1.
Geilo
–
Geilo is a centre in the municipality of Hol in Norway, in the valley of Hallingdal, with around 2,300 inhabitants. The Bergen Line facilitated Geilos development as the first skiing resort in the country and it is also famous for having some of the most luxurious and expensive holiday cabins in Norway. Geilo is primarily a ski town, but also offers summer activities. Geilo is in a valley with mountain ranges on each side, the center of the town lies at 800 meters above sea level, and its highest point is 1178 meters above sea level. It is 250 km from Oslo and 260 km from Bergen, Geilo train station with roughly five trains a day connects to either Bergen or Oslo. The closest airport is Geilo Airport, Dagali, while the closest airport that accepts international flights is Fagernes Airport, Geilo has three lakes, Slåttahølen, Vestlefjorden, and Ustedalsfjorden, by far the largest of the three. The ski resort is named after the old farm Gjeilo, the name is the dative plural of geil f fenced road for cattle. The ski season in Geilo is from late October until late April, Geilo has numerous small ski centres that make up one resort, which goes by the name Geilo Skiheiser. This includes slopes on the side of the valley, Havsdalen over the back side of the mountain. All the ski hires offer free helmet rental for children, which is an excellent safety measure for worried parents, Geilo Skiheiser has 39 slopes covering 33 km accessed by 20 lifts. Geilolia skisenter tends to have the green and blue runs and is where the major ski school that operates in Geilo takes place, whereas Slaatta skisenter has the blue. There is also a cross country system in Geilo, offering 220 km of tracks. There are free pamphlets available showing the cross country trails and lengths, skiing options include alpine skiing, cross country skiing, telemarking, snowboarding, dog sledging, toboggan, ski orienteering, and evening skiing most evenings. Another activity that has very popular of late is kiting with the area around Geilo being rated among the best in the world. You will also see paragliders floating down from the top of the slopes with courses run in the area occasionally, both sides offer a big air bag where all with twin-tip skis or snowboards can jump onto an enormous air bag. This is a hit with people of all ages, with children as young as 4 having a go, getting to Geilo is easy as the main rail line between Oslo and Bergen runs right through the centre of town. There are also bus routes from Oslo and Bergen as an alternative, accommodation is not overly expensive with most hotels and cabins being listed on the internet and offering special prices out of the high season times. If travelling with friends, consider renting a cabin which can sleep up to 18 people, with 4 supermarkets in Geilo, and food prices not too far removed from other European countries, it can be a surprisingly affordable and refreshing change to the standard Hotel experience
Geilo
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The ski area behind Geilo, as seen from the Geilolia (Vestlia) side of the valley
Geilo
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Cross country track at Havsdalen
2.
Norway
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The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered part of the Kingdom. Norway also lays claim to a section of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land, until 1814, the kingdom included the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland. It also included Isle of Man until 1266, Shetland and Orkney until 1468, Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres and a population of 5,258,317. The country shares a long border with Sweden. Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east, Norway has an extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea. King Harald V of the Dano-German House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway, erna Solberg became Prime Minister in 2013, replacing Jens Stoltenberg. A constitutional monarchy, Norway divides state power between the Parliament, the Cabinet and the Supreme Court, as determined by the 1814 Constitution, the kingdom is established as a merger of several petty kingdoms. By the traditional count from the year 872, the kingdom has existed continuously for 1,144 years, Norway has both administrative and political subdivisions on two levels, counties and municipalities. The Sámi people have an amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the Sámi Parliament. Norway maintains close ties with the European Union and the United States, the country maintains a combination of market economy and a Nordic welfare model with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system. Norway has extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood, the petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the countrys gross domestic product. On a per-capita basis, Norway is the worlds largest producer of oil, the country has the fourth-highest per capita income in the world on the World Bank and IMF lists. On the CIAs GDP per capita list which includes territories and some regions, from 2001 to 2006, and then again from 2009 to 2017, Norway had the highest Human Development Index ranking in the world. It also has the highest inequality-adjusted ranking, Norway ranks first on the World Happiness Report, the OECD Better Life Index, the Index of Public Integrity and the Democracy Index. Norway has two names, Noreg in Nynorsk and Norge in Bokmål. The name Norway comes from the Old English word Norðrveg mentioned in 880, meaning way or way leading to the north. In contrasting with suðrvegar southern way for Germany, and austrvegr eastern way for the Baltic, the Anglo-Saxon of Britain also referred to the kingdom of Norway in 880 as Norðmanna land. This was the area of Harald Fairhair, the first king of Norway, and because of him
Norway
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The
helmet found at Gjermundbu near
Haugsbygd,
Buskerud, is the only
Viking Age helmet that has been found.
Norway
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Flag
Norway
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The
Gokstad ship at the
Viking Ship Museum in
Oslo, Norway
Norway
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The
Battle of the Sound between an allied Dano-Norwegian–
Dutch fleet and the Swedish navy, 8 November 1658 (29 October
O.S.)
3.
Olav V of Norway
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Olav V was King of Norway from 1957 until his death. Olav was the child of Haakon VII and Maud of Wales. He became heir apparent to the Norwegian throne when his father was elected King of Norway in 1905. He was the first heir to the Norwegian throne to be brought up in Norway since Olav IV, in preparation for his future role, he attended both civilian and military schools. In 1929, he married his first cousin Princess Märtha of Sweden, during World War II his leadership was much appreciated and he was appointed Norwegian Chief of Defence in 1944. At his death in 1991, he was the last surviving grandchild of Edward VII of the United Kingdom, due to his considerate, down-to-earth style, King Olav was immensely popular, resulting in the nickname Folkekongen. In a 2005 poll by the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation, Olav was voted Norwegian of the century, Olav was a Danish prince born in Appleton House on the royal Sandringham Estate, Flitcham, United Kingdom. He was named Alexander Edward Christian Frederik, when his father was elected king of Norway, he took the Norwegian name Haakon VII, and on the day he was inaugurated, he gave his son the Norwegian name Olav. Olav was the first heir to the throne since medieval times to have raised in Norway. Unlike his father, who was an officer, Olav chose to complete his main military education in the army. He graduated from the three-year Norwegian Military Academy in 1924, with the fourth best score in his class, Olav then went on to study jurisprudence and economics for two years at Balliol College, Oxford. During the 1930s, Crown Prince Olav was a naval cadet serving on the training ship Olav Tryggvason. Olav moved upwards in the ranks of the Norwegian armed forces, rising in the army from a rank of first lieutenant, to captain in 1931. Olav jumped from the Holmenkollen ski jump in Oslo, and also competed in sailing regattas and he won a gold medal in sailing at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam and remained an active sailor into old age. On 21 March 1929 in Oslo, he married his first cousin Princess Märtha of Sweden with whom he had two daughters, Ragnhild and Astrid and one son, Harald. As exiles during World War II, Crown Princess Märtha and the children lived in Washington. She died in 1954, before her husband ascended the throne, as Crown Prince, Olav had received extensive military training and had participated in most major Norwegian military exercises. Because of this he was one of the most knowledgeable Norwegian military leaders and was respected by other Allied leaders for his knowledge
Olav V of Norway
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Olav V
Olav V of Norway
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Crown Prince Olav, 1907
Olav V of Norway
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Crown Prince Olav arrives in Norway in 1905 on his father's arm and is greeted by
Prime Minister Christian Michelsen
Olav V of Norway
–
Drawing, 1906, by
Andreas Bloch
4.
1976 Winter Paralympics
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The 1976 Winter Paralympic Games were the first Winter Paralympics. They were held in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden, from 21 to 28 February 1976, the disabilities included in this Paralympics were blindness and amputees. Sixteen countries took part with 53 athletes, there were competitions in Alpine and Nordic skiing for amputee and visually impaired athletes, and a demonstration event in ice sledge racing. Originally known as the 1st Winter Olympic Games for the Disabled, the games consisted of 2 sports. Alpine skiing Cross-country skiing The top 10 NPCs by number of gold medals are listed below, in brackets is the number of athletes per nation. 1976 Winter Olympics 1976 Summer Paralympics International Paralympic Committee The event at SVTs open archive
1976 Winter Paralympics
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I Winter Paralympics
5.
1984 Winter Paralympics
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The 1984 Winter Paralympic Games were the third Winter Paralympics. They were held from 15 to 21 January 1984 in Innsbruck and they were the first Winter Games organized by the International Co-ordinating Committee, which was formed on March 15,1982, in Leysin, Switzerland. These Games were accessible for all athletes with cerebral palsy, for the first time, an exhibition event was held at the Olympic Winter Games in Sarajevo and 30 male three-track skiers took part in the Giant Slalom event. Three sports were contested, alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, the most successful athlete was German alpine skier Reinhild Moeller, who won 3 gold medals and 1 silver medal. The Games, then known as the Third World Winter Games for the Disabled, were sanctioned by the International Olympic Committee. Alpine skiing Ice sledge speed racing Cross-country skiing The top 10 NPCs by number of gold medals are listed below,1984 Winter Olympics 1984 Summer Paralympics International Paralympic Committee The event at SVTs open archive
1984 Winter Paralympics
–
III Winter Paralympics
6.
1980 Summer Paralympics
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The 1980 Summer Paralympics were the sixth Paralympic Games. They were held in Arnhem, Netherlands, from June 21 to 30,1980, the Soviet Union, hosts of the 1980 Summer Olympics, were invited to host these Paralympics. However, disability sport was not yet well-developed there, and they passed, notoriously, Soviet Paralympic teams were first represented in the 1988 Summer and Winter Games, the last while the Soviet Union was extant. The first Paralympics on former Soviet territory would be in 2014, there was controversy during the preparation for these Games over the inclusion of a team from South Africa. In the Netherlands, public and official opinion was against the inclusion of the South African team, the Dutch Parliament was negative as well. Eventually, the parliament decided against allowing the participation of the South African team, Dutch organisers also increased visibility through their fundraising. Building a fund that would hold a surplus years after the games and this would naturally find its expression in the International Fund Sport Disabled, supporting the future of the paralympic movement in the 1980s. Competitors were divided into four disability categories, amputee, cerebral palsy, visually impaired and it was the first time that cerebral palsy athletes competed in the Paralympics. Volleyball was added to the program as a new sport, forty-three delegations took part in the Arnhem Paralympics. Prior to the Games, the States General of the Netherlands, as host country, adopted a motion declaring South Africas participation undesirable, due to its policy of apartheid. The 1980 Games thus marked South Africas first absence from the Summer Paralympics since it had joined the movement in 1964, the United States and other countries boycotted the Olympics because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan but they did not boycott the Paralympics. The Netherlands decision thus corrected the anomaly whereby South Africa had been banned from the Olympic movement since 1960, the top 10 NPCs by number of gold medals are listed below. The host nation, Netherlands, is highlighted,1980 Summer Olympics 1980 Winter Paralympics International Paralympic Committee
1980 Summer Paralympics
–
VI Paralympic Games
7.
