1.
1984 in Norway
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Events in the year 1984 in Norway. Monarch – Olav V Prime Minister – Kåre Willoch 20 January – Arne Treholt was arrested on suspicion of spying for the Soviet Union,17 July – The first baby conceived in Norway by artificial insemination is born at the Regional Hospital of Trondheim. 1 September – NRK P2 begins its radio broadcasts from Trondheim, the 1984 Norwegian Football Cup was won by Fredrikstad after beating Viking 3-2 in the final. Live at Jazz Alive, live album by Thorgeir Stubø Simen Skjønsberg, journalist,14 April – Anders Haugen, ski jumper 22 April – Erling Nilsen, boxer and Olympic bronze medallist. 23 April – Ivar Johansen, bobsledder, henrik Edland, veterinarian Rolf Gammleng, violinist and organizational leader
2.
1983 in Norway
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Events in the year 1983 in Norway. Nesset was sentenced to 21 years in prison, the maximum punishment possible by Norwegian law,8 June – Willochs Second Cabinet was appointed. 18 August – Much of the Archbishops Palace in Trondheim burned down, municipal and county elections are held throughout the country. Odd Abrahamsen, poet, is awarded the Riksmål Society Literature Prize, karin Bang, poet and novelist, is awarded the Gyldendals Endowment literature prize. 1 July – Marit Larsen, singer and songwriter 3 January - Ludvig Ellefsrød, politician 16 January Gunnar S
3.
1982 in Norway
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Events in the year 1982 in Norway. Monarch - Olav V Prime Minister - Kåre Willoch 11 March – Widerøe Flight 933 crashed into the Barents Sea near Mehamn, killing all 15 on board,2 July - A bomb explodes in a locker at the Oslo Central Station. A young woman is killed and eleven others are injured,9 July - An unexploded bomb is found and defused in the cargo storage at the Oslo central station. 9 October - An 18-year-old confesses that it was he who was behind the bombing of the Central Station in Oslo,11 October - Eight paintings worth an estimated 25 million NOK are stolen from the National Gallery in Oslo. 18 October - the trail of Arnfinn Nesset, who accused of killing 25 patients at the Geriatric institution in Orkdal where he was the director. The Norwegian Ministry of Culture and Church Affairs is established Gunvor Hofmo, writer, sissel Lange-Nielsen, writer, literary critic, and journalist, is awarded the Riksmål Society Literature Prize. Åge Rønning, writer and journalist, is awarded the Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature for his novel Kolbes reise
4.
Norway
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The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered part of the Kingdom. Norway also lays claim to a section of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land, until 1814, the kingdom included the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland. It also included Isle of Man until 1266, Shetland and Orkney until 1468, Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres and a population of 5,258,317. The country shares a long border with Sweden. Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east, Norway has an extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea. King Harald V of the Dano-German House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway, erna Solberg became Prime Minister in 2013, replacing Jens Stoltenberg. A constitutional monarchy, Norway divides state power between the Parliament, the Cabinet and the Supreme Court, as determined by the 1814 Constitution, the kingdom is established as a merger of several petty kingdoms. By the traditional count from the year 872, the kingdom has existed continuously for 1,144 years, Norway has both administrative and political subdivisions on two levels, counties and municipalities. The Sámi people have an amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the Sámi Parliament. Norway maintains close ties with the European Union and the United States, the country maintains a combination of market economy and a Nordic welfare model with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system. Norway has extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood, the petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the countrys gross domestic product. On a per-capita basis, Norway is the worlds largest producer of oil, the country has the fourth-highest per capita income in the world on the World Bank and IMF lists. On the CIAs GDP per capita list which includes territories and some regions, from 2001 to 2006, and then again from 2009 to 2017, Norway had the highest Human Development Index ranking in the world. It also has the highest inequality-adjusted ranking, Norway ranks first on the World Happiness Report, the OECD Better Life Index, the Index of Public Integrity and the Democracy Index. Norway has two names, Noreg in Nynorsk and Norge in Bokmål. The name Norway comes from the Old English word Norðrveg mentioned in 880, meaning way or way leading to the north. In contrasting with suðrvegar southern way for Germany, and austrvegr eastern way for the Baltic, the Anglo-Saxon of Britain also referred to the kingdom of Norway in 880 as Norðmanna land. This was the area of Harald Fairhair, the first king of Norway, and because of him
5.
1986 in Norway
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Events in the year 1986 in Norway. Monarch - Olav V Prime Minister - Kåre Willoch until 9 May,9 May – Brundtlands Second Cabinet was appointed. Norsk Hydro acquires Årdal og Sunndal Verk in a merger to create the metal division Hydro Aluminium. 10 March - Jon Aaraas, ski jumper,8 October - Camilla Herrem, handball player
6.
1987 in Norway
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Events in the year 1987 in Norway. Monarch - Olav V Prime Minister - Gro Harlem Brundtland 12 February - Oslo Central Station opens, august - the Mosjøen Airport was opened. Municipal and county elections are held throughout the country, thomas Offenberg Backer, engineer Reidar Carlsen, politician and Minister Finn Isaksen, politician and Minister Aage Samuelsen, evangelist, singer and composer Harald Wergeland, physicist
7.
1988 in Norway
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Events in the year 1988 in Norway. Monarch - Olav V Prime Minister - Gro Harlem Brundtland May 6 – Widerøe Flight 710, february 23 - Edvard Munchs painting Vampire was stolen from the Munch Museum in Oslo. July – Seal hunting inspector Odd F. Lindberg submits a highly critical report on the conditions of the hunt, with the national and international attention that follows this becomes arguably the biggest news story in Norway this year. August 15 –15 people are killed in the Måbødalen bus accident, august 21 - The Stolen Munch painting Vampire is retrieved. December 5 - TVNorge, the first advertising-supported Norwegian channel, begins its broadcasting, june 26 - Leonard Cohen concert at Kalvøya, Bærum. 12 April - Tone Damli Aaberge, singer,17 April - Pernille Wibe, team handball player
8.
