013, the dust and the abrasive nature of the track tended to make the surface very slippery. The Formula 3000 races in particular were known for very poor standards of organization. Media related to Autodromo di Pergusa at Wikimedia Commons Autodromo di Pergusa Trackpedias guide to racing Pergusa
15.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
16.
Canadian Tire Motorsport Park
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Canadian Tire Motorsport Park is a multi-track motorsport venue located north of Bowmanville, Ontario, Canada. The facility features a 2. 459-mile, 10-turn road course, a 2.9 km advance driver and race driver training facility with a quarter-mile skid pad and a 1.5 km kart track. The name Mosport is a contraction of Motor Sport, came from the enterprise formed to build the track, the track was designed and built in the late 1950s. The first race to be held on the track was a event organized by the Oakville Light Car Club in June 1961. Shortly thereafter, on June 35, the venue held its first major race, the Players 200, stirling Moss won the two-heat event in a Lotus 19. Second was Joakim Bonnier with Olivier Gendebien third and this is a source of lingering confusion as many people call the track Mossport. Mosport has had a succession of owners since the public company created to build the track. Two of those owners, Norm Namerow and Harvey Hudes, have both been inducted into the Canadian Motorsport Hall of Fame for their contribution to the sport in Canada. In 1998, Panoz Motorsports purchased the facility, and in 1999, for 2001, the entire circuit was repaved to meet FIA specifications, and is now 42 feet wide. Drivers were consulted to ensure the character of the old track was kept, Mosport achieved acclaim though a series of international sports car races under the title Canadian Grand Prix normally reserved for Formula 1 races. Many events were popular, breaking Canadian sports attendance records with each successive race. The success of these races led Mosport to be seen as a key component in the founding of the Can Am Series. The CanAm first visited the track in its season in 1966. In 1967, Canadas centennial year, Mosport hosted Formula One, USAC, f1s Grand Prix of Canada remained at the track until 1977, until it was moved to Montreal. Mosport has hosted a variety of series throughout its history. The circuit has held Formula One, USAC, World Sportscar Championship, Can-Am, Formula 5000, and many sports car, open-wheel. The most recent fatality at the track was in 2008 during the 29th annual Vintage Automobile Racing Association of Canada Racing Festival. Driver Dino Crescentini of Rochester Hills, MI – a ten-year veteran of vintage racing – lost control of his 1977 Wolf Dallara Can-Am car, unlike many historic motorsport venues, Mosports track layout has remained mostly unchanged from its original form
17.
France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
18.
Dijon-Prenois
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Dijon-Prenois is a 3.801 km motor racing circuit located in Prenois, near Dijon, France. The undulating track is noted for its fast, sweeping bends, opened in 1972, Dijon-Prenois hosted the Formula One French Grand Prix five times, and the Swiss Grand Prix in 1982. The non-championship 1975 Swiss Grand Prix was also held at Dijon, the circuit currently hosts the Grand Prix de lAge dOr, and last hosted the FFSA GT Championship in 2012. Planned in 1967, work commenced in December 1969, the track was part of a plan to make Dijon an automotive centre. In spite of lack of support from the city government and a lack of funds. The first race, for 2-litre prototypes, was ten days later. Arturo Merzario was the inaugural winner, therefore, in 1976 an extension was added to lengthen the circuit as well as to reprofile many of its corners before the time F1 could return to Dijon in 1977. The 1979 French Grand Prix featured a battle for second place in the final laps between Gilles Villeneuves Ferrari and René Arnouxs Renault, which was finally won by Villeneuve. The race itself was won by Jean-Pierre Jabouille in the other Renault - Renaults first, the 1982 Formula One season was not to see the French Grand Prix held at Dijon as that race was held at the Paul Ricard Circuit, located at Le Castellet in southern France. Instead, Dijon held the last Swiss Grand Prix, despite being located in France, the French Grand Prix alternated between Paul Ricard and Dijon, until the last F1 race at Dijon took place in 1984. The race was won by McLarens Niki Lauda, who would win his 3rd, the fastest lap of the race was set by Laudas team mate Alain Prost at an average speed of 214 km/h. Fittingly, the last F1 pole at Dijon was set by a French driver driving a French car, Tambay led the race for the first 47 laps before being passed by Lauda, the Frenchman eventually finishing 2nd, seven seconds behind the McLaren. Long-distance racing continued, with a race in the FIA GT Championship held there in 1998 for instance, although Formula One has not returned to Dijon since 1984, the circuit continues to be used today for minor, mostly local races. These include club level events and motorcycle racing, and truck racing events have held there since 1988. The track was renovated in 2001, when a track was also added. Official website Satellite picture by Google Maps
19.
