1.
1979 in Norway
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Events in the year 1979 in Norway. Monarch - Olav V Prime Minister - Odvar Nordli Municipal and county elections are held throughout the country, bryggen and the Urnes stave church are designated by UNESCO as World Heritage Sites. March - the planet Hoth scenes from the Hollywood film The Empire Strikes Back were filmed in the Hardangerjøkulen glacier, december 1 - During an episode of Jul i Skomakergata on NRK, Sandmännchen premieres on Norwegian television for the first time. Åge Rønning, writer and journalist, is awarded the Riksmål Society Literature Prize, nils Johan Rud, novelist, short story writer and magazine editor, is awarded the Dobloug Prize for Swedish and Norwegian fiction. Bjørg Vik, writer, playwright and journalist, is awarded the Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature for the short stories En håndfull lengsel. 24 April – Tor Henning Hamre, footballer 25 April – Nils-Torolv Simonsen, rower 25 April – Martin Sjølie, pianist, songwriter and record producer 1 May – Lars Berger,13 June – Nila Håkedal, beach volleyball player. 31 August – Camilla Huse, footballer 3 September – Stian Eckhoff, biathlete
2.
1978 in Norway
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Events in the year 1978 in Norway. All eighteen people on board are killed in the crash,28 August – At Hopen, Svalbard, a Soviet Tupolev Tu-16 aircraft accidentally crashes at the sides of Werenskioldfjellet. 7 September – Skateboarding is banned in Norway,22 October – Lillestrøm wins the 1978 Norwegian Football Cup final by beating Brann 2–1. Harald Sverdrup, poet and childrens writer, is awarded the Dobloug Prize literature award. B, sculptor Trond Frønes, musician Ray Kay, photographer 16 January – Otto Dahl, politician 16 January – Svein Helling, sport shooter 18 January – John Lyng, barrister and politician. 21 January – Olav Sundal, gymnast and Olympic silver medallist,21 February – Raoul Heide, fencer. 3 March – Georg Morgenstierne, linguist 13 March – Kaare Bache,1 April – Olaf Nygaard, cyclist 18 April – Alex Brinchmann, childrens physician and songwriter, novelist, playwright and crime writer. 25 April – Arne Rustadstuen, Nordic skier, Olympic bronze medallist and World Champion 4 May – Kolbjørn Fjeld, librarian,8 May – Klara Amalie Skoglund, politician 9 May – Halvor Bunkholt, politician 20 May – Bjarne Brustad, composer and violinist. 15 August – Viggo Brun, mathematician 15 August – Hartvig Kiran, poet,30 September – Eiliv Skard, classical philologist. 2 October – Sjur Johnsen, wrestler,15 October – Rolf Stenersen, track and field athlete, businessman, art collector, non-fiction writer, essayist, novelist, playwright and biographer. 17 October – Robert Giertsen, sailor 17 October – Sigurd Evensmo, author, poulsson, judge Lita Prahl, actress and costume designer Carl Søyland, newspaper editor
3.
Norway
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The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered part of the Kingdom. Norway also lays claim to a section of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land, until 1814, the kingdom included the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland. It also included Isle of Man until 1266, Shetland and Orkney until 1468, Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres and a population of 5,258,317. The country shares a long border with Sweden. Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east, Norway has an extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea. King Harald V of the Dano-German House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway, erna Solberg became Prime Minister in 2013, replacing Jens Stoltenberg. A constitutional monarchy, Norway divides state power between the Parliament, the Cabinet and the Supreme Court, as determined by the 1814 Constitution, the kingdom is established as a merger of several petty kingdoms. By the traditional count from the year 872, the kingdom has existed continuously for 1,144 years, Norway has both administrative and political subdivisions on two levels, counties and municipalities. The Sámi people have an amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the Sámi Parliament. Norway maintains close ties with the European Union and the United States, the country maintains a combination of market economy and a Nordic welfare model with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system. Norway has extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood, the petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the countrys gross domestic product. On a per-capita basis, Norway is the worlds largest producer of oil, the country has the fourth-highest per capita income in the world on the World Bank and IMF lists. On the CIAs GDP per capita list which includes territories and some regions, from 2001 to 2006, and then again from 2009 to 2017, Norway had the highest Human Development Index ranking in the world. It also has the highest inequality-adjusted ranking, Norway ranks first on the World Happiness Report, the OECD Better Life Index, the Index of Public Integrity and the Democracy Index. Norway has two names, Noreg in Nynorsk and Norge in Bokmål. The name Norway comes from the Old English word Norðrveg mentioned in 880, meaning way or way leading to the north. In contrasting with suðrvegar southern way for Germany, and austrvegr eastern way for the Baltic, the Anglo-Saxon of Britain also referred to the kingdom of Norway in 880 as Norðmanna land. This was the area of Harald Fairhair, the first king of Norway, and because of him
4.