Olav V of Norway
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Olav V was King of Norway from 1957 until his death. Olav was the child of Haakon VII and Maud of Wales. He became heir apparent to the Norwegian throne when his father was elected King of Norway in 1905. He was the first heir to the Norwegian throne to be brought up in Norway since Olav IV, in preparation for his future role, he attended both civilian and military schools. In 1929, he married his first cousin Princess Märtha of Sweden, during World War II his leadership was much appreciated and he was appointed Norwegian Chief of Defence in 1944. At his death in 1991, he was the last surviving grandchild of Edward VII of the United Kingdom, due to his considerate, down-to-earth style, King Olav was immensely popular, resulting in the nickname Folkekongen. In a 2005 poll by the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation, Olav was voted Norwegian of the century, Olav was a Danish prince born in Appleton House on the royal Sandringham Estate, Flitcham, United Kingdom. He was named Alexander Edward Christian Frederik, when his father was elected king of Norway, he took the Norwegian name Haakon VII, and on the day he was inaugurated, he gave his son the Norwegian name Olav. Olav was the first heir to the throne since medieval times to have raised in Norway. Unlike his father, who was an officer, Olav chose to complete his main military education in the army. He graduated from the three-year Norwegian Military Academy in 1924, with the fourth best score in his class, Olav then went on to study jurisprudence and economics for two years at Balliol College, Oxford. During the 1930s, Crown Prince Olav was a naval cadet serving on the training ship Olav Tryggvason. Olav moved upwards in the ranks of the Norwegian armed forces, rising in the army from a rank of first lieutenant, to captain in 1931. Olav jumped from the Holmenkollen ski jump in Oslo, and also competed in sailing regattas and he won a gold medal in sailing at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam and remained an active sailor into old age. On 21 March 1929 in Oslo, he married his first cousin Princess Märtha of Sweden with whom he had two daughters, Ragnhild and Astrid and one son, Harald. As exiles during World War II, Crown Princess Märtha and the children lived in Washington. She died in 1954, before her husband ascended the throne, as Crown Prince, Olav had received extensive military training and had participated in most major Norwegian military exercises. Because of this he was one of the most knowledgeable Norwegian military leaders and was respected by other Allied leaders for his knowledge
9.
Conservative Party (Norway)
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The Conservative Party is a conservative and liberal-conservative political party in Norway. It is the party of the Norwegian centre-right, and the leading party in the governing Solberg cabinet. The current party leader is the Prime Minister of Norway Erna Solberg, in national elections in September 2013, voters ended eight years of Labour Party rule. After winning the elections, Solberg said her win was an election victory for the right-wing electoral bloc. The party advocates economic liberalism, reduction of taxes, and individual rights and it has historically been the most outspokenly pro-European Union party in Norway, supporting Norwegian membership during both the 1972 and 1994 referendums. The party generally supports semi-privatization through state-funded private services and tougher law, founded in 1884, the Conservative Party is the second oldest political party in Norway after the Liberal Party. In the interwar era, one of the goals for the party was to achieve a centre-right alliance against the growing labour movement. The Conservative Party of Norway was founded in 1884 after the implementation of parliamentarism in Norway, the jurist Emil Stang was elected the first chairman of the party. Stang underlined important principles for the work in Høyre, the party was to be a social party of reforms that worked within the constitutional frames set by a parliamentary democracy. In the 1981-election, Høyre got 31. 7% and it was the best election since 1924. The result in 1993 was 17% and this election was influenced by the EU membership issue which divided the Liberal Party. The 1997 parliamentary election resulted in the lowest support since 1945, Høyre has since then seen increased popular support, and got 21. 3% in the 1999 local elections and 21. 2% in the 2001 parliamentary election. Throughout the years Høyre has supported a policy that aims to stimulate growth in order to avoid unemployment, in the beginning of the 20th century Høyre took the initiative to construct a modern Norwegian communications network. After the devastating First World War it was important for Høyre to work for the reconstruction of sound, an example of this is the resolution Høyre passed in 1923 introducing old-age insurance. But because of the States finances it was not possible to continue this effort, Høyre was the leading party in opposition in the post-war years in Norway. Høyre fought against the Labour Partys regulating policy, Høyre wanted another future for Norway consisting of private initiative and creative forces. Høyre has been a protagonist in the construction of the system in this country. Additionally Høyre has advocated that the States activity must concentrate on its basic problems, during the post-war years Høyre has consolidated its position as a party with appeal to all parts of the nation
10.
Arne Treholt
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Arne Treholt is a former Norwegian Labour Party politician and diplomat convicted of high treason and espionage on behalf of the Soviet Union and Iraq during the Cold War. Treholts espionage is generally seen as the most serious spy case in the history of Norway. Arrested in 1984 and sentenced to 20 years in prison the following year, after his release from prison, he settled in Russia and later in Cyprus, where he works as a businessman and consultant. He was a member of the Norwegian Labour Party and also worked as a journalist for Arbeiderbladet and he was political secretary for the minister of commerce Jens Evensen before he became deputy foreign minister in the bureau of maritime affairs. From 1979 to 1982 he was connected to the Norwegian UN delegation in New York as an embassy counsellor, during the years 1982–1983 he studied at the Norwegian Joint Staff College. He was also department head of division for the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs press from 1983, on 20 January 1984, he was arrested by Ørnulf Tofte, head of counter-intelligence, at Oslo Airport on his way to Vienna to meet with KGB officers. The police conducted two searches of Treholts apartment, in May 1982, they found 10,000 USD in a suitcase. In August 1983 they found 30,000 USD in the same suitcase and these allegations have been refuted as untrue. Furthermore, Treholt during the admitted to having received expenses from the KGB. Tapes from the trial, that were released in 2014, show that the notes in the suitcase were 50- and 100-dollar notes, the conviction included espionage for the Soviet Union and Iraq, and high treason. Treholt was convicted and sentenced for passing classified material to KGB in the period 1974–1983, the sentence also encompassed handing over secrets obtained at the Norwegian Joint Staff College where he was enrolled with authorization from the non-socialist coalition government. Despite the fact that the government of Prime Minister Kåre Willoch knew that he was under suspicion of espionage, the trial led to a heated and extensive public debate about the Treholt case in Norway. Treholt was incarcerated in Drammen Prison from 1984 to 1985 and he was transferred to Ila Prison, a maximum security prison for dangerous criminals, in 1985. In 1986, prison officials discovered that he planned to break out, on 3 July 1992 he was reprieved by the Labour government of Gro Harlem Brundtland. His pardon by Gro Harlem Brundtlands Labour government in 1992, was controversial and he was imprisoned for more than 8 years. On 15 December 2008 the Norwegian Criminal Cases Review Commission ruled that the case would not be reviewed, the decision is final and cannot be appealed. As a result of the decision, the prosecutor who handled the case in 2008, Stein Vale, the book – Teppefall i Treholtsaken – was published in September 2009. The chairwoman of the commission, Janne Kristiansen, was appointed as head of the Norwegian Police Security Service
11.