Austria
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Austria, officially the Republic of Austria, is a federal republic and a landlocked country of over 8.7 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, the territory of Austria covers 83,879 km2. The terrain is mountainous, lying within the Alps, only 32% of the country is below 500 m. The majority of the population speaks local Bavarian dialects of German as their native language, other local official languages are Hungarian, Burgenland Croatian, and Slovene. The origins of modern-day Austria date back to the time of the Habsburg dynasty, from the time of the Reformation, many northern German princes, resenting the authority of the Emperor, used Protestantism as a flag of rebellion. Following Napoleons defeat, Prussia emerged as Austrias chief competitor for rule of a greater Germany, Austrias defeat by Prussia at the Battle of Königgrätz, during the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, cleared the way for Prussia to assert control over the rest of Germany. In 1867, the empire was reformed into Austria-Hungary, Austria was thus the first to go to war in the July Crisis, which would ultimately escalate into World War I. The First Austrian Republic was established in 1919, in 1938 Nazi Germany annexed Austria in the Anschluss. This lasted until the end of World War II in 1945, after which Germany was occupied by the Allies, in 1955, the Austrian State Treaty re-established Austria as a sovereign state, ending the occupation. In the same year, the Austrian Parliament created the Declaration of Neutrality which declared that the Second Austrian Republic would become permanently neutral, today, Austria is a parliamentary representative democracy comprising nine federal states. The capital and largest city, with a population exceeding 1.7 million, is Vienna, other major urban areas of Austria include Graz, Linz, Salzburg and Innsbruck. Austria is one of the richest countries in the world, with a nominal per capita GDP of $43,724, the country has developed a high standard of living and in 2014 was ranked 21st in the world for its Human Development Index. Austria has been a member of the United Nations since 1955, joined the European Union in 1995, Austria also signed the Schengen Agreement in 1995, and adopted the euro currency in 1999. The German name for Austria, Österreich, meant eastern realm in Old High German, and is cognate with the word Ostarrîchi and this word is probably a translation of Medieval Latin Marchia orientalis into a local dialect. Austria was a prefecture of Bavaria created in 976, the word Austria is a Latinisation of the German name and was first recorded in the 12th century. Accordingly, Norig would essentially mean the same as Ostarrîchi and Österreich, the Celtic name was eventually Latinised to Noricum after the Romans conquered the area that encloses most of modern-day Austria, around 15 BC. Noricum later became a Roman province in the mid-first century AD, heers hypothesis is not accepted by linguists. Settled in ancient times, the Central European land that is now Austria was occupied in pre-Roman times by various Celtic tribes, the Celtic kingdom of Noricum was later claimed by the Roman Empire and made a province
20.
Salzburgring
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The Salzburgring is a 4.225 kilometres motorsport race track in Austria, east of Salzburg. The race track was first opened in 1969, lying in a narrow, alpine valley, it has a rather simple layout, with two long straights plus the sweeping and fast Fahrerlagerkurve at the bottom, and the narrow Nockstein-Kehre on the top. In spite of its layout, it garnered a fearsome reputation for the high speeds reached on the straights. He continues Sure it was fast and dangerous, but also enormous fun, to me its what motorcycle racing is all about. It was also the home of the Austrian motorcycle Grand Prix from 1971 to 1994, giacomo Agostini and Angel Nieto are the all-time leaders in motorcycle Grand Prix victories at the circuit, with six wins apiece. Sidecar motorcycle races were held at the venue. The track has hosted the Oldtimer Grand Prix as well as during the last years a Rupert Hollaus Memorial organized by Ex-Grand Prix motorcycle and sidecar racer. In 2008, the circuit played host to the then one-off European Touring Car Cup, Salzburgring The Oldtimer Grand Prix Salzburgring in Google Maps
21.