1984 Summer Paralympics
–
The 1984 International Games for the Disabled, canonically the 1984 Summer Paralympics were the seventh Paralympic Games to be held. Stoke Mandeville had been the location of the Stoke Mandeville Games from 1948 onwards, as with the 1984 Summer Olympics, the Soviet Union and other communist countries except China, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Yugoslavia boycotted the Paralympic Games. Rosenthal continues by slamming the work by the Police Chief claiming the Chief took the tack of anything that was suggested to sort out the mess. However, overall reports and the impression given off by the games was a friendly atmosphere. The mascot for the 1984 Paralympic Games was Dan D. Lion, patchy showers greeted the 14000 spectators packed into the Mitchel Park stadium for the 2pm start of the New York Games opening ceremony on the 19th June. New York radio personality William B. Williams introduced everyone with a welcome speech, entertainers such as Bill Buzzeo and the Dixie Ramblers, Richie Havens, The New Image Drum and Bugle Corps, the ARC Gospel Chorus and the Square Dance Extravaganza followed the introduction speech. Commander Archie Cameron, President of ICC officially closed the games with a speech acknowledging the athletes. Competitors were divided into five categories, amputee, cerebral palsy, visually impaired, wheelchair. The wheelchair category was for competitors who used a wheelchair due to a spinal cord disability. However some athletes in the amputee and cerebral palsy categories also competed in wheelchairs, within the sport of athletics, a wheelchair marathon event was held for the first time. The Trails for the first wheelchair event to be held at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games was held in conjunction with the New York Games. However, despite the long and established history of using paralympic terminology, the seventeen contested sports are listed below, along with the disability categories which competed in each. Fifty-four delegations took part in the 1984 Paralympics,1984 Summer Olympics 1984 Winter Paralympics International Paralympic Committee
1984 Summer Paralympics
–
VII Paralympic Games
8.
Winter Paralympics
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The Winter Paralympic Games is an international multi-sport event where athletes with physical disabilities compete. This includes athletes with mobility disabilities, amputations, blindness, the Winter Paralympic Games are held every four years directly following the Winter Olympic Games. The Winter Paralympics are also hosted by the city hosted the Winter Olympics. The International Paralympic Committee oversees the Winter Paralympics, medals are awarded in each event, with gold medals for first place, silver for second and bronze for third, following the tradition that the Olympic Games started in 1904. The Winter Paralympics began in 1976 in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden and those Games were the first Paralympics that featured athletes other than wheelchair athletes. The Games have expanded and grown to be part of the largest international sporting event after the Olympic Games, given their expansion the need for a very specific classification system has arisen. This system has given rise to controversy and opened the door for cheating. Winter Paralympians have also been convicted of use and other forms of cheating unique to Paralympic athletes. The origins of the Winter Paralympics are similar to the Summer Paralympics, injured soldiers returning from World War II sought sports as an avenue to healing. Over 400 wheelchair athletes competed at the 1960 Paralympic Games, which known as the first Paralympics. Sepp Zwicknagl, a pioneer of sports for disabled athletes, was a double-leg amputee Austrian skier who experimented skiing using prosthetics. His work helped pioneer technological advances for people with disabilities who wished to participate in winter sports, advances were slow and it was not until 1974 that the first official world ski competition for physically impaired athletes, featuring downhill and a cross-country skiing, was held. The first Winter Paralympics were held in 1976 at Örnsköldsvik, Sweden from February 21–28, Alpine and Nordic skiing for amputees and visually impaired athletes where the main events but ice sledge racing was included as a demonstration event. There were 198 participating athletes from 16 countries, and it was the first time athletes with other than wheelchair athletes were permitted to compete. Starting in 1988 the Summer Paralympics were held in the same host city as the Summer Olympic Games and this was due to an agreement reached between the International Olympic Committee and the International Paralympic Committee. The 1992 Winter Paralympics were the first Winter Games to use the facilities as the Winter Olympics. Athletes have cheated by over-representing impairment to have an advantage. German skier Thomas Oelsner became the first Winter Paralympian to test positive for steroids in 2002 and he had won two gold medals in the alpine events but was stripped of his medals
Winter Paralympics
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Winter Paralympic Games
Winter Paralympics
–
Paralympic Games
Winter Paralympics
–
Paralympian
Andy Soule in the 12.5 km cross-country race at the
2010 Winter Olympics
Winter Paralympics
–
Ice sledge hockey game at the
2010 Winter Paralympics
9.
Countries
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A country is a region that is identified as a distinct national entity in political geography. Sometimes the word countries is used to both to sovereign states and to other political entities, while other times it refers only to states. The word country comes from Old French contrée, itself derived from Vulgar Latin contrata and it most likely entered the English language after the Franco-Norman invasion during the 11th century. Areas much smaller than a state may be called by names such as the West Country in England, the Black Country, Constable Country. In many European countries the words are used for sub-divisions of the territory, as in the German Bundesländer. The modern Italian contrada is a word with its meaning varying locally, the term country is frequently used to refer to sovereign states. There is no agreement on the number of countries in the world. There are 206 sovereign states, of which 193 states are members of the United Nations, all are defined as states by declarative theory of statehood and constitutive theory of statehood. The latest proclaimed state is South Sudan in 2011, the Kingdom of Denmark, a sovereign state, comprises Metropolitan Denmark and two nominally separate countries—the Faroe Islands, and Greenland—which are almost fully internally self-governing. The Kingdom of the Netherlands, a state, comprises four separate countries, Netherlands, Aruba, Curaçao. The degree of autonomy of non-sovereign countries varies widely, some are possessions of sovereign states, as several states have overseas territories, with citizenry at times identical and at times distinct from their own
Countries
–
Topographical map of
Europe
10.
Sportsperson
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An athlete or sportsman is a person who is good at a sport and competes in one or more sports that involve physical strength, speed or endurance. The terms application to those who participate in activities, such as horse riding or driving, is somewhat controversial. Athletes may be professionals or amateurs, most professional athletes have particularly well-developed physiques obtained by extensive physical training and strict exercise accompanied by a strict dietary regimen. The word athlete is a romanization of the Greek, άθλητὴς, athlētēs, one who participates in a contest, from ἄθλος, áthlos, or ἄθλον, áthlon, athletes involved in isotonic exercises have an increased mean left ventricular end-diastolic volume and are less likely to be depressed. Due to their strenuous physical activities, athletes are far more likely than the population to visit massage salons and pay for services from massage therapists. An all-around athlete is a person who competes in sports at a high level. Examples of people who played numerous sports professionally include Jim Thorpe, Lionel Conacher, Deion Sanders, Danny Ainge and Babe Zaharias. Others include Ricky Williams, Bo Jackson, and Damon Allen, japanese athletes such as Kazushi Sakuraba, Kazuyuki Fujita, Masakatsu Funaki and Naoya Ogawa have successfully competed in both professional wrestling and mixed martial arts. The title of Worlds Greatest Athlete traditionally belongs to the worlds top competitor in the decathlon and heptathlon in track and field. The decathlon consists of 10 events,100 meters, long jump, shot put, high jump,400 meters,110 m hurdles, discus, pole vault, javelin, and 1500 m. The heptathlon consists of seven events, the 100 m hurdles, high jump, shot put,200 meters, long jump, javelin, and 800 meters. These competitions require an athlete to possess the whole spectrum of ability in order to be successful including speed, strength, coordination, jumping ability. Although the title Worlds Greatest Athlete seems a natural fit for these two events, its association with the decathlon/heptathlon officially began with Jim Thorpe. During the 1912 Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden, Thorpe won the medal in the Decathlon. Thorpe notably also competed professionally in soccer, baseball, American Football, and basketball, and competed collegiately in track and field, soccer, baseball, lacrosse, and did ballroom dancing. King Gustav V of Sweden, while awarding Thorpe the decathlon gold said, You and that title has become associated with the decathlon event ever since. Outdoor enthusiast Jock Athlete of the Year Suresh Joachim Multiple Guinness World Record holder
Sportsperson
–
Jim Thorpe at the
1912 Summer Olympics
11.
International Stoke Mandeville Games Federation
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The International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Federation is an international sports organisation that governs sports for athletes with physical impairments. IWAS provides support to developing sports and nations to cultivate the sporting opportunities available across the world, IWAS acts as a multi-sport competition organiser in the form of the IWAS World Games and IWAS Under 23 World Games. IWAS was formed in 2005 following a merger of the International Stoke Mandeville Wheelchair Sports Federation, ISOD had been founded by the International War Veterans Association in 1964. The Games offer the athletes of the 65+ IWAS Member Nations international competition opportunities in promotion of the Paralympic movement, IWAS remains a vital mechanism in the Paralympic movement through its international pathway from grassroot sport to elite Paralympic inclusion
International Stoke Mandeville Games Federation
–
International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Federation
International Stoke Mandeville Games Federation
–
Logo of the former organization International Stoke Mandeville Wheelchair Sports Federation (ISMWSF)
12.
International Sports Federation of the Disabled
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The International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Federation is an international sports organisation that governs sports for athletes with physical impairments. IWAS provides support to developing sports and nations to cultivate the sporting opportunities available across the world, IWAS acts as a multi-sport competition organiser in the form of the IWAS World Games and IWAS Under 23 World Games. IWAS was formed in 2005 following a merger of the International Stoke Mandeville Wheelchair Sports Federation, ISOD had been founded by the International War Veterans Association in 1964. The Games offer the athletes of the 65+ IWAS Member Nations international competition opportunities in promotion of the Paralympic movement, IWAS remains a vital mechanism in the Paralympic movement through its international pathway from grassroot sport to elite Paralympic inclusion
International Sports Federation of the Disabled
–
International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Federation
International Sports Federation of the Disabled
–
Logo of the former organization International Stoke Mandeville Wheelchair Sports Federation (ISMWSF)
13.
Alpine skiing at the 1980 Winter Paralympics
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Alpine skiing at the 1980 Winter Paralympics consisted of 22 events,12 for men and 10 for women. Medal Standings - Geilo 1980 Paralympic Winter Games, IPC Historical Results Database, International Paralympic Committee Winter Sport Classification, Canadian Paralympic Committee
Alpine skiing at the 1980 Winter Paralympics
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Alpine skiing at the II Paralympic Winter Games
14.
1980 Winter Paralympics medal table
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The ranking in this table is based on information provided by the International Paralympic Committee and is consistent with IPC convention in its published medal tables. By default, the table is ordered by the number of medals the athletes from a nation have won. The number of medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals. If nations are tied, equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically by IPC country code. Host country To sort this table by nation, total medal count, or any other column, medal Standings - Geilo 1980 Paralympic Winter Games. 1980 Winter Olympics medal table 1980 Summer Paralympics medal table International Paralympic Committee
1980 Winter Paralympics medal table
–
Summer Games
1980 Winter Paralympics medal table
–
To sort this table by nation, total medal count, or any other column, click on the icon next to the column title.
15.
National Paralympic Committee
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A National Paralympic Committee is a national constituent of the worldwide Paralympic movement. Subject to the controls of the International Paralympic Committee, NPCs are responsible for organizing their peoples participation in the Paralympic Games, there are Winter and Summer Paralympic Games, which are held immediately following their respective Olympic Games, in the same host city. As of 2012, there are 174 NPC members of the IPC, only NPCs in good standing may enter athletes in the Paralympic Games. Within countries, some NPCs serve as the governing body for one or more sports
National Paralympic Committee
–
Paralympic Games
16.
Norway at the 1980 Winter Paralympics
–
Norway sent a delegation to the second Winter Paralympics in 1980 in Geilo, Norway. The country was represented by thirty seven athletes, the second most of any nation after Austria and they sent twenty seven men and ten women. Norway won fifty four medals, the most of any country at the games and they won twenty three gold medals, twenty one silver and ten bronze. Norway was able to send athletes of all physical disabilities, as all classes of athletes with disabilities were able to participate
Norway at the 1980 Winter Paralympics
17.
