1.
Minimalism
–
In visual arts, music, and other mediums, minimalism is a style that uses pared-down design elements. Minimalism began in post–World War II Western art, most strongly with American visual arts in the 1960s, prominent artists associated with minimalism include Donald Judd, John McCracken, Agnes Martin, Dan Flavin, Robert Morris, Anne Truitt, and Frank Stella. It derives from the reductive aspects of modernism and is interpreted as a reaction against abstract expressionism. Minimalism in music often features repetition and iteration such as those of the compositions of La Monte Young, Terry Riley, Steve Reich, Philip Glass, the term minimalist often colloquially refers to anything that is spare or stripped to its essentials. It has accordingly been used to describe the plays and novels of Samuel Beckett, the films of Robert Bresson, the stories of Raymond Carver, and the automobile designs of Colin Chapman. The word was first used in English in the early 20th century to describe a 1913 composition by the Russian painter Kasimir Malevich of a square on a white ground. Guggenheim Museum curated by Lawrence Alloway also in 1966 that showcased Geometric abstraction in the American art world via Shaped canvas, Color Field, in the wake of those exhibitions and a few others the art movement called minimal art emerged. Minimal art is inspired in part by the paintings of Barnett Newman, Ad Reinhardt, Josef Albers, and the works of artists as diverse as Pablo Picasso, Marcel Duchamp, Giorgio Morandi. Minimalism was also a reaction against the painterly subjectivity of Abstract Expressionism that had been dominant in the New York School during the 1940s and 1950s. The philosopher or art historian who can envision me—or anyone at all—arriving at aesthetic judgments in this way reads shockingly more into himself or herself than into my article. They very explicitly stated that their art was not about self-expression, in general, minimalisms features included geometric, often cubic forms purged of much metaphor, equality of parts, repetition, neutral surfaces, and industrial materials. Robert Morris, a theorist and artist, wrote a three part essay, Notes on Sculpture 1-3, originally published across three issues of Artforum in 1966. In these essays, Morris attempted to define a conceptual framework and formal elements for himself and these essays paid great attention to the idea of the gestalt - parts. Bound together in such a way that create a maximum resistance to perceptual separation. Morris later described an art represented by a marked lateral spread, the general shift in theory of which this essay is an expression suggests the transition into what would later be referred to as postminimalism. Stellas decisions about structures on the front surface of the canvas were therefore not entirely subjective, in the show catalog, Carl Andre noted, Art excludes the unnecessary. Frank Stella has found it necessary to paint stripes, there is nothing else in his painting. Because of a tendency in art to exclude the pictorial, illusionistic and fictive in favor of the literal, there was a movement away from painterly
2.
Western world
–
The Western world or the West is a term usually referring to different nations, depending on the context, most often including at least part of Europe. There are many accepted definitions about what they all have in common, the Western world is also known as the Occident. The concept of the Western part of the earth has its roots in Greco-Roman civilization in Europe, before the Cold War era, the traditional Western viewpoint identified Western Civilization with the Western Christian countries and culture. Its political usage was changed by the antagonism during the Cold War in the mid-to-late 20th Century. The term originally had a literal geographic meaning, Western culture was influenced by many older great civilizations of the ancient Near East, such as Phoenicia, Minoan Crete, Sumer, Babylonia, and also Ancient Egypt. It originated in the Mediterranean basin and its vicinity, Greece, over time, their associated empires grew first to the east and west to include the rest of Mediterranean and Black Sea coastal areas, conquering and absorbing. Later, they expanded to the north of the Mediterranean Sea to include Western, Central, numerous times, this expansion was accompanied by Christian missionaries, who attempted to proselytize Christianity. There is debate among some as to whether Latin America is in a category of its own, specifically, Western culture may imply, a Biblical Christian cultural influence in spiritual thinking, customs and either ethic or moral traditions, around the Post-Classical Era and after. European cultural influences concerning artistic, musical, folkloric, ethic and oral traditions, the concept of Western culture is generally linked to the classical definition of the Western world. In this definition, Western culture is the set of literary, scientific, political, artistic, much of this set of traditions and knowledge is collected in the Western canon. The term has come to apply to countries whose history is marked by European immigration or settlement, such as the Americas, and Oceania. The geopolitical divisions in Europe that created a concept of East and West originated in the Roman Empire, Roman Catholic Western and Central Europe, as such, maintained a distinct identity particularly as it began to redevelop during the Renaissance. Even following the Protestant Reformation, Protestant Europe continued to see itself as more tied to Roman Catholic Europe than other parts of the civilized world. Use of the term West as a cultural and geopolitical term developed over the course of the Age of Exploration as Europe spread its culture to other parts of the world. Additionally, closer contacts between the West and Asia and other parts of the world in recent times have continued to cloud the use, herodotus considered the Persian Wars of the early 5th century BC a conflict of Europa versus Asia. The terms West and East were not used by any Greek author to describe that conflict, the Great Schism and the Fourth Crusade confirmed this deviation. The Renaissance in the West emerged partly from currents within the Roman Empire, Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a city-state founded on the Italian Peninsula about the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. In its 12-century existence, Roman civilization shifted from a monarchy, to a republic, nonetheless, despite its great legacy, a number of factors led to the eventual decline of the Roman Empire
3.