Rock carvings at Alta
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The Rock art of Alta are located in and around the municipality of Alta in the county of Finnmark in northern Norway. Since the first carvings were discovered in 1973, more than 6000 carvings have found on several sites around Alta. The largest locality, at Jiepmaluokta about 5 kilometres from Alta, the site, along with the sites Storsteinen, Kåfjord, Amtmannsnes and Transfarelv, was placed on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites on 3 December 1985. It is Norways only prehistoric World Heritage Site, the carvings were divided into five separate groups by Professor Knut Helskog, of the Department of Cultural Sciences at the University of Tromsø. Using shoreline dating, the earliest carvings were dated to around 4200 BC, in 2010 researcher Jan Magne Gjerde pushed the dates for the oldest phases back by 1000 years. In April 2014 the World Heritage Rock Art Centre - Alta museum launched the website altarockart. no, the archive contains several thousand pictures and tracings, and will in the future probably contain other kinds of documenting material as well, such as 3D-scans and articles. At the time the carvings were created, Norway was inhabited by hunter-gatherers, the carvings show a wide variety of imagery and religious symbolism. There are however some main motifs that are throughout all the different periods. The technique of using rock chisels seems to have continued even after metal tools came into use in the area. Due to the effects of post-glacial rebound, the whole of Scandinavia started to rise at a considerable rate out of the ocean after the end of the last ice age. There are overwhelming indications that the carvings were originally located directly on the shoreline and were lifted to their present-day positions several dozen metres inland. The first carvings were discovered in autumn 1973 in the area of Jiepmaluokta, during the 1970s, many more carvings were discovered all around Alta, with a noticeably higher density around Jiepmaluokta. Although several other sites around Alta are known and new carvings are constantly discovered, the carvings are then documented using different techniques, most often the combination of quartz powder painted into the carvings which are then photographed and digitally treated. The museum received the European Museum of the Year Award in 1993, depictions of reindeer behind fences indicate large cooperative hunting of these animals. Other animals that frequently are elk, various bird species. Pregnant animals are depicted with a young one visible inside of its mother. Of special interest are the tracks coming out of bear dens, they are shown with tracks leading vertically through the carved image. The depiction of bears seems to have ceased around 1700 BC, the use of throwing spears and of bows and arrows is evident from the earliest period, indicating that the use of these tools was known to the carvers culture from a very early time
12.
Prehistory
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Prehistory means literally before history, from the Latin word for before, præ, and Greek ιστορία. Neighbouring civilisations were the first to follow, most other civilisations reached the end of prehistory during the Iron Age. The period when a culture is written about by others, but has not developed its own writing is known as the protohistory of the culture. By definition, there are no records from human prehistory. Clear techniques for dating were not well-developed until the 19th century and this article is concerned with human prehistory as defined here above. There are separate articles for the history of the Earth. However, for the race as a whole, prehistory ends when recorded history begins with the accounts of the ancient world around the 4th millennium BC. For example, in Egypt it is accepted that prehistory ended around 3200 BC, whereas in New Guinea the end of the prehistoric era is set much more recently. The three-age system is the periodization of prehistory into three consecutive time periods, named for their respective predominant tool-making technologies, Stone Age Bronze Age Iron Age. The notion of prehistory began to surface during the Enlightenment in the work of antiquarians who used the word primitive to describe societies that existed before written records, the first use of the word prehistory in English, however, occurred in the Foreign Quarterly Review in 1836. The main source for prehistory is archaeology, but some scholars are beginning to more use of evidence from the natural and social sciences. This view has been articulated by advocates of deep history, human population geneticists and historical linguists are also providing valuable insight for these questions. Human prehistory differs from history not only in terms of its chronology, restricted to material processes, remains and artifacts rather than written records, prehistory is anonymous. Because of this, reference terms that use, such as Neanderthal or Iron Age are modern labels with definitions sometimes subject to debate. Palaeolithic means Old Stone Age, and begins with the first use of stone tools, the Paleolithic is the earliest period of the Stone Age. The early part of the Palaeolithic is called the Lower Palaeolithic, evidence of control of fire by early humans during the Lower Palaeolithic Era is uncertain and has at best limited scholarly support. The most widely accepted claim is that H. erectus or H. ergaster made fires between 790,000 and 690,000 BP in a site at Bnot Yaakov Bridge, Israel. The use of fire enabled early humans to cook food, provide warmth, Early Homo sapiens originated some 200,000 years ago, ushering in the Middle Palaeolithic
13.