1980 Winter Olympics
–
This was the second time the Upstate New York village hosted the Games, after 1932. The only other candidate city to bid for the Games was Vancouver-Garibaldi, British Columbia, Canada, which withdrew before the final vote The mascot of the Games was Roni, the mask-like rings on a raccoons face recall the goggles and hats worn by many athletes in winter sports. The selection process for the 1980 Winter Olympics consisted of one bid, from Lake Placid and it was selected at the 75th IOC Session in Vienna on October 13,1974. The United States teams 4–3 win over the Soviet team, which came into the 1980 Games having won 4 consecutive Olympic gold medals, became known as the Miracle on Ice in the US press. The win captured the hearts of Americans during a time of Cold War tensions, heiden became the first to ever win all five speed skating events and is still the only athlete to win 5 gold medals at one Winter Games. Swedens Ingemar Stenmark won both the giant slalom and the slalom, hanni Wenzel won the womens giant slalom and slalom, making Liechtenstein the smallest country to produce an Olympic champion. Ulrich Wehling of East Germany and Irina Rodnina of the USSR won their events for the third time, Wehling in Nordic combined. Aleksandr Tikhonov of the USSR earned his fourth gold medal as part of the 4 x 7. 5m biathlon relay team. Nikolay Zimyatov of the USSR earned three medals in cross-country skiing. Robin Cousins won gold for Great Britain in the singles figure skating. East Germany won the most medals overall but had fewer golds than the USSR and this led the International Ski Federation to time all events to the nearest 1/10 second in the future. Although they did not get any medals, the Peoples Republic of China entered the Olympics Games for the first time after the IOC agreed to designate the Republic of China Chinese Taipei, Lake Placid 1980 marked the first use of artificial snow in Olympic competition. Lake Placid 1980 was the last Olympics to be opened by the Vice President of the United States, there were 38 events contested in 6 sports. Van Hoevenberg Bob and Luge Run – Bobsleigh, Luge Olympic Center – Figure skating, Ice hockey, Closing ceremonies James B. The supply and demand for event tickets never merged, as would-be buyers were unable to buy unsold tickets because only those who already had a ticket could enter ticket-sales areas at venues. Unsold tickets are still being sold as souvenirs at several local tourist shops, the former Will Rogers Memorial Hospital was briefly used as press headquarters. United States President Jimmy Carter had already called for the boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, nevertheless, the USSR and its allies participated. Cyprus made their Olympic debut at the games, the Peoples Republic of China and Costa Rica both made their Winter Olympic debut
1980 Winter Olympics
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The Olympic cauldron
1980 Winter Olympics
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The emblem is a line that forms the Adirondacks, which becomes a column on the left, paying tribute the ancient Olympic games. The top of the column is serrated to hold the Olympic rings. This represents a double cauldron, acknowledging that the Olympics were also held in Lake Placid in 1932.
1980 Winter Olympics
–
The
Ski Jumping Complex.
1980 Winter Olympics
–
Two gold and bronze Olympic medals from XIII Olympic Winter Games
18.
International Paralympic Committee
–
The International Paralympic Committee is an international non-profit organisation and the global governing body for the Paralympic Movement. The IPC organizes the Paralympic Games and functions as the federation for nine sports. Founded on 22 September 1989 in Düsseldorf, Germany, its mission is To enable Paralympic athletes to achieve sporting excellence and inspire, furthermore, the IPC wants to promote the Paralympic values and to create sport opportunities for all persons with a disability, from beginner to elite level. The IPCs headquarters is located in Bonn, Germany, in the upcoming years, other organizations joined and the need for a democratically guided organization emerged, demanded by the nations participating in the Paralympic Movement. They desired a democratic structure, to national and regional representation. The 1994 Winter Paralympics, Norway, were the first to be organized by the IPC, the word Paralympic derives from the Greek preposition para. and Olympics. The first connotation connected to the para was paralysis or paraplegia. But since the Paralympics cover different disability groups and the association to the Olympic Movement. A fifteen-member Governing Board oversees the IPC between meetings of the General Assembly, dr. Robert D. Steadward became the first President in 1989. Since 2001, Sir Philip Craven is President of the IPC, the number of athletes and nations participating in the Paralympic Games and thus being part of the Paralympic Movement is constantly increasing, along with the audience. Sport for persons with a disability is growing on a national and international level, the International Paralympic Committee has had two presidents to date. Its founding president, who presided it from 1989 to 2001, was the Canadian Robert Steadward and he was succeeded in 2001 by Philip Craven, a British former Paralympic athlete, who remains president as of 2016. The IPC Governing Board consists of 14 members elected at the General Assembly, including the President, two members of the board without voting rights are the co-opted member Bernard Bourigeaud, and the CEO Xavier Gonzalez. The IPC has a board of distinguished individuals who support the IPCs goals and use their profile to raise funds. Chronology of milestones in the development of the International Paralympic Committee, the IPC publishes The Paralympian three times a year. The London 2012 Paralympics and other events related to the Paralympic Movement can be watched on the Internet TV channel for Paralympic Sports created by the IPC. The agreement came into effect at the 2008 Paralympic Summer Games in Beijing, the agreement was adjusted in 2003. An extension was signed in June 2006, a further extension was signed in 2012, valid until 2020
International Paralympic Committee
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Headquarter Paralympic Committee in Bonn
International Paralympic Committee
–
Paralympic Games
19.
Swedish language
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Swedish is a North Germanic language, spoken natively by more than 9 million people predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, where it has equal legal standing with Finnish. It is largely mutually intelligible with Norwegian and Danish, along with the other North Germanic languages, Swedish is a descendant of Old Norse, the common language of the Germanic peoples living in Scandinavia during the Viking Era. It is currently the largest of the North Germanic languages by number of speakers, Standard Swedish, spoken by most Swedes, is the national language that evolved from the Central Swedish dialects in the 19th century and was well established by the beginning of the 20th century. While distinct regional varieties descended from the rural dialects still exist. The standard word order is, as in most Germanic languages, V2, Swedish morphology is similar to English, that is, words have comparatively few inflections. There are two genders, no cases, and a distinction between plural and singular. Older analyses posit the cases nominative and genitive and there are remains of distinct accusative and dative forms as well. Adjectives are compared as in English, and are inflected according to gender, number. The definiteness of nouns is marked primarily through suffixes, complemented with separate definite and indefinite articles, the prosody features both stress and in most dialects tonal qualities. The language has a large vowel inventory. Swedish is also notable for the voiceless velar fricative, a highly variable consonant phoneme. Swedish is an Indo-European language belonging to the North Germanic branch of the Germanic languages, by many general criteria of mutual intelligibility, the Continental Scandinavian languages could very well be considered dialects of a common Scandinavian language. In the 8th century, the common Germanic language of Scandinavia, Proto-Norse, had some changes. This language began to undergo new changes that did not spread to all of Scandinavia, the dialects of Old East Norse that were spoken in Sweden are called Runic Swedish while the dialects of Denmark are referred to as Runic Danish. The dialects are described as runic because the body of text appears in the runic alphabet. Unlike Proto-Norse, which was written with the Elder Futhark alphabet, Old Norse was written with the Younger Futhark alphabet, from 1200 onwards, the dialects in Denmark began to diverge from those of Sweden. An early change that separated Runic Danish from the dialects of Old East Norse was the change of the diphthong æi to the monophthong é. This is reflected in runic inscriptions where the older read stain, there was also a change of au as in dauðr into a long open ø as in døðr dead
Swedish language
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The initial page of the first complete copy of
Västgötalagen, the
law code of
Västergötland, from c. 1280. It is one of the earliest texts in Swedish written in the
Latin script.
Swedish language
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Major Swedish-speaking areas
Swedish language
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Front page of
Gustav Vasa 's Bible from 1541, using
Fraktur. The title translated to English reads: "The Bible / That is / The Holy Scripture / in Swedish. Printed in
Uppsala. 1541".
Swedish language
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August Strindberg, one of the most influential writers in modern Swedish literature.
20.
Paralympic Games
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There are Winter and Summer Paralympic Games, which since the 1988 Summer Games in Seoul, South Korea, are held almost immediately following the respective Olympic Games. All Paralympic Games are governed by the International Paralympic Committee, the Paralympics has grown from a small gathering of British World War II veterans in 1948 to become one of the largest international sporting events by the early 21st century. Paralympians strive for equal treatment with non-disabled Olympic athletes, but there is a funding gap between Olympic and Paralympic athletes. Given the wide variety of disabilities that Paralympic athletes have, there are categories in which the athletes compete. The allowable disabilities are broken down into ten eligible impairment types and these categories are further broken down into classifications, which vary from sport to sport. The first athlete to do so was German American gymnast George Eyser in 1904, hungarian Karoly Takacs competed in shooting events in both the 1948 and 1952 Summer Olympics. He was an amputee and could shoot left-handed. The first organized athletic day for disabled athletes that coincided with the Olympic Games took place on the day of the opening of the 1948 Summer Olympics in London, the first games were called the 1948 International Wheelchair Games, and were intended to coincide with the 1948 Olympics. Dr. Guttmans aim was to create a sports competition for people with disabilities that would be equivalent to the Olympic Games. The games were again at the same location in 1952. These early competitions, also known as the Stoke Mandeville Games, have described as the precursors of the Paralympic Games. There have been milestones in the Paralympic movement. The first official Paralympic Games, no longer open solely to war veterans, was held in Rome in 1960,400 athletes from 23 countries competed at the 1960 Games. Since 1960, the Paralympic Games have taken place in the year as the Olympic Games. The Games were initially only to athletes in wheelchairs, at the 1976 Summer Games, athletes with different disabilities were included for the first time at a Summer Paralympics. With the inclusion of more disability classifications the 1976 Summer Games expanded to 1,600 athletes from 40 countries, the 1988 Summer Paralympics in Seoul, South Korea, was another milestone for the Paralympic movement. It was in Seoul that the Paralympic Summer Games were held directly after the Olympic Summer Games, in the same host city and this set a precedent that was followed in 1992,1996 and 2000. It was eventually formalized in an agreement between the International Paralympic Committee and the International Olympic Committee in 2001, and was extended through 2020
Paralympic Games
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Sir
Ludwig Guttmann
Paralympic Games
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Summer Games
Paralympic Games
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IPC headquarters in
Bonn
Paralympic Games
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The
Paralympic flag
21.
List of Paralympic Games host cities
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Since the Paralympic Games began in 1960, there have been 15 Summer Paralympic Games held in 13 separate cities and 11 Winter Paralympic Games held in 10 separate cities. Three cities have hosted or are scheduled to host a Paralympic Games more than once, Innsbruck inedit 1984 and 1988, Beijing in 2008 and 2022, the United States has hosted a total of three games, more than any other country. Austria, Norway, Italy, United Kingdom and Canada have each hosted two games, japan will host its third games in 2020. The games have primarily been hosted on the continent of Europe, four games have been hosted in Asia and five in North America, and one game has been hosted in the region of Oceania. Rio de Janeiros winning bid for 2016 will be the third Americas host, no Paralympic Games have been hosted in the continents of Africa and Antarctica. Host cities are selected by the International Olympic Committee and the International Paralympic Committee, currently, they are selected seven years in advance. The selection process takes two years, in the first stage of the selection process, any city in the world may submit an application to become a host city. After ten months, the Executive Board of the IOC decides which of these applicant cities will become candidate cities based on the recommendation of a group that reviews the applications. In the second stage, the cities are investigated thoroughly by an Evaluation Commission. The host city is chosen by vote of the IOC Session. General Paralympic Games - Past Games, specific List of Olympic Games host cities
List of Paralympic Games host cities
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The opening ceremony of the
2004 Summer Paralympics in the Olympic Stadium in
Athens, Greece
List of Paralympic Games host cities
–
Paralympic Games
22.