Tattoo
–
A tattoo is a form of body modification, where a design is made by inserting ink, dyes and pigments, either indelible or temporary, into the dermis layer of the skin to change the pigment. The word tattoo, or tattow in the 18th century, is a loanword from the Polynesian word tatau, the Oxford English Dictionary gives the etymology of tattoo as In 18th c. tattaow, tattow. Before the importation of the Polynesian word, the practice of tattooing had been described in the West as painting, scarring and this is not to be confused with the origins of the word for the military drumbeat or performance — see military tattoo. In this case, the English word tattoo is derived from the Dutch word taptoe, the word tattoo was brought to Europe by the explorer James Cook, when he returned in 1769 from his first voyage to Tahiti and New Zealand. In his narrative of the voyage, he refers to an operation called tattaw, mainstream art galleries hold exhibitions of both conventional and custom tattoo designs such as Beyond Skin, at the Museum of Croydon. Copyrighted tattoo designs that are mass-produced and sent to tattoo artists are known as flash, flash sheets are prominently displayed in many tattoo parlors for the purpose of providing both inspiration and ready-made tattoo images to customers. The most common used for traditional Japanese tattoo designs is Horimono. Japanese may use the word tattoo to mean non-Japanese styles of tattooing, anthropologist Ling Roth in 1900 described four methods of skin marking and suggested they be differentiated under the names tatu, moko, cicatrix, and keloid. According to George Orwell, coal miners could develop characteristic tattoos owing to coal dust getting into wounds and this can also occur with substances like gunpowder. Similarly, a traumatic tattoo occurs when a substance such as asphalt is rubbed into a wound as the result of some kind of accident or trauma. These are particularly difficult to remove as they tend to be spread across several layers of skin, the symbolism and impact of tattoos varies in different places and cultures. Tattoos may show how a person feels about a relative or about an unrelated person, some Māori still choose to wear intricate moko on their faces. In Cambodia, Laos, and Thailand, the tattoo is used for protection against evil. Text-based tattoos including quotes, lyrics, personal mottos or scripture are popular in western culture, as an example some Christians might have a Psalm or verse from the Bible tattooed on their body. Popular verses include John 3,16, Philippians 4,13, in the Philippines certain tribal groups believe tattoos have magical qualities, and help to protect their bearers. Most traditional tattooing in the Philippines is related to the accomplishments in life or rank in the tribe. Extensive decorative tattooing is common among members of traditional freak shows, people have also been forcibly tattooed. During registration, the Nazis would pierce the outlines of the serial-number digits onto the prisoners arms, only Auschwitz put tattoos on inmates, of all the Nazi concentration camps
4.
Body modification
–
Body modification is the deliberate altering of the human anatomy or human physical appearance. In its broadest definition it includes plastic surgery, socially acceptable decoration, Body parts that are commonly removed by those practicing body nullification are, penis, testicles, clitoris, labia and nipples. Sometimes people who desire a nullification may be diagnosed with body integrity identity disorder or apotemnophilia and this compresses the collarbone and upper ribs but is not medically dangerous. It is a myth that removing the rings cause the neck to flop. Stretched lip piercings - achieved by inserting ever larger plates, such as made of clay used by some Amazonian tribes. Yaeba - the deliberate misaligning or capping of teeth to give a crooked appearance, disfigurement and mutilation are terms used by opponents of body modification to describe certain types of modifications, especially non-consensual ones. Some surgical procedures that modify human genitals are performed with the consent of the patient. The phrase Genital mutilation is sometimes used to describe procedures that individuals are forced to undergo without their informed consent, the phrase has been applied to involuntary castration, male circumcision, and female genital mutilation. Intersex campaigners say that childhood modification of genitals of individuals with intersex conditions without their consent is a form of mutilation. Many use body modification and self-mutilation interchangeably, in many ways self-mutilation is very different than body-modification. Body modification gives one the feeling of pride and excitement, giving one something to show off to others, alternately, those who self-mutilate typically are ashamed of what theyve done and want to hide any evidence of harm. Those who self-mutilate do so in order to themselves, express internal turmoil. The Official Body Modification Organization Body Modification E-Zine Encyclopedia entry showing various inappropriate uses of ear piercing instruments Nail Art
5.
Human branding
–
This is performed using a hot or very cold branding iron. It may also be practiced as a rite of passage, e. g. within a tribe, in Dutch, branden mean to burn, brandmerk a branded mark, similarly, in German, Brandzeichen means a brand and brandmarken, to brand. Sometimes, the word cauterize is used, however cauterization is now generally understood to mean a medical process – specifically to stop bleeding. The origin may be the ancient treatment of a slave as livestock, european, American and other colonial slavers branded millions of slaves during the period of trans-Atlantic enslavement. Sometimes there were several brandings, e. g. for the Portuguese crown and the private owner, to a slave owner it would be logical to mark such property just like cattle, more so since humans are more able to escape. Ancient Romans marked runaway slaves with the letters FGV, in criminal law, branding with a hot iron was a mode of punishment consisting of marking the subject as if goods or animals, sometimes concurrently with their reduction of status in life. Under Constantine I the face was not permitted to be so disfigured, in the 16th century, German Anabaptists were branded with a cross on their foreheads for refusing to recant their faith and join the Roman Catholic church. The mark in later times was often chosen as a code for the crime. Branding was used for a time by the Union Army during the American Civil War, surgeon and Oxford English Dictionary contributor William Chester Minor was required to brand deserters at around the time of the Battle of the Wilderness. In Germany however, branding was illegal, following the Conspiracy of the Slaves of 1749 in Malta, some slaves were branded with the letter R on their forehead and condemned to the galleys for life. In Louisiana, there was a code, or Code Noir, which allowed the cropping of ears, shoulder branding. Slave owners used extreme punishments to stop flight, or escape and they would often brand the slaves palms, shoulders, buttocks, or cheeks with a branding iron. Branding was sometimes used to mark recaptured runaway slaves to help the locals easily identify the runaway. Mr. Micajah Ricks, in Raleigh, North Carolina, was looking for his slave and described, I burnt her with a hot iron, on the side of her face. Most slave owners would use whipping as their method. Another testimony explains how a slave owner in Kentucky around 1848 was looking for his runaway slave and he described her having a brand mark on the breast something like L blotched. In South Carolina, there were many laws which permitted the punishments slaves would receive, when a slave ran away, if it was the first offense, the slave would receive no more than forty lashes. Then the second offense would be branding, the slave would have been marked with the letter R on their forehead signifying that they were a criminal, and a runaway
6.