UNESCO
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The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations based in Paris. It is the heir of the League of Nations International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation, UNESCO has 195 member states and nine associate members. Most of its offices are cluster offices covering three or more countries, national and regional offices also exist. UNESCO pursues its objectives through five major programs, education, natural sciences, social/human sciences, culture and it is also a member of the United Nations Development Group. UNESCO and its mandate for international cooperation can be traced back to a League of Nations resolution on 21 September 1921, on 18 December 1925, the International Bureau of Education began work as a non-governmental organization in the service of international educational development. However, the work of predecessor organizations was largely interrupted by the onset of World War II. On 30 October 1943, the necessity for an organization was expressed in the Moscow Declaration, agreed upon by China, the United Kingdom, the United States. This was followed by the Dumbarton Oaks Conference proposals of 9 October 1944, a prominent figure in the initiative for UNESCO was Rab Butler, the Minister of Education for the United Kingdom. At the ECO/CONF, the Constitution of UNESCO was introduced and signed by 37 countries, the Preparatory Commission operated between 16 November 1945, and 4 November 1946—the date when UNESCOs Constitution came into force with the deposit of the twentieth ratification by a member state. The first General Conference took place between 19 November to 10 December 1946, and elected Dr. Julian Huxley to Director-General and this change in governance distinguished UNESCO from its predecessor, the CICI, in how member states would work together in the organizations fields of competence. In 1956, the Republic of South Africa withdrew from UNESCO claiming that some of the organizations publications amounted to interference in the racial problems. South Africa rejoined the organization in 1994 under the leadership of Nelson Mandela, UNESCOs early work in the field of education included the pilot project on fundamental education in the Marbial Valley, Haiti, started in 1947. This project was followed by missions to other countries, including, for example. In 1948, UNESCO recommended that Member States should make free primary education compulsory, in 1990, the World Conference on Education for All, in Jomtien, Thailand, launched a global movement to provide basic education for all children, youths and adults. Ten years later, the 2000 World Education Forum held in Dakar, Senegal, UNESCOs early activities in culture included, for example, the Nubia Campaign, launched in 1960. The purpose of the campaign was to move the Great Temple of Abu Simbel to keep it from being swamped by the Nile after construction of the Aswan Dam, during the 20-year campaign,22 monuments and architectural complexes were relocated. This was the first and largest in a series of campaigns including Mohenjo-daro, Fes, Kathmandu, Borobudur, the organizations work on heritage led to the adoption, in 1972, of the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. The World Heritage Committee was established in 1976 and the first sites inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1978, since then important legal instruments on cultural heritage and diversity have been adopted by UNESCO member states in 2003 and 2005
14.
World Heritage Site
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A World Heritage Site is a landmark which has been officially recognized by the United Nations, specifically by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Sites are selected on the basis of having cultural, historical, scientific or some form of significance. UNESCO regards these sites as being important to the interests of humanity. The programme catalogues, names, and conserves sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common culture, under certain conditions, listed sites can obtain funds from the World Heritage Fund. The program was founded with the Convention Concerning the Protection of the Worlds Cultural and Natural Heritage, since then,192 state parties have ratified the convention, making it one of the most adhered to international instruments. As of July 2016,1052 sites are listed,814 cultural,203 natural, in 1959, the governments of Egypt and Sudan requested UNESCO to assist their countries to protect and rescue the endangered monuments and sites. In 1960, the Director-General of UNESCO launched an appeal to the Member States for an International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia, the campaign, which ended in 1980, was considered a success. The project cost $80 million, about $40 million of which was collected from 50 countries, the projects success led to other safeguarding campaigns, saving Venice and its lagoon in Italy, the ruins of Mohenjo-daro in Pakistan, and the Borobodur Temple Compounds in Indonesia. UNESCO then initiated, with the International Council on Monuments and Sites, the United States initiated the idea of cultural conservation with nature conservation. The International Union for Conservation of Nature developed similar proposals in 1968, the Convention came into force on 17 December 1975. As of June 2016, it has been ratified by 192 states, including 188 UN member states plus the Cook Islands, the Holy See, Niue, a country must first list its significant cultural and natural sites, the result is called the Tentative List. A country may not nominate sites that have not been first included on the Tentative List, next, it can place sites selected from that list into a Nomination File. The Nomination File is evaluated by the International Council on Monuments and Sites and these bodies then make their recommendations to the World Heritage Committee. There are ten selection criteria – a site must meet at least one of them to be included on the list, up to 2004, there were six criteria for cultural heritage and four criteria for natural heritage. In 2005, this was modified so there is now only one set of ten criteria. Nominated sites must be of outstanding value and meet at least one of the ten criteria. Thus, the Geneva Convention treaty promulgates, Article 53, PROTECTION OF CULTURAL OBJECTS AND OF PLACES OF WORSHIP. There are 1,052 World Heritage Sites located in 165 States Party, of these,814 are cultural,203 are natural and 35 are mixed properties
15.
Beerenberg
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Beerenberg is a 2,277 m stratovolcano which forms the northeastern end of the Norwegian island of Jan Mayen. It is the worlds northernmost subaerial active volcano, the volcano is topped by a mostly ice-filled crater about 1 km wide, with numerous peaks along its rim including the highest summit, Haakon VII Toppen, on its western side. The upper slopes of the volcano are largely ice-covered, with several major glaciers including five which reach the sea. The longest of the glaciers is the Weyprecht Glacier, which flows from the summit crater via a breach through the portion of the crater rim. Beerenberg is composed primarily of basaltic lava flows with minor amounts of tephra, numerous cinder cones have been formed along flank fissures. Its most recent eruptions took place in 1985 and 1970 both of which were flank eruptions from fissures on the northeast side of the mountain, other eruptions with historical records occurred in 1732,1818, and 1851. Its name means Bear Mountain in Dutch, and it takes its name from the polar bears seen there by Dutch whalers in the early 17th century
16.