1981 in Norway
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Events in the year 1981 in Norway. Monarch - Olav V Prime Minister - Odvar Nordli until 4 February, Gro Harlem Brundtland until 14 October, Gro Harlem Brundtland becomes the first female Prime Minister of Norway 14 October - The government of Gro Harlem Brundtland resigns 14 October – Willochs First Cabinet was appointed. 5 November - Five people are killed when a seaplane crashes in the Forsand municipality,6 December – The 1981 Parliamentary election takes place. Norway becomes the first country in the world to enact a law to prevent discrimination against homosexuals, the Hessdalen light UFO phenomenon emerged in December and occurred with high frequency for the next several years. 1 February - Geirr Tveitt, composer and pianist 11 February - Haakon Olsen Wika, politician 11 March - Jonas Enge, politician 4 April - Aanund Bjørnsson Berdal, engineer. 11 May - Odd Hassel, physical chemist and Nobel Laureate 7 June - Asbjørn Listerud, politician 2 August – Kåre Norum, educator
5.
1982 in Norway
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Events in the year 1982 in Norway. Monarch - Olav V Prime Minister - Kåre Willoch 11 March – Widerøe Flight 933 crashed into the Barents Sea near Mehamn, killing all 15 on board,2 July - A bomb explodes in a locker at the Oslo Central Station. A young woman is killed and eleven others are injured,9 July - An unexploded bomb is found and defused in the cargo storage at the Oslo central station. 9 October - An 18-year-old confesses that it was he who was behind the bombing of the Central Station in Oslo,11 October - Eight paintings worth an estimated 25 million NOK are stolen from the National Gallery in Oslo. 18 October - the trail of Arnfinn Nesset, who accused of killing 25 patients at the Geriatric institution in Orkdal where he was the director. The Norwegian Ministry of Culture and Church Affairs is established Gunvor Hofmo, writer, sissel Lange-Nielsen, writer, literary critic, and journalist, is awarded the Riksmål Society Literature Prize. Åge Rønning, writer and journalist, is awarded the Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature for his novel Kolbes reise
6.
1983 in Norway
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Events in the year 1983 in Norway. Nesset was sentenced to 21 years in prison, the maximum punishment possible by Norwegian law,8 June – Willochs Second Cabinet was appointed. 18 August – Much of the Archbishops Palace in Trondheim burned down, municipal and county elections are held throughout the country. Odd Abrahamsen, poet, is awarded the Riksmål Society Literature Prize, karin Bang, poet and novelist, is awarded the Gyldendals Endowment literature prize. 1 July – Marit Larsen, singer and songwriter 3 January - Ludvig Ellefsrød, politician 16 January Gunnar S
7.
Olav V of Norway
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Olav V was King of Norway from 1957 until his death. Olav was the child of Haakon VII and Maud of Wales. He became heir apparent to the Norwegian throne when his father was elected King of Norway in 1905. He was the first heir to the Norwegian throne to be brought up in Norway since Olav IV, in preparation for his future role, he attended both civilian and military schools. In 1929, he married his first cousin Princess Märtha of Sweden, during World War II his leadership was much appreciated and he was appointed Norwegian Chief of Defence in 1944. At his death in 1991, he was the last surviving grandchild of Edward VII of the United Kingdom, due to his considerate, down-to-earth style, King Olav was immensely popular, resulting in the nickname Folkekongen. In a 2005 poll by the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation, Olav was voted Norwegian of the century, Olav was a Danish prince born in Appleton House on the royal Sandringham Estate, Flitcham, United Kingdom. He was named Alexander Edward Christian Frederik, when his father was elected king of Norway, he took the Norwegian name Haakon VII, and on the day he was inaugurated, he gave his son the Norwegian name Olav. Olav was the first heir to the throne since medieval times to have raised in Norway. Unlike his father, who was an officer, Olav chose to complete his main military education in the army. He graduated from the three-year Norwegian Military Academy in 1924, with the fourth best score in his class, Olav then went on to study jurisprudence and economics for two years at Balliol College, Oxford. During the 1930s, Crown Prince Olav was a naval cadet serving on the training ship Olav Tryggvason. Olav moved upwards in the ranks of the Norwegian armed forces, rising in the army from a rank of first lieutenant, to captain in 1931. Olav jumped from the Holmenkollen ski jump in Oslo, and also competed in sailing regattas and he won a gold medal in sailing at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam and remained an active sailor into old age. On 21 March 1929 in Oslo, he married his first cousin Princess Märtha of Sweden with whom he had two daughters, Ragnhild and Astrid and one son, Harald. As exiles during World War II, Crown Princess Märtha and the children lived in Washington. She died in 1954, before her husband ascended the throne, as Crown Prince, Olav had received extensive military training and had participated in most major Norwegian military exercises. Because of this he was one of the most knowledgeable Norwegian military leaders and was respected by other Allied leaders for his knowledge
8.