Grunge
–
Grunge is a subgenre of alternative rock and a subculture that emerged during the mid-1980s in the Pacific Northwest U. S. state of Washington, particularly in Seattle and nearby towns. The early grunge movement revolved around Seattles independent record label Sub Pop, the success of these bands boosted the popularity of alternative rock and made grunge the most popular form of rock music at the time. Grunge was also an influence on subsequent genres such as post-grunge, Grunge fuses elements of punk rock and heavy metal, such as the distorted electric guitar used in both genres, although some bands performed with more emphasis on one or the other. Like these genres, grunge typically uses electric guitar, bass guitar, a drummer, Grunge also incorporates influences from indie rock bands such as Sonic Youth. Lyrics are typically angst-filled and introspective, often addressing themes such as alienation, apathy, concerns about confinement. A number of factors contributed to decline in prominence. During the mid-late 1990s, many grunge bands broke up or became less visible, the word grunge was used in print in prior to the use of the term in mainstream publications to refer to the Seattle music genre. Rock has always been about it, Theres primal grunge. distortion. and fuzz. especially on the underground, a reference to distorted sounds in rock in a general sense. Mark Arm, the vocalist for the Seattle band Green River—and later Mudhoney—is generally credited as being the first to use the term grunge to describe the Seattle genre of music. Arm first used the term in 1981, when he wrote a letter under his given name Mark McLaughlin to the Seattle zine Desperate Times, criticizing his own band Mr. Epp and the Calculations as Pure grunge. Sub Pop called Green Rivers 1986 EP Dry as a Bone ultra-loose GRUNGE that destroyed the morals of a generation, Everett True states that when Arm stated that the streets of Seattle paved with grunge, he was using the term disparagingly. In this use of the word grunge, Arm was using it as an adjective, Arm said years later, Obviously, I didnt make grunge up. I got it from someone else, the term was already being thrown around in Australia in the mid-80s to describe bands like King Snake Roost, The Scientists, Salamander Jim, and Beasts of Bourbon. Arm used grunge as a descriptive rather than a genre term. When grunge first developed, music journalists called it rock, due to the genres focus on impossibly. Evergreen State was a college which did not use grading. Bands from Portland, Oregon, such as the Wipers, also influenced the genres pioneers. Some bands associated with the genre, such as Soundgarden, Pearl Jam and Alice in Chains, have not been receptive to the label, preferring instead to be referred to as rock and roll bands
7.
Alternative rock
–
Alternative rock is a genre of rock music that emerged from the independent music underground of the 1980s and became widely popular in the 1990s and 2000s. In this instance, the word refers to the genres distinction from mainstream rock music. The terms original meaning was broader, referring to a generation of musicians unified by their debt to either the musical style or simply the independent. Ethos of punk rock, which in the late 1970s laid the groundwork for alternative music, Alternative rock is a broad umbrella term consisting of music that differs greatly in terms of its sound, its social context, and its regional roots. Most of these subgenres had achieved minor mainstream notice and a few bands representing them, such as Hüsker Dü, with the breakthrough of Nirvana and the popularity of the grunge and Britpop movements in the 1990s, alternative rock entered the musical mainstream and many alternative bands became successful. By the end of the decade, alternative rocks mainstream prominence declined due to a number of events that caused grunge and Britpop to fade, emo attracted attention in the larger alternative rock world, and the term was applied to a variety of artists, including multi-platinum acts. Post-punk revival artists such as Modest Mouse and The Killers had commercial success in the early, before the term alternative rock came into common usage around 1990, the sort of music to which it refers was known by a variety of terms. In 1979, Terry Tolkin used the term Alternative Music to describe the groups he was writing about, in 1979 Dallas radio station KZEW had a late night new wave show entitled Rock and Roll Alternative. College rock was used in the United States to describe the music during the 1980s due to its links to the radio circuit. In the United Kingdom, dozens of small do it yourself record labels emerged as a result of the punk subculture, according to the founder of one of these labels, Cherry Red, NME and Sounds magazines published charts based on small record stores called Alternative Charts. The first national chart based on distribution called the Indie Chart was published in January 1980, at the time, the term indie was used literally to describe independently distributed records. By 1985, indie had come to mean a particular genre, or group of subgenres, at first the term referred to intentionally non–mainstream rock acts that were not influenced by heavy metal ballads, rarefied new wave and high-energy dance anthems. The use of alternative gained further exposure due to the success of Lollapalooza, for which festival founder, in the late 1990s, the definition again became more specific. Defining music as alternative is often difficult because of two conflicting applications of the word, the name alternative rock essentially serves as an umbrella term for underground music that has emerged in the wake of punk rock since the mid-1980s. Alternative bands during the 1980s generally played in clubs, recorded for indie labels. Sounds range from the gloomy soundscapes of gothic rock to the guitars of indie pop to the dirty guitars of grunge to the 1960s/1970s revivalism of Britpop. This approach to lyrics developed as a reflection of the social and economic strains in the United States and United Kingdom of the 1980s, by 1984, a majority of groups signed to independent record labels mined from a variety of rock and particularly 1960s rock influences. This represented a break from the futuristic, hyper-rational post-punk years
8.
