1.
1981
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January – The subterranean Sarawak Chamber is discovered in Borneo. January 1 Greece enters the European Community, which becomes the European Union. January 10 – Salvadoran Civil War, The FMLN launches its first major offensive, gaining control of most of Morazán, january 15 – Pope John Paul II receives a delegation led by Solidarity leader Lech Wałęsa at the Vatican. January 16 – Loyalists shoot and seriously wound nationalist activist Bernadette Devlin McAliskey, january 17 – Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos lifts martial law. January 19 – United States and Iranian officials sign an agreement to release 52 American hostages after 14 months of captivity. January 20 – Iran releases the 52 Americans held for 444 days minutes after Ronald Reagan is sworn in as President of the United States, ending the Iran hostage crisis. January 21 – The first DeLorean DMC-12 automobile, a stainless steel car with gull-wing doors, rolls off the production line in Dunmurry. January 23 – An earthquake of 6.8 magnitude in Sichuan, january 25 Jiang Qing is sentenced to death in the Peoples Republic of China. In South Africa the largest part of the town Laingsburg is swept away within minutes by one of the strongest floods ever experienced in the Great Karoo, january 27 – The Indonesian passenger ship Tamponas 2 catches fire and capsizes in the Java Sea, killing 580. February 4 – Gro Harlem Brundtland becomes Prime Minister of Norway, february 9 – Polish Prime Minister Józef Pińkowski resigns and is replaced by General Wojciech Jaruzelski. February 14 Stardust fire, A fire at the Stardust nightclub in Artane, Dublin, Ireland in the early hours kills 48 people, Australia withdraws recognition of the Pol Pot regime in Cambodia. February 17--February 22 – Pope John Paul II visit to the Philippines, the coup détat fails thanks to King Juan Carlos. March 1 – Bobby Sands, a Provisional Irish Republican Army member and he died May 5, the first of 10 men. March 11 – Chilean military dictator Augusto Pinochet is sworn in as President of Chile for another 8-year term, March 17 – In Italy the Propaganda Due Masonic Lodge is discovered. March 19 – Three workers are killed and 5 injured during a test of the Space Shuttle Columbia, March 29 – The first London Marathon starts with 7,500 runners. March 30 – U. S. President Ronald Reagan is shot in the chest outside a Washington, D. C. hotel by John Hinckley, Jr.2 police officers, April 1 – Daylight saving time is introduced in the Soviet Union. April 4 – UK pop group Bucks Fizz song Making Your Mind Up wins the 1981 Eurovision Song Contest in Dublin, April 6 – Eventual 2016 presidential candidate Bernie Sanders becomes the Mayor of Burlington, Vermont and was in office until April 4,1989. 26 years later he got elected as Democratic U. S, Senator from Vermont, and still remains the states current Senator
2.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
3.
Monarch
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A monarch is the sovereign head of state in a monarchy. A monarch may exercise the highest authority and power in the state, alternatively, an individual may become monarch by conquest, acclamation or a combination of means. A monarch usually reigns for life or until abdication, if a young child is crowned the monarch, a regent is often appointed to govern until the monarch reaches the requisite adult age to rule. A monarch can reign in multiple monarchies simultaneously, for example, the monarchy of Canada and the monarchy of the United Kingdom are separate states, but they share the same monarch through personal union. Monarchs, as such, bear a variety of titles — king or queen, prince or princess, emperor or empress, archduke, duke or grand duke, Prince is sometimes used as a generic term to refer to any monarch regardless of title, especially in older texts. A king can also be a husband and a queen can be a kings wife. If both people in a reign, neither person is generally considered to be a consort. Monarchy is political or sociocultural in nature, and is associated with hereditary rule. Most monarchs, both historically and in the present day, have been born and brought up within a royal family, different systems of succession have been used, such as proximity of blood, primogeniture, agnatic seniority, Salic law, etc. In an elective monarchy, the monarch is elected but otherwise serves as any other monarch, historical examples of elective monarchy include the Holy Roman Emperors and the free election of kings of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In recent centuries, many states have abolished the monarchy and become republics, advocacy of government by a republic is called republicanism, while advocacy of monarchy is called monarchism. A principal advantage of hereditary monarchy is the continuity of national leadership. In cases where the monarch serves mostly as a ceremonial figure real leadership does not depend on the monarch, a form of government may in fact be hereditary without being considered monarchy, such as a family dictatorship. Monarchies take a variety of forms, such as the two co-princes of Andorra, positions held simultaneously by the Roman Catholic Bishop of Urgel and the elected President of France. Similarly, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia is considered a monarch despite only holding the position for five years at a time, hereditary succession within one patrilineal family has been most common, with preference for children over siblings, sons over daughters. Other European realms practice one form or another of primogeniture, whereunder a lord was succeeded by his eldest son or, if he had none, by his brother, the system of tanistry was semi-elective and gave weight also to ability and merit. The Salic law, practiced in France and in the Italian territories of the House of Savoy, in most fiefs, in the event of the demise of all legitimate male members of the patrilineage, a female of the family could succeed. Spain today continues this model of succession law, in the form of cognatic primogeniture, in more complex medieval cases, the sometimes conflicting principles of proximity and primogeniture battled, and outcomes were often idiosyncratic
4.
Elizabeth II
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Elizabeth II has been Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand since 6 February 1952. Elizabeth was born in London as the eldest child of the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake duties during the Second World War. Elizabeths many historic visits and meetings include a visit to the Republic of Ireland. She has seen major changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation. She has reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms and she is the worlds oldest reigning monarch as well as Britains longest-lived. In October 2016, she became the longest currently reigning monarch, in 2017 she became the first British monarch to commemorate a Sapphire Jubilee. Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and press criticism of the family, however, support for the monarchy remains high. Elizabeth was born at 02,40 on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather and her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York, was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York, was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and she was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfathers London house,17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. Elizabeths only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930, the two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford, who was casually known as Crawfie. Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music, Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margarets childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family. The book describes Elizabeths love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, others echoed such observations, Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant and her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved. During her grandfathers reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, many people believed that he would marry and have children of his own. When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis. Consequently, Elizabeths father became king, and she became heir presumptive, if her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession
5.
Governor-general
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Governor-General or governor general, in modern usage, is the title of an office-holder appointed to represent the monarch of a sovereign state in the governing of an independent realm. Governors-General have also previously been appointed in respect of major colonial states or other territories held by either a monarchy or republic, in modern usage, the term governor-general originated in those British colonies which became self-governing within the British Empire. In these cases, the Crowns representative in the federated Dominion was given the title of governor general. Another non-federal state, Newfoundland, was a Dominion for 16 years with the Kings representative retaining the title of governor throughout this time, since 2016, the title governor-general has been given to all representatives of the sovereign in independent Commonwealth realms. In these countries the governor-general acts as the representative, performing the ceremonial and constitutional functions of a head of state. The only other nation which uses the designation is Iran. In Iran, the authority is headed by a governor general. As such they held the prerogative powers of the monarch. The monarch or imperial government could overrule any governor-general, though this could often be cumbersome, the governors-general are entitled to wear a unique uniform, which are not generally worn today. If of the rank of general, equivalent or above. The report resulting from the 1926 Imperial Conference stated, in other words, the political reality of a self-governing Dominion within the British Empire with a governor-general answerable to the sovereign became clear. British interference in the Dominion was not acceptable and independent country status was clearly displayed, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand were clearly not controlled by the United Kingdom. The governor-general, however, is appointed by the monarch. Executive authority is vested in the monarch, though much of it can be exercisable only by the governor-general on behalf of the sovereign of the independent realm. Except in rare cases, the only acts in accordance with constitutional convention and upon the advice of the national prime minister. The governor-general is still the representative of the sovereign and performs the same duties as they carried out historically. In some realms, the monarch could in principle overrule a governor-general, in Australia the present Queen is generally assumed to be head of state, since the governor-general and the state governors are defined as her representatives. However, since the governor-general performs almost all national regal functions, to a lesser extent, uncertainty has been expressed in Canada as to which officeholder—the monarch, the governor general, or both—can be considered the head of state
6.