Jan Mayen
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Jan Mayen is a Norwegian volcanic island situated in the North Arctic Ocean. It is 55 km long and 373 km2 in area, partly covered by glaciers and it has two parts, larger northeast Nord-Jan and smaller Sør-Jan, linked by a 2.5 km wide isthmus. It lies 600 km northeast of Iceland,500 km east of central Greenland and 1,000 km west of the North Cape, the island is mountainous, the highest summit being the Beerenberg volcano in the north. The isthmus is the location of the two largest lakes of the island, Sørlaguna, and Nordlaguna, a third lake is called Ullerenglaguna. Jan Mayen was formed by the Jan Mayen hotspot, although administered separately, Svalbard and Jan Mayen are collectively assigned the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code SJ. Jan Mayen Island has one exploitable natural resource, gravel, from the site at Trongskaret, other than this, economic activity is limited to providing services for employees of Norways radio communications and meteorological stations located on the island. Jan Mayen has one unpaved airstrip, Jan Mayensfield, which is about 1,585 m long, the 124.1 km coast has no ports or harbours, only offshore anchorages. There are important fishing resources, and the existence of Jan Mayen establishes a large Exclusive Economic Zone around it, a dispute between Norway and Denmark regarding the fishing exclusion zone between Jan Mayen and Greenland was settled in 1988 granting Denmark the greater area of sovereignty. Significant deposits of petroleum and natural gas are suspected by geologists to lie below Jan Mayens surrounding seafloors, Jan Mayen Island is an integral part of the Kingdom of Norway. Since 1995, Jan Mayen has been administered by the County Governor of the northern Norwegian county of Nordland to which it is closest. However, some authority over Jan Mayen has been assigned to the commander of the Norwegian Defence Logistics Organisation. The only inhabitants on the island are personnel working for the Norwegian Armed Forces, eighteen people spend the winter on the island, but the population may double during the summer, when heavy maintenance is performed. Personnel serve either six months or one year, and are exchanged twice a year in April, the main purpose of the military personnel is to operate a Loran-C base. The support crew, including mechanics, cooks, and a nurse, are among the military personnel, both the LORAN transmitter and the meteorological station are located a few kilometres away from the settlement Olonkinbyen, where all personnel live. Transport to the island is provided by C-130 Hercules military transport planes operated by the Royal Norwegian Air Force that land at Jan Mayensfields gravel runway, the planes fly in from Bodø Main Air Station eight times a year. Since the airport does not have any instrument landing capabilities, good visibility is required, for heavy goods, freight ships visit during the summer, but since there are no harbours, the ships must anchor. The island has no population, but is assigned the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code SJ. It uses the Internet country code top-level domain. no and data code JN, Jan Mayen has telephone and internet connection over satellite, using Norwegian telephone numbers
17.
A-ha
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A-ha is a Norwegian band formed in Oslo in 1982. The band was founded by Morten Harket, Magne Furuholmen and Pål Waaktaar-Savoy, the group rose to fame during the mid-1980s after being discovered by musician and producer John Ratcliff, and continued global success in the 1990s and 2000s. A-ha achieved their biggest success with their album, Hunting High and Low. In the UK, Hunting High and Low continued its success into the following year. In 1994, after their studio album, Memorial Beach, failed to achieve the commercial success of their previous albums. Their ninth album, Foot of the Mountain, was first released on 19 June 2009 and returned the band to the UK top 5 for the first time since 1988, being certified Silver there, the album peaked at number 2 in Norway. On 15 October 2009, the announced they would split after a worldwide tour in 2010. Thousands of fans from at least 40 different countries on six continents congregated to see A-ha for the last leg of the tour, on 4 December 2014, A-ha officially announced its participation at Rock In Rio 2015 which celebrated 30 years for both the band and the event. In 2015, it was announced that A-ha would re-unite for two years and their tenth studio album, Cast in Steel, was released on 4 September 2015. A tour, named for the album, in support of the album happened in autumn 2015, through 2009, the band has sold more than 100 million records worldwide. Another record for the band is for singer Morten Harket, who was listed in the Guinness World Records book in 2001 for the longest live note held and they were trying to think of what to call themselves, focusing on Norwegian words people could say in English. They jettisoned that idea when Morten spotted a song called A-ha in Waaktaars songbook and it was a terrible song but a great name, says Morten. They chose the studio of musician, producer, and soon-to-be-manager John Ratcliff because it had a Space Invaders machine, John Ratcliff introduced them to his manager, Terry Slater, and after a few meetings, A-ha enlisted Ratcliff as a manager as well. Slater and Ratcliff formed TJ Management, Ratcliff dealt with technical and musical aspects, and Slater acted as the groups international business manager and as liaison to Warner Brothers head office in Los Angeles. An early version of Take On Me was the first song that Morten Harket had heard Magne Furuholmen, at that time, the song was called The Juicy Fruit Song, and the two men were still known as Bridges. It was named Lesson One when it was first recorded by A-ha, after some re-writing, multiple re-recordings, and three releases, Take On Me became a hit on both sides of the Atlantic in 1985. The first version of the song, released in 1984, was promoted by a video of the performing the song in front of a blue background. The song was then re-recorded with production by Alan Tarney, and it was then re-released with a new, groundbreaking video which peaked at number 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and at number 2 on the UK Singles Chart
18.
La det swinge
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La det swinge is a song in Norwegian, sung by the pop duo Bobbysocks. It was the winner of the Eurovision Song Contest 1985 – Norways first victory in the contest, the song is a tribute to dancing to old rock n roll heard on the radio. Befitting the subject matter, the song itself is written in an old-fashioned style, the melody arrangement is in retro style, containing elements of contemporary 1980s music and throwbacks to the 1950s. The song entered, and won Melodi Grand Prix 1985, and was selected to represent Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 1985. At the close of voting, it received 123 points, placing 1st in a field of 19 and this was Elisabeth Andreasson and Hanne Kroghs second appearance in the Eurovision Song Contest, in 1982 Elisabeth represented Sweden in the duo Chips with Kikki Danielsson singing Dag efter dag. Danielsson incidentally finished third after Bobbysocks and West Germanys Wind, with Bra vibrationer in the 1985 contest, again representing Sweden. Krogh finished 17th in the contest in 1971, with the song Lykken er, la Det Swinge was succeeded as Norwegian representative at the 1986 Contest by Ketil Stokkan with Romeo. Swedish heavy metal group Black Ingvars covered song on their 1998 album Schlager Metal
19.
Bobbysocks!