Nonconformist
–
In English church history, a nonconformist was a Protestant Christian who did not conform to the governance and usages of the established Church of England. Broad use of the term was precipitated after the Restoration of the British monarchy in 1660, by the late 19th-century the term specifically included the Reformed Christians, plus the Baptists and Methodists. The English Dissenters such as the Puritans who violated the Act of Uniformity 1559 — typically by practising radical, sometimes separatist, in England and Wales in the late 19th century the new terms free churchman and Free Church started to replace dissenter or Nonconformist. One influential nonconformist minister is Matthew Henry, who beginning in 1710 published his multi-volume Commentary that is still used, issac Watts is an equally recognized nonconformist minister whose hymns are still sung by Christians worldwide. The Act of Uniformity of 1662 required churchmen to use all rites and ceremonies as prescribed in the Book of Common Prayer. Consequently, nearly 2,000 clergymen were ejected from the church for refusing to comply with the provisions of the act. The Great Ejection created an abiding public consciousness of non-conformity, thereafter, a Nonconformist was any English subject belonging to a non-Anglican church or a non-Christian religion. More broadly, any person who advocated religious liberty was typically called out as Nonconformist, culturally, in England and Wales, discrimination against Nonconformists endured even longer. Presbyterians, Congregationalists, Baptists, Calvinists, other reformed groups, following the act, other groups, including Methodists, Unitarians, Quakers, Plymouth Brethren, and the English Moravians were officially labelled as Nonconformists as they became established. A religious census in 1851 revealed Nonconformist comprised about half that of the people who attended services on Sundays. In the larger manufacturing areas, Nonconformists clearly outnumbered members of the Church of England, in Wales in 1850, Nonconformist chapel attendance significantly outnumbered Anglican church attendance. Historians distinguish two categories of Dissenters, or Nonconformists, in addition to the evangelicals or Low Church element in the Church of England, Old Dissenters, dating from the 16th and 17th centuries, included Baptists, Congregationalists, Quakers, Unitarians, and Presbyterians outside Scotland. New Dissenters emerged in the 18th century and were mainly Methodists, the Nonconformist Conscience was their moral sensibility which they tried to implement in British politics. The Nonconformist conscience of the Old group emphasized religious freedom and equality, pursuit of justice, and opposition to discrimination, compulsion, the New Dissenters stressed personal morality issues, including sexuality, temperance, family values, and Sabbath-keeping. Both factions were active, but until mid-19th century the Old group supported mostly Whigs and Liberals in politics. In the late 19th the New Dissenters mostly switched to the Liberal Party, the result was a merging of the two groups, strengthening their great weight as a political pressure group. The joined together on new issues especially regarding schools and temperance, by 1914 the linkage was weakening and by the 1920s it was virtually dead. Dissenters demanded removal of political and civil disabilities that applied to them, the Anglican establishment strongly resisted until 1828
9.
Chic
–
Chic /ˈʃiːk/, meaning stylish or smart, is an element of fashion. Chic is a French word, established in English since at least the 1870s, early references in English dictionaries classified it as slang and New Zealand-born lexicographer Eric Partridge noted, with reference to its colloquial meaning, that it was not so used in Fr. Gustave Flaubert notes in Madame Bovary that chicard is then Parisian very current slang for classy noting, perhaps derisively, perhaps not, that it was bourgeoisie. There is a word in German, schick, with a meaning similar to chic. Although the French pronunciation is now standard and was that given by Fowler. In a fictional vignette for Punch Mrs F. A. Kilpatrick attributed to a woman who 70 years later would have been called a chavette the following assertion. If you want to be chick you just ang on to it, it seems, the Oxford Dictionary gives the comparative and superlative forms of chic as chicer and chicest. These are wholly English words, the French equivalents would be plus chic, super-chic is sometimes used, super-chic Incline bucket in mouth-blown, moulded glass. An adverb chicly has also appeared, Pamela Gross, Über-chic is roughly the mock-German equivalent, Like his clubs, its super-modern, über-chic, yet still comfortable. The opposite of chic is unchic, the then uncrowded, unchic little port of St Tropez, over the years chic has been applied to, among other things, social events, situations, individuals, and modes or styles of dress. It was one of a number of words that H. W. In 1887 The Lady noted that the ladies of New York, think no form of entertainment so chic as a luncheon party. Forty years later, in E. F, in the 1950s, Edith Head designed a classic dress, worn by Audrey Hepburn in the film Sabrina, of which she remarked, If it had been worn by somebody with no chic it would never have become a style. According to American magazine Harpers Bazaar, elimination is the secret of chic
10.
T-shirt
–
A T-shirt is a style of unisex fabric shirt, named after the T shape of the body and sleeves. It is normally associated with short sleeves, a round neck line known as a crew neck, T-shirts are generally made of a light, inexpensive fabric, and are easy to clean. Typically made of textile in a stockinette, or jersey. The majority of versions have a body made from a continuously woven tube, on a circular loom. The manufacture of T-shirts has become automated, and may include fabric cutting by laser or water jet. The T-shirt evolved from undergarments used in the 19th century, a V-neck T-shirt has a V-shaped neckline, as opposed to the round neckline of the more common crew neck shirt. The T-shirt evolved from undergarments used in the 19th century, first, the one-piece union suit underwear was cut into separate top and bottom garments, with the top long enough to tuck under the waistband of the bottoms. With and without buttons, they were adopted by miners and stevedores during the late 19th century as a convenient covering for hot environments. As slip-on garments without buttons, the earliest T-shirt dates back to sometime between the 1898 Spanish–American War and 1913, when the U. S. Navy began issuing them as undergarments and these were a crew-necked, short-sleeved, white cotton undershirt to be worn under a uniform. It became common for sailors and Marines in work parties, the early submarines and they soon became popular as a bottom layer of clothing for workers in various industries, including agriculture. The T-shirt was easily fitted, easily cleaned, and inexpensive, boys shirts were made in various colors and patterns. The word T-shirt became part of American English by the 1920s, following World War II, it became common to see veterans wearing their uniform trousers with their T-shirts as casual clothing. The shirts became more popular in the 1950s after Marlon Brando wore one in A Streetcar Named Desire, finally achieving status as fashionable, stand-alone. Often boys wore them while doing chores and playing outside, eventually opening up the idea of wearing them as general-purpose casual clothing, Printed T-shirts were in limited use by 1942 when an Air Corps Gunnery School T-shirt appeared on the cover of Life magazine. In the 1960s, printed T-shirts gained popularity for self-expression as well for advertisements, protests, current versions are available in many different designs and fabrics, and styles include crew-neck and V-neck shirts. T-shirts are among the most worn garments of clothing used today, T-shirts are especially popular with branding for companies or merchandise, as they are inexpensive to make and purchase. T-shirts were originally worn as undershirts, but are now worn frequently as the piece of clothing on the top half of the body, other than possibly a brassiere or, rarely. T-shirts have also become a medium for self-expression and advertising, with any combination of words, art
11.