Zelman Cowen
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Sir Zelman Cowen, AK, GCMG, GCVO, QC was an Australian legal scholar and academic administrator. He was the 19th Governor-General of Australia, Cowen was born in Melbourne in 1919 to a Jewish family named Cohen. The name was changed to Cowen when he was a young boy. He was educated at St Kilda Park State School, Scotch College, from 1947 to 1950 he was a fellow of Oriel College, Oxford, and was also a consultant on legal matters to the British Military Government in Allied-occupied Germany. In 1951 Cowen returned to Australia and became Dean of the Law Faculty at the University of Melbourne, a post he held until 1966 where he appointed, and worked with Francis Patrick Donovan. During these years he was frequently a visiting professor at American universities, including the University of Chicago, the University of Illinois and he also advised the British Colonial Office on constitutional matters and advised the governments of Ghana and Hong Kong on legal issues. Among many other works, he published a biography of Sir Isaac Isaacs, Cowen was appointed Vice-Chancellor of the University of New England in Armidale, New South Wales, in 1966. The following year, he produced for ABC television the Yes case for the Australian referendum,1967, from 1970 to 1977 he was Vice-Chancellor of the University of Queensland in Brisbane. In 1977 Ray Crooke painted Portrait of Professor Emeritus Sir Zelman Cowen which is part of the University of Queensland collection, by this time he was regarded as one of the leading constitutional lawyers in the English-speaking world. He was Emeritus Professor of Law at Melbourne and the Tagore Professor of Law at the University of Calcutta, during his time in Queensland he handled disturbances at the university, resulting from protests against the Vietnam War, with diplomatic skill. When Sir John Kerrs turbulent period of office as Governor-General ended with his resignation in 1977. He was in ways a perfect choice. He was a distinguished Australian with a reputation, his knowledge of the Constitution and the law were beyond dispute. The fact that Cowen was Jewish gave his appointment a multicultural aspect in keeping with contemporary Australian sentiment and he served four and a half years as Governor-General, from December 1977 to July 1982. From 1982 to 1990 Cowen was Provost of Oriel College, Oxford, after his retirement he returned to Australia and became active in Jewish community affairs in Melbourne. He also pursued a range of interests, including serving for five years on the board of Fairfax Newspapers during a turbulent period for the company. During the lead-up to the 1999 Australian republic referendum, he supported a moderate republican position, Cowen had four children, Shimon, Yosef, Kate and Ben. His son, Rabbi Shimon Cowen, is Director of the Institute for Judaism, Cowen suffered from Parkinsons disease for at least the last 15 years of his life
7.
Prime minister
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A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. In many systems, the prime minister selects and may dismiss members of the cabinet. In most systems, the minister is the presiding member. In parliamentary systems fashioned after the Westminster system, the minister is the presiding and actual head of government. In such systems, the head of state or the head of states official representative usually holds a ceremonial position. The prime minister is often, but not always, a member of the Legislature or the Lower House thereof and is expected with other ministers to ensure the passage of bills through the legislature. In some monarchies the monarch may also exercise powers that are constitutionally vested in the crown. The first actual usage of the prime minister or Premier Ministre was used by Cardinal Richelieu when in 1625 he was named to head the royal council as prime minister of France. Louis XIV and his descendants generally attempted to avoid giving this title to their chief ministers, the term prime minister in the sense that we know it originated in the 18th century in the United Kingdom when members of parliament disparagingly used the title in reference to Sir Robert Walpole. Over time, however, the title became honorific and remains so in the 21st century, the monarchs of England and the United Kingdom had ministers in whom they placed special trust and who were regarded as the head of the government. Examples were Thomas Cromwell under Henry VIII, William Cecil, Lord Burghley under Elizabeth I, Clarendon under Charles II and these ministers held a variety of formal posts, but were commonly known as the minister, the chief minister, the first minister and finally the prime minister. The power of ministers depended entirely on the personal favour of the monarch. Although managing the parliament was among the skills of holding high office. Although there was a cabinet, it was appointed entirely by the monarch, when the monarch grew tired of a first minister, he or she could be dismissed, or worse, Cromwell was executed and Clarendon driven into exile when they lost favour. Kings sometimes divided power equally between two or more ministers to prevent one minister from becoming too powerful, late in Annes reign, for example, the Tory ministers Harley and St John shared power. The monarch could no longer any law or impose any tax without its permission. It is at point that a modern style of prime minister begins to emerge. A tipping point in the evolution of the prime ministership came with the death of Anne in 1714, George spoke no English, spent much of his time at his home in Hanover, and had neither knowledge of, nor interest in, the details of English government
8.
Malcolm Fraser
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John Malcolm Fraser AC, CH, GCL was an Australian politician who was the 22nd Prime Minister of Australia and the Leader of the Liberal Party from 1975 to 1983. Elected to the Australian Parliament seat of Wannon in 1955 at the age of 25, Fraser was appointed to the Cabinet in 1966. After rising to become Minister for Defence in 1969, he was regarded as a contender for the leadership of the Liberal Party following their defeat in 1972, Fraser challenged Snedden in 1975 and was elected Leader of the Liberal Party, becoming the Leader of the Opposition. He went on to win the largest parliamentary majority as a proportion of seats in Australian political history at the subsequent election, after two further election victories in 1977 and 1980, he was defeated by the Bob Hawke-led Australian Labor Party in 1983 and left parliament shortly after. Fraser was the last Liberal Party Prime Minister to practise Keynesian economics, in retirement, Fraser became involved in international relief and humanitarian aid issues and, domestically, as a forthright liberal voice for human rights. Shortly after Tony Abbott won the 2009 Liberal Party leadership spill, Fraser ended his Liberal Party membership, stating the party was no longer a liberal party, on 20 March 2015, Fraser died at the age of 84 after a brief illness. John Malcolm Fraser was born on 21 May 1930 in Toorak, Victoria, to a family with a history of involvement in politics, Frasers mother, Una Woolf, was of Jewish descent on her own fathers side, which Fraser did not discover until he was an adult. While at Oxford, Fraser was a classmate and friend of future Canadian Prime Minister John Turner, upon returning to Australia from Oxford, Fraser contested the seat of Wannon in 1954 for the Liberal Party, losing to Labor incumbent Don McLeod by just 17 votes. However, a redistribution made Wannon a notionally Liberal seat, Fraser subsequently won the seat with a majority of more than 5,000 on a swing of 8.5 per cent. Aged just 25, he was the youngest Member of Parliament, after more than a decade on the backbench, Fraser was appointed to the Cabinet by the prime minister, Harold Holt, in 1966. As Minister for the Army he presided over the controversial Vietnam War conscription program, in March 1971, Fraser abruptly resigned from the Cabinet in protest at what he called Gortons interference in ministerial responsibilities. This precipitated a series of events eventually led to the downfall of Gorton. Gorton never forgave Fraser for the role he played in his downfall, McMahon immediately reappointed Fraser to the Cabinet, returning him to his old position of Minister for Education and Science. When the Liberals were defeated at the 1972 election by the Labor Party under Gough Whitlam, McMahon resigned, after Snedden was defeated in 1974, Fraser unsuccessfully challenged him for the leadership of the Liberal Party in November. Despite surviving the challenge, Sneddens position in opinion polls continued to decline, Fraser again challenged Snedden on 21 March 1975, this time succeeding and becoming Leader of the Liberal Party and Leader of the Opposition. Fraser was immediately sworn in as prime minister on the condition that he end the political deadlock. On 19 November 1975, shortly after the election had been called, a bomb was sent to Fraser. Similar devices were sent to the governor-general and the Premier of Queensland, at the 1975 election, Fraser led the Liberal-Country Party Coalition to a landslide victory
9.
Election
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An election is a formal decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold public office. Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern representative democracy has operated since the 17th century, Elections may fill offices in the legislature, sometimes in the executive and judiciary, and for regional and local government. This process is used in many other private and business organizations. Electoral reform describes the process of introducing fair electoral systems where they are not in place, psephology is the study of results and other statistics relating to elections. To elect means to choose or make a decision, and so other forms of ballot such as referendums are referred to as elections. Elections were used as early in history as ancient Greece and ancient Rome, and throughout the Medieval period to select rulers such as the Holy Roman Emperor, in Vedic period of India, the raja of a gana was apparently elected by the gana. The raja belonged to the noble Kshatriya varna, and was typically a son of the previous raja, however, the gana members had the final say in his elections. The Pala king Gopala in early medieval Bengal was elected by a group of feudal chieftains, such elections were quite common in contemporary societies of the region. In Chola Empire, around 920 CE, in Uthiramerur, palm leaves were used for selecting the village committee members, the leaves, with candidate names written on them, were put inside a mud pot. To select the members, a young boy was asked to take out as many leaves as the number of positions available. This was known as the Kudavolai system, ancient Arabs also used election to choose their caliph, Uthman and Ali, in the early medieval Rashidun Caliphate. Questions of suffrage, especially suffrage for minority groups, have dominated the history of elections, males, the dominate cultural group in North America and Europe, often dominated the electorate and continue to do so in many countries. Early elections in such as the United Kingdom and the United States were dominated by landed or ruling class males. However, by 1920 all Western European and North American democracies had universal male suffrage. Despite legally mandated universal suffrage for males, political barriers were sometimes erected to prevent fair access to elections. The question of who may vote is an issue in elections. In Australia Aboriginal people were not given the right to vote until 1962, suffrage is typically only for citizens of the country, though further limits may be imposed. However, in the European Union, one can vote in municipal elections if one lives in the municipality and is an EU citizen, the nationality of the country of residence is not required
10.