Odvar Nordli
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Odvar Nordli is a Norwegian politician from the Labour Party. He was Prime Minister of Norway from 1976 to 1981, Nordli grew up in Tangen in Stange, Hedmark. After World War II he served in the Independent Norwegian Brigade Group in Germany, by education he became a certified accountant before entering politics, and worked in this field until 1961. He served as deputy mayor of Stange municipality from 1951 to 1963 and he was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Hedmark in 1961, and was re-elected on five occasions. He had previously served in the position of deputy representative during the terms 1954–1957, Nordli became a cabinet member in 1971, serving as Minister of Local Government in the first cabinet Bratteli. He became Prime Minister in 1976, heading the cabinet Nordli which succeeded the second cabinet Bratteli and he had to govern through several tough cases like the so-called double-resolution over NATO and the national controversy over the damming of the Alta-Kautokeino river. The cabinet Nordli sat until February 1981, when it was followed by another labour party cabinet, after retiring as prime minister in 1981, he was elected vice president of the Storting. He served as president until 1985. His career in politics ended with the post of County Governor of Hedmark and he was also a member of the Norwegian Nobel Committee from 1985 to 1993. Since retiring, Nordli has had a number of books published, documentary featuring Nordli Growth to limits, the Western European welfare states since World War 2, Volume 4 by Peter Flora
9.
Labour Party (Norway)
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The Labour Party, formerly the Norwegian Labour Party, is a social-democratic political party in Norway. It was formerly the senior partner of the governing Red-Green Coalition, the party is currently led by Jonas Gahr Støre. The Labour Party is officially committed to social-democratic ideals and its slogan since the 1930s has been everyone shall take part, and the party traditionally seeks a strong welfare state, funded through taxes and duties. During the first Stoltenberg government, the policies were inspired by Tony Blairs New Labour. The party has frequently described as increasingly neoliberal since the 1980s. The Labour Party profiles itself as a party that subscribes to cooperation on a national as well as international level. Its youth wing is the Workers Youth League, the party is a full member of the Party of European Socialists and Progressive Alliance, and is an observer member of the Socialist International. The Labour Party has always been a supporter of Norways NATO membership and has supported Norwegian membership in the European Union during two referendums. Founded in 1887, the party increased in support until it became the largest party in Norway in 1927. This year also saw the consolidation of surrounding the party during the 1920s following its membership in the Comintern from 1919 to 1923. It formed its first government in 1928, and has led the government for all but 16 years since 1935, from 1945 to 1961, the party had an absolute majority in the Norwegian parliament, the only time this has ever happened in Norwegian history. The domination by the Labour Party, during the 1960s and early 1970s, was broken by competition from the left. From the end of the 1970s however, the party started to lose voters to the right, in 2001 the party achieved its worst electoral results since 1924. Between 2005 and 2013, Labour returned to power after committing to an agreement with other parties in order to form a majority government. Since losing 9 seats in the 2013 election, Labour has been in opposition, the party was founded in 1887 in Arendal and first ran in elections to the Parliament of Norway in 1894. It entered Parliament in 1904 after the 1903 election, and steadily increased its vote until 1927, the party were members of Comintern, a Communist organisation, between 1918 and 1923. From the establishment of Vort Arbeide in 1884, the party had a growing and notable organisation of newspapers, the party press system eventually resulted in Norsk Arbeiderpresse. In January 1913 the party had 24 newspapers, and 6 more newspapers were founded in 1913, the party also had the periodical Det 20de Aarhundre
10.
Norwegian Petroleum Museum
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The Norwegian Petroleum Museum was opened on 20 May 1999. In Norwegian language the museum is called Norsk Oljemuseum, the unusual architecture has made the museum a landmark in the Port of Stavanger. Seen from the sea the museum looks like an oil platform. The museum focuses on offshore petroleum activity especially in the North Sea, list of petroleum museums Norwegian Petroleum Museum Website Museums in Stavanger About the architecture of Norwegian Petroleum Museum
11.
Alta controversy
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Folkeaksjonen mot utbygging av Alta-Kautokeinovassdraget was founded at the local highschool, by around 80 protesters, on July 12,1978 The Detsika Camp was established in the summer of 1979. It received 6500 visitors from 20 nations—a number of the visitors were demonstrators, later in 1979 the Stilla Camp was established, and the Detsika Camp was disestablished. Folkeaksjonen - held an election at an annual meeting in Alta on January 24,1982. Folkeaksjonen - had its last national conference, in May 1982, proceedings in court against Alfred Nilsen, Bongo, Suhr and Flatberg, commence March 1,1983. They are later sentenced to fines and suspended prison sentences, on July 12,1978, the popular movement against development of the Alta-Kautokeino waterway was founded, creating an organizational platform for first opposing and then resisting construction work. This group and others filed for an injunction in Norwegian courts against the Norwegian government to prevent construction from beginning, documents that have since been declassified, show that the government planned to use military forces as logistical support for police authorities in their efforts to stop the protests. More than one thousand protesters chained themselves to the site when the work started again in January 1981, the police responded with large forces, at one point 10% of all Norwegian police officers were stationed in Alta. The protesters were removed by police. For the first time since World War II, Norwegians were arrested and charged with violating laws against rioting, the central organizations for the Sami people discontinued all cooperation with the Norwegian government. Two Sami women even travelled to Rome to petition the Pope, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the government in early 1982, at which point organized opposition to the power plant ceased, and the power plant was built. This process reached a key milestone in 2005, when the Finnmark Act was passed and it is considered that though the Sami lost the battle over this particular issue, they made important long-term gains. It unified formerly disparate environmental groups with respect to a common cause, revived Sami interest in their culture and rolled back efforts of the Norwegian governments Norwegianization policy. The NGO organised the opposition against the construction in the Alta controversy, of these 10,000 actively participated in demonstrations, including the Stilla March. The organisation functioned as a cooperation between environmentalists and Sami activists, and not only succeeded at putting focus on environmental issues but also on Sami rights. After their acts of disobedience, the four leaders, Alfred Nilsen, Tore Bongo, Svein Suhr. A2014 documentary film Tidsvitne, Alta-kampen was produced by NRK La Elva Leve, in 2014 in one of the scenes of scenes of the Donald Duck Christmas story, mining activists—clad in gákti—and a chain gang show up. Associations to the Alta conflict of the 70s and 80s, where there was resistance to the building of a dam on the Alta River, are clear. Henvendelsene kom fra både IRA og venstreradikale nordmenn, mest sannsynlig AKP-medlemmer, ville sprenge skip i Alta - Under Alta-striden planla venstreradikale nordmenn å sprenge politibåten «Janina», som lå i Alta med 800 politifolk om bord
12.