List of IOC country codes
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The International Olympic Committee uses three-letter abbreviation country codes to refer to each group of athletes that participate in the Olympic Games. Several of the IOC codes are different from the standard ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 codes, other sporting organisations, such as FIFA, use similar country codes to refer to their respective teams, but with some differences. Still others, such as the Commonwealth Games Federation or Association of Tennis Professionals, the 1956 Winter Olympics and 1960 Summer Olympics were the first Games to feature Initials of Nations to refer to each NOC in the published official reports. However, the used at the next few Games were often based on the host nations language or based on the French name for the nation. By the 1972 Winter Olympics, most codes were standardized on the current usage, there are 206 current NOCs within the Olympic Movement. The following tables show the currently used code for each NOC and any different codes used in past Games, some of the past code usage is further explained in the following sections. Codes used specifically for a Summer Games only or a Winter Games only, fourteen historical NOCs or teams have codes that are still used in the IOC results database to refer to past medal winners from these teams. IRN was changed to IRI for Iran for the 1992 Games, ANZ is now used in the IOCs medal database to identify the team from Australasia, composed of athletes from both Australia and New Zealand for the 1908 and 1912 Games. By 1920, both nations competed separately, EUA is now used in the IOCs medal database to identify the United Team of Germany, composed of athletes representing the NOCs of both East Germany and West Germany for the 1956–1964 Games. At the time, the team was known as Germany in the official reports for those six Games. EUN was used in 1992 for the Unified Team, composed of athletes from most of the ex-republics of the Soviet Union. Only the Baltic states were able to compete as independent teams in 1992, IOP was used for Independent Olympic Participants at the 1992 Summer Olympics as a designation used for athletes from FR Yugoslavia who could not compete as a team due to United Nations sanctions. At the 1992 Summer Olympics IOP was used as a designation for athletes from the Republic of Macedonia too, IOP was also used during the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi by Indian athletes due to the Indian Olympic Association suspension. IOA was used for Individual Olympic Athletes in 2000, a used for athletes from Timor-Leste prior to the formation of its NOC. IOA was used again in the 2012 Games, when it stood for Independent Olympic Athletes, comprising athletes from the former Netherlands Antilles, the Netherlands Antilles Olympic Committees membership from the IOC was withdrawn the previous year, and South Sudan has not formed an NOC. IOA was used again in 2016 for athletes from Kuwait as a result of the suspension of its National Olympic Committee, IOC was used as the country code for Athletes from Kuwait at the 2010 Asian Games, as the Kuwait Olympic Committee was suspended. MIX is used as the code for Mixed NOCs at the Youth Olympics. ROT was the Refugee Olympic Team at the 2016 Summer Olympics for athletes to compete who have displaced from their home countries
List of IOC country codes
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The flag of the international Olympic movement
23.
All-time Paralympic Games medal table
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An all-time medal table for all Paralympic Games from 1960 to 2016 Summer Paralympic Games and 1976 to 2014 Winter Paralympic Games is tabulated below. The International Paralympic Committee itself does not publish all-time tables, and this table was thus compiled by adding up single entries from the IPC database. The results are attributed to the IPC country code as currently displayed by the IPC database, usually, a single code corresponds to a single National Paralympic Committee. When different codes are displayed for different years, medal counts are combined in the case of a change of IPC code or simple change of country name. As the medals are attributed to each NPC, not all totals include medals won by athletes from that country for another NPC, names in italic are national entities that no longer exist. The table is pre-sorted by the name of each Paralympic Committee, to sort by gold, silver, and then bronze sort first by the bronze column, then the silver, and then the gold. Medal totals in this table are current as of the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio National Paralympic Committees that have not yet won a Paralympic medal. All-time Olympic Games medal table Lists of Paralympic medalists List of multiple Paralympic gold medalists All-Time Medal-Tally as of Beijing 2008, International Paralympic Committee
All-time Paralympic Games medal table
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Paralympic Games
24.
Paralympic sports
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The Paralympic sports comprise all the sports contested in the Summer and Winter Paralympic Games. As of 2016, the Summer Paralympics was included 22 sports and 526 medal events, the number and kinds of events may change from one Paralympic Games to another. The Paralympic Games are a major international event for athletes with physical disabilities. This includes athletes with mobility disabilities, amputations, blindness, Paralympic sports refers to organized competitive sporting activities as part of the global Paralympic movement. These sports are organized and run under the supervision of the International Paralympic Committee, organized sport for persons with physical disabilities developed out of rehabilitation programs. Following World War II, in response to the needs of large numbers of injured ex-service members and civilians, sport for rehabilitation grew into recreational sport and then into competitive sport. The pioneer of this approach was Ludwig Guttmann of the Stoke Mandeville Hospital in England, in 1948, while the Olympic Games were being held in London, England, he organized a sports competition for wheelchair athletes at Stoke Mandeville. This was the origin of the Stoke Mandeville Games, which evolved into the modern Paralympic Games. At the national level, there are a range of organizations that take responsibility for Paralympic sport, including National Paralympic Committees, which are members of the IPC. Due to spinal-cord injury, spina bifida or polio, impaired passive range of movement - Range of movement in one or more joints is reduced in a systematic way. Acute conditions such as arthritis are not included, loss of limb or limb deficiency - A total or partial absence of bones or joints from partial or total loss due to illness, trauma, or congenital limb deficiency. Leg-length difference - Significant bone shortening occurs in one leg due to deficiency or trauma. Short stature - Standing height is reduced due to shortened legs, arms and trunk, Hypertonia - Hypertonia is marked by an abnormal increase in muscle tension and reduced ability of a muscle to stretch. Hypertonia may result from injury, disease, or conditions which damage to the central nervous system. Ataxia - Ataxia is an impairment that consists of a lack of coordination of muscle movements, Athetosis - Athetosis is generally characterized by unbalanced, involuntary movements and a difficulty maintaining a symmetrical posture. Visual Impairment - Athletes with visual impairment ranging from partial vision, sufficient to be judged legally blind and this includes impairment of one or more component of the visual system. The sighted guides for athletes with a visual impairment are such a close and essential part of the competition that the athlete with visual impairment, beginning in 2012, these guides (along with sighted goalkeepers in 5-a-side football became eligible to receive medals of their own. Intellectual Disability - Athletes with a significant impairment in intellectual functioning, the IPC primarily serves athletes with physical disabilities, but the disability group Intellectual Disability has been added to some Paralympic Games
Paralympic sports
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Ice Sledge Hockey: United States (blue shirts) vs Japan (white shirts) during the 2010 Paralympics in Vancouver.
Paralympic sports
–
Paralympic Games
Paralympic sports
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Archery:
Lindsey Carmichael from the United States, at the 2008 Paralympic Games in Beijing.
Paralympic sports
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Cycling:
Karissa Whitsell and
Mackenzie Woodring (
pilot) from the United States, compete in Beijing 2008
25.
Paralympic symbols
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The Paralympic symbols are the icons, flags and symbols used by the International Paralympic Committee to promote the Paralympic Games. The Paralympic motto is Spirit in Motion, the motto was introduced in 2004 at the Paralympic Games in Athens. The previous motto was Mind, Body, Spirit, introduced in 1994, the symbol of the Paralympic Games is composed of three agitos, coloured red, blue, and green, encircling a single point, on a white field. The agito is a symbol of movement in the shape of an asymmetrical crescent, the Paralympic symbol was created by the Scholz & Friends agency and approved in April 2003. The colours of the agitos with the white background stand for the three colours that are most widely represented in national flags around the world, the shape also symbolises the Paralympic vision To Enable Paralympic Athletes to Achieve Sporting Excellence and to Inspire and Excite the World. This Paralympic symbol was first used in publications and other products in 2003, due to limited time before the 2004 Paralympic Summer Games in Athens, the new symbol was not used by participating delegations during the Games. At the 2004 Closing Ceremony however, the flag that was handed over to Beijing had the new symbol, the symbol was first used in a Paralympic emblem at the 2006 Paralympic Winter Games in Torino. The first Paralympic flag used five pa arranged similarly to the Olympic Rings, but not interlocking, a new symbol created for the International Paralympic Committee in 1991 included six overlapping pa in a circle. In November 1991, the IPC members voted against the new symbol, however, the IOC made clear that it would refuse further collaboration with the IPC if the five-pa symbol remained in place. In March 1992, the Paralympic symbol was changed to a version utilizing only three pa, the three-pa version remained in place from the close of the Lillehammer Games through the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens, Greece. Each Paralympic Games has its own Paralympic emblem, the city that hosts the Paralympic Games creates a symbol to represent the event. See Category, Summer Paralympic Games and Category, Winter Paralympic Games for various Paralympic emblems and this design incorporates the Paralympic symbol, the name of the event, and one or more distinctive elements to identify the event. It is the responsibility of the International Paralympic Committee to approve Paralympic emblems for the Paralympic Games, the Paralympic emblems are used in promotional materials, by sponsors of the Paralympics, and on the uniforms of every Paralympic competitor. All emblems are the property of the IPC, atlanta 1996 – Nagano 1998 – Sydney 2000 – Three graphic shapes, portrays the Paralympic torch, echoes the sails of Sydneys Opera House. Salt Lake 2002 – Three distinct marks, A sphere over two broad fluid lines, Athens 2004 – Features the profile of an athlete—male or female—looking forward. Torino 2006 – Three graphic elements represent human figures creating an upward soaring movement, designed by the Benincasa-Husmann studio Beijing 2008 – Sky, Earth and Human Being, A figure of an athlete in motion, in the shape of the Chinese character zhi. The standard colours are green, magenta, orange and blue, created by designers at Wolff Olins. The emblem was released on the day as the emblem for the Olympic Games
Paralympic symbols
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Picture of the emblem for the
2012 Summer Paralympics in
London.
Paralympic symbols
–
Paralympic Games
Paralympic symbols
–
The Paralympic flag
Paralympic symbols
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View of the Paralympic cauldron alight in the night sky at the 2000 Summer Paralympics
26.