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Bobbysocks. is a Norwegian pop duo consisting of Norwegian Hanne Krogh and Swedish-Norwegian Elisabeth Andreassen. They won the Eurovision Song Contest 1985 with the song La det swinge, the duo was formed in 1983. Both Krogh and Andreassen were frequent Eurovision contestants, Krogh has appeared three times, all for Norway - in 1971 as a soloist, with Bobbysocks. in 1985 and as part of Just 4 Fun in 1991. Andreassen sang for Sweden as one half of Chips in 1982 and after winning with Bobbysocks, teamed up with Jan Werner Danielsen in 1994, the duos debut single was I Dont Wanna Break My Heart, released in a pink colored vinyl. The concept behind Bobbysocks. was to bring up to date songs from the 1950s with a swing mood and that idea was fully applied on their first LP Bobbysocks. Which was a mixture of covers and brand new songs, the scheduled next single was going to be Radio, but the plans were changed when the duo won the Eurovision Song Contest. Let It Swing topped the Norwegian singles chart, as well as it did in Belgium and it was a Top 10 in Sweden and Ireland, and a Top 20 in The Netherlands and Austria. It entered the UK singles charts on 25 May 1985, and rose to a high of Nº44 and it was also pressed in countries such as Germany, Japan and Australia. There were plans to release the single in USA, but it didnt happen at the end, in 1985, due to their ESC victory, Bobbysocks. Were awarded the Peer Gynt Prize, which is awarded by the Stortinget, another ESC consequence was the re-release of the Bobbysocks. LP with Let It Swing on it, reaching the Gold status, Walkin on Air, was recorded in L. A. in 1987 and produced by Bill Maxwell. It went Gold in only 4 days, becoming their 3rd, in 1988, Bobbysocks disbanded, after 4 successful years. However, Krogh and Andreassen still appeared time to time together on stage in Norway and they appeared at Congratulations, the 50th anniversary Eurovision concert in Copenhagen, Denmark, in October 2005. During May 2010, Bobbysocks did a comeback to celebrate their 25th anniversary since their ESC victory in 1985. Which included 2 newly recorded songs and peaking at Nº13 on the Norwegian album charts, helping to gain new fans not only in Norway. 1986, Waiting for the Morning 1987, Walkin on Air 2010, Let it Swing - The Best of Bobbysocks
20.
Eurovision Song Contest 1985
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The Eurovision Song Contest 1985 was the 30th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It was held on 4 May 1985 in Gothenburg, Sweden, the presenter was entertainer Lill Lindfors, whose jokey dress rip after the interval act was said to have not amused the wife of EBU scrutineer Frank Naef. Were the winners with the song La det swinge, win for Norway was the countrys first. What do you think we are, after an energetic reprise, the two women embraced to a standing ovation from the audience. During the voting, it was not immediately evident that Norway would win the Contest, Germany took a commanding lead in the first half, with Norway fifth place behind Germany, Sweden, Italy and the United Kingdom around the end of the first half of voting. Finally, with five juries left, Germany, Sweden and Norway were tightly wrapped around the positions with 87,86. At that point, Sweden briefly took the lead away from Germany, Sweden was the fourth-to-last jury, conceding their brief lead by awarding Germany eight points and Norway the maximum twelve. With only three left to vote, Norway kept the lead, in one of the shortest winning stretches during voting in the contests history. The Netherlands and Yugoslavia did not participate in this Contest, due to the national Remembrance of the Dead in the Netherlands, despite this Yugoslavia did choose its song, Pokora, a duet sung by Zorica Kondža and Josip Genda. 1985 was also the year when no less than thirteen previous Eurovision artists made a comeback and this also applied to the winners, Bobbysocks. Who had attended once before as soloists, Hanne Krogh performed for Norway in 1971, while Elisabeth Andreassen for Sweden in 1982 in a duet, Chips, Kikki herself also returned this year for host country Sweden, and was thus competing against Elisabeth Andreassen and Bobbysocks. Lys Assia, the winner of the first ever Eurovision Song Contest in 1956, was the guest of honour of this edition of the Eurovision Song Contest. She was introduced by the presenter Lill Lindfors, the camera zoomed close to Lys, who rose to greet the audience, while the orchestra played the song Refrain, her winning song. Host conductor in bold Each country had a jury who awarded 12,10,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1 point for their top ten songs. The voting itself was exciting, the German favourites looked to be cruising to an early victory, however both Sweden and Norway did their best to keep up and by the time the UK jury delivered their votes, Germany had seen its lead smashed. Lill Lindfors had a malfunction as she proceeded to the stage for the voting procedure. As she walked on stage, the skirt of her dress came away, leaving her in just her underwear and the top half of her dress. After a few seconds of pretending to be shocked, Lindfors unfastened the flaps of her dress across her shoulders, to reveal a white gown
21.
Take On Me
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Take On Me is a song by Norwegian synthpop band A-ha. Written by the members, the original version was produced by Tony Mansfield. The second version of the song was produced by Alan Tarney for the debut studio album Hunting High. The song combines synthpop with an instrumentation that includes acoustic guitars, keyboards. The original Take On Me was recorded in 1984 and it took two versions and three releases to chart in the United Kingdom, reaching number two on the UK Singles Chart in October 1985. The video features the band in an animation method called rotoscoping. The video won six awards and was nominated for two others at the 1986 MTV Video Music Awards, pål Waaktaar and Magne Furuholmen began their music careers playing in a band called Bridges, together with Viggo Bondi and Øystein Jevanord. In 1981, the band produced Fakkeltog, an LP for which all of the music was composed by the group themselves, One of the tracks rehearsed at this time was called The Juicy Fruit Song. It included elements of the future Take On Me, including a version of the central riff. Waaktaar and Furuholmen relocated to London to try their hand in the industry there. The duo then decided to try to get Morten Harket to join them as lead singer, at the time, Harket was singing in a band called Souldier Blue, but he felt that his band was stagnating, and decided to join Waaktaar and Furuholmen. They stayed together for six months, writing songs and working on demo tapes, including Lesson One. In January 1983, the returned to London in search of a recording contract. The band moved into an apartment in London and began calling on record companies, after a few meetings with various A&R personnel, the band signed with a publishing house called Lionheart. A-ha then returned to Norway to earn some money, when they returned to London, they left Lionheart out of frustration. They decided to record new demos, and chose the studio of musician and producer John Ratcliff, the band signed with Ratcliff, who in return introduced them to his manager, Terry Slater. With this encouragement, the managed to complete some songs. After a few meetings, Slater signed them with Warner Bros, the band met with producer Tony Mansfield, an expert in the use of the Fairlight CMI, who mixed the demos with electronic instrumentation
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Fredrik Skagen
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Fredrik Skagen is a Norwegian writer. He is best known for his fiction, but is also the author of some childrens books. His first book was published in 1968 and his works have been translated into German, Danish, Swedish, Dutch and French. Skagen has received awards, including the Norwegian Booksellers Prize in 1985
23.