New South Wales
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New South Wales is a state on the east coast of Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria to the south and it has a coast line with the Tasman Sea on its east side. The Australian Capital Territory is an enclave within the state, New South Wales state capital is Sydney, which is also Australias most populous city. In March 2014, the population of New South Wales was 7.5 million. Just under two-thirds of the population,4.67 million. Inhabitants of New South Wales are referred to as New South Welshmen, the Colony of New South Wales was founded as a penal colony in 1788. It originally comprised a more than half of the Australian mainland with its western boundary set at 129th meridian east in 1825, in addition, the colony also included the island territories of New Zealand, Van Diemens Land, Lord Howe Island, and Norfolk Island. During the 19th century, most of the area was detached to form separate British colonies that eventually became New Zealand. However, the Swan River Colony has never administered as part of New South Wales. Lord Howe Island remains part of New South Wales, while Norfolk Island has become a federal Territory, as have the now known as the Australian Capital Territory. The prior inhabitants of New South Wales were the Aboriginal tribes who arrived in Australia about 40,000 to 60,000 years ago, before European settlement there were an estimated 250,000 Aboriginal people in the region. The Wodi Wodi people are the custodians of the Illawarra region of South Sydney. The Bundjalung people are the custodians of parts of the northern coastal areas. The European discovery of New South Wales was made by Captain James Cook during his 1770 survey along the eastern coast of the Dutch-named continent of New Holland. In his original journal covering the survey, in triplicate to satisfy Admiralty Orders, Cook first named the land New Wales, however, in the copy held by the Admiralty, he revised the wording to New South Wales. After years of chaos and anarchy after the overthrow of Governor William Bligh, macquaries legacy is still evident today. During the 19th century, large areas were separated to form the British colonies of Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria. Responsible government was granted to the New South Wales colony in 1855, following the Treaty of Waitangi, William Hobson declared British sovereignty over New Zealand in 1840
11.
Monarchy of Australia
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The monarchy of Australia is a form of government in which a hereditary king or queen serves as the nations sovereign. The present monarch is Elizabeth II, styled Queen of Australia and she is represented in Australia by the governor-general, in accordance with the Australian constitution and letters patent from the Queen. In each of the states, the monarch is represented by a governor, the Australian monarch, besides reigning in Australia, separately serves as monarch for each of 15 other Commonwealth nations known as realms. This developed from the colonial relationship between these countries and the United Kingdom, but they are now independent of each other and are legally distinct. Likewise, on all matters relating to any Australian state, the monarch is advised by the ministers of the Crown of that state, the British government is thus considered a foreign power in regard to Australias domestic and foreign affairs. The sovereigns Australian title is currently Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God Queen of Australia and Her other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth. Typically, the monarch is styled King or Queen of Australia and is addressed as such when in Australia or performing duties on behalf of Australia abroad, prior to 1953, the title had simply been the same as that in the United Kingdom. Australia, however, wished to have the United Kingdom mentioned as well, thus, the resolution was a title that included the United Kingdom but, for the first time, also separately mentioned Australia and the other Commonwealth realms. The passage of a new Royal Style and Titles Act by the Parliament of Australia put these recommendations into law, Queen Elizabeth II signed her assent at Government House, Canberra, on 19 October 1973. Australia does not pay any money to the Queen, either for personal income or to support the royal residences outside Australia, only when the Queen is in Australia does the Australian government support her in the performance of her duties. This rule applies equally to members of the Royal Family. Succession is according to British laws that have incorporated into Australian law. By adhering to the Statute of Westminster in 1942, Australia agreed to change its rules of only in agreement with the UK. Parallel proclamations are made by the governors in each state, regardless of any proclamations, the late sovereigns heir immediately and automatically succeeds, without any need for confirmation or further ceremony. After an individual ascends the throne, he or she continues to reign until death. The legal personality of a component of the Australian state is expressed by reference to the sovereign. In criminal prosecutions, the state as a party is named as The Queen—for instance. However, the prosecutors themselves are referred to as representing the Crown, more commonly and conveniently, however, the entity is referred to directly—for example, as The Commonwealth or The State of New South Wales or simply New South Wales
12.
Governor General of Australia
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The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia is the representative in Australia of the Australian monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II. The Governor-General is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister of Australia, when travelling abroad, the Governor-General is seen as the representative of Australia, and of the Queen of Australia, so is treated as a head of state. The Governor-General is supported by a staff headed by the Official Secretary to the Governor-General, a Governor-General is not appointed for a specific term, but is generally expected to serve for five years subject to a possible short extension. Since 28 March 2014, the Governor-General has been General Sir Peter Cosgrove, from Federation in 1901 until 1965,11 out of the 15 Governors-General were British aristocrats, they included four barons, three viscounts, three earls, and one prince. Since then, all but one of the Governors-General have been Australian-born, as of 2017, only one Governor-General, Dame Quentin Bryce, was a woman. The selection of a Governor-General is a responsibility for the Prime Minister of Australia, the candidate is approached privately to confirm whether they are willing to accept the appointment. The prime minister advises the monarch to appoint his nominee. This has been the procedure since November 1930, when James Scullins proposed appointment of Sir Isaac Isaacs was fiercely opposed by the British government, Scullin was equally insistent that the monarch must act on the relevant prime ministers direct advice. Both of these appointments had been agreed to despite British government objections, despite these precedents, George V remained reluctant to accept Scullins recommendation of Isaacs and asked him to consider Field Marshal Sir William Birdwood. However, Scullin stood firm, and, on 29 November, the King agreed to Isaacss appointment and this right to not only advise the monarch directly, but also to expect that advice to be accepted, was soon taken up by all the other Dominion prime ministers. This, among other things, led to the Statute of Westminster 1931, having agreed to the appointment, the monarch then permits it to be publicly announced in advance, usually several months before the end of the current Governor-Generals term. During these months, the person is referred to as the Governor-General-designate, the actual appointment is made by the monarch. Governors-General have during their tenure the style His/Her Excellency the Honourable, since May 2013, the style used by a former Governor-General is the Honourable, it was at the same time retrospectively granted for life to all previous holders of the office. From the creation of the Order of Australia in 1975, the Governor-General was, ex officio, Chancellor and Principal Companion of the Order, and therefore became entitled to the post-nominal AC. In 1986 the Letters Patent were amended again, and Governors-General appointed from that time were again, ex officio, until 1989, all Governors-General were members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom and thus held the additional style the Right Honourable for life. The same individuals were also usually either peers, knights, or both, in 1989, Bill Hayden, a republican, declined appointment to the British Privy Council and any imperial honours. Dame Quentin Bryce was the first Governor-General to have had no title or pre-nominal style. Until 2015, the honour continued after the retirement from office of the Governor-General, formerly, the Governor-General automatically became a knight or dame upon being sworn in
13.
Prime Minister of Australia
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The Prime Minister of the Commonwealth of Australia is the head of government of Australia. The individual who holds the office is the most senior Minister of the Crown, the leader of the Cabinet, the office is not mentioned in the Constitution of Australia and exists only through longstanding political convention and tradition. Despite this, in practice it is the most powerful position in Australia. The individual who holds the office is commissioned by the Governor-General of Australia, almost always and according to convention, the Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party or largest party in a coalition of parties in the House of Representatives. However, there is no requirement that the prime minister sit in the House of Representatives. The only case where a member of the Senate was appointed minister was John Gorton. Malcolm Turnbull has held the office of Prime Minister since 15 September 2015, the Prime Minister and Treasurer are traditionally members of the House, but the Constitution does not have such a requirement. Before being sworn in as a Minister of the Crown, a person must first be sworn in as a member of the Federal Executive Council if they are not already a member. Membership of the Federal Executive Council entitles the member to the style of The Honourable for life, the senior members of the Executive Council constitute the Cabinet of Australia. The Prime Minister is, like ministers, normally sworn in by the Governor-General. When defeated in an election, or on resigning, the Prime Minister is said to hand in the commission, in the event of a Prime Minister dying in office, or becoming incapacitated, the Governor-General can terminate the commission. Despite the importance of the office of minister, the Constitution does not mention the office by name. The conventions of the Westminster system were thought to be entrenched in Australia by the authors of the Constitution that it was deemed unnecessary to detail them. The formal title of the portfolio has always been simply Prime Minister, except for the period of the Fourth Deakin Ministry, Page was the leader of the smaller party in the governing coalition, the Country Party. He held the office for three weeks until the UAP elected a new leader, Robert Menzies, in August 1941 Menzies resigned as prime minister. In July 1945 John Curtin died suddenly and his deputy, Frank Forde, was sworn in the next day as prime minister, although the Labor Party had not had an opportunity to meet and elect a new leader. Forde served for eight days until Ben Chifley was elected leader, Chifley was then sworn in, replacing Forde, who became Australias shortest-serving prime minister. Harold Holt disappeared while swimming on 17 December 1967 and was declared presumed dead on 19 December, the governor-general, Lord Casey, commissioned the Leader of the Country Party, John McEwen, to form a government until the Liberal Party elected a new leader
14.