Joest Racing
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Joest Racing is a racing team that was established in 1978 by former Porsche works racer Reinhold Joest. The headquarters are in Wald-Michelbach, Germany, as a combined driver/team owner, Reinhold Joest first began to race a Porsche 908/3 in the European Sportscar Championship, winning the drivers title. He then switched to Porsche 935s, winning the 24 Hours of Daytona in 1980, the team won the DRM back to back with driver Bob Wollek, in 1982 and 1983. During the 1982 season, whilst the Porsche 956 was only available to the works team and they would race the car into the 1983 season until they took delivery of their 956 prior to Le Mans. This would make them the team to score back to back wins with the same car. In 1986,1988, and 1989 Joest won the Supercup title for teams and they also took the Interserie title for drivers with Winter in 1985 and Bernd Schneider in 1991, and the teams title in 1991. In 1989, FIA introduced the new 3.5 litre Formula One engine rule to Group C, which not many teams were happy about, because few, if any, such engines were available to privateer teams like Joest. The team would compete in the IMSA GTP category beginning in 1990, winning the 24 Hours of Daytona in 1991 with Wollek, Pescarolo, Frank Jelinski, Winter. With their Porsche 962 now being outmoded by the Nissans, Jaguars and Toyotas, in 1993, the Nissan and TWR Jaguar team had withdrawn, and the AAR Eagle Toyota would continue to dominate the series final year. Joest managed to score the cars last IMSA victory at the Road America 500, in the 1990s, the team also had a successful career developing and racing an Opel Calibra in the Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft. They first won the ITR Gold Cup at the Donington Park round in 1994 with Manuel Reuter driving and they would continue to have a successful career there by the time the series became a full-fledged international championship, winning the title for the final year in 1996 for Opel. In late 1995, Tom Walkinshaw Racing were commissioned by Porsche to produce a WSC car to compete in the 1996 Daytona 24-hour race, the resulting Porsche WSC-95 was based on the TWRs 1991 Jaguar XJR-14 chassis, with the roof removed and a flat-six Porsche engine fitted. The car was withdrawn because of a rule change. For 1996 the concept was revived and Joest were chosen to run the WSC-95s at Le Mans as backup for Porsches own team of works 911 GT1s, Joest won the race with Davy Jones, Manuel Reuter, and Alexander Wurz. They returned in 1997, this time without support. The winning pilots were by Michele Alboreto, Stefan Johansson and Tom Kristensen, as with the #7956 of the 1980s, Joest attempted for a third straight win, although without success, as neither car finished, while Porsche itself prevailed in the 1998 race. In 1998, after being associated with Porsche for many years, Joest helped them build and develop the Audi R8R. Audi, not being sure which concept was the one, also supported an LM-GTP entry
22.
Reinhold Joest
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Reinhold Joest is a former German race car driver and current team owner. During the last 25 years, Joest Racing has won the 24 Hours of Le Mans fifteen times, joests driving career began in 1962 in a local hillclimb race in the Odenwald mountains. He had won two German championships in that category by 1967, since 1966, he raced successfully on the Nürburgring, scoring a class win at the 1000 km Nürburgring. He won the race twice, in 1970 and 1980. Joests first entry in the 24 Hours of Le Mans was in 1968, with a Ford GT40 co-driven by Helmut Kelleners and his first remarkable result came in 1972, after the dominating Porsche 917 and similar cars were not allowed anymore. Without any modern cars available, Joest borrowed an outdated 3.0 L Porsche 908/02 Langheck Coupé from the Jo Siffert Museum and he and his two co-drivers finished third with the 1969 model car. Despite being part of factory Porsche teams on several occasions, he never managed to be in their winning car. He came close in 1980, finishing second together with Jacky Ickx in his privately entered Porsche 936 that was called a Porsche 908/80 as Porsche did not officially sell the 936, despite never winning as a driver at Le Mans, Joest ended his driving career in style. He retired after winning the Kyalami 9 Hours with Jochen Mass at the end of the year, Joest Racing Joest Racing official site
23.
Martini Racing
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Martini Racing is the name under which various motor racing teams race when sponsored by the Italian company Martini & Rossi, a distillery that produces Martini vermouth in Turin. Martinis sponsorship program began in 1968, the race cars are marked with the distinctive dark blue, light blue and red stripes on white, red or silver background body cars. The car model which has won the most titles for Martini Racing is the Lancia Delta HF Integrale, at the start of 1968, advertising unrelated to racing was permitted for the first time on the bodywork of racing cars. Paul asked Hans Dieter to place a few stickers on his car in exchange for overalls, Martini stickers then appeared, in April 1968 on the Porsche 910 raced by Scuderia Lufthansa Racing Team set up by Robert Huhn, an executive manager of the German airline. Then the same car appeared at Dijon-Lonvic GP on the fifth of May, then at Paris GP on May 12, later in a minor event at the Hockenheimring in 1968. Martini Racing was then formed to enter two Porsche 907 in several car races in 1969 to back up the factory effort. During the 1970s, Martini became famous in connection with Porsche in motorsport, after a one-year hiatus in 1972, as Porsche retired from the WC championship as its 917. The Martini Porsche cars won Le Mans once more in 1976 and 1977 with Porsche 936, as well as in other events in the 1970s for the factory Porsche team. In 1978, Martini only sponsored the team in Le Mans, while in 1980 they were associated with Joest Racing. In 1981, Martini Racing supported the Italian Lancia effort in car racing with the Group 5 Lancia Monte Carlo, Group 6 Lancia LC1. The works Lancia Martini drivers lineup included several contemporary Formula One racers, including Michele Alboreto, Teo Fabi, the association lasted until the 198624 Hours of Le Mans, but by then, Lancia was more involved with rallying. After that, Martini Racing has made only brief entries in sports car racing, including three seasons in the FIA Sportscar Championship with Gianni Giudicis Picchio, Martini Racings association with Formula One began in 1972 with the Italian team Tecno. However, the car was uncompetitive and Martini withdrew after an unsuccessful 1972 and 1973 season, Martini returned full-time in 1975, sponsoring Bernie Ecclestones Brabham team. The initial colour scheme incorporated the Martini colours on a background on the Cosworth powered Brabham BT44B in 1975. The Alfa Romeo flat-V12 powered Brabham BT45 and Brabham BT45B were used for the 1976 and 1977 seasons, drivers such as Carlos Reutemann, Carlos Pace, Hans-Joachim Stuck and John Watson all drove for the team during this time. For the 1979 season, the Martini sponsorship moved to Team Lotus, after a long break from the category, the Italian company began sponsoring Scuderia Ferrari in 2006 with a minor presence. Williams Grand Prix Engineering announced a new partnership with Martini beginning with the 2014 season, martinis first rally challenge was taken up by usual stalwart Porsche. In 1978, Porsche made a return to the World Rally Championship as a team, running a 911 SC for Björn Waldegård
24.
