1.
Bolivia
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Bolivia, officially known as the Plurinational State of Bolivia, is a landlocked country located in western-central South America. It is bordered to the north and east by Brazil, to the southeast by Paraguay, to the south by Argentina, to the southwest by Chile, and to the northwest by Peru. One-third of the country is the Andean mountain range, with one of its largest cities and principal economic centers, El Alto, Bolivia is one of two landlocked countries that lie outside Afro-Eurasia. Bolivia is geographically the largest landlocked country in the Americas, but remains a small country in economic. Before Spanish colonization, the Andean region of Bolivia was part of the Inca Empire, Spanish conquistadors arriving from Cuzco and Asunción took control of the region in the 16th century. During the Spanish colonial period Bolivia was administered by the Royal Audiencia of Charcas, spain built its empire in great part upon the silver that was extracted from Bolivias mines. After the first call for independence in 1809,16 years of war followed before the establishment of the Republic, named for Simón Bolívar, on 6 August 1825. Since independence, Bolivia has endured periods of political and economic instability, including the loss of peripheral territories to its neighbors, such as Acre. The countrys population, estimated at 11 million, is multiethnic, including Amerindians, Mestizos, the racial and social segregation that arose from Spanish colonialism has continued to the modern era. Spanish is the official and predominant language, although 36 indigenous languages also have official status, of which the most commonly spoken are Guarani, Aymara, modern Bolivia is constitutionally a unitary state, divided into nine departments. Its geography varies from the peaks of the Andes in the West, to the Eastern Lowlands and it is a developing country, with a medium ranking in the Human Development Index and a poverty level of 53 percent. Its main economic activities include agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining, and manufacturing such as textiles, clothing, refined metals. Bolivia is very wealthy in minerals, especially tin, Bolivia is named after Simón Bolívar, a leader in the Spanish American wars of independence. Sucre opted to create a new nation and, with local support. The original name was Republic of Bolívar, some days later, congressman Manuel Martín Cruz proposed, If from Romulus comes Rome, then from Bolívar comes Bolivia. The name was approved by the Republic on 3 October 1825, the region now known as Bolivia had been occupied for over 2,500 years when the Aymara arrived. However, present-day Aymara associate themselves with the ancient civilization of the Tiwanaku culture which had its capital at Tiwanaku, the capital city of Tiwanaku dates from as early as 1500 BC when it was a small, agriculturally based village. The community grew to urban proportions between AD600 and AD800, becoming an important regional power in the southern Andes
2.
Japan
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Japan is a sovereign island nation in Eastern Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies off the eastern coast of the Asia Mainland and stretches from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea, the kanji that make up Japans name mean sun origin. 日 can be read as ni and means sun while 本 can be read as hon, or pon, Japan is often referred to by the famous epithet Land of the Rising Sun in reference to its Japanese name. Japan is an archipelago consisting of about 6,852 islands. The four largest are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku, the country is divided into 47 prefectures in eight regions. Hokkaido being the northernmost prefecture and Okinawa being the southernmost one, the population of 127 million is the worlds tenth largest. Japanese people make up 98. 5% of Japans total population, approximately 9.1 million people live in the city of Tokyo, the capital of Japan. Archaeological research indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period, the first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other regions, mainly China, followed by periods of isolation, from the 12th century until 1868, Japan was ruled by successive feudal military shoguns who ruled in the name of the Emperor. Japan entered into a period of isolation in the early 17th century. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan is a member of the UN, the OECD, the G7, the G8, the country has the worlds third-largest economy by nominal GDP and the worlds fourth-largest economy by purchasing power parity. It is also the worlds fourth-largest exporter and fourth-largest importer, although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a modern military with the worlds eighth-largest military budget, used for self-defense and peacekeeping roles. Japan is a country with a very high standard of living. Its population enjoys the highest life expectancy and the third lowest infant mortality rate in the world, in ancient China, Japan was called Wo 倭. It was mentioned in the third century Chinese historical text Records of the Three Kingdoms in the section for the Wei kingdom, Wa became disliked because it has the connotation of the character 矮, meaning dwarf. The 倭 kanji has been replaced with the homophone Wa, meaning harmony, the Japanese word for Japan is 日本, which is pronounced Nippon or Nihon and literally means the origin of the sun. The earliest record of the name Nihon appears in the Chinese historical records of the Tang dynasty, at the start of the seventh century, a delegation from Japan introduced their country as Nihon
3.
Norway
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The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered part of the Kingdom. Norway also lays claim to a section of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land, until 1814, the kingdom included the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland. It also included Isle of Man until 1266, Shetland and Orkney until 1468, Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres and a population of 5,258,317. The country shares a long border with Sweden. Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east, Norway has an extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea. King Harald V of the Dano-German House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway, erna Solberg became Prime Minister in 2013, replacing Jens Stoltenberg. A constitutional monarchy, Norway divides state power between the Parliament, the Cabinet and the Supreme Court, as determined by the 1814 Constitution, the kingdom is established as a merger of several petty kingdoms. By the traditional count from the year 872, the kingdom has existed continuously for 1,144 years, Norway has both administrative and political subdivisions on two levels, counties and municipalities. The Sámi people have an amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the Sámi Parliament. Norway maintains close ties with the European Union and the United States, the country maintains a combination of market economy and a Nordic welfare model with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system. Norway has extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood, the petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the countrys gross domestic product. On a per-capita basis, Norway is the worlds largest producer of oil, the country has the fourth-highest per capita income in the world on the World Bank and IMF lists. On the CIAs GDP per capita list which includes territories and some regions, from 2001 to 2006, and then again from 2009 to 2017, Norway had the highest Human Development Index ranking in the world. It also has the highest inequality-adjusted ranking, Norway ranks first on the World Happiness Report, the OECD Better Life Index, the Index of Public Integrity and the Democracy Index. Norway has two names, Noreg in Nynorsk and Norge in Bokmål. The name Norway comes from the Old English word Norðrveg mentioned in 880, meaning way or way leading to the north. In contrasting with suðrvegar southern way for Germany, and austrvegr eastern way for the Baltic, the Anglo-Saxon of Britain also referred to the kingdom of Norway in 880 as Norðmanna land. This was the area of Harald Fairhair, the first king of Norway, and because of him
4.