Jeans
–
Jeans are pants, a type of garment, typically made from denim or dungaree cloth. Prior to the Levi Strauss patented trousers, the blue jeans had been long in use for various garments. Originally designed for cowboys and miners, jeans became popular in the 1950s among teenagers, Jeans were a common fashion item in the 1960s Hippie subculture and they continued to be popular in the 1970s and 1980s youth subcultures of punk rock and heavy metal. Historic brands include Levis, Lee, and Wrangler, distressed jeans trousers have become increasingly fashionable, making pre-sale factory distressing a common feature in commercially sold jeans. In the 2010s, jeans are a popular article of casual dress around the world. They come in many styles and colors, however, blue jeans are particularly identified with American culture, especially the Old West. Research on the trade of jean fabric shows that it emerged in the cities of Genoa, Italy, gênes, the French word for Genoa, may be the origin of the word jeans. In Nimes, weavers tried to reproduce jean but instead developed a similar fabric that became known as denim, from de Nimes. Genoa’s jean was a fustian textile of medium quality and of reasonable cost, very similar to cotton corduroy for which Genoa was famous, nimes’s denim was coarser, considered higher quality and was used for over garments such as smocks or overalls. Nearly all Indigo, needed for dyeing, came from indigo bush plantations in India till the late 19th century and it was replaced by indigo synthesis methods developed in Germany. By the 17th century, jean was a crucial textile for working-class people in Northern Italy and this is seen in a series of genre paintings from around the 17th century attributed to an artist now named The Master of the Blue Jeans. The ten paintings depict impoverished scenes with lower-class figures wearing a fabric that looks like denim, the fabric would have been Genoese jean, which was cheaper. Genre painting came to prominence in late 16th century, and the subject matter in all ten paintings places them among others that portray similar scenes. Denim is not the only sturdy cotton fabric used for everything from working clothes to fashion items and this cloth was dungri in Hindi. Dungri was exported to England and used for manufacturing of cheap and it was rumored that men would carry dead dung beetles in their pocket for luck. In English, the word dungri became pronounced as dungaree, the importance of jean is also shown by the history of textile trade. Genoese sailors used jean to cover and protect their goods on the docks from the weather, during the Republic of Genoa, sailors exported jeans throughout Europe. Jean became popular in the United States when Levi Strauss & Co. s introduced blue jean overalls in 1873
12.
Hoodie
–
A hoodie is a sweatshirt with a hood. Hoodies often include a muff sewn onto the front. Hooded garments have been a part of mens and womens wear for centuries. The word hood derives from the Anglo-Saxon word hōd, ultimately of the root as English hat. Its appearance was known in England at least as early as the 12th century, possibly an import with the Norman conquest of England, the hooded sweatshirt was first produced in the United States starting in the 1930s. The modern clothing style was first produced by Champion in the 1930s, the term hoodie entered popular usage in the 1990s. The hoodie took off in the 1970s, with several factors contributing to its success, most critical to the hoodies popularity during this time was its iconic appearance in the blockbuster Rocky film. The rise of hoodies with university logos began around this time, by the 1990s, the hoodie had evolved into a symbol of isolation, a statement of academic spirit, and several fashion collections. The association with chavs or neds in the UK developed around this time, young men, often skateboarders or surfers, sported the hoodie and spread the trend across the western United States, most significantly in California. Tommy Hilfiger, Giorgio Armani, and Ralph Lauren, for example, a crystal-studded hoodie made by rapper Sean Diddy Combs was acquired by the Victoria & Albert Museum in London. In June 2011, police in Wynnum, Brisbane, launched a Hoodie Free Zone initiative, the zone is part of an initiative to educate businesses on how they can avoid armed robberies, in which the clothing is often worn. Across Canada, hoodies are a popular clothing item in which are worn under a coat or jacket to provide an extra layer of clothing during the winter. In the province of Saskatchewan, hoodies without zippers are bunny hugs, Archbishop David Moxon, Archbishop of the Anglican Dioceses, and Brian Turner President of the Methodist Church of NZ also participated in the campaign. Support and criticism were raised by politicians, who were divided over the 2008 event, liz Baxendine, president of Age Concern at the time, said to the media, Older people and young people have a lot in common. We both face stereotypes based on our age rather than our real achievements and outlook on life, weve got to destigmatise the hoodie and see it for what it is. We need to take the hoodie back, in the UK, hoodies have been the subject of much criticism, some shoplifters have used the hood to conceal their identities from CCTV cameras in shopping centres. The hoodie became a clothing item by the 1990s. During the 21st century, it had gained an image, being associated with trouble making teens
13.