Altaelva
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Altaelva is the third longest river in Finnmark county, Norway. The river begins in the mountains and lakes in Kautokeino Municipality, near the border with Troms county and Finland, the 240-kilometre long river then runs northward into Alta Municipality where it flows out into the Altafjorden in the town of Alta. The river has carved out Sautso, one of the largest canyons in Europe on its way from the high Finnmarksvidda plateau down to the sea, the villages of Kautokeino and Masi are located along the river, in addition to the town of Alta. During the 1970s and 1980s, the river was the site of the Alta controversy regarding the construction of a power plant. The Alta power station was built in 1987, creating the lake Virdnejávri on the river. The river is one of the best salmon rivers in Norway, in older days, salmon up to 33 kilograms were recorded, and still fish up to 24 kilograms are caught. In 2011, there were 1,082 salmon that were caught on the river, the Altaelva literally means the Alta River in English. The Northern Sami language version of the name is Álttáeatnu and the Kven language version of the name is Alattionjoki. The part of the river that is upstream of the Alta dam is also called Kautokeinoelva, meaning the Kautokeino River and that part of the river is also known as Guovdageaineatnu or Eatnu in the Northern Sami language. Media related to Altaelva at Wikimedia Commons
13.
Alexander L. Kielland (platform)
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Alexander L. Kielland was a Norwegian semi-submersible drilling rig that capsized while working in the Ekofisk oil field in March 1980, killing 123 people. The capsize was the worst disaster in Norwegian waters since World War II, the rig was named after the Norwegian writer Alexander Lange Kielland. The rig was built as a drilling unit at a French shipyard. The floating drill rig was not used for drilling purposes but served as a semi-submersible flotel providing living quarters for offshore workers, by 1978, additional accommodation blocks had been added to the platform, so that up to 386 persons could be accommodated. In 1980, the platform was working in the Norwegian north sea providing offshore accommodation for the production platform Edda 2/7C, in driving rain and mist, early in the evening of 27 March 1980 more than 200 men were off duty in the accommodation on Alexander L. Kielland. The wind was gusting to 40 knots with waves up to 12 m high, the rig had just been winched away from the Edda production platform. Minutes before 18,30, those on board felt a sharp crack followed by some kind of trembling, suddenly the rig heeled over 30° and then stabilised. Five of the six anchor cables had broken, the one remaining cable preventing the rig from capsizing, the list continued to increase and at 18,53, the remaining anchor cable snapped and the rig capsized. 130 men were in the hall and the cinema. The rig had seven 50-man lifeboats and twenty 20-man rafts, four lifeboats were launched, but only one managed to release from the lowering cables. A fifth lifeboat came adrift and surfaced upside down, its occupants righted it, two of Kiellands rafts were detached and three men were rescued from them. Two 12-man rafts were thrown from Edda and rescued 13 survivors, seven men were taken from the sea by supply boats and seven swam to Edda. No-one was rescued by the vessel, which took an hour to reach the scene. Of the 212 people aboard 123 were killed, making it the worst disaster in Norwegian offshore history since WWII, Most of the workers were from Rogaland. In March 1981, a report concluded that the rig collapsed due to a fatigue crack in one of its six bracings. This was traced to a small 6mm fillet weld which joined a non-load-bearing flange plate to this D-6 bracing and this flange plate held a sonar device used during drilling operations. The poor profile of the fillet weld contributed to a reduction in its fatigue strength, further, the investigation found considerable amounts of lamellar tearing in the flange plate and cold cracks in the butt weld. Cold cracks in the welds, increased stress concentrations due to the flange plate, the poor weld profile
14.