Ramat Gan
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Ramat Gan is a city in the Tel Aviv District of Israel, located east of Tel Aviv. It is home to one of the major diamond exchanges. Ramat Gan was established in 1921 as a moshava, a farming settlement. The mayor of Ramat Gan is Yisrael Zinger, Ramat Gan was established by the Ir Ganim association in 1921 as a satellite town of Tel Aviv. The first plots of land were purchased between 1914–1918, the settlement was initially a moshava, a Zionist agricultural colony that grew wheat, barley and watermelons. The name of the settlement was changed to Ramat Gan in 1923, the settlement continued to operate as a moshava until 1933, although it achieved local council status in 1926. At this time it had 450 residents, in the 1940s, Ramat Gan became a battleground in the countrys language war, A Yiddish language printing press in Ramat Gan was blown up by Hebrew-language extremists. Over the years, the economy shifted from agriculture to commerce, by 1946, the population had grown to 12,000. In 1950, Ramat Gan was recognized as a city, in 1955, it had a population of 55,000. The first mayor was Avraham Krinitzi who remained in office for 43 years, in 1961, the municipal area of Ramat Gan expanded eastward, to encompass the area that includes the Sheba Medical Center in Tel Hashomer and Bar Ilan University. In 1968, the worlds largest diamond exchange opened in Ramat Gan, the Sheba Medical Center and the Israel Diamond Exchange are located in Ramat Gan. Ramat Gan is located in the Gush Dan metropolitan area east of Tel Aviv and it is bounded in the north by the Yarkon River and in the east by Bnei Brak. Ramat Gan experiences an average of 500 mm of rainfall per year and is located and it is built on limestone hills. Ramat Gan parks include The National Park which covers some 1,900 dunams, 25% of Ramat Gan is covered by public parkland. According to the 1931 census Ramat Gan had 975 inhabitants, in 253 houses, as of 2006, Ramat Gan had 129,700 residents, on an area of 12,000 dunams. The population was growing at a rate of 1. 0% per annum with 90% of this growth coming through natural increase, the population density of the city is 9,822.6 per square kilometer, one of the highest in Israel. In terms of the origin of Ramat Gans residents,42,900 originate from Europe and America,10,200 from Africa,29,200 from Asia, and 40,600 from Israel. 86,200 of the residents of Ramat Gan were born in Israel, according to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, as of 2001, Ramat Gans socioeconomic ranking stood at 8 out of 10
5.
Ramat Gan Stadium
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Ramat Gan Stadium is a football stadium in the Tel Aviv District city of Ramat Gan, Israel, it served as the National stadium of Israel until 2014. The pitch dimensions are 105 m ×68 m, with a 10,500 m2 lawn, the stadiums plot area is 36,000 m2. The stadium also contains six dressing rooms, meeting halls, a center, press rooms, referees room and medical. It is sided by two training fields, large athletes clinic, a café-restaurant, and a 3,900 space open-air car park and it also houses the headquarters of the Israel Football Association. The artificial lighting conditions in the stadium are on the level with the worlds top stadiums. But by the end of 2016 it was not established, the stadium has hosted musical acts such as Depeche Mode, Elton John, R. E. M. Yeah Yeah Yeahs, Leonard Cohen, Sting, High on Fire, Orphaned Land, Metallica, Simon and Garfunkel, Bob Dylan, in 2012 Madonna opened her MDNA Tour at the stadium, playing in front of a sold-out crowd of more than 33,000 people. Media related to Ramat Gan Stadium at Wikimedia Commons Stadium pictures at Stadiumguide. com
6.
1973 Maccabiah Games
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The 1973 Maccabiah Games were held in the shadow of the Munich massacre. 60,000 spectators packed Ramat Gan Stadium as Golda Meir, tamara Metal was chosen as torch bearer, but Metal recited the Vow of the Maccabiah Games instead because she was pregnant. Israeli Olympian Shaul Ladany, who had competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics, esther Roth of Israel won the 100-meter race in 11.75, as well as the 200-meter. Maya Kalle-Bentzur of Israel was also a medalist at the Games, grunfeld later played in the NBA, and became General Manager of the New York Knicks. Summaries of each of the Games Stamp
7.
1981 Maccabiah Games
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The 1981 11th Maccabiah Games brought 3,450 athletes to Israel from 30 nations. The 30-sports menu included rugby union, sailing and softball for the first time, new facilities for squash, wrestling, karate, and judo were introduced. Mitch Gaylord, gymnastics, won 6 gold medals, he went on to win Olympic gold. Also, tennis players Brad Gilbert and Andrea Leand earned gold medals, and Shlomo Glickstein won the singles in tennis. Mark Berger, who three years later was to go on to win a medal in the Olympics, won a gold medal in judo. David Blatt won a medal with Team USA in basketball. At the Games, Maya Kalle-Bentzur of Israel won the medal in the womens long jump. The number in parentheses indicates the number of participants that community contributed, summaries of each of the Games
8.
1932 Maccabiah Games
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The 1st Maccabiah was the first edition of the Maccabiah, which was held in Mandatory Palestine from March 28 to April 2,1932. The games were in commemoration of the 1800th anniversary of the Bar Kokhba revolt, despite many obstacles and setbacks, the first Maccabiah was regarded as a great success. The 1st Maccabiah was the result of almost two decades of attempt by Yosef Yekutieli to allow Jews in Eretz Yisrael to participate in athletic competitions. It wasnt until the Maccabi World Congress in 1929 that his proposal was accepted, the games officially opened on March 28,1932. Due to severe lack of funds, the construction of the Maccabiah Stadium did not start until a few weeks prior to the opening ceremony. The land of the stadium was allocated by the British Government which loaned it to Maccabi, the stadium was completed on the night before the opening ceremony. Hosts also helped out by taking their guests to their events,1, 000s flowed to the Maccabiah, many via cars, bikes, and on foot. Many of the spectators came wearing white suits and blue hats - as one of the largest Zionist events in history, a large ball was held in Beit Haam on Ben Yehuda Street in Tel Aviv. 390 athletes from 27 countries participated in the first Maccabiah, the municipality of Tel Aviv decorated the streets with greenery and flowers. The city was coated with blue and white banners of the Maccabiah, the parade started off with the participants at the Herzliya Gymnasium marching toward the stadium north of the city. At the stadium, they were greeted by the High Commissioner Sir Arthur Grenfell Wauchope, the parade was led by a convoy of horse riders, including Avraham Shapira. Among those riders was Tel Avivs mayor, Meir Dizengoff, who rode on a white horse. 20,000 spectators were at the opening ceremony, the Maccabiah became known as the White Horse Olympics due to him. Following the parade of nations, a display of athletics took place with over 2,500 athletes taking part. 120 white pigeons were released - each ten representing one of the Twelve Tribes of Israel, events in the first Maccabiah included, The first Maccabiah hosted a large number of competitions despite the large of venues and equipments. In 1932 Tel Aviv still did not have any swimming pools, the swimming competitions, spectators watched the swimming competitions from floating rafts on the water. There was no serviceable gymnastic hall, competitions were held on a platform in Rina Garden located on Shalom Aleichem Street in Tel Aviv. The 5,000 and 10,000 meter races took place on the streets of Tel Aviv - a race took place on mostly unpaved
9.