Sneakers
–
Sneakers are shoes primarily designed for sports or other forms of physical exercise. Sneakers have evolved to be used for everyday activities. The term generally describes a type of footwear with a sole made of rubber or synthetic material. Examples of such shoes include athletic footwear such as, basketball shoes, tennis shoes, cross trainers, the term sneakers is most commonly used in the Northeastern United States and Southern Florida. It is also used in North Carolina and Canada, the British English equivalent of sneaker in its modern form is trainer. In some urban areas in the United States, the slang for sneakers is kicks, plimsolls are low tech athletic shoes, and are also called sneakers in American English and daps in Welsh English. The word sneaker is often attributed to American Henry Nelson McKinney who was an agent for N. W. Ayer & Son. In 1917, he used the term because the sole made the shoe stealthy. The word was already in use at least as early as 1887, the name sneakers originally referred to how quiet the rubber soles were on the ground, in contrast to noisy standard hard leather sole dress shoes. Someone wearing sneakers could sneak up on someone while someone wearing standards could not, earlier the name sneaks had been used by prison inmates to refer to warders because of the rubber-soled shoes they wore. Alternatively, just like the Plimsoll line on a ship, if water got above the line of the rubber sole, plimsolls were widely worn by vacationers and also began to be worn by sportsmen on the tennis and croquet courts for their comfort. Special soles with engraved patterns to increase the grip of the shoe were developed. Athletic shoes were used for leisure and outdoor activities at the turn of the 20th century - plimsolls were even found with the ill-fated Scott Antarctic expedition of 1911. Plimsolls were made compulsory in schools physical education lessons in the UK, British company J. W. Foster and Sons designed and produced the first shoes designed for running in 1895, the shoes were spiked to allow for greater traction and speed. This style of footwear also became prominent in America at the turn of the 20th century, in 1892, the U. S. Rubber Company introduced the first rubber-soled shoes in the country, sparking a surge in demand and production. The first basketball shoes were designed by Spalding as early as 1907, the market for sneakers grew after World War I, when sports and athletics increasingly became a way to demonstrate moral fiber and patriotism. The U. S. market for sneakers grew steadily as young boys lined up to buy sneakers endorsed by football player Jim Thorpe, during the interwar period, athletic shoes began to be marketed for different sports, and differentiated designs were made available for men and women. Athletic shoes were used by competing athletes at the Olympics, helping to popularise athletic shoes among the general public, in 1936, a French brand, Spring Court, marketed the first canvas tennis shoe featuring signature eight ventilation channels on a vulcanised natural rubber sole
14.
North American Free Trade Agreement
–
The North American Free Trade Agreement is an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States, creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America. The agreement came into force on January 1,1994 and it superseded the Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement between the U. S. and Canada. NAFTA has two supplements, the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation and the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation, most economic analyses indicate that NAFTA has been a small net positive for the United States, large net positive for Mexico and had an insignificant impact on Canada. The signed agreement was ratified by each nations legislative or parliamentary branch. The earlier Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement had been controversial and divisive in Canada, in that election, more Canadians voted for anti-free trade parties but the split caused more seats in parliament to be won by the pro-free trade Progressive Conservatives. Mulroney and the PCs had a majority and were easily able to pass the 1987 Canada-U. S. FTA and NAFTA bills. However, he was replaced as Conservative leader and prime minister by Kim Campbell. S and it also required U. S. partners to adhere to environmental practices and regulations similar to its own. After much consideration and emotional discussion, the House of Representatives passed the North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act on November 17,1993, the agreements supporters included 132 Republicans and 102 Democrats. The bill passed the Senate on November 20,1993, 61–38, Senate supporters were 34 Republicans and 27 Democrats. Clinton signed it into law on December 8,1993, the agreement went into effect on January 1,1994, Clinton, while signing the NAFTA bill, stated that NAFTA means jobs. American jobs, and good-paying American jobs, if I didnt believe that, I wouldnt support this agreement. The goal of NAFTA was to eliminate barriers to trade and investment between the U. S. The implementation of NAFTA on January 1,1994 brought the elimination of tariffs on more than one-half of Mexicos exports to the U. S. Within 10 years of the implementation of the agreement, all U. S. -Mexico tariffs would be eliminated except for some U. S. agricultural exports to Mexico that were to be phased out within 15 years, most U. S. -Canada trade was already duty-free. NAFTA also sought to eliminate trade barriers and to protect the intellectual property rights on traded products. Chapter 52 provides a procedure for the resolution of disputes over the application and interpretation of NAFTA. It was modelled after Chapter 69 of the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement, the roster of NAFTA adjudicators includes many retired judges, such as Alice Desjardins, John Maxwell Evans, Constance Hunt, John Richard, Arlin M. Adams, Susan Getzendanner, George C. Pratt, Charles B. Renfrew and Sandra Day OConnor, securing U. S. congressional approval for NAFTA would have been impossible without addressing public concerns about NAFTA’s environmental impact
15.