Jochen Mass
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Jochen Richard Mass is a German former racing driver. Mass was born in Dorfen, Bavaria and he participated in 114 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on 14 July 1973 at the British Grand Prix. He won one GP race, secured no pole positions, achieved 8 podiums, Mass is perhaps best known for his blameless part in the death of Gilles Villeneuve. On 8 May 1982, with only 10 minutes left until the end of the session for the 1982 Belgian Grand Prix at Zolder. As Villeneuve came up behind Mass exiting a super-fast left turn, Villeneuve had already committed to the right hand side and the two cars touched wheels, launching the helpless Canadian skyward. Villeneuves car hit the ground nose-first and was torn apart in a series of violent cartwheels. His seat was dislodged and he was flung from his car, Mass stopped his car, jumped out and ran back to Villeneuve’s wrecked car, but there was nothing he could have done. Villeneuve was flown to hospital and taken off later that evening. In 1972, he teamed up with Hans-Joachim Stuck to drive a Ford Capri RS2600 to victory at the Spa 24 Hours endurance race in Belgium and he went on to win that years World Sportscar Championship. He finished second to Clay Regazzoni and Arturo Merzario in a November 1972 9-hour race at the Kyalami Circuit, in Johannesburg, Mass co-driver in a Chevron B-21 was Gerry Birrell.8 seconds, for an average of 124.3 miles per hour. Mass placed second to Jean-Pierre Jarier in a Formula Two race at Nivelles and he had finished second in the first heat and third in the second. He completed his first Formula One race at the 1973 German Grand Prix at the Nürburgring, Mass came in seventh in a Surtees. He drove a McLaren-Ford to third place in the 1975 Brazilian Grand Prix at Interlagos, Mass won the 1975 Spanish Grand Prix after leader, Rolf Stommelens car hit a protective barrier, exploded into flames and catapulted into the crowd at the Montjuich circuit. Four spectators were killed and twelve were injured, stommelen suffered multiple fractures and was in a critical condition after the accident. Mass was declared the winner in his Texaco McLaren-Ford, when the race was stopped immediately after the accident, Merzario and Mass led an Alfa Romeo sweep of the first two positions in the 1975 Coppa Florio manufacturers championship automobile race at Pergusa. Mass was third in the 1975 French Grand Prix at Le Castellet, on lap 44 he broke the record set by Denny Hulme, clocking a time of 1,50.60 over the 3. 61-mile circuit. Mass and Jacky Ickx teamed in a Porsche to claim victory in the Dijon Six-Hour Race, Mass won the eighth and final race of the 1976 World Sports Car Championship series. He completed the 4.2 kilometre, Salzburg course in 1 hour,28 minutes,25.24 seconds, Mass and Ickx drove a Porsche 935 in the 197724 Hours of Daytona endurance race
25.