Chief Justice of Australia
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The Chief Justice of Australia is the informal title for the presiding justice of the High Court of Australia and the highest-ranking judicial officer in the Commonwealth of Australia. The incumbent is Susan Kiefel, the first woman to hold the office, the Court was constituted by, and its first members were appointed under, the Judiciary Act 1903, with the first appointments to the High Court commencing on 5 October 1903. The Chief Justice is first among equals among the Justices of the High Court, all Justices, including the Chief Justice, are appointed by the Governor-General of Australia, on the advice of the federal government. They can be removed only by the Governor-General, on a request from both houses of the parliament, although this has never been done. Since 1977, appointment has been until the retirement age of seventy. The Chief Justice often acts as the Governor-Generals deputy, especially at such as the opening of Parliament after an election. Chief Justice Samuel Griffith was several times consulted by Governors-General of Australia on the exercise of the reserve powers, the Chief Justice also administers the Oath of Allegiance to the Monarch and an Oath of Office to the Governor-General-designate when he or she takes up his or her appointment. Chief Justice Sir John Latham was absent from the office when he served from 1940 to 1941 as Australias first ambassador to Japan, Sir George Rich was Acting Chief Justice in Lathams absence
15.
Garfield Barwick
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Sir Garfield Edward John Barwick, AK GCMG QC was the Attorney-General of Australia, Minister for External Affairs and the seventh and longest serving Chief Justice of Australia. He was an ad hoc judge of the International Court of Justice in 1973–74 in the Nuclear Tests and Nuclear Tests cases, representing Australia, Barwick was one of three brothers born to Methodist parents, of Cornish origin, he would later be very insistent on his Cornish identity. He was raised in Stanmore, an inner-city suburb of Sydney and he graduated from the University of Sydney with a University Medal in law. A very diligent student, Barwick was admitted to practice soon after finishing university. This was held against him by many throughout his career, nevertheless, he practised as a barrister from 1927 in many jurisdictions, achieving considerable recognition and the reluctant respect of opponents. Barwick represented the plaintiff, and although they lost, his name well known from that point onwards. Having been briefed in many of Australias defining constitutional cases, he was knighted in 1953, a famous example of his astute advocacy involved thirteen Malaysians sentenced to death who appealed to the Privy Council. Twelve retained Barwick, who found a technical deficiency in the arrest warrants. The last, whose counsel was not so thorough, was hanged, Barwick was elected to the House of Representatives as the Liberal member for Parramatta at a by-election on 8 March 1958, and re-elected in the general elections of 1958,1961 and 1963. During his period in parliament, he served as Attorney-General and Minister for External Affairs, as Attorney-General, he promoted acts amending the Matrimonial Causes Act and the Crimes Act. He established a model for restrictive trade legislation and led the Australian delegation to the General Assembly of the United Nations for its 15th, 17th. An alleged war criminal Ervin Viks found refuge in Australia, Viks died in Australia in 1983. On 27 April 1964, Barwick was appointed Chief Justice of the High Court of Australia, succeeding Sir Owen Dixon and he was instrumental in the construction of the High Court building in Canberra, and became the first president of the Australian Conservation Foundation in 1966. Higgins, Edward McTiernan, John Latham, and Lionel Murphy, in 1972 he became President of the Australian Institute for International Affairs. He was an ad hoc judge of the International Court of Justice in 1973–74 in the Nuclear Tests and Nuclear Tests cases, representing Australia and New Zealand jointly. A significant decision of the Barwick court marked the beginning of the interpretation of the corporations power. The court also decided several cases relating to the historic 1974 joint sitting of the Parliament of Australia, including Cormack v Cope, the Barwick court decided several infamous cases on tax avoidance and tax evasion, almost always deciding against the taxation office. Led by Barwick himself in most judgments, the court distinguished between avoidance and evasion, the decisions effectively nullified the anti-avoidance legislation and led to the proliferation of avoidance schemes in the 1970s, a result which drew much criticism upon the court
16.
Premier of New South Wales
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The Premier of New South Wales is the head of government in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The Government of New South Wales follows the Westminster system, with a Parliament of New South Wales acting as the legislature, prior to Federation in 1901 the term Prime Minister of New South Wales was used, Premier was used from 1901. The current Premier is Gladys Berejiklian, the Leader of the New South Wales Liberal Party, Berejiklian replaced Mike Baird on 23 January 2017, after Baird resigned as Premier. As of January 2017, nine former Premiers are alive, the oldest being Barrie Unsworth, the most recent premier to die was Tom Lewis on 25 April 2016. List of Premiers of New South Wales by time in office Deputy Premier of New South Wales
17.
Neville Wran
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Neville Kenneth Wran, AC, CNZM, QC was the Premier of New South Wales from 1976 to 1986. Wran was born in the Sydney suburb of Paddington, the eighth and last child of Joseph Wran and he was admitted as a solicitor in 1951, called to the Bar in 1957, and became a Queens Counsel in 1968. Wran began his career in 1970 when he became a member of the upper house of the Parliament of New South Wales. Three years afterwards, he moved to the house, the Legislative Assembly. Support for this move had been organised by the General Secretary of the FMWU and he then challenged Pat Hills for the state leadership of the ALP. In this challenge he had support from right-wing powerbroker John Ducker and left-winger Jack Ferguson. There were two rounds to the vote which resulted in a tie between Hills and Wran in the second ballot. However it was ruled that in the event of a tie in the second ballot, since Wran had won one vote more than Hills in the first ballot, Wran was therefore declared the new leader. In May 1976, six months after Gough Whitlams federal ALP governments dismissal, Wran led Labor to victory, narrowly defeating the Liberal Party premier, Sir Eric Willis. Wrans win was not assured until it became clear that Gosford and Hurstville had fallen to Labor by only 74 and 44 votes respectively, giving Wran a one-seat majority. In 1978, campaigning with the slogan Wrans our Man, his government won a 13-seat swing on the back of the largest primary vote for any party in a century, the Opposition Leader on that occasion, Peter Coleman, lost his seat. In 1981, Wran won a second Wranslide, picking up six seats for what was then Labors largest proportion of seats in Parliament. The Opposition Leader, Bruce McDonald, failed to be elected to the seat that he contested, Labor also reduced the Liberals to 14 seats, the same as its nominal junior partner, the National Country Party. He won a term in 1984, although he suffered an 11-seat swing. However, as journalist David Hickie explains, Wran attempted to undermine the influence of organised crime, Wran was also very popular, at one stage rating over 80 per cent approval in opinion polls. He was often talked about as a political leader and rated highly in national polls as an alternative Labor Leader to Bill Hayden. He featured in Haydens 1980 federal election campaign, along with Bob Hawke, Wran was a Labor premier at a time when most Australian governments were held by conservative coalitions. During his 10 years as Premier of New South Wales, the government embarked on a program of reform, priorities were public transport, the environment, consumer protection and job creation
18.
Premier of South Australia
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The Premier of South Australia is the head of government in the state of South Australia, Australia. The Government of South Australia follows the Westminster system, with a Parliament of South Australia acting as the legislature, the current Premier is Jay Weatherill, the Leader of the South Australian Branch of the Australian Labor Party. Weatherill replaced Mike Rann on 21 October 2011, after Rann resigned as Premier, before the 1890s when there was no formal party system in South Australia, MPs tended to have historical liberal or conservative beliefs. The liberals dominated government from the 1893 election to 1905 election with the support of the South Australian United Labor Party, Labor took government with the support of eight dissident liberals in 1905 when Labor won the most seats for the first time. The rise of Labor saw non-Labor politics start to merge into various party incarnations, Labor formed South Australias first majority government after winning the 1910 state election, triggering the merger. The 1910 election came two weeks after federal Labor formed Australias first elected majority government at the 1910 federal election, no Country or rural conservative parties emerged as serious long-term forces in South Australian state politics, often folding into the main non-Labor party. There are six living former premiers, the oldest being Steele Hall, the most recent premier to die was John Bannon on 13 December 2015. In the following timeline, the legend includes the Liberal and Democratic Union, the Liberal Union, the Liberal Party of Australia is represented as Liberal only. The grey area represents the duration of Playmander electoral malapportionment, beginning in 1936, in effect until the 1970 election
19.