Summer Paralympic Games
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The Summer Paralympic Games or the Games of the Paralympiad, are an international multi-sport event, where athletes with physical disabilities compete. This includes athletes with mobility disabilities, amputations, blindness, the Paralympic Games are held every four years, organized by the International Paralympic Committee. Medals are awarded in each event, with medals for first place, silver for second and bronze for third. The United States and the United Kingdom have each hosted two Summer Paralympic Games, more than any other nation. Other countries that have hosted the summer Paralympics are Australia, Canada, China, Greece, Israel, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, South Korea, Spain, in the 2016 Summer Paralympics, Brazil will host the first Summer Games in South America in Rio de Janeiro. Tokyo will be the first city to host the Summer Paralympics more than once,1964 and 2020. Seven of those countries have won at least one medal at every Summer Paralympic Games, Australia, Austria, France, Great Britain, Italy, Netherlands. The United States have been the nation for eight of the Paralympic Summer Games,1964,1968,1976,1980,1984,1988,1992 and 1996. China have been the nation for the four most recent Games,2004,2008,2012 and 2016. Italy, West Germany and Australia have been the nation one time each. Qualification rules for each of the Paralympic sports are set by the International Federation that governs that sports international competition, the first official Paralympic Games, was held in Rome in 1960. 400 athletes from 23 countries competed at the 1960 Games though only athletes in wheelchairs competed, at the 1976 Summer Games athletes with different disabilities were included for the first time at a summer Paralympics. With the inclusion of more disability classifications, the 1976 Summer Games expanded to 1,600 athletes from 40 countries, the 1988 Summer Paralympics were the first to be hosted in the same venues as the Olympics of that year. Since then, all Paralympic Games are now held in the city that hosted the Olympics. Each Paralympic sport then has its own classifications, dependent upon the physical demands of competition. Events are given a code, made of numbers and letters, describing the type of event, within the ten disability categories the athletes still need to be divided according to their level of impairment. The classification systems differ from sport to sport, and is intended to even the playing field so as to allow as many athletes to participate as possible, classifications vary in accordance with the different skills required to perform the sport. Archery, Archery is open to athletes with a physical disability, classifications are broken up into three divisions, W1, spinal cord injured and Cerebral Palsy athletes with impairment in all four limbs
Summer Paralympic Games
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Summer Paralympic Games
Summer Paralympic Games
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Paralympic Games
Summer Paralympic Games
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A wheelchair basketball game at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
Summer Paralympic Games
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The Swedish goalball team at the
2004 Summer Paralympics
27.
1960 Summer Paralympics
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They were organised under the aegis of the International Stoke Mandeville Games Federation. The term Paralympic Games was approved by the International Olympic Committee first in 1984, the Games were held in Rome, Italy from September 18 to 25,1960, with the 1960 Summer Olympics. The only disability included in these Paralympics was spinal cord injury, there were about 400 athletes, from 23 countries. As there were no more than three athletes or teams per event, every athlete was guaranteed a medal upon completing his or her event, archery Athletics Dartchery Snooker Swimming Table tennis Wheelchair basketball Wheelchair fencing The top 10 NPCs by number of gold medals are listed below. The host nation, Italy, is highlighted, the number in parentheses indicates the number of participants from each NPC. The information from the International Paralympic Committee website is based on sources which does not present all information from earlier games, such as relay
1960 Summer Paralympics
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I Paralympic Games
28.
1964 Summer Paralympics
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The 1964 Summer Paralympics, originally known as the 13th International Stoke Mandeville Games, were the 2nd Paralympic Games to be held. They were held in Tokyo, Japan, they were the last Summer Paralympics to take place in the city as the Summer Olympics until the 1988 Summer Paralympics. The term Paralympic Games was approved by the International Olympic Committee first in 1984, in contrast with the 1960 Games, many events had more than three participants, meaning that athletes were no longer guaranteed a medal upon completing their event. Also originally known as Paralympic Tokyo 1964, Tokyo will host the Summer Paralympic Games again in 2020. Nine sports were competed at the 1964 games, in athletics, a wheelchair racing event in the form of a 60 m dash was added, previously the athletics program had included only field events. Wheelchair racing has become one of the most prominent Paralympic events. Archery Athletics Dartchery Snooker Swimming Table tennis Weightlifting Wheelchair basketball Wheelchair fencing Athletes from 17 of the 19 National Paralympic Committees won at least one medal, by default, the table is ordered by the number of gold medals the athletes from a nation have won. The number of medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals. If nations are tied, equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically by IPC country code. With a few exceptions, each event contributed one medal of each type to the table, two bronze medals were awarded in the dartchery, snooker and table tennis events. Some swimming events did not award silver or bronze medals, host country First-time Paralympic appearance To sort this table by nation, total medal count, or any other column, click on the icon next to the column title. Fiji also made their debut Paralympic appearance, dick Thompson of the United Kingdom won two individual golds, one silver and one bronze in athletics. The United States Ron Stein won six golds and South Africas Daniel Erasmus won two golds and two silvers in athletics, nineteen delegations participated in the Tokyo Paralympics. The 1964 Games marked South Africas Paralympic Games début, the country had just been banned from taking part in the Olympic Games, due to its policy of apartheid, and was thus absent from the 1964 Summer Olympics. It was not, however, banned from the Paralympics until 1980, the Opening ceremony was organized in the Oda Field, and the Closing Ceremony at Yoyogi National Gymnasium. About 5000 spectators were present at both of the ceremonies, then Crown Prince Akihito and Crown Princess Michiko were present in both of them. Earlier it was thought that the Games might not get media coverage, due to the focus on the Olympic Games. Yoshisuke Kasai was the chairman of the Board of directors, the board had 3 vice-chairmen, namely T. Azuma, H. Dazai and I
1964 Summer Paralympics
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Members of the Australian Team march at the Opening Ceremony of the Tokyo 1964 Summer Paralympic Games
1964 Summer Paralympics
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II Paralympic Games
29.
1968 Summer Paralympics
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The 1968 Summer Paralympics were the third Paralympic Games to be held. Organised under the guidance of the International Stoke Mandeville Games Federation, the games were originally planned to be held alongside the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, but in 1966, the Mexican government decided against it due to difficulties. The Israeli government offered to host the games in Tel Aviv, the closing ceremony took place in the Tel Aviv Trade Center. Therefore, these games were the first in Paralympic history to not be held concurrently with the Olympic Games, Lawn bowls was included in the program for the first time. In wheelchair basketball, a team event was added, as was a 100 m wheelchair race for men in athletics. Archery Dart archery Athletics Lawn bowls Snooker Swimming Table tennis Weightlifting Wheelchair basketball Wheelchair fencing The top ten listed NOCs by number of gold medals are listed below, the host nation, Israel, is highlighted. Twenty-eight delegations took part in the Tel Aviv Paralympics, having made its Paralympic Games début four years earlier, South Africa continued to compete at the Paralympics, by sending a delegation to the Tel Aviv Games. It was, at the time, banned from the Olympic Games due to its policy of apartheid, but it was not banned from the Paralympics until 1980
1968 Summer Paralympics
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III Paralympic Games
30.
1972 Summer Paralympics
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The 1972 Summer Paralympics, the fourth edition of the Paralympic Games, were held in Heidelberg, West Germany, from August 2 to 11,1972. As with previous Paralympics, the 1972 games were intended for wheelchair athletes only, however, demonstration events such as goalball and a 100 m sprint for the visually impaired allowed visually impaired competitors to participate for the first time. Archery Athletics Dartchery Goalball Lawn bowls Snooker Swimming Table tennis Weightlifting Wheelchair basketball Wheelchair fencing The top ten listed NOCs by number of gold medals are listed below, the host nation, West Germany, is highlighted. Forty-two delegations took part in the Heidelberg Paralympics, south Africa was competing at the Paralympics for the third time. Although banned from the Olympic Games due to its policy of apartheid, it was not banned from the Paralympics until 1980, Rhodesia competed for the last time. But as the Paralympics that year were held before the Olympics, Rhodesia was able to take part in the 1972 Paralympic Games
1972 Summer Paralympics
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German stamp: XXI. Weltspiele der Gelähmten Heidelberg 1972 (The image and color on the stamp is identical to the 1972 emblem)
31.
1976 Summer Paralympics
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The 1976 Summer Paralympics was the fifth Paralympic Games to be held. They were hosted by Toronto, in the province of Ontario, from August 4 to 12,1976, the games began two days after the close of the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal. This was the first time global politics interfered with the Paralympic Games, the problem stemmed from the logic that admitting a team from South Africa was to give implicit approval for its governments attitude towards segregation and racism. The provincial government at Queens Park eventually covered the tab, guttman and Bob Jackson, worked to convince the governments to honour their promises of support and were largely successful. Nevertheless, a number of teams withdrew, following on from the Montreal boycott by 25 countries, later, efforts were made to develop a joint policy with the International Olympic Committee. Rhodesia was not allowed to participate as the Canadian government refused to grant visas for the Rhodesian Paralympic team to attend the competition, the opening of the 1976 games was held at Woodbine Race Track in north Etobicoke. There was no village, so competitors were housed at York University, University of Toronto. Israeli athletes were housed at a hotel due to security concerns. Closing ceremonies and outdoor events took place at Centennial Park Stadium, Centennial Gymnasium and Centennial Parks Olympic Pool were the other venues. The 1976 games marked the first television coverage of Paralympic events, performances were shown to viewers in Southern Ontario. Within the Toronto area, a consortium of cable companies carried the games on channel 10 after CTV. At the 1976 games, amputees and visually impaired athletes competed for the first time, within the sport of athletics, new wheelchair racing distances of 200 m,400 m,800 m and 1500 m were added. Shooting and goalball, both demonstration events, were included as official medal sports. The host nation, Canada, is highlighted, forty delegations took part in the Toronto Paralympics. South Africa was competing at the Paralympics for the fourth time, although banned from the Olympic Games due to its policy of apartheid, it was not banned from the Paralympics until 1980, and Canada, as host country, did not object to its participation. These were, however, to be its last Paralympics before the dismantling of apartheid, The Netherlands, as hosts of the 1980 Games, Canada at the Paralympics World Paralympiads in Canada 1976 Summer Paralympics – Toronto 2010 Winter Paralympics – Vancouver—Whistler 1976 Winter Paralympics 1976 Summer Olympics
1976 Summer Paralympics
–
V Paralympic Games
32.
1988 Summer Paralympics
–
The 1988 Summer Paralympics, were the first Paralympics in 24 years to take place in the same city as the Olympic Games. They took place in Seoul, South Korea and this was the first time the term Paralympic came into official use. The 1988 Summer Paralympics were the first Paralympic Games to be held under the aegis of the International Co-ordinating Committee, the ICC was accepted into the Olympic Family, which allowed greater co-operation by National Olympic Committees in regards to the organization of Paralympic Games. The SLOOC gave a subsidy of $12,857,143 US dollars, the Seoul Paralympic Organizing Committee designed the first Paralympic Symbol which was used from 1988-1994. The Five teardrops in the W configuration and colours of the Olympic rings represented the five oceans and this symbol was eventually changed in 1994, as it was considered to be too close to the International Olympic Committees 5-ring emblem. The 1988 Seoul Paralympic Games is considered as the genesis of the Modern Paralympic Games, during the Opening Ceremony there were more than 75,000 people within the Olympic Stadium with a then record of 3,057 competitors from 61 nations. The President of South Korea, Roh Tae-Woo, presented the new Paralympic flag to the President of the ICC, paul Croft, competing in his second Paralympic Games, was the flag bearer for Australia during the Opening Ceremony. Parachutists in the Paralympic colors of blue, black, red, yellow, the Seoul Paralympic Games were not without controversies. The Iranian goalball team were disqualified for refusing to play against the Israeli team and it was deemed that the Iranian team had misused the sporting platform for political aims by the ICC who made immediate arrangements to send the team home. A Libyan team arrived at the Seoul Paralympic Games without having gone through the entry procedures. The SPOC urged the ICC to accept the Libyan team and a compromise was reached and they could compete in the marathon event, however they would not have any medal entitlement, nor would they be officially recognized at the Closing Ceremony. Twenty-seven athletes were awarded medals after the first round of competition in the mens and womens wheelchair slalom event. The mistake was discovered when officials realised that the medals should not have been awarded until after a round of competition. The games consisted of events in seventeen sports, including one demonstration sport, powerlifting and weightlifting were considered to be a single sport. The host nation, South Korea, is highlighted, sixty delegations took part in the Seoul Paralympics. Burma, which had part in the previous Games, was absent. The Seoul Paralympics occurred mere weeks after the 8888 Uprising and the coup which brought the State Peace. Burma would return as Myanmar in 1992, the Soviet Union made its Summer Paralympic début, having previously taken part in the 1988 Winter Paralympics
1988 Summer Paralympics
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VIII Paralympic Games
33.