International Olympic Committee
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The International Olympic Committee is the supreme authority of the worldwide Olympic movement. It is an international, non-profit, non-governmental organization based in Lausanne and its mission is enshrined in the Olympic Charter, to support the development of competitive sport by ethical and environmentally sustainable means. The IOC was created by Pierre de Coubertin, on 23 June 1894 with Demetrios Vikelas as its first president, today its membership consists of 100 active members,32 honorary members, and 1 honour member. The IOC is the authority of the worldwide modern Olympic movement. The IOC organises the modern Olympic Games and Youth Olympic Games, held in summer and winter, the first Summer Olympics organised by the IOC was held in Athens, Greece, in 1896, the first Winter Olympics was in Chamonix, France, in 1924. Until 1992, both Summer and Winter Olympics were held in the same year, the first Summer Youth Olympics were in Singapore in 2010 and the first Winter Youth Olympics were held in Innsbruck in 2012. In 2009, the UN General Assembly granted the IOC Permanent Observer status and this decision enables the IOC to be directly involved in the UN Agenda and to attend UN General Assembly meetings where it can take the floor. This has provided the possibility to promote sport at a new level, during each proclamation at the Olympics, announcers speak in different languages, French is always spoken first followed by an English translation and the dominant language of the host nation. The stated mission of the International Olympic Committee is to promote Olympic throughout the world and it is the IOC’s supreme organ and its decisions are final. Extraordinary Sessions may be convened by the President or upon the written request of at least one third of the members, among others, the powers of the Session are, To adopt or amend the Olympic Charter. To elect the members of the IOC, the Honorary President, to elect the President, the Vice-Presidents and all other members of the IOC Executive Board. To elect the host city of the Olympic Games, the Olympic Laurel is awarded to individuals for promoting education, culture, development, and peace through sport. For most of its existence, the IOC was controlled by members who were selected by other members, countries that had hosted the Games were allowed two members. When named, they did not become the representatives of their countries to the IOC. The membership of IOC members ceases in the circumstances, Resignation. Non re-election, any IOC member ceases to be a member without further formality if they are not re-elected, age limit, any IOC member ceases to be a member at the end of the calendar year during which they reach the age of 80. Failure to attend Sessions or take part in IOC work for two consecutive years. Transfer of domicile or of main center of interests to an other than the country which was theirs at the time of their election
10.
Miki Berkovich
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Moshe Miki Berkovich, or Mickey Berkowitz, is a retired Israeli professional basketball player. A64 shooting guard, he is considered by many of his fellow Israelis to be the greatest Israeli basketball player of all time. Berkovich was named one of FIBAs 50 Greatest Players in 1991 as well as one of the 50 Greatest Euroleague Contributors by a panel on February 2008. He was also honored at the Euroleague Final Four in Madrid, Born in Kfar Saba, Israel, Berkowitz began his long and distinguished career with Maccabi Tel Aviv at the age of 11 when he joined the youth club. At the age of 15, he was playing for the junior squad, in 1971, at the age of 17, he made his debut with the senior team in Israels top professional league. In 1975, he played basketball for UNLV in the United States. During the 1975-76 season, he played in 11 games and averaged 2.5 points per game as the Runnin Rebels finished 28-1 and were the No.1 seed in the Western Region of the NCAA tournament. They defeated Boise State, 103-78, in the first round, although Berkowitz registered no points, UNLV then lost to Arizona, 114-105, in the second round, Berkowitz did not play in the game. He returned to Maccabi after just one year, Berkowitz returned to Israel following the 1975-76 season and played a considerable role in Maccabi Tel Avivs fortunes during the late 1970s and early 1980s. In 1981 the second European Championship for Maccabi, against another Italian team, Berkovich scored the winning basket from Moti Aroestis assist, setting the score to 80,77. There were no three point shots back then so the Italian could only score a two point basket and Maccabi won 80,79, berkovichs career in Maccabi came to the end in 1988, when he and Aroesti joined Maccabi Rishon LeZion. Later he played for Hapoel Jerusalem and Hapoel Tel Aviv, during his playing years with Maccabi, he won 19 national championship titles and 17 national cups. In 1974 took young NT to the place in European Championship and was the leading scorer of the tournament. At the same year, Berkowitz also won a medal at the 1974 Asian Games in Tehran. In 1979 Berkovich was part of the Israeli national team finished second at the European Championship in Turin. At his retirement he was second all-time in appearances and points as a member of the National Team, after the 1979 Eurobasket Berkowitz had offers from the New Jersey Nets and the Atlanta Hawks from the NBA, but a contract with Maccabi Tel Aviv stood in the way. Berkovich retired from basketball in 1995, after which he wrote an autobiography called Born to Win and he went on to become the owner of the Ramat HaSharon basketball team. Both of his sons, Roi and Niv Berkovich, played for the team at the time and he later became the Director of Basketball Operations of Ironi Naharia, but left the team after just one year
11.
Motti Aroesti
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Motti Aroesti is a retired Israeli basketball player who played point guard for Maccabi Tel Aviv from 1974 to 1988. He was a key piece in Maccabis first golden era in European basketball, Aroesti wore the Maccabi jersey for 15 consecutive seasons and won an Israeli League title for each of those years, as well as 11 Israeli Cups. Moreover, Aroesti helped Maccabi win its first Euroleague title in 1977 and was still the point guard when his team lifted its second top continental trophy in 1981. One of the most successful players in Maccabis history, he was among the 105 player nominees for the 50 Greatest Euroleague Contributors list, Aroesti also won the silver medal at the 1979 Eurobasket with the Israeli national team. Profile on Greatest Euroleague Contributors nominees list Profile on fibaeurope. com
12.
Dolph Schayes
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Adolph Dolph Schayes was an American professional basketball player and coach in the National Basketball Association. A top scorer and rebounder, he was a 12-time NBA All-Star, Schayes won an NBA championship with the Syracuse Nationals in 1955. He was named one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History, Schayes played his entire career with the Nationals and their successor, the Philadelphia 76ers, from 1948 to 1964. In his 16-year career, he led his team into the playoffs 15 times, towards the end of his playing career, he became a player-coach with Philadelphia. After retiring from playing, he transitioned into a coaching role with the 76ers. He briefly coached with the Buffalo Braves, Schayes was born in the Bronx, New York, the son of Tina, a homemaker, and Carl Schayes, a truck driver for Consolidated Laundries. His parents were Romanian Jewish immigrants and he grew up on Davidson Avenue and 183rd Street, near Jerome Avenue in University Heights, Bronx. He attended Creston Junior High School 79 and DeWitt Clinton High School in the Bronx, New York and he played his college basketball at New York University in 1944–48. In 1945, as a 16-year-old freshman, Schayes helped NYU reach the NCAA final, Schayes earned an aeronautical engineering degree, was an All-American in basketball and won the Haggerty Award in his final year. His NYU coach, Howard Cann, said of him, He was in the gym practicing every spare minute, Schayes was drafted by both the New York Knicks in the 1948 BAA draft, and by the Tri-Cities Blackhawks in the NBL draft. The Blackhawks traded his rights to the Syracuse Nationals, who offered him a contract worth $7,500, 50% more than the Knicks. Schayes played one season in the NBL and was named the leagues Rookie of the Year, the following season, the Nationals moved to the newly formed National Basketball Association as part of the merger between the BAA and NBL. Although tall for his era at 67, Schayes was especially known for his deadly, high-arcing and it arced so high that his teammates referred to it as Sputnik. Defenders who attempted to deny him the shot were confronted by his powerful drive to the basket. These two offensive weapons served him well, even as the NBA was transitioning into a league of jump-shooters, early in Schayes career, he broke his right arm and played almost an entire season in a cast. Oddly, this became a seminal point in his development, he learned to shoot with his off-hand. He was one of the best—and the last—to use a two-handed set-shot with feet planted on the floor, in the 1949–50 season, he was 6th in the league in assists, with 259. He led the NBA in rebounding in 1950–51, with 1,080 and he was third in the league in rebounding in 1952–53, with 920
13.