Oslo Tunnel
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The Oslo Tunnel is a 3, 632-meter, double-track, railway tunnel which runs between Olav Kyrres plass and Oslo Central Station in Oslo, Norway. The tunnel constitutes the eastern-most section of the Drammen Line and runs below the business district of Oslo. It features the four-track Nationaltheatret Station, Norways second-busiest railway station, at Frogner, the Elisenberg Station was built, but has never been used. The tunnel is the busiest section of line in Norway and serves all west-bound trains from Oslo, including many services of the Oslo Commuter Rail. Traditionally, Oslo had two stations, the larger Oslo East Station and Oslo West Station, which served the Drammen Line and this caused a physical barrier between the two parts of the railway network, only connected by the Oslo Port Line which ran partly in city streets. Formal planning of a station and a tunnel connecting the Drammen Line to Oslo Ø started in 1938. The Oslo Tunnel opened on 1 June 1980, and made it possible to close Oslo V in 1989, Nationaltheatret saw a major upgrade in 1999, when it was expanded to four tracks, and from 2008 to 2010, the tunnel will see a major technical upgrade. There are plans to build a tunnel to increase train capacity west of Oslo. The tunnel constitutes the easternmost 3,632 meters of the Drammen Line, at Oslo S,12 of the 19 tracks connect to the tunnel, which is shaped as a funnel, eventually merging the twelve tracks into two. The tunnel runs below some important heritage buildings in Oslo, including Basarhallene, Nationaltheatret Station is the second-busiest railway station in the country, and is located below the Oslo Metro station with the same name. The station has four tracks and two 250-meter long island platforms, serving the business district of Oslo. Through this section, the line runs below the Common Tunnel of the Oslo Metro for 280 meters, at this point, the line is 18 meters below the surface. Elisenberg Station, located in Frogner, is built, including a 220-meter long island platform. The line follows Bygdøy allé and surfaces just west of Olav Kyrres plass, immediately afterwards, the Skøyen–Filipstad Line merges into the Drammen Line. The next station along the line is Skøyen Station, the Oslo Tunnel is the most heavily trafficked section of mainline railway in Norway. It has a capacity of 40 trains per hour in each direction. In rush hour, there are up to 20 trains operating through the tunnel, all eight lines of the Oslo Commuter Rail have some or all of their services operate through the tunnel, although many of these terminate at Skøyen. Freight trains along the Sørland Line operate through the tunnel, although only at night, while freight trains along the Bergen Line do not, by the 1930s, Oslo had two main railway stations, Oslo East Station and Oslo West Station
15.
UNESCO
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The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations based in Paris. It is the heir of the League of Nations International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation, UNESCO has 195 member states and nine associate members. Most of its offices are cluster offices covering three or more countries, national and regional offices also exist. UNESCO pursues its objectives through five major programs, education, natural sciences, social/human sciences, culture and it is also a member of the United Nations Development Group. UNESCO and its mandate for international cooperation can be traced back to a League of Nations resolution on 21 September 1921, on 18 December 1925, the International Bureau of Education began work as a non-governmental organization in the service of international educational development. However, the work of predecessor organizations was largely interrupted by the onset of World War II. On 30 October 1943, the necessity for an organization was expressed in the Moscow Declaration, agreed upon by China, the United Kingdom, the United States. This was followed by the Dumbarton Oaks Conference proposals of 9 October 1944, a prominent figure in the initiative for UNESCO was Rab Butler, the Minister of Education for the United Kingdom. At the ECO/CONF, the Constitution of UNESCO was introduced and signed by 37 countries, the Preparatory Commission operated between 16 November 1945, and 4 November 1946—the date when UNESCOs Constitution came into force with the deposit of the twentieth ratification by a member state. The first General Conference took place between 19 November to 10 December 1946, and elected Dr. Julian Huxley to Director-General and this change in governance distinguished UNESCO from its predecessor, the CICI, in how member states would work together in the organizations fields of competence. In 1956, the Republic of South Africa withdrew from UNESCO claiming that some of the organizations publications amounted to interference in the racial problems. South Africa rejoined the organization in 1994 under the leadership of Nelson Mandela, UNESCOs early work in the field of education included the pilot project on fundamental education in the Marbial Valley, Haiti, started in 1947. This project was followed by missions to other countries, including, for example. In 1948, UNESCO recommended that Member States should make free primary education compulsory, in 1990, the World Conference on Education for All, in Jomtien, Thailand, launched a global movement to provide basic education for all children, youths and adults. Ten years later, the 2000 World Education Forum held in Dakar, Senegal, UNESCOs early activities in culture included, for example, the Nubia Campaign, launched in 1960. The purpose of the campaign was to move the Great Temple of Abu Simbel to keep it from being swamped by the Nile after construction of the Aswan Dam, during the 20-year campaign,22 monuments and architectural complexes were relocated. This was the first and largest in a series of campaigns including Mohenjo-daro, Fes, Kathmandu, Borobudur, the organizations work on heritage led to the adoption, in 1972, of the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. The World Heritage Committee was established in 1976 and the first sites inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1978, since then important legal instruments on cultural heritage and diversity have been adopted by UNESCO member states in 2003 and 2005
16.