Belgium
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Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a sovereign state in Western Europe bordered by France, the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg, and the North Sea. It is a small, densely populated country which covers an area of 30,528 square kilometres and has a population of about 11 million people. Additionally, there is a group of German-speakers who live in the East Cantons located around the High Fens area. Historically, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg were known as the Low Countries, the region was called Belgica in Latin, after the Roman province of Gallia Belgica. From the end of the Middle Ages until the 17th century, today, Belgium is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. It is divided into three regions and three communities, that exist next to each other and its two largest regions are the Dutch-speaking region of Flanders in the north and the French-speaking southern region of Wallonia. The Brussels-Capital Region is a bilingual enclave within the Flemish Region. A German-speaking Community exists in eastern Wallonia, Belgiums linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance, made up of six different governments. Upon its independence, declared in 1830, Belgium participated in the Industrial Revolution and, during the course of the 20th century, possessed a number of colonies in Africa. This continuing antagonism has led to several far-reaching reforms, resulting in a transition from a unitary to a federal arrangement during the period from 1970 to 1993. Belgium is also a member of the Eurozone, NATO, OECD and WTO. Its capital, Brussels, hosts several of the EUs official seats as well as the headquarters of major international organizations such as NATO. Belgium is also a part of the Schengen Area, Belgium is a developed country, with an advanced high-income economy and is categorized as very high in the Human Development Index. A gradual immigration by Germanic Frankish tribes during the 5th century brought the area under the rule of the Merovingian kings, a gradual shift of power during the 8th century led the kingdom of the Franks to evolve into the Carolingian Empire. Many of these fiefdoms were united in the Burgundian Netherlands of the 14th and 15th centuries, the Eighty Years War divided the Low Countries into the northern United Provinces and the Southern Netherlands. The latter were ruled successively by the Spanish and the Austrian Habsburgs and this was the theatre of most Franco-Spanish and Franco-Austrian wars during the 17th and 18th centuries. The reunification of the Low Countries as the United Kingdom of the Netherlands occurred at the dissolution of the First French Empire in 1815, although the franchise was initially restricted, universal suffrage for men was introduced after the general strike of 1893 and for women in 1949. The main political parties of the 19th century were the Catholic Party, French was originally the single official language adopted by the nobility and the bourgeoisie
26.
Jacky Ickx
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Jacky Ickx was introduced to the sport when he was taken by his father, motoring journalist Jacques Ickx, to races which he covered. Despite this family background, Jacky had limited interest in the sport until his father bought him a 50 cc Zündapp motorcycle, soon afterwards, Ickx won 8 of 13 races at the first season and the European 50 cc trials title. He also competed in car races where he had already significant experience from taking part in the 1000 km races at the Nürburgring. Ickx entered his first Grand Prix at the Nürburgring in 1966, driving a Matra MS5-Cosworth one-litre Formula Two car, however, a first lap collision with John Taylor caused both cars to retire and Taylor later died as a result of burns received in the accident. In 1967, Ickx again drove at the Nurburgring, with an F2 Matra MS7-Cosworth 1. 6-litre, despite the greater power of the Formula One cars, only two F1 drivers qualified with a faster time than Ickx, Denny Hulme and Jim Clark. As Ickx was racing in the separate F2 class, he started the race all of the F1 cars. He was forced to retire after 12 laps with broken front suspension, at Monza in 1967, he made his F1 debut in a Cooper T81B-Maserati, finishing sixth, despite suffering a puncture on the last lap. He also drove for Cooper in the United States Grand Prix at Watkins Glen, in 1968 Ickx drove in Formula 1 for Ferrari. He retired from his first two races, but at his race at Spa-Francorchamps he started from the front row. At the French Grand Prix at Rouen he took his first win, in heavy rain, Ickx also finished third at Brands Hatch and fourth at the Nürburgring after driving almost the entire race in heavy rain without his helmet visor. At Monza he finished the race in third position, in Canada he crashed and broke his left leg during practice, thus did not start and also missed the subsequent United States Grand Prix. He returned in time for the race of the season in Mexico. Ickx scored 27 points in the 1968 Formula One season finishing in place behind Graham Hill, Jackie Stewart. In 1969, Ickx moved to Brabham, partly at the instigation of the John Wyer team for whom hed had considerable success in sports cars. Wyers main sponsor, Gulf Oil were keen to ensure that they retained his services rather than lose him to Ferraris sports car team. In the 1969 Mexican Grand Prix Ickx finished second and ended the year as runner-up in the world championship. He returned to the Ferrari team for the 1970 season, a move he had been considering since the Italian Grand Prix, as in 1969, Ickx had a disappointing start to the 1970 season. On the first lap of the Spanish Grand Prix he collided with the BRM of Jackie Oliver and it took at least 20 seconds for him to leave the burning car and he was hospitalized with severe burns
27.