Esther Roth-Shahamorov
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Esther Roth-Shachamorov is a former Israeli track and field athlete. She specialized in the 100-meter hurdles and the 100-meter sprint, esther Shahamorov is an Israeli Jew. In 1973, she married Peter Roth, a gymnast, who became her coach and she has a son, Yaron, who was a national champion in fencing, and a daughter, Einat. After she retired from competitive sport she became a sports schoolteacher and she once held simultaneously five Israeli national records. One of them is still a record and two others held for over 20 years and her time of 11. 45s in the 100m, set at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, was broken on Sat Apr 19,2014, by Olga Lansky. Lanskys result though was vacated later the year due to skipping mandatory drug test after the competition. Her time of 12. 93s in the 100m hurdles, set in Berlin shortly after the 1976 Summer Olympics, stood as a record for 26 years. Her time of 23. 57s in the 200m, set in Stuttgart in 1975, held as a record for 29 years, until it was broken, also by Lenskiy and her mark of 6. 14m in the long jump was a national record from 1971 to 1984. Her record of 4837 points in the Womens pentathlon was a record from 1971 until the format was changed in 1977. Roth won five medals and one silver medal in two Asian Games. She won golds in 100m hurdles and pentathlon and a silver in long jump in 1970, at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Roth just barely missed qualifying for the final in the 100-meter sprint.04 seconds. In 1999, Roth was awarded the Israel Prize for sports and she appears in the 1999 Oscar-winning documentary One Day in September in which she gave her impressions and feelings during the 1972 Munich Athletes hostages crisis. List of Israel Prize recipients Sports in Israel
14.
Yves Dreyfus
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Yves Dreyfus is a Jewish French epee fencer who holds two medals as part of the French Olympic épée team. List of select Jewish fencers Fencing, World Championships, Men, archived from the original on October 12,2009. Jews in Sports bio Jewish Olympic Medalists List of Jewish Fencers
15.
France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
16.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
17.
Germany
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Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
18.
Israel
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Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Middle East, on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea. The country contains geographically diverse features within its small area. Israels economy and technology center is Tel Aviv, while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem, in 1947, the United Nations adopted a Partition Plan for Mandatory Palestine recommending the creation of independent Arab and Jewish states and an internationalized Jerusalem. The plan was accepted by the Jewish Agency for Palestine, next year, the Jewish Agency declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied territories including the West Bank, Golan Heights and it extended its laws to the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem, but not the West Bank. Israels occupation of the Palestinian territories is the worlds longest military occupation in modern times, efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have not resulted in peace. However, peace treaties between Israel and both Egypt and Jordan have successfully been signed, the population of Israel, as defined by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, was estimated in 2017 to be 8,671,100 people. It is the worlds only Jewish-majority state, with 74. 8% being designated as Jewish, the countrys second largest group of citizens are Arabs, at 20. 8%. The great majority of Israeli Arabs are Sunni Muslims, including significant numbers of semi-settled Negev Bedouins, other minorities include Arameans, Armenians, Assyrians, Black Hebrew Israelites, Circassians, Maronites and Samaritans. Israel also hosts a significant population of foreign workers and asylum seekers from Africa and Asia, including illegal migrants from Sudan, Eritrea. In its Basic Laws, Israel defines itself as a Jewish, Israel is a representative democracy with a parliamentary system, proportional representation and universal suffrage. The prime minister is head of government and the Knesset is the legislature, Israel is a developed country and an OECD member, with the 35th-largest economy in the world by nominal gross domestic product as of 2016. The country benefits from a skilled workforce and is among the most educated countries in the world with one of the highest percentage of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree. The country has the highest standard of living in the Middle East and the third highest in Asia, in the early weeks of independence, the government chose the term Israeli to denote a citizen of Israel, with the formal announcement made by Minister of Foreign Affairs Moshe Sharett. The names Land of Israel and Children of Israel have historically used to refer to the biblical Kingdom of Israel. The name Israel in these phrases refers to the patriarch Jacob who, jacobs twelve sons became the ancestors of the Israelites, also known as the Twelve Tribes of Israel or Children of Israel. The earliest known artifact to mention the word Israel as a collective is the Merneptah Stele of ancient Egypt. The area is known as the Holy Land, being holy for all Abrahamic religions including Judaism, Christianity, Islam
19.