World Heritage Site
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A World Heritage Site is a landmark which has been officially recognized by the United Nations, specifically by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Sites are selected on the basis of having cultural, historical, scientific or some form of significance. UNESCO regards these sites as being important to the interests of humanity. The programme catalogues, names, and conserves sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common culture, under certain conditions, listed sites can obtain funds from the World Heritage Fund. The program was founded with the Convention Concerning the Protection of the Worlds Cultural and Natural Heritage, since then,192 state parties have ratified the convention, making it one of the most adhered to international instruments. As of July 2016,1052 sites are listed,814 cultural,203 natural, in 1959, the governments of Egypt and Sudan requested UNESCO to assist their countries to protect and rescue the endangered monuments and sites. In 1960, the Director-General of UNESCO launched an appeal to the Member States for an International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia, the campaign, which ended in 1980, was considered a success. The project cost $80 million, about $40 million of which was collected from 50 countries, the projects success led to other safeguarding campaigns, saving Venice and its lagoon in Italy, the ruins of Mohenjo-daro in Pakistan, and the Borobodur Temple Compounds in Indonesia. UNESCO then initiated, with the International Council on Monuments and Sites, the United States initiated the idea of cultural conservation with nature conservation. The International Union for Conservation of Nature developed similar proposals in 1968, the Convention came into force on 17 December 1975. As of June 2016, it has been ratified by 192 states, including 188 UN member states plus the Cook Islands, the Holy See, Niue, a country must first list its significant cultural and natural sites, the result is called the Tentative List. A country may not nominate sites that have not been first included on the Tentative List, next, it can place sites selected from that list into a Nomination File. The Nomination File is evaluated by the International Council on Monuments and Sites and these bodies then make their recommendations to the World Heritage Committee. There are ten selection criteria – a site must meet at least one of them to be included on the list, up to 2004, there were six criteria for cultural heritage and four criteria for natural heritage. In 2005, this was modified so there is now only one set of ten criteria. Nominated sites must be of outstanding value and meet at least one of the ten criteria. Thus, the Geneva Convention treaty promulgates, Article 53, PROTECTION OF CULTURAL OBJECTS AND OF PLACES OF WORSHIP. There are 1,052 World Heritage Sites located in 165 States Party, of these,814 are cultural,203 are natural and 35 are mixed properties
17.
Sverre Kjelsberg
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Sverre Kjelsberg was a Norwegian singer, guitarist, bassist, composer, and lyricist. He was a member of the band The Pussycats from 1964 and he and Mattis Hætta represented Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 1980 with the entry Sámiid Ædnan, which was composed by Kjelsberg and Ragnar Olsen. On 18 June 2016, Kjelsberg was found dead in his home and he had been ill with cancer previously, but was declared cancer-free in 2015. No cause of death has been determined, etter mørketia Kära Syster with Tage Löf, Swedish pianist. This album included the song Sámiid Ædnan, låla. yoik with Mattis Hætta Sverre. Den glade pessimisten, with Ragnar Olsen Drømmen e fri Større kraft enn krutt
18.
1980 Eurovision Song Contest
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The Eurovision Song Contest 1980 was the 25th Eurovision Song Contest and was held on 19 April 1980 in The Hague. The presenter was Marlous Fluitsma, although each song was introduced by a presenter from the participating nation, in some cases, this was the same person providing the commentary. The contest was won by Johnny Logan, representing Ireland with a song called Whats Another Year, after Spain, the 2nd-place winner of 1979, and reportedly the UK, refused to host, the Netherlands finally agreed to host the show in a small-scale production. As with the recent 1977 and 1978 contests, there were no pre-filmed postcards between the songs, with a guest presenter from each nation introducing the entries, NOS spent just US$725,000 on the project. Morocco joined the Eurovision family for the first time, monaco withdrew, and would not return until the 2004 semi final. Australian-born Johnny Logan representing Ireland was the winner of this Eurovision with the song and this was Irelands second time winning the competition, having won in 1970 with All Kinds of Everything, which was also held on Dutch soil. They would finish in place again the following year, finally winning it in 1982. Germany would go on to second again in 1985 and 1987. United Kingdom returned to form by coming third, the Hague is the seat of government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the capital city of the province of South Holland. It is also the third largest city of the Netherlands, after Amsterdam and Rotterdam, located in the west of the Netherlands, The Hague is in the centre of the Haaglanden conurbation and lies at the southwest corner of the larger Randstad conurbation. The scoring system implemented in 1975 remained the same, each country had a jury who awarded 12,10,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1 point for their top ten songs. However this year for the first time, countries were required to cast their votes in ascending order,1,2,3 etc and this change made for the added excitement of waiting for each country to award their highest 12 points at the end of each voting round. For each nations performance, the orchestra was conducted by the following, Notes a. ^ Although the song was completely in Norwegian, the Netherlands gained a strong lead early on, getting the maximum douze points from three of the first four voting countries. This was not to last, however, as Germany and eventually Ireland overtook them, below is a summary of all 12 points in the final, Each song was introduced by a presenter from the national country. Thelma Mansfield introduced the song in Irish, whereas the song was performed in English
19.
Leif Erlend Johannessen
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Leif Erlend Johannessen is a Norwegian chess player, and Norways fifth grandmaster. He received his title in 2002, and was at the time Norways second youngest grandmaster of all times and he picked up his first norm in Oslo, the second at Bermuda and finally the third in the Sigeman tournament in Malmö. Johannessen has yet to win the Norwegian championship, the closest he has come is second place in 1999 after losing the play-off 0-2 to Berge Østenstad, Johannessen has won the Norwegian blitz and rapid championship several times though. Johannessen usually plays 1. d4 when he is White, with Black, Johannessen employs a variety of defenses including the Sicilian Defence and Caro-Kann Defence against 1. e4 and the Queens Gambit Declined, Slav Defense, or Semi-Slav Defense against 1. d4. He is also the editor-in-chief of the official Norwegian Chess Magazine, Johannessen is an honorary member of the Portuguese amateur team Mata de Benfica and played in the Portuguese First League Team Championship in the season 2006/2007 and 2008/2009 for this team
20.