Harald Sverdrup (writer)
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Harald Ulrik Sverdrup was a Norwegian poet and childrens writer. He received several prizes, including the Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature, the Mads Wiel Nygaards Endowment, the Dobloug Prize. Sverdrup was born in Gravdal, Buksnes, Lofoten, as a son of medical doctor Harald Ulrik Sverdrup and he was related to bishop and politician Jakob Sverdrup, who was his great-uncle, and to oceanographer Harald Ulrik Sverdrup, Jr, who was his first cousin once removed. Other first cousins once removed are Leif Sverdrup, Georg Johan Sverdrup and he was also a great-grandson of Harald Ulrik Sverdrup, Sr, a grandnephew of Jakob Sverdrup, Georg Sverdrup and Edvard Sverdrup, and a second cousin of historian Jakob Sverdrup. He spent his childhood in Lofoten, Risør, Hvitsten and Rjukan. During World War II he participated in work in Norway, until he fled to Sweden. He joined as ground crew at the Norwegian Spitfire Wing, and participated at the war front in Belgium, Holland and he was married to Jorunn Elset from 1950 to 1954, and to his first cousin Mari Ulstrup from 1954. The couple lived at Kalbakken and Stokke, Sverdrup made his literary debut in 1948 with the poetry collection Drøm og drift. His literary breakthrough came with the collection Sankt Elms ild from 1958 and he issued the collection of childrens poetry Snurrebassen og andre tøysevers in 1958. He received the Mads Wiel Nygaards Endowment in 1959, during the 1960s he issued the poetry collections Isbjørnfantasi, Sang til solen and Farlig vind, and the prose books Negeren og solsikken and Paradisets barn. In the 1970s he issued the poetry collections Fredløse ord and Grønn kalender and he received the Dobloug Prize in 1978, and the Riksmål Society Literature Prize in 1985
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Anette Sagen
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Anette Sagen is a Norwegian former ski jumper. She is one of the best female jumpers of all time and she received a lot of media attention in 2004, when she was denied the opportunity to jump K-185 in Vikersund, in spite of her good results. The struggle was over whether the quality of female ski jumpers was high enough to allow women to jump in these venues, torbjørn Yggeseth, the chairman of the ski jump committee of the International Ski Federation, was Sagen’s main opponent. The debate soon developed into a struggle over women’s rights in the world of sports, competing since 2003, Sagen won the womens ski jumping event at the Holmenkollen ski festival in 2004 and 2005, the last two years the event was held. She also has forty additional victories as of 2009, on 20 February 2009 Sagen won the bronze medal in the first ever World Championship ski jumping competition for women. After a plebiscite and the decision by the city council in Oslo, anette Sagen at the International Ski Federation Holmenkollen winners since 1892 - click Vinnere for downloadable pdf file
25.
Mari Fasting
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Mari Fasting is a Norwegian orienteering competitor and ski mountaineer. She is two times Junior World Orienteering Champion and she represents the club NTNUI of Trondheim, and is related to the ski mountaineer Ola Berger. Mari Fasting competed at the 2005 Junior World Orienteering Championships in Tenero, where she received a medal in the long distance. She participated at the 2006 World Orienteering Championships in Aarhus, where she finished 6th in the middle distance and she was injured for a large part of the 2007 season, and missed the world championship. At the 2008 European Orienteering Championships in Ventspils she finished 4th in the event with the Norwegian national team. She competed at the 2013 World Orienteering Championships, and won a medal in the relay with the Norwegian team, together with Heidi Bagstevold. 2011, 8th, World Championship relay, together with Ingvild Ryggen Carstens and Malene Haukøy 10th, World Championship vertical race
26.
Kjetil Jansrud
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Kjetil Jansrud is a Norwegian World Cup alpine ski racer and Olympic champion. He races in all alpine disciplines apart slalom, and his best event used to be the giant slalom where he has 6 World Cup podiums and an Olympic silver medal. However, since 2012 he has more of a speed specialist. At the 2014 Olympics in Sochi, he won the Super-G, born in Stavanger, Jansrud hails from Vinstra in Gudbrandsdalen. At the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Jansrud finished tenth in the combined and he broke his thumb in the Olympic giant slalom which ended his 2006 season. A bulging disc discovered that September kept him out of the entire 2007 season, Jansrud made his first World Cup podium in January 2009 at Adelboden and finished ninth in the super combined at the 2009 World Championships. He won the medal in giant slalom at the 2010 Winter Olympics. Jansrud won his first World Cup race in March 2012 on home snow at Kvitfjell, at the first mens race of the 2013 World Championships, Jansrud crashed in the super-G, but got up and skied down to the finish. It was later revealed that he tore a ligament in his left knee, at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Jansrud won gold in the super-G and bronze in the downhill at Rosa Khutor. At the first World Cup races following the games, he won two speed events at Kvitfjell,3 titles, Standings through 15 March 201719 wins –41 podiums – Kjetil Jansrud at the International Ski Federation FIS-ski. com – Kjetil Jansrud – World Cup season standings Ski-db
27.