David Tonkin
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Dr David Oliver Tonkin AO was the 38th Premier of South Australia, serving from 18 September 1979 to 10 November 1982. He was elected to the House of Assembly seat of Bragg at the 1970 election and he became the leader of the South Australian Division of the Liberal Party of Australia in 1975, replacing Bruce Eastick. Initially leading the party to defeat at the 1977 election against the Don Dunstan Labor government, following the 1980 Norwood by-election the Tonkin government was reduced to a one-seat majority. His governments policy approach combined economic conservatism with social progressivism, the Tonkin Liberal government was defeated after one term at the 1982 election by Labor led by John Bannon. Born in Unley, Tonkins father died when he was five, leaving Tonkins mother to raise him, Tonkin attended local public schools before gaining a scholarship to St Peters College. He established a practice in Adelaide and was considered one of the citys leading eye surgeons. In 1962 Tonkin became executive director of the Australian Foundation for Prevention of Blindness SA Inc, from a young age, Tonkin was a supporter of the Liberal and Country League, handing out how-to-vote cards at the 1939 election for the party. Tonkin first gained prominence in 1974 when he successfully introduced a private members bill to outlaw sex discrimination. This prominence led to a successful 1975 challenge to Liberal parliamentary leader Bruce Eastick for the party leadership, Tonkin became leader after Eastick stood aside. The Liberals won 25 of 47 seats, a two-seat majority, also taking the position of Treasurer of South Australia, Tonkin combined fiscal conservatism with implementing socially progressive reforms. Bidding for re-election at the 1982 election, Tonkin had support of the South Australian media, however, the economy was hit by the early 1980s recession. The government suffered a swing at the 1982 Florey by-election before losing the state election two months later to Labor led by John Bannon. Tonkin resigned from parliament shortly after following a complaint, which sparked a Bragg by-election. In 1986 he assumed the London-based position of Secretary-General of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, returning to Australia in 1992, Tonkin was made an Officer of the Order of Australia in 1993 and served as chairman of the South Australian Film Corporation from 1994 to 1996. A stroke in 1996 permanently affected his speech and forced him into retirement and he was survived by his wife Prue, six children and 10 grandchildren. Following his death, the Pitjantjatjara people paid tribute to Tonkin, others stated that he lost the 1982 election because he lacked the ruthlessness required of successful politicians. The Board Room in the Bragg Electorate Office is named in his honour, in addition, a Memorial Dinner in his name is also now held each year by The South Australian Young Liberal Movement. Obituaries – David Oliver Tonkin, AO – South Australian Premier, The Age, a reformer and a gentleman, Adelaide Advertiser, p 76,7 October 2000
20.
Premier of Queensland
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The Premier of Queensland is the head of government in the Australian state of Queensland. By convention the Premier is the leader of the party with a majority in the unicameral Legislative Assembly of Queensland. The Premier is appointed by the Governor of Queensland, the incumbent Premier of Queensland since the 2015 election is Annastacia Palaszczuk of the Australian Labor Party. Under section 42 of the Constitution of Queensland the Premier and other members of Cabinet are appointed by the Governor and are responsible to Parliament. The text of the Constitution assigns to the Premier certain powers, such as the power to assign roles to Assistant Ministers, although ministerial appointments are the prerogative of the Governor of Queensland, in normal circumstances the Governor will make these appointments under the advice of the Premier. A re-elected government will be resworn, with adjustments to the ministry as determined by the Premier, the Premier has an office in the Executive Annexe of Parliament House, Brisbane, which is normally used while Parliament is sitting. At other times the Premiers ministerial office is in 1 William Street, before the 1890s, there was no developed party system in Queensland. Political affiliation labels before that time indicate a general tendency only, before the end of the first decade of the twentieth century, political parties were more akin to parliamentary factions, and were fluid, informal and disorganised by modern standards. As of February 2015, six former premiers are alive, the oldest being Russell Cooper, the most recent premier to die was Wayne Goss, on 10 November 2014. List of Premiers of Queensland by time in office Government of Queensland Politics of Queensland
21.
Joh Bjelke-Petersen
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Sir Johannes Joh Bjelke-Petersen, KCMG was an Australian politician. He was the longest-serving and longest-lived Premier of Queensland, holding office from 1968 to 1987, the effect earned Bjelke-Petersen the nickname of the Hillbilly Dictator. In 1985 Bjelke-Petersen launched a campaign to move into politics to become prime minister. From 1987 his administration came under the scrutiny of a commission into police corruption. Bjelke-Petersen was unable to recover from the series of damaging findings and after initially resisting a party vote that replaced him as leader, Bjelke-Petersen was born in Dannevirke in the southern Hawkes Bay region of New Zealand, and lived in Waipukurau, a small town in Hawkes Bay. The Australian Bjelke-Petersen family are of Danish and Swedish descent, Joh Bjelke-Petersens parents were both Danish immigrants, and his father, Carl, was a Lutheran pastor. In 1913 the family moved to Australia, establishing a farm, Bethany, the young Bjelke-Petersen suffered from polio, leaving him with a lifelong limp. The family was poor, and Carl Bjelke-Petersen was frequently in poor health and he taught Sunday school, delivered sermons regularly in nearby towns and joined the Kingaroy debating society. In 1933, Bjelke-Petersen began work land-clearing and peanut farming on the newly acquired second property. His efforts eventually allowed him to work as a contract land-clearer and to acquire further capital which he invested in farm equipment. He developed a technique for quickly clearing scrub by connecting a heavy anchor chain between two bulldozers, by the time he was 30, he was a prosperous farmer and businessman. Obtaining a pilots licence early in his life, Bjelke-Petersen also started aerial spraying. He would hold this seat, renamed Barambah in 1950, for the next 40 years, the Australian Labor Party had held power in Queensland since 1932 and Bjelke-Petersen spent eleven years as an opposition member. On 31 May 1952, Bjelke-Petersen married typist Florence Flo Gilmour, in 1957, following a split in the Labor Party, the Country Party under Nicklin came to power, with the Liberal Party as a junior coalition partner. He also served as acting minister for education, police, Aboriginal and Island Affairs, local government and conservation and labour, on 31 July 1968, after just seven months in office, Pizzey suffered a heart attack and died. Chalk was sworn in as caretaker premier, the Country Party had 27 seats in Parliament, the Liberals had 20. Nonetheless, there was dispute over whether the Liberals should take senior status. Matters were brought to a head when Bjelke-Petersen—elected Country Party leader within days of Pizzeys death—threatened to pull the Country Party out of the Coalition unless he became Premier, after seven days Chalk accepted the inevitable, and Bjelke-Petersen was sworn in as Premier on 8 August 1968
22.
Premier of Tasmania
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The Premier of Tasmania is the head of the executive government in the Australian state of Tasmania. By convention, the party or political grouping which has majority support in the House of Assembly will nominate its leader to be Premier, the nominated politician is then invited by the Governor of Tasmania to act as their principal adviser. Before the 1890s, there was no party system in Tasmania. Party labels before that time indicate a general tendency only, the current convention of appointing the Premier from the House of Assembly was not generally applied prior to 1920, with Premiers often appointed from the Legislative Council. The incumbent Premier of Tasmania since the 2014 election is Will Hodgman of the Liberal Party of Australia, as of 24 January 2011, eight former premiers are alive, the oldest being Tony Rundle. The most recent premier to die was Sir Angus Bethune, on 27 August 2004, the most recently serving premier to die was Jim Bacon, on 20 June 2004. List of Premiers of Tasmania by time in office Leader of the Opposition Governors of Tasmania PREMIERS OF TASMANIA Parliament of Tasmania
23.
Doug Lowe (Australian politician)
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Douglas Ackley Doug Lowe AM was the 35th Premier of Tasmania, from 1 December 1977 to 11 November 1981. His time as Premier coincided with controversy over a proposal to build a dam on Tasmanias Gordon River, the ensuing crisis saw Lowe overthrown as Premier and resign from the Australian Labor Party, acting as an independent for the remainder of his political career. Born in Hobart, he was an electrician by trade. He is married to Pamela June Grant and has four children, Lowe was elected to the Tasmanian House of Assembly representing the electorate of Franklin for the Australian Labor Party on 10 May 1969, at the 1969 state election. He was made a minister in the government of Eric Reece on 3 May 1972, in 1975 he became Minister for the Environment and Planning, and was also appointed Deputy Premier. In 1976, he took on the Industrial Relations and Health portfolios, when the then-Premier Bill Neilson resigned as Premier on 1 December 1977, Lowe became Tasmanias 35th Premier. At the age of 35, Lowe was the youngest person ever to become Premier of Tasmania. Several alternative proposals were raised, the establishment of a park on the same site. Lowe suggested a compromise, the construction of a dam on the Upper Gordon and he also proposed to declare the controversial Lower Gordon area a national park, as suggested by the Department of Parks and Wildlife. The compromise proposal pleased neither the Hydro-Electric Commission nor the Tasmanian Wilderness Society which was campaigning against the dam, in an attempt to break the deadlock, the Tasmanian government called a referendum, the Tasmanian power referendum for 12 December 1981. When Lowe announced this to the media, he was asked to clarify if the referendum would include a No dams option, and he indicated it would. On 11 November 1981, members of the Labor Party moved a motion of no confidence against Lowes leadership, petitioning him to resign as Premier and leader of the party, harry Holgate was installed as Premier in his place. Instead of joining the backbenches, Lowe resigned from the ALP, Lowe continued to serve in the House of Assembly as an Independent, until he retired on 8 February 1986. Shortly afterwards, however, he ran for the Legislative Council representing the electoral district of Buckingham from 24 May 1986 to 2 May 1992 when he retired from politics. After leaving politics, Doug Lowe became executive director of the Tasmanian branch of the Australian Medical Association, in 2005, he was temporarily contracted by the state government to secure more specialist staff for the Royal Hobart Hospital. He was also awarded a Centenary Medal in 2001, parliament of Tasmania biography, LOWE, Douglas Ackley
24.