Lene Marlin
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Lene Marlin is a Norwegian singer and musician. Marlin made her Norwegian debut on 12 October 1998, with the single Unforgivable Sinner and it was the fastest selling single in Norwegian music history, and appeared in the soundtrack of the Norwegian movie Schpaaa. Her first album, Playing My Game, followed and she won an MTV Europe award in 1999. Her single Where Im Headed, from the French film, Mauvaises fréquentations, topped the charts in France and her song Sitting Down Here became a top 5 hit in the UK Singles Chart, and reached number 5 in The Netherlands in 2000. Marlins second album, Another Day, was released on 22 September 2003, two singles were released, You Werent There and Another Day. You Werent There debuted at No.1 on Norway Singles Top 20 and it also stayed for 24 weeks in Italy Singles Top 50 chart, peaking at No.1. You Werent There was less successful in the UK, reaching #59, the single Another Day was released in Italy and Norway only, and peaked at No.17 on the Italian Singles chart. Sorry was released only in Italy, in June 2005, Marlin released her third album, Lost in a Moment. The first single from album, How Would It Be, was released in Europe in May 2005. This single also appeared briefly for a week at a low spot in Germany Singles Top 100, the second single was What If, released only in Italy. Despite being less known in other parts of the world, Marlin made a trip to Taiwan. This included one track, Still Here, a cover of a song by a famous Chinese singer. The visit proved to be successful, events included a concert appearance hosted by MTV Taiwan, various television appearances. Her record company claims that Lost in a Moment was their best selling record of the year. Twist The Truth, her album, was released on 30 March 2009. Unlike her previous three albums, the basic sound focuses strongly on an unplugged feel in the song performances, the first single, Here We Are, was number one on the Norwegian National Radio Chart for two weeks, and was the most airplayed Norwegian song of 2009. Lene Marlin has written songs for artists, including Rihannas Good Girl Gone Bad. She also co-wrote Yesterdays Gone with Frida Amundsen, which was featured on Amundsens 2012 debut album, in 2006, she performed with Swiss band, Lovebugs on their single Avalon, which made the Top 10 in the Swiss chart as well as topping the Swiss National Airplay Chart
21.
John Arne Riise
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John Arne Semundseth Riise is a retired Norwegian professional footballer who last played as a left-back and a left midfielder for Indian Super League club Chennaiyin F. C. on a two-month contract. With 110 caps, he is the most capped player for the Norway national team and he was named in the Norway squad for UEFA Euro 2000 but did not play in the tournament. Riise scored 16 goals before his retirement from international duty in 2013 and he spent seven years playing for Premier League side Liverpool, in which he won many honours, including the 2004–05 UEFA Champions League, before moving to Roma in 2008. Riise began his career in his homeland with Aalesund, after a single season as a senior player for the club, he moved abroad in 1998, playing the formative years of his professional career with French club Monaco. When Aalesund opened their new stadium in April 2005, businessman Olav Nils Sunde donated a statue to the club, while Sunde denied it, the statue bore a very strong resemblance to Riise. In 2007, when Riise played in the Champions League Final, Riise himself has said, is not for me to decide. Everyone sees who it is, and I know that it was made for me, Riise was a regular member of the 1999–2000 Ligue 1 championship-winning side, however, he fell out of favour with coach Claude Puel after admitting his desire to leave. He was then sold to Liverpool for £4 million the following summer and he made his debut for Liverpool in the 24 August 20012001 UEFA Super Cup game against Bayern Munich played at the Stade Louis II. He scored as Liverpool went on to win the game 3–2 and he also scored important goals throughout the Premier League season against teams such as Arsenal, Everton, Newcastle United and Manchester United. Riise initially wore the number 18 shirt but changed to the number 6 shirt in 2004–05 season and he scored ten goals in his first season with Liverpool. Riise endured what were considered below-average seasons by most in the 2002–03 and 2003–04 seasons and he won a UEFA Champions League winners medal, providing the assist for Liverpools first goal of the final, although his attempt in the penalty shoot-out against Milan was saved. In the 2005 Football League Cup Final, he scored in the first minute of the game, however, in January 2006, Riise signed a new contract at Anfield to keep him at the club until 2009. In February 2008, Riise announced his desire to stay at Liverpool for the rest of his career, Riise helped the club to win the 2005–06 FA Cup, scoring in the semi-final against Chelsea and successfully converting his attempt in the penalty shoot-out against West Ham in the final. Riise made it into the list of the top 50 Liverpool appearance-makers of all time when he played in the 5–0 victory over Luton Town on 15 January 2008. On 22 April 2008, in Liverpools Champions League semi-final first leg against Chelsea at Anfield, Liverpool went on to lose 3–2 after extra time in the away match and were eliminated from the tournament 4–3 on aggregate. Throughout the 2007–08 season, Riises natural place in the side was taken by Fábio Aurélio. On 18 June 2008, after being linked with moves to other English clubs, the club paid €5 million total, including €2.8 million per year. Riise soon became a fan favourite with his hard working spirit which drove Roma to several important victories, in fact, Riises first goal for the club was against league leaders Internazionale in a pivotal top of the table game
22.