Mexico
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Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a federal republic in the southern half of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States, to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean, to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea, and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million square kilometers, Mexico is the sixth largest country in the Americas by total area, Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states and a federal district that is also its capital and most populous city. Other metropolises include Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla, Toluca, Tijuana, pre-Columbian Mexico was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations, such as the Olmec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya and Aztec before first contact with Europeans. In 1521, the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan, Three centuries later, this territory became Mexico following recognition in 1821 after the colonys Mexican War of Independence. The tumultuous post-independence period was characterized by instability and many political changes. The Mexican–American War led to the cession of the extensive northern borderlands, one-third of its territory. The Pastry War, the Franco-Mexican War, a civil war, the dictatorship was overthrown in the Mexican Revolution of 1910, which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the countrys current political system. Mexico has the fifteenth largest nominal GDP and the eleventh largest by purchasing power parity, the Mexican economy is strongly linked to those of its North American Free Trade Agreement partners, especially the United States. Mexico was the first Latin American member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and it is classified as an upper-middle income country by the World Bank and a newly industrialized country by several analysts. By 2050, Mexico could become the fifth or seventh largest economy. The country is considered both a power and middle power, and is often identified as an emerging global power. Due to its culture and history, Mexico ranks first in the Americas. Mexico is a country, ranking fourth in the world by biodiversity. In 2015 it was the 9th most visited country in the world, Mexico is a member of the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the G8+5, the G20, the Uniting for Consensus and the Pacific Alliance. Mēxihco is the Nahuatl term for the heartland of the Aztec Empire, namely, the Valley of Mexico, and its people, the Mexica and this became the future State of Mexico as a division of New Spain prior to independence. It is generally considered to be a toponym for the valley became the primary ethnonym for the Aztec Triple Alliance as a result. After New Spain won independence from Spain, representatives decided to name the new country after its capital and this was founded in 1524 on top of the ancient Mexica capital of Mexico-Tenochtitlan
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United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
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United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
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Maccabiah Games
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The Maccabiah Games first held in 1932, are an international Jewish multi-sport event now held quadrennially in Israel. It is the third-largest sporting event in the world, with 9,000 athletes competing on behalf of 78 countries, the Maccabiah is often referred to as the Jewish Olympics. The 19th Maccabiah, the most recent edition of the Games, was held in 2013, the next edition, the 20th Maccabiah, will be held in July 2017. The most recent Games brought together 9,000 athletes, making it the third-largest international sporting event in the world, the 9000 athletes competed on behalf of 78 countries. Originally, the Maccabiah was held three years, since the 4th Maccabiah, the event is held the year following the Olympic Games. In contrast with other large events such as the Olympics, competitions at the Maccabiah are organized into four distinct divisions – Juniors, Open, Masters. Maccabiah is open to Jewish athletes as well as Israeli athletes regardless of religion, Arab Israelis have also competed in it. The Maccabiah is a forum for Jewish athletes to meet and convene, it provides these athletes with opportunities to explore Israel. The name Maccabiah was chosen after Judah Maccabee, a Jewish leader that defended his country from king Antiochus, modiin, Judahs birthplace is also the starting location of the torch thats used to light the flames at the opening ceremony, a tradition that started at the 4th Maccabiah. The Maccabiah games were the result of a proposal put forward by Yosef Yekutieli in 1929 at the Maccabi World Congress, Yekutieli, who heard about the Stockholm Olympics, wanted to form a representation for Eretz Yisrael. Following the appointment of the new British Palestine High Commissioner, Sir Arthur Grenfell Wauchope, the 1st Maccabiah opened on March 28,1932. The Maccabiah Stadium in Tel Aviv, which was built with donations, was filled to capacity, roughly 400 athletes from 18 countries took part in everything from swimming, football, and handball, to various athletics. In the first games, the Polish delegation took first place, following the success of the first games, the 2nd Maccabiah was held from April 2 to 10,1935 despite official opposition by the British Mandatory government. Over 1,300 athletes from 28 nations participated, the 3rd Maccabiah which was originally scheduled for spring of 1938 were postponed until 1950 due to British concerns of large-scale illegal immigration, World War II, and the Independence War. It became the first Maccabiah to be held after the establishment of the State of Israel, starting from the 4th Maccabiah, the games were changed to take place every four years on the year following the Olympics. Four athletes were killed and 63 injured, more than 5,000 participants from over fifty countries competed in those games. Over the last two decades, the number of participants have grown to 7,700 in the 17th Maccabiah, prior to World War II there was an attempt to organize a winter Maccabiah. Due to the warm temperatures in Palestine, the winter Maccabiot were organized in European nations
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1935 Maccabiah Games
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The 2nd Maccabiah, aka the Aliyah Olympics, which was held in April 1935, was the second edition of the Maccabiah Games. The games were held despite official opposition by the British Mandatory government, a total of 28 countries were represented by 1,350 athletes. After the success of the 1st Maccabiah in 1933, the Maccabi World Union decided to host a second Maccabiah. In order to not make it look like they were imitating the Olympic Games, Eretz Yisrael enjoyed that year a relative economic boom. Tel Aviv has grown and main streets were paved, the stadium also has grown and added many new viewing locations. The second Maccabiah resulted in the settlements first swimming pool in Bat Galim, the pool was used throughout the games in the swimming competitions. If two years ago we had doubts about the success of the attempt to establish Olympics in Israel. The second Maccabiah was organized and held in the years of Nazi rule in Germany. Maccabi used the games as a way to illegally bring Jews to Eretz Yisrael and it was for that reason that the games were nicknamed the Aliyah Olympics. The games faced strong opposition by the British Mandatory government due to concern of mass illegal-immigration, only their sports equipments and musical instruments were shipped back. Additionally, the majority of the German and Polish team took the opportunity to stay in Palestine, unlike the first Maccabiah which was planned in just under three months, the second Maccabiah took just over a year, which significantly increased costs. As a result, the Maccabiah organizing committee faced severe budgetary problems, the Maccabi Eretz Yisrael Fund was so poor, quoting The budget was barely enough for the postage-stamps. As such, it was decided that the Maccabiah be supported financially by the World Maccabi Union - with Maccabi Eretz Yisrael still responsible for the planning of the games, Maccabi organized a large Maccabiah fund. Special Maccabiah offices were opened for this purpose in London, Alexandria, Berlin, Warsaw, Prague, a special office was also opened in South Africa. Tickets for the Maccabiah competitions were sold at various trade centers, despite the opposition of the British Mandate Police, a large amount of athletes participated in the parade that went through the streets of Tel Aviv. Among 15 anthems, the one by Yigal Caspi was chosen as the official Maccabiah Anthem, the Delegation from the disputed Free City of Danzig, marched under their citys flag to avoid identifying their community on either side in the international controversy between Germany and Poland. The German delegation of 134 Jews arrived at the games, surprising the Maccabiah organizers by receiving permission from the Nazi authorities to travel in the last minute, the 2nd Maccabiah introduced many new sports including, judo, cycling, weightlifting, rowing, volleyball and darts. The 2nd Maccabiah was the last time motorcycle racing took place, handball and Basketball which were played during the 1st Maccabiah did not take place in this one, they were played in the 3rd Maccabiah
24.
1950 Maccabiah Games
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The 3rd Maccabiah took place during Sukkot from September 27 to October 8,1950. This was the first time the Maccabiah was held after the independence of the State of Israel,15 years after the previous Maccabiah, the 3rd Maccabiah was originally scheduled to take place three years after the 2nd Maccabiah in Spring of 1931. Preparations began, posters were created, and distinguished guests such as the Chief Rabbi of Romanian Jewry, however, for a number of reasons, such as the British Authorities refusal to approve the games and the Arab revolt, the games were postponed indefinitely. The Maccabiah was further delayed due to World War II and the Israeli War of Independence, the final date for the third Maccabiah was decided upon at the Third World Congress of Maccabi in December 1948, during the war. At the same meeting it was agreed that games will not be held on Saturdays and holidays. Eight countries entered the competition for the first time, among them Argentina, Canada, India, gold medals were earned by Americans Henry Wittenberg in wrestling, Frank Spellman in weightlifting, and 3-time Pan American Games gold medalist Allan Kwartler in fencing. Canada earned 14 medals in its first Games, ben Helfgott, a concentration camp survivor, won the weightlifting gold medal in the lightweight class for Great Britain. Summaries of each of the Games
25.