Rolf Stommelen
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Rolf Johann Stommelen was a racing driver from Siegen, Germany. He participated in 63 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, achieving one podium and he also participated in several non-Championship Formula One races. Stommelen won the position for the 196924 Hours of Le Mans in a Porsche 917 a year after finishing third in a Porsche 908. In this year, he became the first man to reach speeds exceeding 350 km/h on the Mulsanne Straight in his Porsche 917 LH. In 1970, he made his Formula One debut with Brabham with sponsorship obtained from the German magazine Auto, Motor und Sport and raced both sportscars and Formula 1 throughout the 1970s. After his recovery, Stommelen returned to car racing, winning races for Alfa Romeo. In 1976 Stommelen had the honour to drive the maiden race of the Porsche 936 at the 300 km Nürburgring race, with a black body and without the air-intake, the 936 of this race became known as the black widow. He qualified second, between the factory Renault Alpine A442 of Patrick Depailler and Jean-Pierre Jabouille in first and third, the Renault team was eager to win at Porsches home soil. On race-day in heavy rain, Stommelen managed to overtake the Renault in front right after the start, now in the lead, he rushed towards the Nordkehre, braked and let deliberately room for the Renaults in pursuit to overtake. The Renaults, wanting to back the lead after 2 of 300 km, rushed past Stommelen into the water puddles and crashed into the catch-fences in tandem. This led to the saying On the Nordschleife, you can never brake later than Rolf Stommelen, after the sixth lap, the throttle cable of the 936 stuck in the open position. In 1978 he was given the task by the Porsche factory to drive the Porsche 935 Moby Dick in Martini Colors, due to high fuel-consumption of the engine, Stommelen had to pit too often to battle for the win. The team would not have come so far, if Stommelen had not been constantly seconds faster than his team mates each lap and he also drove Toj SC320 prototype sportscars with some success against the works Alfa team. He was also active in the German GT Championship Deutsche Rennsport Meisterschaft, a master at the Nürburgring, he was a constant winner of races held there. In the 1980s he was still a sought after prototype pilot and raced successful on Kremer CK5, Lancia LC1, Stommelen was killed in a crash during an IMSA Camel GT event at Riverside International Raceway on 24 April 1983. He was running a John Fitzpatrick entered Porsche 935 with codriver Derek Bell, Stommelen had just taken over the car from Bell and was running in second place when the rear wing broke due to mechanical failure at 190 mph. The car became uncontrollable, slammed against a wall, somersaulted
28.
Can-Am
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The Canadian-American Challenge Cup or Can-Am, was an SCCA/CASC sports car racing series from 1966 to 1987. Can-Am started out as a series for group 7 sports racers with two races in Canada and four races in the United States of America. The series was sponsored by Johnson Wax. The series was governed by rules called out under the FIA group 7 category with unrestricted engine capacity, as long as the car had two seats, bodywork enclosing the wheels, and met basic safety standards, it was allowed. Group 7 cars were designed more for short-distance sprints than for endurance racing, some group 7 cars were also built in Japan by Nissan and Toyota, but these did not compete outside their homeland. Similar group 7 cars ran in the European Interserie series, after Porsches withdrawal, Shadow dominated the last season before Can-Am faded away to be replaced by Formula 5000. Racing was rarely close—one marque was usually dominant—but the noise and spectacle of the made the series highly popular. F5000s reign lasted for two years, with a second generation of Can-Am following. This was a different series based initially on converted F5000 cars with closed-wheel bodies. There was also a class based on Formula Two chassis. The second iteration of Can-Am faded away as IMSA and CART racing became popular in the early 1980s. Can-Am remains a form of racing due to its popularity at one time, the spectacular cars. Can-Am cars remain popular in historic racing, notable drivers in the original Can-Am series included virtually every acclaimed driver of the late 1960s and early 1970s. Al Holbert, Jacky Ickx, Alan Jones, Keke Rosberg, Patrick Tambay, Can-Am was the birthplace and proving ground for what, at the time, was cutting-edge technology. Can-Am cars were among the first race cars to sport wings, effective turbocharging, ground-effect aerodynamics, noted constructors in the Can-Am series include McLaren, Chaparral, Lola, BRM, Shadow and Porsche. McLaren cars were specially designed race cars, the Can-Am cars were developments of the sports cars which were introduced in 1964 for the North American sports car races. The development variants M1A and M1B were raced as factory cars in 1966 with Bruce McLaren, in 1967, specifically for the Can-Am series, the McLaren team introduced a new model, the M6A. The McLaren M6A also introduced what was to become the trademark orange color for the team, the M6 series were a full aluminum monocoque design with no uncommon features but, for the times, there was an uncommon attention to detail in preparation by the team members
29.