Norway national football team
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The Norway mens national football team represents Norway in international association football and is controlled by the Football Association of Norway, the governing body for football in Norway. Norways home ground is Ullevaal Stadion in Oslo and their coach is Lars Lagerbäck. It is, as of March 2017, ranked by FIFA as the 81st best national team in the world, Norway has participated three times in the FIFA World Cup, and once in the UEFA European Championship. Norway is also notable as the national team that has never lost any of the matches it has played against Brazil. In four matches played, Norway has a 2–0–2 record against Brazil, Norways performances in international football have usually been weaker than those of their Scandinavian neighbours Sweden and Denmark, but they did have a golden age in the late 1930s. An Olympic team achieved third place in the 1936 Olympics, after beating the hosts Germany earlier in the tournament, Norway also qualified for the 1938 FIFA World Cup, where they lost 2–1 after extra time against eventual champions Italy. This turned out to be Norways last World Cup finals appearance in 56 years, in the post-war years, up to and including the 1980s, Norway was usually considered as one of the weaker nations in Europe. They never qualified for a World Cup or European Championship in this period, Norway had their most successful period from 1990 to 1998 under the legendary coach Egil Drillo Olsen. At its height in the mid-90s the team was ranked second on the FIFA World Rankings. In the 1994 World Cup in the United States, Norway was knocked out at the stage after a win against Mexico, a defeat against Italy. Former under-21 coach Nils Johan Semb replaced Olsen after the retirement of the latter. Under Sembs guidance, Norway qualified for Euro 2000, which remains their last finals appearance to date, Semb resigned at the end of an unsuccessful qualifying campaign in 2003, and was replaced by Åge Hareide. Under Hareide, Norway came close to reaching both the 2006 World Cup and Euro 2008, but ultimately fell short on both occasions, then, in 2008, it all fell apart as Norway failed to win a single game the entire calendar year. Hareide resigned at the end of 2008 and his replacement, initially on a temporary basis, was the returning Egil Olsen, who began his second spell in charge with an away win against Germany, and subsequently signed a three-year contract. Olsen resigned in September 2013 after Norway lost at home to Switzerland and he was replaced with Per-Mathias Høgmo. Norways best single result is arguably the 2–1 win against Brazil on 23 June 1998 in the World Cup group stage, Norway is in fact the only team in the world that has played against Brazil and never lost. In its four matches all-time against Brazil, Norway have won twice, Norway used the national flag on a white circle as their badge from the 1920s onwards. In May 2008 the NFF unveiled a new crest, a Viking-style Dragon wrapped around the NFF logo, after massive public pressure the crest was dropped
23.
Sigurd Pettersen
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Sigurd Pettersen is a Norwegian former ski jumper. His greatest achievement is winning the 2003–04 Four Hills Tournament, with wins in Oberstdorf, Pettersen also won two bronze medals in the team large hill events at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships and had his best individual finish of 10th in the 2005 event. He won a medal in the team event at the FIS Ski-Flying World Championships 2004. Pettersens best individual finish at the Winter Olympics was 24th in the large hill at Turin in 2006. He also has six career victories, all in the large hill. Pettersens own ski club is Rollag og Veggli in Rollag, Norway and he has his education from the Norwegian School of Sport Sciences. Four Hills Tournament champion, 2003/2004 Sigurd Pettersen at the International Ski Federation
24.
Lars Horntveth
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Lars Horntveth is a Norwegian musician, band leader, and composer. He is the brother of tubaist Line Horntveth, but best known as a key member of the bands Jaga Jazzist and The National Bank. In summer 2003 the brothers wrote a work to the Vestfold Festival in Tønsberg. The work was performed by the musicians who became the band The National Bank. With his brother and the Lyricist Martin Hagfors, he received the Edvard Prize in 2005 in the Class for pop music for the tune Tolerate from the debut album The National Bank. In 2004 he released a solo album Pooka on Smalltown Supersound, for this he received Spellemannprisen 2004 in the class electronica and contemporary music and Alarmprisen 2005 in the class jazz. In 2008 he released his solo album by the name Kaleidoscopic. The album consists of a 38 minutes long work, and is recorded with the Latvia National Symphony Orchestra, the album was release during the Øyafestivalen, with KORK as orchestra. He is also a widely used wind and string arranger for artists like Turboneger, Ingrid Olava and Marit Larsen. In 2009 he played on the renowned Sonar Festival in Barcelona, and in addition he has contributed to about 50 releases
25.
Anette Hovind Johansen
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Anette Hovind Johansen is a Norwegian handball player. She currently plays for the Danish club GOG Svendborg TGI and she made her debut on the Norwegian national team in 2000, and has played 95 matches and scored 218 goals. She is European champion from 2006 and she received a silver medal at the 2007 World Womens Handball Championship
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