1953 Maccabiah Games
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Eight hundred ninety athletes representing 21 countries attended the 1953 4th Maccabiah Games. Israeli President Itzhak Ben-Zvi opened the Games, first-time entries included Brazil, Chile and Zimbabwe. In gymnastics, Abie Grossfeld of the United States won 6 gold medals, in tennis, Anita Kanter of the US won gold medals in womens doubles with partner Tobia Greenberg of the US, and mixed doubles, and the silver medal in womens singles. Tobia Greenberg also won the medal in mixed doubles with partner Pablo Eisenberg. Angela Buxton of Great Britain, who three years later was to win the title at Wimbledon, won the gold medal in womens singles. In boxing, Abraham Rosenberg, a camp survivor, won the heavyweight division gold medal. Rozenberg fighting for France lived to that time in Germany, but Germany didnt have a team in that maccabiah, ben Helfgott, a concentration camp survivor, won the weightlifting gold medal in the lightweight class for Great Britain for the second Games in a row. In fencing, a medal was won by 3-time Pan American Games gold medalist Allan Kwartler in foil. British Olympian and world champion Allan Jay won three gold medals, harry Kane of Britain won the 400 meter with a games record times of 50.5. Has been decided to change the duration after this maccabiah to once in 4 years to gain an olympic recognition, the number in parentheses indicates the number of participants that community contributed. Summaries of each of the Games
26.
1957 Maccabiah Games
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Twenty countries sent 980 athletes to compete in the 1957 5th Maccabiah, an international Jewish athletics competition similar to the Olympics. The presence of a number of world-class Jewish athletes elevated the quality of competition. The athletes had been housed in the newly built Maccabiah Village, mexico sent its first contingent of athletes. Rosenberg fighting for France lived to that time in Germany, but Germany didnt have a team in that maccabiah, in fencing, Byron Krieger, 2-time Pan American Games gold medal winner, won individual Gold in SABRE and individual Bronze in FOIL. Ben Helfgott, a camp survivor, won the weightlifting gold medal in the lightweight class for Great Britain for the third Games in a row. Reuven Helman competed in shot-put, javelin, the decathlon and weightlifting, Helman came in second in 1957 in the International Maccabiah Games. In fencing, British Olympian and world champion Allan Jay won three gold medals, in track, Harry Kane of Britain won the 400 meter hurdles and took a silver medal in the 200 meter hurdles, with a time of 25.3 seconds. The number in parentheses indicates the number of participants that community contributed, summaries of each of the Games
27.
1961 Maccabiah Games
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The 6th Maccabiah Games were held in Tel Aviv, Israel in 1961. She led the U. S. swimming team, which won all, in fencing, Olympic bronze medal winner Yves Dreyfus of France won the gold medal in épée. Fencer Al Axelrod won a medal in foil. Larry Brown led the United States basketball team to a gold medal, allen Rosenberg and Donald Spero of the US won gold medals in rowing. Gary Gubner of the US won the shot put with a 60-foot, american Dick Savitt won both the singles and doubles mens tennis gold medals. Angelica Rozeanu of Israel, who in her career won 17 world titles, was the table tennis singles champion. First-time participants in 1961 included Colombia, Guatemala, Uruguay,135 athletes from the United States participated in the 6th Maccabiah, as well as 9 coaches,6 managers,3 doctors, and 2 trainers. The team was sponsored by the United States Committee Sports for Israel, summaries of each of the Games
28.
1965 Maccabiah Games
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The 7th Maccabiah Games in 1965 saw 1,200 athletes from 25 different countries compete in 21 sports. It was the first Maccabiah Games for Iran, Jamaica, Peru, mark Spitz, attending his first international competition, won four gold medals. Tom Okker won both the singles and the mixed doubles gold medals in tennis. The U. S. won the medal in basketball. The U. S. won the medal in waterpolo which was its first international gold medal since the 1904 Olympics held in St. Louis. In swimming, Marilyn Ramenofsky of the US, who the year won a bronze medal at the Olympics in the 400-Meter Freestyle. In gymnastics, 3-time Olympian Abie Grossfeld and world trampoline champion Dan Millman of the US each won four gold medals, michal Lamdani competed for Israel in the high jump, winning a gold medal. The U. S. won the medal in shooting. The number in parentheses indicates the number of participants that community contributed, source, Summaries of each of the Games
29.
1969 Maccabiah Games
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At the 8th Maccabiah Games in 1969,1,450 athletes from 27 countries competed in 22 sports. Germany and Greece sent teams for the first time since the 1935 Games, a new swimming pool was dedicated at Yad Eliyahu. American swimmer Mark Spitz won 6 gold medals, tal Brody, having moved from the U. S. to Israel, captained the Israeli basketball team to a gold medal over the United States. Israeli Olympian Shaul Ladany won gold medals in the 3-km walk, the 10-km walk, esther Roth of Israel won the long jump with a 19-foot, 3/4 inch jump. David Berger, an American, won a medal in the middleweight weight-lifting contest. He later represented Israel in the 1972 Summer Olympics, but was one of the 11 Israeli sportsmen killed by Arab terrorists in the Munich Massacre. In tennis, Julie Heldman, who was ranked #2 in the US, won the Womens Singles, the Womens Doubles with Marilyn Aschner, in golf, Bruce Fleisher of the US won a gold medal. The number in parentheses indicates the number of participants that community contributed, summaries of each of the Games
30.
1985 Maccabiah Games
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The 1985 12th Maccabiah Games brought over 4,000 athletes to Israel from 37 nations to compete in 28 sports. Twenty years after his first appearance in the Maccabiah, Olympic Champion Mark Spitz returned to Israel to carry the Opening Ceremony’s Torch into Ramat Gan Stadium. He was accompanied by Shirli Shapiro, Anok Spitzer, and Shlomit Romano, seven mens and 14 womens records were broken in swimming, with the U. S. team winning all but three of the gold medals in this category. Twelve new mens records and 7 new womens records were broken in track, the U. S. won 109 gold medals,90 silver medals, and 74 bronze medals, slightly fewer than half of the medals won by all other countries combined. Mark Berger, who had won a medal at the Olympics the year prior. A Junior Maccabiah was held for the first time, the number in parentheses indicates the number of participants that community contributed. Summaries of each of the Games
31.
1989 Maccabiah Games
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The 1989 13th Maccabiah Games brought 4,500 athletes to Israel from 45 nations. Jewish athletes from Hungary participated for the first time since World War II, Jewish athletes from Russia had been permitted, by their country, Lithuania competed in first and second games, but had to stop because of occupation by Soviet Union. In 1989 Lithuania reentered the games and it was the first time after occupation when athletes from Lithuania participated under Lithuanian flag in competition recognized by IOC, american Ken Flax won the gold medal in the hammer throw with a 78.86 meter toss. Israeli Ron Kaplan won a medal in the gymnastics individual all-around competition. Israel won 97 golden medals, while United States finished second with 74 golds, the closing ceremony was held at the Western Wall in Jerusalem for the first time. Summaries of each of the Games
32.