Alpine (automobile)
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The Société des Automobiles Alpine SAS, commonly known as Alpine, is a French manufacturer of racing and sports cars that used Renault engines. The company was bought in 1973 by Renault, production of Alpine models ceased in 1995. The Alpine marque has been relaunched, with the 2017 introduction of the new Alpine A110. Using Renault 4CVs, Rédélé gained class wins in a number of events, including the Mille Miglia. As his experience with the little 4CV built up, he incorporated many modifications, including for example, special 5-speed gearboxes replacing the original 3-speed unit. To provide a car he built a number of special versions with lightweight aluminium bodies, he drove in these at Le Mans. Encouraged by the development of cars and consequent customer demand. The firm was named Alpine after his Coupe des Alpes successes and he did not realise that in England the previous year, Sunbeam had introduced a sports coupe derived from the Sunbeam Talbot and called the Sunbeam Alpine. This naming problem was to cause problems for Alpine throughout its history, in 1955, he worked with the Chappe brothers to be amongst the pioneers of auto glass fibre construction and produced a small coupe, based on 4CV mechanicals and called the Alpine A106. It used the chassis of the original Renault 4CV. The A106 achieved a number of successes through the 1950s and was joined by a low, styling for this car was contracted to the Italian designer Giovanni Michelotti. Under the glassfibre body was a stiff chassis based on a central tubular backbone which was to be the hallmark of all Alpines built. The A108 was built between 1958 and 1963, in 1962, the A108 began to be produced also in Brazil, by Willys-Overland. By now the cars mechanicals were beginning to show their age in Europe, Alpine was already working closely with Renault and when the Renault R8 saloon was introduced in 1962. Alpine redeveloped their chassis and made a number of body changes to allow the use of R8 mechanicals. This new car was the A110 Berlinette Tour de France, named after a run with the Alpine A108 in the 1962 event. With a competition weight for the car of around 620 kg, Alpine achieved increasing success in rallying, and by 1968 had been allocated the whole Renault competition budget. The close collaboration allowed Alpines to be sold and maintained in France by normal Renault dealerships, real top level success started in 1968 with outright wins in the Coupe des Alpes and other international events
30.
Osella
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Osella is an Italian racing car manufacturer and former Formula One team. They participated in 132 Grands Prix between 1980 and 1990 and they achieved two points finishes and scored 5 championship points. Named after its founder Vincenzo Enzo Osella, the team began life by racing Abarth sports cars in local and national races in the mid 1960s in Italy, though relatively successful, Osella expanded into single seater racing in 1974 to further develop his business. The team would rise to Formula Two in 1975 achieving some success with its own car, Osella Corse made another attempt in 1976 in the same league with unchanged material but by now the team was not competitive. Additionally, the team suffered severe financial problems which meant that the works team was withdrawn from Formula Two in the middle of 1976. In the following years the Osella FA2s were occasionally entered by privateers, Enzo Osella tried to make some money by selling a self-penned Formula 3 car with little success. Only a few privateers were optimistic enough to buy that simple untested machine, the cars ran with Toyota or Lancia engines in the 1976 German and Italian F3 championships without making any great impression. After this unsuccessful attempt, the activities of Osella Corse nearly came to an end. The team attended some local sports car events but avoided any single seater races from 1976 to 1978, the red car was good enough to win three races. This was enough for Enzo Osella to take the plunge into the cut, the car was designed by Giorgio Stirano. Powered by Ford Cosworth DFV, it was overweight and aerodynamically inefficient, the car was presented in a blue and white livery with large Denim branding on the sidepods. Many components were manufactured in-house which meant that they were cheap to produce, the driver was again Eddie Cheever who was able to finish just one race in whole season. Frequently, he had to suffer from the massive unreliability of his car, in the following seasons, the basic design was changed several times. In the early years, most of the work was done by designers like Giorgio Valentini or Tony Southgate. Most of these attempts brought no improvement as high tech solutions could not be financed, jean-Pierre Jarier finished fourth at Imola in 1982 and scored the first Championship points for the young team in a car that was by now dubbed Osella FA1C. Despite this result, neither the nor the technical situation improved. Few sponsors were attracted by the tiny Italian team, Denim only stayed for the first two seasons, Kelemata was no more reliable, and others like Landis & Gyr vanished as quickly as they had come. Most of the sponsors were small or mid-size companies from Turin or the region of Piemont
31.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
32.