Paula Abdul
–
Paula Julie Abdul is an American singer-songwriter, voice actress, dancer, choreographer, actress and television personality. She began her career as a cheerleader for the Los Angeles Lakers at the age of 18 before rising to prominence in the 1980s as a highly sought-after choreographer at the height of the video era. Abdul later scored a string of pop hits in the late 1980s. Her six number one singles on the Billboard Hot 100 tie her with Diana Ross for seventh among the female performers who have topped the chart. She won a Grammy for Best Music Video – Short Form for Opposites Attract, after her initial period of success, Abdul suffered a series of setbacks in her professional and personal life. She saw renewed fame and success as a judge on American Idol in the 2000s. Abdul was born in San Fernando, California, to Jewish parents, Abduls father, Harry Abdul, was born into the Syrian-Jewish community in Aleppo, Syria, was raised in Brazil, and subsequently emigrated to the United States. Her mother, the concert pianist Lorraine M. Rykiss, grew up in one of the two Jewish families in Minnedosa, Manitoba, and has Ashkenazi Jewish ancestors from Ukraine, Abdul holds dual citizenship in the United States and Canada. She has a sister named Wendy, in 1980, she graduated from Van Nuys High School. An avid dancer, Abdul was inspired towards a business career by Gene Kelly in the classic film Singin in the Rain. Abdul began taking lessons at an early age in ballet, jazz. She attended Van Nuys High School, where she was a cheerleader, at 15, she received a scholarship to a dance camp near Palm Springs, and in 1978 appeared in a low-budget Independent musical film, Junior High School. Abdul studied broadcasting at the California State University, Northridge, during her freshman year, she was selected from a pool of 700 candidates for the cheerleading squad of the Los Angeles Lakers NBA basketball team—the famed Laker Girls. Within a year, she became head choreographer, Abdul was discovered by The Jacksons, after a few of the band members had watched her while attending a Los Angeles Lakers game. She was signed to do the choreography for the video to their single Torture and my only problem was how to tell the Jacksons how to dance, Abdul later recalled. Imagine me telling them what routines to do, I was young, I was scared. Im not quite sure how I got through that, the success of the choreography in the video led to Abduls career of choreographer in music videos. It was also due to the success of the video that Abdul was chosen to be the choreographer for the Jacksons Victory tour, Abdul choreographed videos for several singers throughout the 1980s, including many videos for Janet Jackson during her Control era
16.
Supermodel
–
A supermodel is a highly paid fashion model who usually has a worldwide reputation and often a background in haute couture and commercial modeling. The term supermodel became prominent in the culture of the 1980s. Supermodels usually work for prominent fashion designers and clothing brands and they may have multimillion-dollar contracts, endorsements, and campaigns. Supermodels have branded themselves as household names and worldwide recognition is associated with their modeling careers and they have been on the covers of magazines such as French, British, American, and Italian Vogue. Claudia Schiffer stated, In order to become a supermodel one must be on all the all over the world at the same time so that people can recognise the girls. Then I have had what I call the super model and you know the sort of man, he goes in for theatrical effect. On 6 October 1942, a writer named Judith Cass had used the term super model for her article in the Chicago Tribune, according to Model, The Ugly Business of Beautiful Women by Michael Gross, Gross stated the term supermodel was first used by Dessner. In 1947, anthropologist Harold Sterling Gladwin wrote supermodel in his book Men Out of Asia, on 18 October 1959, Vancouvers Chinatown News described Susan Chew as a super model. The term supermodel had been used several times in the media in the 1960s and 1970s, in 1965, the encyclopedic guide American Jurisprudence Trials used the term super model. American Vogue used the term super-model to describe Jean Shrimpton in the 15 October 1965 edition, Hemingway was again described as a supermodel in the 25 July 1977 edition of Time. Jet also described Beverly Johnson as a supermodel in the 22 December 1977 edition, Model Janice Dickinson has incorrectly stated that she coined the term supermodel in 1979, as a compound of Superman and model. During an interview with Entertainment Tonight, Dickinson stated that her agent Monique Pilar of Elite Model Management asked her, Janice, im a supermodel, honey, and you will refer to me as a supermodel and you will start a supermodel division. Dickinson also claims to be the first supermodel, lisa Fonssagrives is widely considered the worlds first supermodel. She was in most of the fashion magazines and general interest magazines from the 1930s to the 1950s, including Town & Country, Life, Vogue, the original Vanity Fair, Harpers Bazaar. Dorian Leigh has also called the worlds first supermodel, as well as Gia Carangi. In the 1970s, some became more prominent as their names became more recognizable to the general public. Lauren Hutton became the first model to receive a contract from a cosmetics company. Iman is considered to have been the first supermodel of color, donyale Luna was the first black model to appear in British Vogue
17.
Linda Evangelista
–
Linda Evangelista is a Canadian model. She is regarded as one of the most accomplished and influential models of all time, Evangelista is primarily known for being the longtime muse of photographer Steven Meisel, as well as for coining the phrase We dont wake up for less than $10,000 a day. She holds the record for her appearances on the cover of Vogue Italia. Evangelistas modeling career began in 1984 when she signed with Elite Model Management after having moved from her native Canada to New York City, upon the suggestion of photographer Peter Lindbergh, Evangelista had her hair cut short in 1988. The haircut, nicknamed The Linda, not only sparked many copies worldwide, unlike her colleagues, she chose not to diversify into other ventures outside of modeling. She retired from her career in 1998 and made a three years later, this time working only sporadically. Her achievements as a model led to her being voted as The Greatest Supermodel of All Time by the viewers of the television show Fashion File in 2008, Evangelista was born in 1965 to Italian parents who had emigrated to Canada. Her father, Tomaso, worked for General Motors, and died on January 17,2014 and her mother, Marisa, was a bookkeeper. Evangelista attended a self-improvement school at the age of 12, where she was taught things such as poise and etiquette, as a teenager, Evangelista started modeling locally in her hometown. In 1981, she took part in the Miss Teen Niagara beauty pageant, and while she did not win the pageant, her presence caught the eye of a representative from Elite Model Management. At the age of 16, she flew to Japan to model there and she returned home to Canada, and two years went by before she decided to try her hand again at modeling. Evangelista moved to New York City in 1984 upon signing with Elite, where she met the prominent modeling agent John Casablancas, Elite then moved Evangelista to Paris, France, where she launched her international high-fashion career at the age of 19. Her first major magazine cover was for the November 1984 issue of LOfficiel. All amounting to a total of more than 700 covers worldwide, in 1985, she began working with Karl Lagerfeld, the head designer of the fashion house Chanel, to whom she would become a muse. On the subject of Evangelista, Lagerfeld once uttered, There is not another model in the world as professional as she is, incidentally, Evangelista became one of the first editorial models to successfully cross over into the realm of runway modeling. She also became a muse to the fashion designer Gianni Versace. And, she has represented a diverse array of companies and non-fashion brands like Visa, American Express, Pizza Hut, De Beers. In 1986, Evangelista met the photographer Steven Meisel, with whom she forged a friendship, from that point on, they began working together on many professional collaborations, and Evangelista became Meisels muse in the process
18.