Harry Holgate
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Harold Norman Harry Holgate AO was an Australian Labor Party politician and Premier of Tasmania from 11 November 1981 to 26 May 1982. Born in Maitland, New South Wales in 1933, Holgate was a producer and journalist prior to entering politics. He first stood for election in 1972 but was unable to meet the quota of 4,707 votes. From 1973 to 1974, he worked as a secretary for Deputy Prime Minister Lance Barnard. In 1974, he stood for again and was the second candidate elected in the Division of Bass. He held his seat from 26 July 1974 until 1992, and was Speaker of the Tasmanian House of Assembly from May 1975 to December 1976, Holgate became Premier in 1981 after a motion of no confidence was raised against Doug Lowe, who subsequently resigned from the party. Holgate died of cancer in Launceston on 16 March 1997
25.
Premier of Western Australia
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The Premier of Western Australia is the head of the executive branch of government in the Australian state of Western Australia. The Premier has similar functions in Western Australia to those performed by the Prime Minister of Australia at the national level, subject to the different Constitutions. The incumbent Premier of Western Australia is Mark McGowan who won the 2017 state election and was sworn in on 17 March 2017 by Governor Kerry Sanderson as the 30th Premier of Western Australia. The premier must be a member of one of the two Houses of the Parliament of Western Australia, and by convention the premier is a member of the lower house, the Legislative Assembly. He or she is appointed by the governor on the advice of the lower house, consequently, the premier is almost always the leader of the political party or coalition of parties with the majority of seats in the lower house. The office of premier of Western Australia was first formed in 1890, the Constitution of Western Australia does not explicitly provide for a premier, and the office was not formally listed as one of the executive offices until the appointment of Ross McLarty in 1947. Nonetheless, John Forrest immediately adopted the title on taking office as first premier of Western Australia in 1890, John Forrest was the only premier of Western Australia as a self-governing colony. Following the Federation of Australia in 1901, Western Australia became an Australian state, Party politics began in Western Australia with the rise of the Labor party in 1901. By 1904, the party system was entrenched in Western Australian politics, since then the premiers have been associated with political parties. Western Australias constitution contains nothing to preclude the premier being a member of the upper house, historically and by convention, however, the premier is a member of the Assembly. During the economic boom of the 1980s, the Western Australian government became involved with a number of large businesses. A succession of deals were made between the government and businesses, and these ultimately caused great losses for the state, a subsequent royal commission found evidence of widespread corruption. Three former premiers were found to have acted improperly and two of them, Ray OConnor and Brian Burke, were jailed and this scandal became popularly known as WA Inc. As of 4 April 2017, seven former premiers are alive, the oldest being Peter Dowding, the most recent premier to die was Ray OConnor, on 25 February 2013, aged 86. He served as premier for a month before resigning after no seat could be found. b Prior to the 1904 election, no organised political parties existed, walter Kingsmill served as Acting Premier during this time
26.
Charles Court
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Sir Charles Walter Michael Court, AK KCMG OBE was a Western Australian politician, and the 21st Premier of Western Australia from 1974 to 1982. He was a member of the Liberal Party, Courts family emigrated from his birthplace Crawley, Sussex, England, to Perth when he was 6 months old. He went to school in Leederville, and then to Perth Boys School. His Salvation Army parents induced him to play the cornet in their Sunday parades and he began formal music training at 12 and became a member of the RSL Memorial Band. He also inherited a strong background from his father, a plumber. In 1930 he competed in the band competition held in Tanunda and won the brass solo competition. Court aspired to study law but his parents could not afford the university fees, in 1927 he was articled to a firm of auditors and eventually qualified as an accountant and went into his own practice in 1933. He became a partner of Hendry Rae & Court in 1938. Charles Court enlisted in the AMF in September 1940 and he was soon given a commission and sent to the officers training school in Geelong. In January 1942 he transferred to the Second Australian Imperial Force and he joined the First Armoured Division, becoming Deputy Assistant Quartermaster General and was promoted to captain. He was redeployed to the Northern Territory in 1943 for a brief period, after further training he was posted to New Guinea in early 1945 as a major, receiving an acting promotion to lieutenant colonel. Most of his service was on Bougainville Island as AQMG with the Second Australian Army Corps and he was appointed an OBE for his service between April and September 1945, in maintaining and co-ordinating communication and supply lines in the outer islands. In 1946, Court joined the Liberal Party and stood in 1953 as one of two co-endorsed Liberal candidates in the Perth metropolitan seat of Nedlands, after distribution of preferences, he received 54% of the valid votes. He would hold seat for just over 29 years. He became a member of the opposition until the election of a Liberal government in 1959, Sir David Brands 12-year government was defeated at the 1971 election. In May 1972, Brand retired as leader for health reasons and was replaced by Court. In 1974, the Liberal-Country Party coalition defeated John Tonkins Labor government, violent confrontations between police and Noonkanbah protesters ensued, culminating in the drilling rigs forcing their way through community picket lines and on to sacred land. The saga has seen by some commentators as the defining issue of Court’s final, unfinished term in office
27.
Premier of Victoria
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The Premier of Victoria is the leader of the government in the Australian state of Victoria. The Premier is appointed by the Governor of Victoria, and is the leader of the party able to secure a majority in the Legislative Assembly. Responsible government came to the colony of Victoria in 1855, between 1856 and 1892, the head of the government was commonly called the Premier or the Prime Minister, but neither title had any legal basis. The head of government always held another portfolio, usually Chief Secretary or Treasurer, the first head of government to hold the title of Premier without holding another portfolio was William Shiels in 1892. The incumbent Premier of Victoria since the 2014 election is Daniel Andrews of the Australian Labor Party, as of September 2016, six former premiers are alive, the oldest being John Cain. The most recent premier to die was Joan Kirner, on 1 June 2015, department of Premier and Cabinet, Victoria Deputy Premier of Victoria List of Premiers of Victoria by time in office ABC News - Premiers of Victoria
28.
Rupert Hamer
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Sir Rupert James Hamer, AC, KCMG, ED, generally known until he was knighted in 1982 as Dick Hamer, Australian Liberal Party politician, was the 39th Premier of Victoria, serving from 1972 to 1981. Dick Hamer was born in Melbourne to Elizabeth Anne McLuckie and Hubert Hamer, Dick Hamer was educated at Geelong Grammar School and graduated in law from the University of Melbourne, where he was resident at Trinity College from 1936. He was a member, with his brother Alan, of the College First XVIII Australian Rules football team and he joined the Australian Army in 1939 and served at Tobruk and El Alamein and in New Guinea and Normandy. After the war he became a partner in his familys law firm and was active in the Liberal Party, in 1944 he married April Mackintosh, with whom he had five children. In 1958 he was elected to the Victorian Legislative Council for East Yarra Province and he was appointed to the cabinet of the long-serving Premier, Henry Bolte, in 1962, becoming Assistant Chief Secretary. He was Minister for Local Government 1964–1971, after Deputy Premier Arthur Rylah was forced to retire due to a stroke, Hamer was elected in a by-election for Rylahs Legislative Assembly seat of Kew in East Melbourne. He immediately assumed Rylahs portfolios of Deputy Premier and Chief Secretary, although he was loyal to Bolte, he had a reputation for being much more liberal than his rough-edged conservative leader. Bolte retired in 1972 and Hamer succeeded him as Liberal leader and Premier, employing the slogan Hamer Makes It Happen, he won a landslide against the Labor opposition under Clyde Holding, increasing his partys already large majority. He won a larger victory in 1976, also defeating Holding. Restrictions on shop trading hours, and on public entertainment on Sundays, were eased, a major new centre for the performing arts was built in the centre of Melbourne. These measures won the support of voters, and the Melbourne daily The Age. At the same time, the Labor Party was mounting a challenge to the Liberals than it had in some time. Frank Wilkes had taken over as ALP leader from Holding in 1977, ultimately, the Liberals suffered an 11-seat swing, losing many seats in eastern Melbourne. Their majority was reduced to one seat, although they could also count on the support of the rural-based National Country Party. In spite of the setback, Hamer continued in office and it reformed the administration of the highly centralised Department of Education in Victoria into a regionalised organisation with devolution of greater control to local schools. It established a Special Assistance Program to address illiteracy and innumeracy in primary schools and it introduced a Health and Human Relations Education curriculum and compulsory Physical Education in government schools. However, during this period the wing of the Liberal Party. The leading conservative, Economic Development Minister Ian Smith, was sacked from Cabinet for disloyalty in March 1981 and he was reinstated after pledging loyalty to Hamer, but resigned again in May
29.