1993 Maccabiah Games
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The 1993 Maccabiah Games was the 14th installment of the Maccabiah Games and brought 5,100 athletes to Israel from 48 nations. Jewish athletes from Poland, Bulgaria, and Czechoslovakia participated for the first time after World War II, athletes from the eight Republics of the former Soviet Union also participated. A giant torch has been fixed in the National Stadium for this games, yael Arad, who had won a silver medal for Israel in judo at the Barcelona Olympics in 1992, lit the Maccabiah torch. The number in parentheses indicates the number of participants that community contributed, summaries of each of the Games
33.
1997 Maccabiah Games
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The 1997 Maccabiah Games are remembered for being marred by a bridge collapse that killed several participants. The 15th Maccabiah had more than 5,000 athletes from 33 countries competing in 36 sports, new sports for the Games included beach volleyball, ice hockey, and taekwondo. Four Australians, Greg Small, Elizabeth Sawicki, Yetty Bennett, after the accident, both the Opening Ceremony and the Games themselves continued with spectators in the stadium not given any information as to what had happened. The ceremony was delayed, and then only the torch lighting aspect of the ceremony took place, spectators became aware that something was wrong when none of the scheduled events took place, including the march of the athletes, and when they listened to the radio. Many inquests were completed into the collapse of the bridge by both Israeli and Australian authorities and Yoram Eyal was convicted has his culpability in the incident. To commemorate the anniversary of the disaster, on July 20,2007. Michael Halika of Israel who won the 800m Freestyle and the 400m Individual Medley,1992 Olympian Tamara Levinson earned 5 golds in rhythmic gymnastics. The number in parentheses indicates the number of participants that community contributed, summaries of each of the Games
34.
2001 Maccabiah Games
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For the 2001 16th Maccabiah Games, the Opening Ceremony was held in Jerusalem at Teddy Stadium, while the re-building process of the collapsed bridge and investigations into the collapse continued. The 16th Maccabiah attracted more than 5,000 athletes from 46 countries, over 25,000 people were at the stadium for the opening ceremony. Keren Leibovitch, an Israeli paralympic swimmer who had won three medals at the 2000 Paralympics, was given the honor of lighting the torch at the Games at Teddy Stadium in Jerusalem. Junior futsal and girls soccer were new sports, the same fire of freedom and faith, which was not extinguished during 2,000 years, is, today, passed on to you. You represent the spirit of the Maccabees who fought for Jerusalem and for Jewish rights, gold medalist Lenny Krayzelburg of the United States set a new record in the 100-meter backstroke. He also won a medal in the 4 X 100M medley relay. Krayzekburg was chosen by the US team to carry their flag at the opening ceremony, russian fencers Sergey Sharikov and Maria Mazina won gold medals in mens sabre and womens foil. Vadim Gutzeit of Ukraine, who nine years earlier won an Olympic gold medal in sabre, won a silver medal in sabre. Jonathan Tiomkin of the US, who later was a Pan American Games gold medalist, won medals in team foil. The number in parentheses indicates the number of participants that community contributed, 16th Maccabiah Concludes with Colorful Ceremony,2001
35.
2005 Maccabiah Games
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The 2005 Maccabiah Games, held in Israel, were the 17th incarnation of the Jewish Olympics. Israel ended the games at the top of the count with 228 gold medals. The United States was second with 71 gold medals, while Russia came in third with 15, vadim Gutzeit of Ukraine, an Olympic gold medal winner in team sabre, won gold medals in individual and team sabre. Two-time Olympic gold medal winner Sergey Sharikov of Russia won the medal in sabre. In fencing, two-time Pan American Games gold medalist Dan Kellner won the medal in foil for the US. In womens tennis, Sharon Fichman of Canada won the medal at the age of 14, and also won a bronze medal in the women’s doubles. In womens basketball, Shay Doron, who two years signed with the WNBA New York Liberty, led the USA to a 5–0 record and a gold medal. In squash, Brian L. Roberts, the Chairman and CEO of Comcast Corporation, won a medal with the US team in his fourth Maccabiah. In soccer, Jonathan Bornstein, Benny Feilhaber, Leo Krupnik, Matt Reiswerg, the US lost to gold medal winner Israel, which played with their U-20 National Team. In karate the US Mens open team took gold and silver medals. The youth team took one silver and one bronze, in judo, 17-year-old Alice Schlesinger won a gold medal by defeating the world champion and former Israeli Daniella Krakower in the final. The sports featured at the 2005 Maccabiah Games are listed below, not all Jewish communities participated in the 2005 Maccabiah, as has been the case since 1950. Jewish communities in Arab countries, as well as the community in Iran, the number in parentheses indicates the number of participants that community contributed. Official Maccabiah XVII Unofficial Summaries of each of the Games Jewish virtual library The 17th Maccabiah Games – July 2005 “The Miracle in Israel”
36.
2009 Maccabiah Games
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The 2009 Maccabiah Games were the 18th incarnation of the Maccabiah Games, being held in July 2009. According to the organizing committee these were the largest games held yet and these Games are the worlds fifth largest sporting event, behind the Olympic Games, Commonwealth Games, World Police and Fire Games and Universiade. The American delegation arrived two weeks prior to the games to practice sessions at a cost of more than two and a half million dollars. Greco-Roman wrestler Lindsey Durlacher was the flagbearer for the US, US swimmer Jason Lezak won four gold medals, while setting four Maccabiah records, and was named the most outstanding male athlete of the Games. Chess grandmaster Judit Polgár from Hungary was named the Maccabiahs most outstanding athlete of the Games. American basketball player Dan Grunfeld led the US Open Mens Basketball team to a medal over Israel. Israeli Laetitia Beck won a gold medal and a team gold medal in golf at the Games. Israeli swimmer Amit Ivry won a medal in the Womens 100m butterfly. Brazilian Felipe Kitadai won a medal, beating Lindsey Durlacher along the way. The following are the 31 sports which were contested at these Games, official The 18th Maccabiah Photo Gallery at Picasa. com Unofficial Summaries of each of the Games
37.