Gabrielle Leithaug
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Gabrielle Leithaug better known by her mononym artist name Gabrielle is a Norwegian Electropop singer signed to Universal Music. She lived 8 or 9 years in Hordvik in Bergens Åsane borough and her family then lived in the city for a year, before moving to Bønes in Bergens Fyllingsdalen borough. She attended upper secondary school in Fyllingsdalen, for one year and she worked flipping burgers for around 3 years, and she worked as a cleaner in schools. As a radio host, she worked for a year and a half and she once moved to Stavanger and intended to start en education within reiselivsutdanning. Later she studied music at the college Høgskolen i Nord-Trøndelag and she was a member of a gospel choir—Gospel Bergen. After she switched her focus from English lyrics to Norwegian, she signed a contract with Norways largest record company and her second single Bordet sold 2x Platinum in Norway. Lars K. Hustoft, Crystal Air Music is her manager and has produced some of her recordings and she is a Christian and regards faith as rather personal. In 2006 she said that being a Christian and being an artist, are two different things for me, but I must sing about something I believe in, I like lyrics that go to some depth. A message about tits and ass and stuff like that, does not cut it for me, in 2012 she said that she will not take on a role as a spokeswoman for the Christian artists. She is a Goodwill Ambassador for Kirkens Nødhjelp, and in that capacity she visited Syrian refugees in Lebanon in 2014 and she identifies herself as a redhead and heterosexual. She has said that when she was around 19, she loved someone, and her tattoos include a verse from the Bible. She is a snowboarder, and has spent one winter in Salt Lake City and she has three sisters and one brother. Gabrielle lover å overraske i kveld Official website MySpace Facebook Kristne, men ikke kristen-artister
28.
Guro Knutsen Mienna
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Guro Knutsen Mienna is a Norwegian former footballer who played for Røa IL of the Toppserien league and for the Norway womens national football team. She played alongside her older sister Marie Knutsen in the Norwegian team that finished fourth at the 2007 FIFA Womens World Cup in China, Knutsen Mienna won the Norwegian league with Røa IL in 2007 and 2008, and also in 2008 won the Royal Cup to complete the double. She helped her club to the again in 2009, and they won the Cup in 2010. Knutsen Mienna competed with Norway in the 2008 Summer Olympics in China, Norway was defeated by Brazil in the quarter-finals. In October 2008 Knutsen Mienna was one of five Røa players who announced their refusal to play for the team under the management of Bjarne Berntsen. She was recalled by Berntsens successor Eli Landsem and was selected for the 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup in Germany, Knutsen Mienna won a total of 36 senior caps and scored three goals for Norway. She is a member of the Christian sports organization Kristen Idrettskontakt and is a student at the University of Oslo. She married Kim André Mienna in April 2009, Knutsen Mienna missed Røas entire 2013 season due to pregnancy and announced her retirement from football in January 2014. Guro Knutsen Mienna – FIFA competition record Norwegian national team profile Røa club profile
29.
Mounir Hamoud
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Mounir Hamoud is a Morocco-born Norwegian football midfielder, who plays for Strømsgodset. In 2004 and 2005 Hamoud played in the Norwegian Premier League for FC Lyn Oslo and he has been capped by Norway at the U18, U19, and U21 levels. Hamoud was called up to the Norwegian national team on 27 January 2009 and he signed for Strømsgodset prior to the 2012 season. With 54 league matches, he became an important part of the team who won the 2013 Tippeligaen, however, when his contract expired after the 2014 season, he was released from the club. However, on 15 January 2015, he signed a new deal with the club. As of 4 November 2016 Strømsgodset, Tippeligaen,2013 100% Fotball - Norwegian Premier League statistics
30.
Anders Jacobsen (ski jumper)
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Anders Jacobsen is a Norwegian former ski jumper. He is the youngest Norwegian winner of Four Hills Tournament and he made his debut in the Continental Cup on 11 January 2003, where he finished in the 50th position. In August the same year in a FIS Cup meeting in Rælingen, in 2006 he was picked for one of the eight spots in the Norwegian World Cup team. He made his debut in the Grand Prix season on 4 August, in Hinterzarten and he was tenth in the Grand Prix, with 184 points. After Daniel Forfangs retirement he remained in the current Norwegian squad and he made his debut in the 2006/07 Ski jumping World Cup in Kuusamo on 24 November 2006, with a third place. Jacobsen won four World Cup events that season, including the Innsbruck event on 4 January 2007 on his way to becoming overall winner of the 2006-07 Four Hills Tournament, entering the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2007 in Sapporo, Jacobsen led the overall Ski jumping World Cup standings. At those championships, he earned a medal in the team large hill. But he failed in the large hill competition, and finished 7th in the normal hill competition, after the World Championships, Jacobsen has struggled to maintain his form. He failed to qualify for the finals in Lahti, finished tenth in Kuopio, adam Małysz won all those races and therefore he overtook the lead in the World cup standings. As every Norwegian athlete, Jacobsen struggled to maintain the seasons results in the 2008/2009 season. There he showed growing shape, placing 6th overall, before entering the World Championship, he placed second in the two last world cup races in Klingenthal and in the skiflying hill in Oberstdorf. The World Championship started dreadful for Jacobsen, falling from a medal to 17th place after 86,5 m in the final round in the normal hill event. Yet again he placed third after the first round at the large hill event, after winning a silver in the team large hill event Jacobsen won altogether two medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2009 in Liberec. At the end of the season, he was eighth in the world cup standings. Jacobsen started the season with a place in the opening race in Kuusamo, but then fell during training. However, during the Four Hills Tournament, in the race in Garmisch-Partenkirchen Jacobsen struck back with a fifth place and he eventually won his sixth world cup victory in ski flying hill in Oberstdorf on January 31. He is the youngest Norwegian ski jumper in history to win the Four Hills Tournament, prior to his professional career, Jacobsen worked as a plumber. Jacobsen caught the Norwegian coach Mika Kojonkoskis eye after an audition-round in 2006, former Four Hills Tournament winner Sigurd Pettersen was noticed in a similar way
31.
Kristoffer Lo
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Kristoffer Lo is a Norwegian jazz musician and composer. Lo has redefined the use of tuba and its role in band, with a bunch of electronics and huge amps, Kristoffer’s tuba sounds like a low-end monster and a high pitched squeal at the same time. He is a part of bands like Pelbo, Trondheim Jazz Orchestra, Microtub, Sunswitch, with music studies from the jazz program at the Musikkonservatoriet i Trondheim, he has slowly built up a solid reputation both in Norway and elsevere. With Trondheim Jazz Orchestra 2015, Savages feat
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