Lindsay Thompson
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Lindsay Hamilton Simpson Thompson AO, CMG, Australian Liberal Party politician, was the 40th Premier of Victoria from June 1981 to April 1982. He was also notable for his actions in the Faraday School kidnapping, Thompson was born in Warburton, a town north-east of Melbourne. His father died when he was two, and he was raised by his mother, Ethel Thompson in difficult circumstances and he won a scholarship to Caulfield Grammar School and eventually graduated as both school captain and the dux of school. The schools new gymnasium was opened as the Lindsay Thompson Centre in 1997, in 1950 Thompson married Joan Poynder, and they had three children. Thompsons son Murray has been a member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly since 1992, in 1958 Thompson was appointed Assistant Chief Secretary in the government of Henry Bolte. He would serve as a minister without interruption until 1982, making him the minister in Victorias history. He then served as Minister for Housing from 1961–1967, during which many of Melbournes controversial public housing towers were built. In 1967 he was appointed Minister for Education, and held this post until 1979 and he presided over the major expansion of state education in Victoria during this period. In 1972, a teacher and six children were kidnapped at a school in the country town of Faraday by a man demanding a $1 million ransom. Thompson went to the site and was ready to deliver the ransom. Thompson received a award for his actions during the kidnapping. During the premiership of Rupert Hamer, Thompson was named Deputy Premier, at various times, he served as Chief Secretary, then Treasurer and Minister for Police and Emergency Services. On 5 June 1981, Hamer resigned and Thompson won a Liberal Party ballot to succeed him as Premier. The Liberals had been in power for 27 years and the new Labor leader, John Cain, was mounting a challenge to a government increasingly seen as tired. Knowing he faced a general election within less than a year, Thompson waited as long as he could. At that election, the Liberals were heavily defeated, suffering a 17-seat swing—the worst that a sitting government has ever suffered in Victoria. Thompson resigned as Liberal leader and from Parliament on 5 November, Thompson was made a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George on 14 June 1975 for serving as a minister. He was made an Officer of the Order of Australia on Australia Day in 1990 for service to government and politics and he also received a Centenary Medal in 2001
30.
Chief Minister of the Northern Territory
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The Chief Minister of the Northern Territory is the head of government of the Northern Territory. The office is the equivalent of a State Premier, when the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly was created in 1974, the head of government was officially known as Majority Leader. This title was used in the first parliament and the first eighteen months of the second, when self-government was granted the Northern Territory in 1978, the title of the head of government became Chief Minister. The Chief Minister is formally appointed by the Administrator, who in normal circumstances will appoint the head of whichever party holds the majority of seats in the unicameral Legislative Assembly. In times of crisis, the Administrator can appoint someone else as Chief Minister, however. Since 31 August, following the 2016 election, the Chief Minister is Michael Gunner of the Australian Labor Party and he is the first Chief Minister to have been born in the Northern Territory. The Country Liberal Party won the first Northern Territory election on 19 October 1974 and he headed an Executive that carried out most of the functions of a ministry at the state level. At the 1977 election Letts lost his seat and party leadership and he was succeeded on 13 August 1977 by Paul Everingham as Majority Leader. When the Territory attained self-government on 1 July 1978, Everingham became Chief Minister with greatly expanded powers, in 2001, Clare Martin became the first Labor and female Chief Minister of the Northern Territory. Until 2004 the conduct of elections and drawing of boundaries was performed by the Northern Territory Electoral Office. In March 2004 the independent Northern Territory Electoral Commission was established, following the 2016 election landslide outcome, Labors Michael Gunner became Chief Minister
31.
Paul Everingham
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He was a member of the Country Liberal Party, representing the northern Darwin seat of Jingili in the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly from 1974 to 1984. He briefly served as Deputy Majority Leader under Goff Letts from 1974 to 1975 and he thus oversaw the transition to self-government, which occurred in 1978. At that time, he became Chief Minister with greatly expanded powers, as the second and longest-serving head of government in the Territory, he led the CLP to comprehensive election victories in 1980 and 1983. During his tenure, the Northern Territory was essentially a one-party state, in mid-1984, Everingham resigned as CLP leader and from the Legislative Assembly to seek election to the Australian House of Representatives as the member for the Division of Northern Territory. He won, and served from 1984 to 1987
32.
Governor of New South Wales
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The Governor of New South Wales is the viceregal representative of the Australian monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, in the state of New South Wales. In an analogous way to the Governor-General of Australia at the national level, the Governor is appointed by the queen on the advice of the Premier of New South Wales, for an unfixed period of time—known as serving At Her Majestys pleasure—though five years is the norm. The current Governor is retired General David Hurley, who succeeded Dame Marie Bashir on 2 October 2014, the office has its origin in the 18th-century colonial governors of New South Wales upon its settlement in 1788, and is the oldest continuous institution in Australia. The office of Governor is required by the New South Wales Constitution Act,1902, besides the administration of the oaths of office, there is no set formula for the swearing-in of a governor-designate. The sovereign will also hold an audience with the appointee and will at that time induct the governor-designate as a Companion of the Order of Australia. The incumbent will generally serve for at least five years, though this is only a convention. The premier may therefore recommend to the Queen that the remain in her service for a longer period of time. A governor may also resign and three have died in office, furthermore, if the Lieutenant Governor becomes incapacitated while serving in the office of Governor, the next most senior judge of the Supreme Court is sworn in as the Administrator. Between 1788 and 1957, all governors were born outside of New South Wales and were members of the Peerage. Taylor once noted that out and governing New South Wales became the British aristocracys abiding consolation. Coincidentally the first Australian-born Governor, Sir John Northcott on 1 August 1946, was also the first Australian-born Governor of any state, the first Governors were all military officers and the majority of governors since have come from a military background, numbering 19. Samuels was the first governor in New South Wales history without either a political, public service or military background, the first woman to hold this position is also the first Lebanese-Australian governor, Dame Marie Bashir. In this capacity, the governor will issue royal proclamations and sign orders in council, the Governor alone is constitutionally mandated to summon parliament. The governor grants Royal Assent in the Queens name, legally, if the governor withholds the Queens assent, the sovereign may within two years disallow the bill, thereby annulling the law in question. No modern viceroy has denied Royal Assent to a bill, with most constitutional functions delegated to Cabinet, the governor acts in a primarily ceremonial fashion. He or she will host members of Australias royal family, as well as foreign royalty, also as part of international relations, the governor receives letters of credence and of recall from foreign consul-generals appointed to Sydney. The governor is also tasked with fostering unity and pride, the governor also traditionally serves as Honorary and Regimental Colonel in the Royal New South Wales Regiment and as Honorary Air Commodore of No.22 Squadron, Royal Australian Air Force. Since 1946, the governor has also always made the Chief Scout of New South Wales
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Roden Cutler
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Arthur Roden Cutler was born on 24 May 1916. His cousin, Sir Charles Cutler, was Deputy Premier of New South Wales from 1965 to 1975, Arthur grew up in the Sydney Harbour suburb of Manly where he attended the Manly Village Public School. At the age of 15 he enrolled at Sydney Boys High School, after school, he worked for the Texas Company Australasia, which later became Texaco. He studied economics during the night at the University of Sydney, on 10 November 1939, he was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Militia. He enjoyed all sports, especially riding, rifle shooting and water polo, as an 18-year-old lifesaver, he swam to the aid of a surfer who was being circled by a large shark. The shark brushed him twice as he helped the surfer to the beach, in May 1940, he volunteered for overseas service with the Second Australian Imperial Force, receiving a commission in the 2/5th Field Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery, 7th Division. In 1941, Cutler served with the 2/5th in the Syria-Lebanon Campaign, later, during the Battle of Damour, he was seriously wounded and when rescued 26 hours later his leg had to be amputated. Cutler received the Victoria Cross for his actions in the Merdjayoun-Damour area, the KING has been graciously pleased to approve the award of the VICTORIA CROSS to the under-mentioned, — Lieutenant Arthur Roden Cutler, Australian Military Forces. At Merdjayoun on the 19 June 1941 our infantry attack was checked after suffering casualties from an enemy counter attack with tanks. Enemy machine gun fire swept the ground but Lieutenant Cutler with another artillery officer, the telephone line was cut and he went out and mended this line under machine gun fire and returned to the house, from which enemy posts and a battery were successfully engaged. The enemy then attacked this outpost with infantry and tanks, killing the Bren gunner, Lieutenant Cutler and another manned the anti-tank rifle and Bren gun and fought back driving the enemy infantry away. The tanks continued the attack, but under constant fire from the anti-tank rifle, Lieutenant Cutler then personally supervised the evacuation of the wounded members of his party. Undaunted he pressed for a further advance and he had been ordered to establish an outpost from which he could register the only road by which the enemy transport could enter the town. At this time Lieutenant Cutler knew the enemy were massing on his left for a counter attack, nevertheless he carried out his task of registering the battery on the road and engaging enemy posts. The enemy counter attacked with infantry and tanks and he was cut off and he was forced to go to ground, but after dark succeeded in making his way through the enemy lines. His work in registering the only road by which enemy transport could enter the town was of vital importance and a big factor in the enemys subsequent retreat. On the night of the 23rd-24 June he was in charge of a 25-pounder sent forward into our forward defended localities to silence an enemy anti-tank gun and this he did and next morning the recapture of Merdjayoun was completed. Twenty-six hours elapsed before it was possible to rescue this officer, throughout the Campaign this officers courage was unparalleled and his work was a big factor in the recapture of Merdjayoun
34.