1992 Summer Paralympics
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The 1992 Summer Paralympics were the ninth Paralympic Games to be held. They were held in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, in addition, the 1992 Paralympic Games for Persons with mental handicap were held immediately after the regular Paralympics in the Spanish capital, Madrid. The games consisted of 560 events spread over fifteen sports, powerlifting and weightlifting were considered to be a single sport. Wheelchair tennis, a sport at the 1988 Summer Paralympics, was contested as an official medal sport for the first time. The United States topped the medal count with more medals, more silver medals. Germany took the most bronze medals, with 59, the Madrid medals are counted too and added in the table In the table below, the ranking sorts by the number of gold medals earned by a nation. Host country One hundred three delegations participated at the 1992 Summer Paralympics, south Africa returned to the Paralympics for the first time since being declared undesirable due to its policy of apartheid in 1980. The first Paralympic Games for Persons with mental handicap were held immediately after the regular Paralympic games in the Spanish capital of Madrid from September 15–22. The games featured a cultural group, a group of intellectually disabled men from Nagasaki who played taiko during the opening and closing ceremonies. 1992 Summer Olympics 1992 Winter Paralympics Cheating at the Paralympic Games
1992 Summer Paralympics
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IX Paralympic Games
34.
1996 Summer Paralympics
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The 1996 Paralympic Games in Atlanta, USA were held from August 16 to 25. It was the first Paralympics to get mass media sponsorship, and had a budget of USD $81 million and it was the first Paralympic Games where International Sports Federation for Persons with an Intellectual Disability athletes were given full medal status. The mascot for the Paralympic Summer Games in Atlanta 1996 was Blaze, Blaze was created by Trevor Stone Irvin of Irvin Productions in Atlanta. Blaze is a phoenix, a bird that rises from ashes to experience a renewed life. The phoenix appears in Egyptian, Arabian, Chinese, Russian and Native American folklore and in all instances symbolizes strength, vision, inspiration and survival. The phoenix was a mascot for the 1996 Atlanta Paralympic Games and later for BlazeSports America. The phoenix has long been the symbol of Atlanta’s rebirth after its devastation in the American Civil War, but most importantly, it is the personification of the will, perseverance and determination of youth and adults with physical disability to achieve full and productive lives. Today, Blaze is the most recognizable symbol of disability sport in America, the games consisted of 508 events spread over twenty sports, including three demonstration sports. E. The host country, the United States, topped the medal count with more medals, more bronze medals. Germany took the most silver medals, with 58, in the table below, the ranking sorts by the number of gold medals earned by the top ten nations. The number of medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals. Host country One-hundred and four delegations participated in the Atlanta Paralympics,1996 Summer Olympics BlazeSports America, the legacy organization of the 1996 Paralympic Games International Paralympic Committee Official site at the Wayback Machine
1996 Summer Paralympics
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Eila Nilsson of Sweden celebrating her 50m freestyle B1 gold with
Janice Burton of Great Britain and
Tracey Cross of Australia.
1996 Summer Paralympics
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X Paralympic Games
1996 Summer Paralympics
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A group of Australian supporters at the opening ceremony of the 1996 Atlanta Paralympic Games
1996 Summer Paralympics
35.
2000 Summer Paralympics
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The 2000 Paralympic Games were held in Sydney, Australia, from 18 to 29 October. In September 1993, Sydney won the rights to host the 2000 Paralympic Games, to secure this right it was expected that the New South Wales Government would underwrite the budget for the games. The Sydney games were the eleventh Summer Paralympic Games, where an estimated 3800 athletes took part in the programme and they commenced with the opening ceremony on 18 October 2000. It was followed by the 11 days of international competition and was the second largest sporting event ever held in Australia. They were also the first Paralympic Games outside the Northern Hemisphere, the games was estimated to cost $157 million, with the NSW Government and Commonwealth Government contributing $25 million each. The Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games contributed $18 million, the Sydney Paralympic Organising Committee entered into a Host City contract with the International Paralympic Committee, which outlines the SPOC’s obligations in hosting the Paralympic Games. To cover the costs, other revenue was raised via sponsorship, though there is no budgeted profit, if any profit is made though the games, repayment to the Federal and State Governments is the first priority. In October 1998, governing bodies of the Paralympics including the SOCOG, an estimated total of forty-one thousand Australians answered this call, non-including those sourced from specialist community groups. The major focus between 1999-2000 was completion of the first stage of the Millennium Parklands and this is composed of 450 hectares of landscape, with up to 40 kilometers of pedestrian and cycle trails. This major first stage included focus on the surrounding Olympic facilities, providing a landscape for recreational activities, conservation. During this time work on the Water Reclamation and Management Scheme will continue to progress, the WRAMS will be in use during the games with the first stage to be implemented. This system will continue after the games, and will be developed after the games has been completed. The WRAMS system is one of the many water saving management strategies to be used during the games period. Stormwater from the Stadium Australia roof is to be collected and used to irrigate the central stadium, the Paralympic Games are governed by the International Paralympic Committee. The Games were organised by the Sydney Paralyampic Organising Committee led by President Dr John Grant, the SOCOG was established at the same time as the Sydney Paralympic organising Committee on 12 November 1993 by the Office of Olympic Co-ordination. In January 1995, SPOC became a company controlled by the Government. A board of directors including the Premier, Minister for the Olympics, the Treasurer and the Minister for Sport, the Sydney Paralympic Organising Committee also regulated the use of Paralympic Games indicia and images. On 29 November, the Sydney Games Administration Act 2000 was passed, the legislation caused the Sydney Paralympic Organising Committee to dissolve from 1 January 2001, its assets and liabilities were transferred to the Olympic Coordination Authority
2000 Summer Paralympics
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XI Paralympic Games
2000 Summer Paralympics
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Daytime view of pond with waterlilies at Sydney Olympic Park during the 2000 Sydney Paralympic Games
2000 Summer Paralympics
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201000 - Opening Ceremony Yothu Yindi perform 3 - 3b - 2000 Sydney opening ceremony photo
2000 Summer Paralympics
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2000 Summer Paralympics mascot Lizzie the Lizard waves to the audience during the games. The character represents an Australian frilled-neck lizard.
36.
2004 Summer Paralympics
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3,806 athletes from 136 National Paralympic Committees competed. 519 medal events were held in 19 sports, four new events were introduced to the Paralympics in Athens, 5-a-side football for the blind, quads wheelchair tennis, and a womens competition in sitting volleyball and in the judo. A total of 1567 medals were awarded during the Athens games,519 gold,516 silver, china topped the medal count with more gold medals, more silver medals, and more medals overall than any other nation. In the table below, the ranking sorts by the number of medals earned by a nation. Chantal Petitclerc of Canada won five golds and set three records in wheelchair racing, while Swedish shooter Jonas Jacobsson took four gold medals. Frances Béatrice Hess won her nineteenth and twentieth Paralympic gold medals in swimming, swimmer Trischa Zorn of the United States won just one medal, a bronze, but it was her 55th ever Paralympic medal. She retained her position as the most successful Paralympian of all times, the opening ceremony for the 2004 Summer Paralympics took place on September 17,2004. The show started with children passing on knowledge and raising their lights to the sky and this was a reference to Hippocrates, who transferred knowledge to the children. A26 meters tall olive tree symbolising life stood in the middle of the arena, the opening ceremony also featured a performance with human drama, with light and with music, in an allegory about obstacles and limits. The Parade of Delegations was accompanied by the music of French composers Yves Stepping, the music told the legend of Hephaestos, god of fire and son of Zeus and Hera. An athlete from Turkmenistan propelled himself around the stadium by doing somersaults, Greece, the home team, received a strong cheer. After that, fireworks erupted at the stadium, there were 150 local support staff involved and 400 volunteers. The children were from ages 8 to 17, coming from Australia, France, Spain, Greece, the Games were officially declared opened by Greek president Costis Stephanopoulos and Philip Craven, the president of the International Paralympic Committee. They were accompanied by the head of the organizing committee Gianna Angelopoulos-Daskalaki, who told the athletes, many of you will leave Athens with medals, but all of you will leave as champions. Phil Craven quoted Democritus in his speech, Two thousand years ago and this holds true for all athletes, but especially for Paralympians. Recognising and cultivating your unique abilities and mastering challenges – you set standards and give expression for people, young and old. The Paralympic flame was lit by Greek athlete Georgios Toptsis, the closing ceremony for the 2004 Summer Paralympics took place on September 28,2004. The artistic and entertainment part of the ceremony will not take place, flags were flown at half mast and a minutes silence was observed
2004 Summer Paralympics
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XII Paralympic Games
2004 Summer Paralympics
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Proteas: The official 2004 Summer Paralympics mascot
2004 Summer Paralympics
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From the Paralympics opening ceremony
2004 Summer Paralympics
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The Swedish men's goalball team at the 2004 Paralympic Games; the team won a silver medal
37.
2008 Summer Paralympics
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The 2008 Summer Paralympic Games, the thirteenth Paralympics, took place in Beijing, China from September 6 to 17,2008. As with the 2008 Summer Olympics, equestrian events were held in Hong Kong and sailing events in Qingdao,3,951 athletes from 146 countries took part. This was the largest ever number of nations at the Paralympics, China fielded more athletes than any other country. The slogan for the 2008 Paralympics was the same as the 2008 Summer Olympics, One World, China dominated the medal count finishing with 89 gold medals and 211 total medals, more than double the next-ranked NPC in both cases. 339 Paralympic records and 279 world records were broken, international Paralympic Committee President Philip Craven declared the Games the greatest Paralympic Games ever. Nineteen competition venues—seventeen in Beijing, one in Hong Kong, the red, blue, and green in the emblem represent sun, sky, and earth. The slogan was the same as the 2008 Summer Olympics, One World, the mascot was a cartoon cow named Fu Niu Lele, roughly meaning Lucky Ox Happy. The theme song was Flying with the Dream Chinese, 和梦一起飞 and it was performed by Chinese-Tibetan singer Han Hong and Hong Kong singer and actor Andy Lau. The torch relay of the 2008 Summer Paralympics started from Tian Tan on August 28, the flame then gathered before The Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests and followed two routes. Both routes returned to Beijing on September 5, and the torch was flamed at the National Stadium during the Opening Ceremony on September 6, the opening ceremony took place on September 6,2008. The pre-ceremony performance was a succession of musical performances, ranging from military music to folk music. Following a countdown, a fireworks display signalled the beginning of the ceremony proper, the national flag of China was then raised, in accordance with usual protocol, and the national anthem of China performed. Performers wearing suits in bright colours paraded round the stadium, as a ceremony preceding the athletes entry. As with the 2008 Summer Olympics, the ceremony included a parade of nations, countries with the same number of strokes in the first character are sorted by those of the next character. This made Guinea the first country to enter as it takes two strokes to write the first character in the countrys name, the ceremony concludes with Hou Bin, the high jump gold medalist with one leg lighting the flame cauldron. The 2008 Summer Paralympics closing ceremony was held at the Beijing National Stadium and it began at 8,00 pm China Standard Time on September 17,2008. Twenty sports were on the program, Rowing made its first appearance in the Paralympics at these games, the following National Paralympic Committees sent delegations to compete. Burundi, Gabon, Georgia, Haiti and Montenegro were participating in the Paralympics for the first time, botswana was due to take part, but its single athlete, defending Paralympic champion sprinter Tshotlego Morama, withdrew prior to the Games due to injury
2008 Summer Paralympics
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Iran v
South Africa in
wheelchair basketball at the 2008 Summer Paralympics.