Lola Cars
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Lola Cars International Ltd. was a racing car engineering company founded in 1958 by Eric Broadley and based in Huntingdon, England. Enduring more than fifty years, it was one of the oldest and largest manufacturers of racing cars in the world, Lola Cars started by building small front-engined sports cars, and branched out into Formula Junior cars before diversifying into a wider range of sporting vehicles. Lola was acquired by Martin Birrane in 1998 after the unsuccessful MasterCard Lola attempt at Formula One, Lola Cars was a brand of the Lola Group, which combined former rowing boat manufacturer Lola Aylings and Lola Composites, that specialized in carbon fibre production. After a period in administration, Lola Cars International ceased trading on 5 October 2012. Many of Lolas assets were purchased by a partnership composed of Multimatic Engineering. Lola was one of the top chassis suppliers in the 1960s, after its small front-engined sports cars came various single-seaters including Formula Junior, Formula 3, Formula 2 and Formula 1 cars. Broadley designed Lola Mk.6 coupe fitted with the Ford V8 engine, Ford took a keen interest in this and paid Broadley to put the company on hold for two years and merge his ideas with Roy Lunns work, giving rise to the Ford GT40. In 2005, Lola announced that a new batch of T70 coupés, to the original specifications and these will be homologated for historic racing and there is talk of a one-make series for the cars. Various Group 5 and Group 6 sports cars including the T212 and T28x/29x/38x/39x series were built, competing with Chevron, March. Alain de Cadenets Le Mans specials tended to be based on Lola technology, derivatives of this car were successful for some time in IMSA and Group C racing. Later Lola Group C and GTP cars tended to be specifically for manufacturer programmes, specifically the later Nissan Group C entries. Lola also built a car for the 3.5 L Group C formula, the T92/10, more recently, Lola has produced a range of sports cars for Le Mans-style racing starting with the B98/10, which was successful in the European market but less so in the USA. The B2K/10, with its additional central headlight reminiscent of a cyclops or a locomotive was more notable for its looks than its performance, a dedicated LMP675 car was built for MG in 2001, powered by a two-litre four-cylinder AER turbocharged engine. This was entered at Le Mans by the team as the MG-Lola EX257. Later developments of this car have been fitted with assorted small V8s, an updated version of the Lola LMP2 came in 2005 with the introduction of the Lola B05/40. It quickly became a contender in LMP2 by taking class honours in 2005 and 2006 at Le Mans with Ray Mallock Limited. It also earned several wins in the American Le Mans Series in 2005 and 2006 with Intersport Racing, including a second-place overall finish in the 200612 Hours of Sebring. In 2007, extensive updates were made to the chassis, to accommodate the all-new Acura powerplant run by Fernandez Racing, in addition, an essentially brand new LMP2 prototype, the B07/40, was built to house the new AER-based Mazda engine
33.
March Engineering
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March Engineering was a Formula One constructor and manufacturer of customer racing cars from the United Kingdom. March Engineering began operations in 1969 and its four founders were Max Mosley, Alan Rees, Graham Coaker and Robin Herd. Herds original F1 plan was to build a team around Jochen Rindt. Marchs launch was unprecedented in its breadth and impact, the Formula One effort initially looked most promising, with March supplying its 701 chassis to Tyrrell for Jackie Stewart. In addition, the factory ran two cars for Jo Siffert and Chris Amon sponsored by STP. A third STP car, entered by Andy Granatelli for Mario Andretti, Ronnie Peterson appeared in a semi-works car for Colin Crabbe when his works Formula Two commitments allowed, various other 701s went to privateers. The team constructed ten Formula One chassis that year, in addition to Formula Two, Formula Three, Formula Ford and Can-Am chassis. Stewart gave the March its first Formula One victory at the 1970 Spanish Grand Prix, the 701s tanks though lacked endplates and skirts to help generate any meaningful ground effect. For the 1971 Formula One season March Engineering came up with the remarkable 711 chassis, which had aerodynamics by Frank Costin, the car took no wins, but Ronnie Peterson finished second on four occasions, ending as runner-up in the World Championship. Alfa Romeo V8 powered cars were entered, to little avail. The 1972 Formula One season completely failed to capitalise on the promise shown in 1970-71, Three distinct models of car were used, beginning with the 721, which was a development of the 711. Peterson and Niki Lauda then drove the disappointing experimental 721X factory cars, Frank Williams ran regular 711 and 721 customer cars for Henri Pescarolo and Carlos Pace. The 721G was light and quick, and the team soon built their own chassis. Had they started the year with these, wins may well have been possible, the 721G set the trend for future March F1 cars, which for the rest of the 1970s were essentially scaled-up F2 chassis. Meanwhile, March was going from strength to strength in Formula Two, also, the German team Eifelland entered under its own name a 721 much-modified with distinctive and eccentric bodywork by designer Luigi Colani for its driver Rolf Stommelen. This car was unsuccessful, and later reverted mostly to conventional 721 form and was used by John Watson to make his F1 debut for John Goldies Goldie Hexagon Racing team. Marchs only notable result was Petersons third place in Germany,1973 was the low-point for March in Formula One. Without significant STP money, the March factory team was struggling, running an almost unsponsored car for Jean-Pierre Jarier, Jarier was replaced by Tom Wheatcrofts driver Roger Williamson, who suffered a fatal accident in Zandvoort
ADAC Nürburgring 300 km
Trofeo Filippo Caracciolo (4 Hours)
Player's 200
ACF 500 km of Dijon
Elan Trophy (200 miles)
Jacky Ickx
Lola
Sauber
Ford