James Rowland (RAAF officer)
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Air Marshal Sir James Anthony Rowland, AC, KBE, DFC, AFC was a senior commander in the Royal Australian Air Force, serving as Chief of the Air Staff from 1975 to 1979. He later held office as Governor of New South Wales from 1981 to 1989, born in rural New South Wales, Rowland cut short his aeronautical engineering studies at the University of Sydney to join the RAAF in 1942. He was posted to Britain and served as a pilot with the Pathfinders in the air war over Europe. The following year he was forced to bail out over Germany following a collision with another Allied aircraft, after repatriation and demobilisation, Rowland gained his engineering degree and rejoined the RAAF. In 1972 he was promoted to air marshal and became Air Member for Technical Services, holding this post until his elevation to air marshal. He was the first engineering officer to lead the RAAF, knighted in 1977, Rowland retired from the Air Force in 1979 and became Governor of New South Wales in January 1981. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia in 1987, retiring from the Governorship in 1989, he held a place on several boards as well as the Chancellorship of the University of Sydney. Rowland was born in Armidale, New South Wales, on 1 November 1922 and he was the son of Louis Rowland, a commander in the Royal Australian Navy, and his wife Elsie. Jim evinced a fascination with aviation from an age, carving model aeroplanes out of wood. Growing up with his three brothers on the familys 3, 000-acre rural property, he was schooled via correspondence before completing his education at Cranbrook. Rowland entered the University of Sydney to study engineering. In early 1943 he underwent service flying training in Canada and he was commissioned as a pilot officer in July and posted to Britain, where he converted to Handley Page Halifax and Avro Lancaster heavy bombers. Rowland was assigned to the Pathfinder Force that marked targets for aircraft on strategic bombing missions over Europe. Considered an exceptional pilot, he became a bomber with No.635 Squadron RAF in 1944. As a master bomber, his role was to arrive ahead of the main Allied force, check that flares marking the target were in place, and warn his fellows if they were bombing inaccurately. Having been promoted to acting lieutenant, Rowland was on a sortie to attack Düsseldorf in December 1944 when he lost one of his engines. He nevertheless continued on to the target where, owing to his lower-than-normal altitude, his aircraft was damaged by anti-aircraft fire before. In January 1945, Rowlands Lancaster collided with a Canadian bomber over Frankfurt, captured and held by the Gestapo in solitary confinement, he was scheduled to be executed but was saved by two Luftwaffe officers who had learned of his situation
35.
Governor of South Australia
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The Governor of South Australia is the representative in the Australian state of South Australia of Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia. The Governor performs the same constitutional and ceremonial functions at the level as does the Governor-General of Australia at the national level. The Governors official residence is Government House, in Adelaide, the states capital, nevertheless, the Governor retains the reserve powers of the Crown, and has the right to dismiss the Premier. The Westminster system is a form of constitutional monarchy, the first Australian-born Governor of South Australia was Major-General Sir James Harrison, and most subsequent governors have been Australian-born. The first South Australian-born governor was Sir Mark Oliphant, the current governor is Hieu Van Le. The term of the governor, Rear Admiral Kevin Scarce. As from June 2014, the Queen, upon the recommendation of the Premier, accorded all current, future and these people administered the government in the absence of the official governor. Three former governors are alive, the oldest being Sir Eric Neal, the latest-serving former governor to die was Dame Roma Mitchell, on 5 March 2000. The most recent death of a governor was that of Sir Keith Seaman. The Official Website of the Governor of South Australia Previous governors on official website
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Keith Seaman
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Reverend Sir Keith Douglas Seaman KCVO OBE was Governor of South Australia from 1 September 1977 until 28 March 1982. He was the second governor to have been a minister of religion. He was born in McLaren Vale in 1920, seamans term as governor was not without controversy. On 24 February 1978, The Advertiser reported that he was about to be dismissed and he died at his home in 2013 aged 93. Queen to bishop at the Wayback Machine, The Bulletin,2002, prime Ministers press conference,3 April 1973, announcing National Commission on Social Welfare
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Governor of Queensland
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The Governor of Queensland is the representative in the state of Queensland of the Queen of Australia. In an analogous way to the Governor-General of Australia at the national level, in particular the Governor has the power to appoint and dismiss the Premier of Queensland and all other Ministers in the Cabinet, and issue writs for the election of the state Parliament. The current Governor, Paul de Jersey, was sworn in on 29 July 2014, as from June 2014, The Queen, upon the recommendation of then-Premier Campbell Newman, accorded all current, future and living former Governors the title The Honourable in perpetuity. The Governor of Queensland has resided at Government House, Brisbane since 1910, the mansion, set in 14 hectares of gardens and bushland in the Brisbane suburb of Bardon, is also known as Fernberg. Unlike Fernberg, the original Government House was purpose-built and was used from 1862 to 1910, the office of Governor is established by the Constitution of Queensland. Nevertheless, the Governor retains the powers of the Crown, and has the right to appoint and dismiss Ministers, issue pardons. Sir Joh elected to resign on 1 December 1987, the Governor is head of the Executive Council, a Queensland equivalent to the Federal Executive Council. The Council is composed of ministers from the government of the day, the Chief Justice of Queensland and other judges in the Queensland judicial system are appointed by the Governor acting on the advice of the Executive Council. The first Australian- born Governor of Queensland was Lieutenant-General Sir John Lavarack and his successor, Sir Henry Abel Smith was British. All subsequent governors have been Australian-born, except for Leneen Forde, four former governors of Queensland are alive, the oldest being Leneen Forde. The most recent death of a governor was that of Sir Walter Campbell. Administrators and Lieutenant-Governors are deputy roles generally appointed to carry out the duties of the Governor when the Governor is unavailable, the following are the Administrators and Lieutenant-Governors of Queensland, Official Website of the Governor of Queensland
38.
James Ramsay (governor)
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Commodore Sir James Maxwell Ramsay KCMG, KCVO, CBE, DSC served as Governor of Queensland, Australia from 22 April 1977 until 21 July 1985. Ramsay was one of six surviving children and he attended the Macquarie Street State School and The Hutchins School in Hobart. He graduated from the Royal Australian Naval College at Jervis Bay in 1933 and had a naval career. In 1945 Ramsay attended Royal Naval Staff College, Greenwich, England, during World War II he served on British and Australian ships in the Indian, Atlantic, and Pacific Oceans, and 1972 he retired from the Navy. He served as Lieutenant-Governor of Western Australia from 1974 until 1977, Ramsay married Janet Burley, a Red Cross welfare officer, on 24 November 1945 at the parish church, Denham, Buckinghamshire
39.
Governor of Tasmania
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The Governor of Tasmania is the representative in the Australian state of Tasmania of Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia. The Governor performs the same constitutional and ceremonial functions at the level as the Governor-General of Australia does at the national level. Nevertheless, the Governor retains the powers of the Crown. See Governors of the Australian states for a description and history of the office of Governor, the official residence of the Governor is Government House located at the Queens Domain. The first Australian-born Governor of Tasmania was Sir Stanley Burbury, the first Tasmanian-born governor was Sir Guy Green. Since Burbury, all Tasmanian governors have been Australian-born, except for Peter Underwood, on 10 November, Premier Will Hodgman announced that University of Tasmania legal academic Kate Warner would be appointed as the states first female governor. Warner was sworn in on 10 December, between 1804 and 1813, Van Diemens Land was divided along the 42nd parallel, and the two sections governed as separate Lieutenant-Governorships under the Governor of New South Wales. Collins was the officially appointed Lieutenant-Governor—upon his death in 1810. The northern settlement at Port Dalrymple was administered by four Commandants until the settlements were merged to form the colony under the governorship of Thomas Davey in 1813. The colony was called Van Diemens Land until 1856, four former governors are alive, the oldest being Sir Phillip Bennett. The latest-serving former governor to die was Sir Stanley Burbury, on 24 April 1995, the most recently serving governor to die was Peter Underwood, who died in office on 7 July 2014. Governors and Lieutenant Governors of Tasmania Parliamentary Library - Governors of Tasmania
40.
Stanley Burbury
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Sir Stanley Charles Burbury KCMG KCVO KBE was an Australian jurist. He was the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Tasmania, Stanley Burbury was born on 3 December 1909 in Western Australia. He had a career in law in Tasmania, culminating in becoming Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Tasmania. He was appointed Governor of Tasmania in 1973, the first Australian to hold the office and he was also National President of the Winston Churchill Memorial Trust. He died on 24 April 1995 at Hobart, Tasmania and he was created a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1958 New Years Honours. On 20 April 1977, during the 1977 Royal Visit, Queen Elizabeth II made him a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order, on 28 August 1981 he was made a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George. The impoundment that was created by Hydro Tasmania on the King River on the West Coast of Tasmania, is called Lake Burbury, the University of Tasmania has a lecture theatre named after Stanley Burbury. Burbury Close, a street in Barton in the Australian Capital Territory is named after Stanley Burbury