2008 Summer Paralympics
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"Sky, Earth, and Human Beings", emblem of the Beijing 2008 Paralympic Games
2008 Summer Paralympics
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The
Beijing National Stadium
2008 Summer Paralympics
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Fu Niu Lele, mascot of the 2008 Summer Paralympics
38.
2012 Summer Paralympics
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They were the first-ever organized sporting event for disabled athletes, and served as a precursor to the modern Paralympic Games. Stoke Mandeville also co-hosted the 1984 Summer Paralympics with Long Island, New York, after its original host, at the 117th IOC Session in Singapore, the rights to host the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics were awarded to London. As with the Olympics, the 2012 Summer Paralympics were overseen by LOCOG, LOCOG was responsible for overseeing the staging of the games, while the ODA dealt with infrastructure and venues. The Government Olympic Executive within the Department for Culture, Media, the GOE reported through the DCMS Permanent Secretary to the Minister for Sports and the Olympics Hugh Robertson. It focused on oversight of the Games, cross-programme management and the London 2012 Olympic Legacy, the 2012 Summer Paralympics used many of the same venues as the 2012 Summer Olympics, along with two new locations such as Eton Manor for wheelchair tennis and Brands Hatch for road cycling. Londons purpose-built Olympic venues and facilities, including the Olympic Village itself, were designed to be accessible as possible so they could accommodate the Paralympics. Some venues also contained additional accessible seating areas during the Paralympics, transport for London operated the Paralympic Route Network to facilitate road traffic between venues and facilities. The network provided 8.7 miles of lanes specifically reserved for Paralympic athletes, TfL continued to operate its Get Ahead of the Games website during the Paralympics, which provided updates and advice for commuters during the Games. Prior to the Games, concerns were raised by TfL commissioner Peter Hendy that Londons transportation system might not be able to handle the Paralympics adequately, Sevenoaks railway station was designated as the preferred station for spectators travelling to watch the cycling at Brands Hatch. Organisers chose Sevenoaks over the closer Swanley railway station because of its existing step-free access and excellent transport links, whilst organisers did not believe that Swanley would be able to have wheelchair lifts installed by the start of the Paralympics, the station finished their installation by early August 2012. The formal handover occurred during the ceremony of the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing. This was followed by a presentation by Britain, which was similar to its presentation during the Olympics closing ceremony. It featured urban dance group ZooNation, the Royal Ballet, and Candoco, a double-decker bus drove around the stadium, guided by Ade Adepitan, to music composed by Philip Sheppard. The top of the bus was open and folded down to show a privet hedge featuring London landmarks such as Tower Bridge, The Gherkin and the London Eye. Cherisse Osei, drummer for Mika, and Sam Hegedus then performed, before the top of the bus folded up into its original form, both the Paralympic and Olympic flags were formally raised outside of Londons City Hall on 26 September 2008. British Paralympians Helene Raynsford and Chris Holmes raised the Paralympic flag, on 8 September 2011 Trafalgar Square staged International Paralympic Day, hosted by Rick Edwards, Ade Adepitan and Iwan Thomas, to coincide with a visit to London by representatives of the IPC. The event celebrated the Paralympic Games, showcasing and demonstrating the 20 sports that would feature during the Games and it also featured appearances by Paralympic athletes Oscar Pistorius, Ellie Simmonds and Sascha Kindred, and the unveiling of a bronze statue of Pistorius by Ben Dearnley. British Prime Minister David Cameron and Londons mayor Boris Johnson also appeared, two days later on 10 September, supermarket chain Sainsburys and Channel 4 presented Sainsburys Super Saturday, a family event at Clapham Common
2012 Summer Paralympics
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The
Brands Hatch circuit hosted
road cycling during the Paralympics.
2012 Summer Paralympics
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XIV Paralympic Games
2012 Summer Paralympics
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A digital clock in
Trafalgar Square, counting down to the opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Paralympics
2012 Summer Paralympics
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A post box outside the
National Spinal Injuries Centre in
Stoke Mandeville was painted gold in honour of the village's role in the history of the Paralympic movement.
39.
2016 Summer Paralympics
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These Games saw the introduction of two new sports to the Paralympic program, canoeing and the paratriathlon. A team of two refugee athletes also participated in Rio, for the first time in Paralympic history, and the first time in the Olympics or Paralympics since 1960, an athlete—Iranian cyclist Bahman Golbarnezhad—died during competition. Following the third and final round of voting at the 121st IOC Session in Copenhagen on 2 October 2009, parsons praised how well-organized the 2012 Summer Paralympics were, and felt that his team had learned lessons from London that could be applied in Rio. As in past years, the 2016 Summer Paralympics share most of its venues with the corresponding Summer Olympics. Barra da Tijuca hosts most of the venues of the Games and they are accompanied by a wooden carrying box, and a plush toy of Paralympic mascot Tom with hair leaves that match the medals color. During the Olympics, organizers stated that only 12% of a target of 3.3 million tickets had been sold. By early September, only half of the tickets to medal events had been sold, nugent began the campaign after noticing the large number of empty seats at competition venues during the 2016 Summer Olympics. Following endorsements of the campaign by prominent figures, such as British band Coldplay, as part of a revised ticketing strategy, the organizers set a new target of 2.4 million tickets, with the cheapest tickets costing R$10 each. Ticketing director Donovan Ferreti told The Guardian that a demand for tickets had begun to develop in the final days before the opening ceremony. The low cost of tickets helped to attract attendees to the Paralympics—especially families, while praised the large. The next day, Barra Olympic Park had an attendance of 167,675. On 14 September, the IPC announced that sales had exceeded 2 million, the Paralympic torch relay began with five individual flames being relayed to a city in each of the five regions of Brazil. The emblem incorporates a heart and the infinity symbol, representing a beating heart, IPC president Philip Craven explained that in his opinion, the emblem symbolized the heart of athletes, who were also the heart of the Paralympic movement. As with the Olympic emblem, the Paralympic emblem was designed so that it could also be rendered in two- and three-dimensional versions, named after Brazilian musician Tom Jobim, the Paralympic mascot represents Brazilian flora and is always growing and overcoming obstacles. The mascots fictional backstories state that they were born from the joy of Brazilians after it was announced that Rio would host the Games. Brand director Beth Lula stated that the mascots are intended to reflect the diversity of Brazils culture, the opening ceremony of the 2016 Summer Paralympics took place on the evening of 7 September 2016, the Independence Day in Brazil, at the Maracanã Stadium. With the theme Todo Mundo tem um Coração, the portions of the ceremony featured sequences themed around the culture of host city. The official portions of the ceremony were afflicted by notable political gestures and they will surprise you, inspire and excite you, but most of all they will change you
2016 Summer Paralympics
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Sculpture of the 2016 Summer Paralympics logo
2016 Summer Paralympics
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The Official Paralympic emblem/logo was launched on November 26, 2011.
40.
2020 Summer Paralympics
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This will mark the second time Tokyo has hosted the Paralympics, as they were first hosted there in 1964 alongside the 1964 Summer Olympics. These Games will see the introduction of badminton and taekwondo to the Paralympic programme, with the removal of sailing and 7-a-side football. She cited narrow roadways with no sidewalks, and buildings constructed with narrow doorways, in particular, she called for power lines to be moved from utility poles to underground to facilitate the widening of roads. 22 events are scheduled to make up the 2020 Paralympics, cycling events will be split into two disciplines, road and track
2020 Summer Paralympics
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Tokyo Bay, where a number of events will be held
2020 Summer Paralympics
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Nippon Budokan, host of the Judo event
2020 Summer Paralympics
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The International Broadcast and Main Press Centre
41.
2024 Summer Paralympics
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The 2024 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXXIII Olympiad, is a forthcoming international multi-sport event. Bidding for the games started in 2015, with five cities in contention. The two remaining candidate sites are Los Angeles and Paris, the host of the Summer Olympic Games is scheduled to be announced at the 130th International Olympic Committee Session in Lima, Peru, on 13 September 2017. However, IOC President Thomas Bach has suggested to both cities the 2024 and 2028 Summer Olympics at the session in Lima. On 17 March 2017, the International Olympic Committee has moved closer toward picking both Los Angeles and Paris to host a Summer Games in a double vote that year. The candidature process was announced at the time as the names of the five candidates cities on 16 September 2015. olympic. Hamburg withdrew its bid due to a referendum held on November 29,2015, while, citing fiscal difficulties, on February 22,2017, it was reported that Budapest withdrew its bid, after a petition against the bid collected more signatures than necessary for a referendum. In a statement released the IOC’s evaluation commission praised the candidates for “creativity, the International Olympic Committee wanted feedback on the formation of a working group that will consider giving 2024 to one city and 2028 to the other. On April 5,2017 the race between Los Angeles and Paris for the 2024 Summer Olympics caused a debate from Facebook fans. On 19 February 2013, the United States Olympic Committee sent letters to the mayors of 37 American cities to gauge their interest in hosting the 2024 Olympics, the cities included were Atlanta, Chicago, Boston, New York City, Philadelphia, Washington D. C. On 10 June 2014, the USOC met in Boston to confirm the shortlist of cities drawn up for the 2024 Olympics, on 13 June 2014, the USOC announced its shortlist for potential host cities, Boston, Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Washington. On 26 September 2014, The U. S. Olympic Committee received near-unanimous support from the sports federations in a poll asking whether they would support a bid for the 2024 Olympics. Forty of the 47 national governing bodies took part in the poll and all 40 answered positively to the question, during the closed door meeting each of the four cities were given two hours to present their citys bids. Following the final presentation, the USOC announced that the United States would bid to host the 2024 Olympic and Paralympic Games, but did not announce which city would bid. On 8 January 2015, the USOC selected Boston to be the city from the United States but on 27 July 2015 Bostons bid was withdrawn. On 1 September 2015 the USOC announced that Los Angeles was chosen for the United States bid for the 2024 Summer Games, Baku, Azerbaijan Baku submitted a bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics and submitted a bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics. Baku failed to become a candidate both times, upon failing to become a candidate for the 2020 Games, it was stated that Baku would come back again next time even stronger. Baku National Stadium also hosted the 2015 European Games, istanbul is expected to bid for the 2019 European Games, as European Olympic Committee president Spyros Capralos stated that hosting the European Games would help with its future Olympic bids
2024 Summer Paralympics
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Summer Games
42.