2013 Maccabiah Games
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The 19th Maccabiah were the 19th incarnation of the Maccabiah Games, which took place July 18 to 30,2013. The games brought together 7500 athletes, making it the third largest international sporting event in the world after the Olympic Games, the Maccabiah held competitions in 42 disciplines in 34 sports. A number of new sports were introduced or brought back including Archery, Equestrian and Handball, the opening ceremonies for the 19th Maccabiah took place for the second time at the Teddy Stadium in Jerusalem. The games officially opened by Shimon Peres, US President Barack Obama greeted the Maccabiah through a prerecorded video. Prime Minister David Cameron also greeted the Maccabiah and team GB, during the parade of nations, giant helium balloons with the country the delegation represented accommodated each delegation. Coincidentally, the ceremony took place on Nelson Mandelas birthday. The South African delegation carried with them a banner reading, Celebrating our legacy – Mandela Day. U. S. Olympian Aly Raisman lit the Maccabiah cauldron, the opening ceremonies were celebrated with a number of popular musicians such as Rami Kleinstein and Harel Skaat. Additionally, the Grammy-winning, Israeli violinist Miri Ben-Ari and the The X Factor finalist Carly Rose Sonenclar also performed at the ceremony, marcel Felder of Uruguay won a gold medal in mens tennis. Israeli Laetitia Beck won both a gold medal and a team gold medal at the Games, shooting 69 in each of the three rounds, finishing 9-under,15 strokes ahead of her next competitor. Israeli sprinter Donald Sanford broke the Israeli record and won the medal in the 400 meter race with a time of 45.65. Israeli Alex Averbuch returned from retirement and won the medal in the pole vault. Israeli swimmer Amit Ivry won a medal in the Womens 100m freestyle. Israels Alex Tripolski won the medal in the 10 meter air pistol with a score of 571. Benjamin Feinman, from Davie, Florida, a recent high school graduate and this was the first no-hitter in the history of the Maccabiah Games. Team USA, which also had Israeli-American Dean Kremer pitching for it, went on to take the medal in baseball. Participating Teams Debuting countries The 2013 Maccabiah Games programme featured 34 sports encompassing 42 disciplines, official Maccabiah 2013 Opening Ceremony Info Unofficial Summaries of each of the Games
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1936 Maccabiah Games
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The 2nd Winter Maccabiah was the second edition of the Winter Maccabiah that took place from February 18 to 22 of 1936 in Banská Bystrica. The 2nd Winter Maccabiah was the last Winter Maccabiah to be held, after the 1st Winter Maccabiah which took place in 1933, a second Winter Maccabiah was organized for 1936. Banská Bystrica was chosen to host the Games, over 2,000 Jewish athletes participated in the games. Following the Germanys annexation of Czechoslovakia in 1939, no games were ever held. It wasnt until the collapse of Communism in 1989 that new Maccabi clubs were re-established in these areas, in 1996, on the sixtieth anniversary of the 2nd Winter Maccabiah, the Maccabi club of the Jewish community of Banská Bystrica established its own annual commemorative winter games
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History of the Maccabiah
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The History of the Maccabiah, a quadrennial International Jewish multi-sport event, dates back to 1912 and the Games of the V Olympiad. At the end of the 19th century, Jews in Europe werent allowed to take part in athletic competitions and were forbidden membership in sports associations. The vision for the Maccabiah started with Yosef Yekutieli, a Russian Jew that immigrated to Eretz Yisrael in 1909 with his family, in 1912 Yekutieli obtained a booklet about the Stockholm Olympics that held in 1912. The booklet included many Jewish athletes who participated in the name of their country and this booklet was the origin of Yekutielis idea, To help athletes in Eretz Yisrael participate in the Olympics. With the start of World War I, Yekutieli was recruited into the Turkish army, upon his return to Mandatory Palestine in 1918, Yekutieli returned to his job at the Eretz Yisrael Office. As a way to promote interest, Yekutieli proposed that the First Maccabiah should take place in time for the 1800th anniversary of the Bar Kochba Rebellion, the Maccabi Federation formed an organizing committee for the Maccabiah. The first Maccabiah, called the Maccabiada, was organized with the help of different sports organization, including the recently created Israeli football association. Many of the such as improvising sports sites and mobilize financial resources were driven by volunteers. Local communities took it upon themselves to raise the money to build a stadium in Tel Aviv, the last obstacle the committee had to overcome was the High Commissioner for Palestine, Sir John Chancellor. While Chancellor admired some Zionist leaders, his attitude towards Jews was negative. Chancellor refused to approve the Maccabiah, the Maccabiah, could not take place without the approval of the British Palestine High Commissioner. In the fall of 1931, Great Britain appointed Sir Arthur Grenfell Wauchope as the new High Commissioner of Palestine, the conditions were agreed on and the Maccabiada was scheduled for March 1932. In 1930, one delegation left Tel Aviv to Antwerp, Belgium, a year later a second delegation left Tel Aviv for London. Yekutieli also toured with that delegation, at the end of the tour, the group returned to Eretz Yisrael via Beirut. The 1st Maccabiah opened on March 28,1932, the Games were nicknamed White Horse Olympics because Tel Avivs Mayor Meir Dizengoff led a parade honoring the Games through the city streets while riding a white horse. During these first games 390 sportsmen took part from 18 countries, the games included everything from swimming, football, and handball, to various athletics. The games were regarded as a success and planning for its successor were already on their way by the end of that year. With the success of the first games, in 1933, with the help of Maccabi, Eretz Israel was formally invited to participate in the 1936 Olympics in Berlin - an invitation that was refused due to the growing fear of Nazi Germany
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Maccabiah sports
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Maccabiah sports are official sports contested at the Maccabiah by the International Maccabiah Committee. Recent Maccabiah games included over 40 different sports, within the Maccabiah, four separate competitions take place, Junior, Masters, Open, and Paralympics. Junior games are open to any qualifying athlete of age 15 to 18, the Masters games are designed for the older athletes from each deletion. Within the Masters games there are separate age classes, the open division is intended for the best athletes from each delegation and as such subject to the rules of the international governing body of that sport. The Maccabiah also hosts a paralympics division which hosts various paralympic, the paralympic swimming competitions at the Maccabiah cover all swimming stroke in the 50-meter and 100-meter events. The Maccabiah typically hosts a para table tennis competition which includes both paralympic standing and a paralympic wheelchair category, the Maccabiah also hosts other events such as the para-cycling, wheelchair basketball, and paralympics half marathon. Swimming has been part of the Maccabiah since the first Maccabiah in 1932, additionally, the Maccabiah games include open water competitions of 1,500 and 5,000 meters. Swimming competitions are conducted according to the rules of the International Swimming Federation, squash became an official sport in the 10th Maccabiah Games in 1977. The competition was held at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, which had two courts that were covered by a tin roof and open to the air and that year, the United States team consisted of the top Jewish hardball squash players in the country. The team was led by Glenn Whitman, former captain and number one player at Harvard University, other players included Len Bernheimer, a top ranked amateur who previously played in college at Williams, Roger Alcaly, and Bill Kaplan, captain of Harvards varsity squash team. Ice hockey entered the Maccabiah in 1997 with Canada winning the gold medal, the United States team was able to secure a silver place position. Ice hockey was not included in subsequent games but returned in 2013 as part of the 19th Maccabiah, the countries represented in three divisions were Canada, Israel, Russia, Ukraine and the USA. Canada won the Gold Medal in the Open Division after crushing USA 7-1, Canada also won the Gold Medal in the Juniors Division defeating USA 3-2. USA, however got some payback in the Masters Division as they defeated Canada 7-4, chess has been recognized as a sport and was included in the 2nd Maccabiah. During the 50s and 60s chess disappeared from the games, chess was renewed at the 10th Maccabiah in 1977 and has grown considerably ever since. In the 17th Maccabiah, a Super-Tournament took place, a check denotes the program took place in that edition of the Maccabiah. An X mark denotes the games were not available for that edition of the Maccabiah. A bullet denotes the program was available, however for one or more reasons the competition did not take place
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The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
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