2028 Summer Olympics
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The 2028 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXXIV Olympiad, are a forthcoming international multi-sport event. Bidding for the host city is scheduled to begin in 2019, on 17 March 2017, the International Olympic Committee moved closer toward picking both Los Angeles and Paris to host a Summer Games in an unprecedented double vote this year. Toronto, Ontario, Canada Torontos economic development committee voted against bidding for the 2024 games on 20 January 2014, Torontos mayor at the time, Rob Ford, suggested that a bid for the 2028 games may be more realistic. Toronto bid for the 1996 and 2008 Summer Olympics, but lost to Atlanta and Beijing, in 2009, Toronto won the bid for the 2015 Pan American Games. International Olympic Committee President Thomas Bach was among those who, in light of the Pan American Games, on 11 August 2015, Tory met with the head of the Canadian Olympic Committee to discuss the bid process and the citys previous bids. The COC encouraged the mayor to consider bidding, on 11 September 2015, the COC held a conference about a potential bid and voted unanimously in support for a Toronto bid for the 2024 games. This vote allowed the COC to prepare a letter of intent to send to the IOC by the September 15 deadline, on 15 September 2015, Mayor Tory announced that the city will not make a bid for the 2024 Summer Olympics. However, a 2028 bid might be possible, depending on whether or not fellow Canadian city Calgary, however, a bid for the 2028 Olympics might be a possibility. Of note,2028 would mark the 60th anniversary of the 1968 Summer Olympics, a report announced that Budapest was planning to bid on the 2028 Summer Olympics and the 2024 Summer Olympics. He additionally stated that Budapest was going to host the 2017 European Youth Olympic Festival, however, he also said that Budapest would need to solve serious concerns surrounding transportation and Olympics sports facilities. Szalay-Berzeviczy also stated that the facilities in Hungary, such as transportation and sports venues, in January 2017 a civil organization called Momentum Movement started a petition to have a referendum for Budapest residents if they want to organize the Summer Olympics in 2024 or not. A total of 138,527 signatures is required to be collected from Budapestians until 17 February 2017 to start a referendum, the referendum would be held in Budapest and only the residents of the capital city would be able to cast a valid vote. If Budapest withdraws from the 2024 Olympic race, there could still be a chance for a 2028 bid, on February 22,2017 Budapest withdrew its bid to host the 2024 Summer Olympics, leaving only Los Angeles and Paris in the race. Germany Berlin The former mayor of Berlin, Klaus Wowereit, had stated that Berlin was exploring a bid for the 2024 or 2028 Olympic Games. Berlin hosted the 1936 Summer Olympics and last bid for the 2000 Summer Olympics, as polls in Berlin showed, 55% of Berlins population supported the application to host the 2024 Games. On 16 March 2015 the National Olympic Committee proposed Hamburg to be the city from Germany for the 2024 Summer Olympics. However on 29 November 2015 a referendum was held in which 51. 6% of the citizens voted against a bid for the Olympics. Although this means that Germany was no longer in the running for hosting the 2024 Summer Olympics, Hamburg Hamburg planned to bid for the 2024 Summer Olympics, and if they failed, to re-bid again at 2028
2028 Summer Olympics
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Summer Games
43.
Winter Paralympic Games
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The Winter Paralympic Games is an international multi-sport event where athletes with physical disabilities compete. This includes athletes with mobility disabilities, amputations, blindness, the Winter Paralympic Games are held every four years directly following the Winter Olympic Games. The Winter Paralympics are also hosted by the city hosted the Winter Olympics. The International Paralympic Committee oversees the Winter Paralympics, medals are awarded in each event, with gold medals for first place, silver for second and bronze for third, following the tradition that the Olympic Games started in 1904. The Winter Paralympics began in 1976 in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden and those Games were the first Paralympics that featured athletes other than wheelchair athletes. The Games have expanded and grown to be part of the largest international sporting event after the Olympic Games, given their expansion the need for a very specific classification system has arisen. This system has given rise to controversy and opened the door for cheating. Winter Paralympians have also been convicted of use and other forms of cheating unique to Paralympic athletes. The origins of the Winter Paralympics are similar to the Summer Paralympics, injured soldiers returning from World War II sought sports as an avenue to healing. Over 400 wheelchair athletes competed at the 1960 Paralympic Games, which known as the first Paralympics. Sepp Zwicknagl, a pioneer of sports for disabled athletes, was a double-leg amputee Austrian skier who experimented skiing using prosthetics. His work helped pioneer technological advances for people with disabilities who wished to participate in winter sports, advances were slow and it was not until 1974 that the first official world ski competition for physically impaired athletes, featuring downhill and a cross-country skiing, was held. The first Winter Paralympics were held in 1976 at Örnsköldsvik, Sweden from February 21–28, Alpine and Nordic skiing for amputees and visually impaired athletes where the main events but ice sledge racing was included as a demonstration event. There were 198 participating athletes from 16 countries, and it was the first time athletes with other than wheelchair athletes were permitted to compete. Starting in 1988 the Summer Paralympics were held in the same host city as the Summer Olympic Games and this was due to an agreement reached between the International Olympic Committee and the International Paralympic Committee. The 1992 Winter Paralympics were the first Winter Games to use the facilities as the Winter Olympics. Athletes have cheated by over-representing impairment to have an advantage. German skier Thomas Oelsner became the first Winter Paralympian to test positive for steroids in 2002 and he had won two gold medals in the alpine events but was stripped of his medals
Winter Paralympic Games
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Winter Paralympic Games
Winter Paralympic Games
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Paralympic Games
Winter Paralympic Games
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Paralympian
Andy Soule in the 12.5 km cross-country race at the
2010 Winter Olympics
Winter Paralympic Games
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Ice sledge hockey game at the
2010 Winter Paralympics
44.
1988 Winter Paralympics
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The 1988 Winter Paralympic Games were the fourth Winter Paralympics, held again in Innsbruck, Austria. These were the last Winter Paralympics to be held in a location from the Winter Olympics. Beginning in 1992, the Olympics and the Paralympics were held in the city or in an adjacent city. These Paralympics were not held at the same Olympic venue in Calgary, Canada, because of financial, a total of 377 athletes from 22 countries took part. The USSR competed for the first time, sit-skiing was introduced as another event in both the Alpine and Nordic skiing competitions. Other sports were biathlon and ice sledge speed racing, Ice sledge speed racer Knut Lundstroem from Norway was the most successful athlete, winning four gold medals in the 100m, 500m, 1000m and 1500m events. Alpine skiing Ice sledge speed racing Nordic skiing Biathlon Cross-country skiing The top 10 NPCs by number of gold medals are listed below,1988 Winter Olympics 1988 Summer Paralympics International Paralympic Committee The event at SVTs open archive
1988 Winter Paralympics
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IV Paralympic Winter Games
45.
1992 Winter Paralympics
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The 1992 Winter Paralympics were the fifth Winter Paralympics. They were the first winter Paralympics to be celebrated concurrently with the Olympic Games and they were also the first ever Paralympics at any event in France. They were held in Tignes and Albertville, France, from March 25 to April 1,1992, for the first time, demonstration events in Alpine and Nordic Skiing for athletes with an intellectual disability and Biathlon for athletes with a visual impairment were held. The bird logo was designed by Jean-Michel Folon, the official mascot was Alpy, designed by Vincent Thiebaut, represented the summit of the Grande Motte mountain in Tignes. Alpy was shown on a mono-ski to demonstrate its athleticism and the colours of white, green and blue were used to represent purity/snow, hope/nature, the games consisted of 79 events in three disciplines of two sports. Alpine skiing Nordic skiing Biathlon Cross-country skiing The top 10 NPCs by number of gold medals are listed below,1992 Winter Olympics 1992 Summer Paralympics International Paralympic Committee The event at SVTs open archive
1992 Winter Paralympics
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V Paralympic Winter Games
46.
1994 Winter Paralympics
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The 1994 Winter Paralympics, the sixth Winter Paralympics, were held in Lillehammer, Norway, from 10–19 March 1994. Ice sledge hockey, which became a crowd favorite, was added to the program. The 1994 Winter Games were the first Paralympic Games organized by the International Paralympic Committee, the Games were represented by an emblem depicting the sun people. This image portrayed the ideas of power, vitality, strength and energy and these characteristics were also to be found in the mascot Sondre, the troll. Sondre, who was also an amputee, was the result of a school competition won by Janne Solem. The mascot was designed to its final appearance by Tor Lindrupsen. The name for the mascot was chosen in a separate competition, sports The 1994 Paralympics consisted of five disciplines in four sports. Ice sledge hockey made its Paralympic debut at these games, alpine skiing Sledge hockey Ice sledge racing Nordic skiing Biathlon Cross-country skiing The top 10 NPCs by number of gold medals are listed below. 1994 Winter Olympics 1994 Winter Paralympics medal table International Paralympic Committee The event at SVTs open archive
1994 Winter Paralympics
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VI Paralympic Winter Games
47.
1998 Winter Paralympics
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The 1998 Winter Paralympics, the seventh Winter Paralympics, were held alongside the Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan from March 5 to March 14,1998. They were the first Paralympic Winter Games to be held outside Europe,571 athletes competed in Nagano, it still remains the highest number of athletes competing at any Winter Paralympics. The games consisted of 34 events in four sports, alpine skiing, ice hockey, Ice sledge racing. The sport of Nordic skiing comprised two disciplines, the biathlon and cross-country skiing, alpine skiing Sledge hockey Ice sledge racing Nordic skiing Biathlon Cross-country skiing In total 7 venues were used at the 1998 Winter Olympics around 4 cities and towns. The theme of the Opening Ceremony was Hope, and inspired by a painting by George Frederic Watts, the theme also signifies it was the first Winter Paralympics held in Asia and the last Paralympics of the 20th century. 1998 Winter Olympics International Paralympic Committee The event at SVTs open archive The event at Nagano Shinano Mainich Shimbum
1998 Winter Paralympics
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VII Paralympic Winter Games
48.
2002 Winter Paralympics
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The 2002 Winter Paralympics, the eighth Winter Paralympics, were held in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States, from March 7 to 16,2002. A total of 416 athletes from 36 nations participated and they were the first Winter Paralympics in the American continent. These were the first Paralympic Winter Games for Andorra, Chile, the People’s Republic of China, Croatia, Greece, and Hungary. Ragnhild Myklebust of Norway won five medals in skiing and biathlon. The games consisted of four disciplines in three sports, alpine skiing Sledge hockey Nordic skiing Biathlon Cross-country skiing In total 5 venues were used at the 2002 Winter Olympics around 4 cities and towns. The logo of the Salt Lake 2002 Paralympic Winter Games is made up of three distinct marks, the sphere on the top represents the head of the Paralympic athlete and also symbolizes the global unity of the Paralympic Movement. Two broad fluid lines represent the athlete in motion, the three taegeuks beneath the athlete reproduce the green, red and blue marks on the Paralympic Flag. The mascot for the Paralympic Winter Games in Salt Lake City 2002 was Otto the otter, indigenous peoples of the Americas consider otters to be fast swimmers, though in some stories a bit of a show-off. After being nearly wiped out by pollution and overtrapping the river otter has been reintroduced to Utah and can be seen along the banks of the Green River and near Flaming Gorge. The otter was chosen as the mascot of the Salt Lake 2002 Paralympic Winter Games because he embodies vitality and agility. 2002 Winter Olympics 2007 Winter Deaflympics Official site International Paralympic Committee Paralympics at SVTs open archive
2002 Winter Paralympics
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Mascot Otto the otter
2002 Winter Paralympics
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VIII Paralympic Winter Games
Alpine skiing
Ice sledge speed racing
Cross-country skiing
Norway
Finland
Austria
Sweden
Switzerland
United States
West Germany
Canada
France
Czechoslovakia
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