Cindy Crawford
–
Cynthia Ann Cindy Crawford is an American model and actress. Her years of success at modeling made her a celebrity that has led to roles in television and film. In 1995, Forbes magazine named her the highest paid model on the planet, Crawford is one of the original five Supermodels. She was named No.3 on VH1s 40 Hottest Hotties of the 90s and was named one of the 100 Hottest Women of All-Time by Mens Health. Crawford is known for her trademark mole just above her lip, cynthia Ann Crawford was born in DeKalb, Illinois, on February 20,1966, the daughter of Jennifer Sue Crawford-Moluf and John Dan Crawford. She has two sisters, Chris and Danielle, as well as a brother, Jeffery, who died of leukemia at age 3. She has stated that her family has been in the United States for generations and that her ancestry is mostly German, English, and French. In her sophomore year at school, she received a call from a local clothing store regarding modelling work. However, the year another store hired a number of high school girls, including Crawford. The photo and positive feedback she received were enough to convince her to take up modeling and she entered the Elite Model Managements Look of the Year contest at 17 and was the runner-up. Elite Model Management in Chicago then started representing her, Crawford graduated from DeKalb High School in 1984 as valedictorian. She earned a scholarship to study chemical engineering at Northwestern University. She dropped out in order to pursue a modeling career. After working for photographer Victor Skrebneski in Chicago, Crawford moved to New York City in 1986, during the 1980s and 1990s, Crawford was among the most popular supermodels and a ubiquitous presence on magazine covers, runways, and in fashion campaigns. She was repeatedly and frequently featured on the cover of magazines, including Vogue, W, People, Harpers Bazaar, Elle, Cosmopolitan. A partial count in 1998 totalled over 500 appearances, Crawford has walked the runways for Chanel, Versace, Dolce & Gabbana, Christian Dior, Calvin Klein, Ralph Lauren, Michael Kors, Todd Oldham, DKNY, and Valentino. She has also worked for Omega, Maybelline, Clairol, Pepsi, in 1987, Crawford appeared during the opening credits of the Michael J. Fox film The Secret of My Success. Three years later, she appeared alongside top models Christy Turlington, Linda Evangelista, Tatjana Patitz, Crawford and the other four models subsequently appeared in the video for George Michaels hit Freedom 90 later that year
19.
Naomi Campbell
–
Naomi Elaine Campbell is a British supermodel and actress. Campbell is also involved in charity work for various causes and her personal life has been widely reported over the years, particularly her four highly publicised convictions for assault. Campbell was born in Streatham, South London, the daughter of Jamaican-born dancer Valerie Morris, in accordance with her mothers wishes, Campbell has never met her father, who abandoned her mother when she was four months pregnant and was unnamed on her birth certificate. She took on the surname Campbell from her mothers second marriage and her half-brother, Pierre, was born in 1985. Campbell is of Afro-Jamaican descent, as well as of Chinese Jamaican ancestry through her paternal grandmother, during her early years, Campbell lived in Rome, where her mother worked as a modern dancer. Following their return to London, she was left in the care of relatives while her mother travelled across Europe with the dance troupe Fantastica. From the age of three, Campbell attended the Barbara Speake Stage School, and at 10 years old, she was accepted into the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts, where she studied ballet. Campbells first public appearance came at the age of seven, in 1978, at the age of 12 she tap-danced in the music video for Culture Clubs Ill Tumble 4 Ya. In 1986, while still a student of the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts, Campbell was scouted by Beth Boldt, head of the Synchro Model Agency and her career quickly took off—in April, just before her 16th birthday she appeared on the cover of British Elle. By the late 1980s, Campbell, with Christy Turlington and Linda Evangelista, formed a trio known as the Trinity, in December 1987, she appeared on the cover of British Vogue, as that publications first black cover girl since 1966. The group was subsequently cast to star in the video for George Michaels Freedom. By then, Campbell, Turlington, Evangelista, Crawford, with the addition of newcomer Kate Moss, they were collectively known as the Big Six. Later that year, she starred as Michael Jacksons love interest in the video for In the Closet. In April 1992, she posed with several other top models for the cover of American Vogue. That same year, she appeared in Madonnas controversial book Sex, in a set of photos with Madonna. In 1993, Campbell twice appeared on the cover of American Vogue, in April, alongside Christy Turlington, Claudia Schiffer, Stephanie Seymour, and Helena Christensen, and again, solo, in June. She famously fell on the catwalk in Vivienne Westwoods foot-high platform shoes, elite founder John Casablancas described her as manipulative, scheming, rude, and impossible. In the mid-1990s, Campbell branched out other areas of the entertainment industry
20.
Nadja Auermann
–
Nadja Auermann is a German model and actress. Fashion designer Valentino once commented on her resemblance to Marlene Dietrich. A New York Times fashion columnist, Guy Trebay, wrote of her ice maiden visage and she once held the record for being the model with the longest legs in the world in the Guinness Book of Records. In 1989, Auermann was discovered in a cafe in Berlin, in 1991, she moved from Karin to Elite Model Management. She then had her picture taken for Vogue Paris, in addition to appearing in Benetton clothing advertisements. In September 1994, Auermann appeared on the cover of both Vogue and Harpers Bazaar, which The New York Times called a triumph akin to winning two legs of the Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing and she was also the international spokesperson of Shiseido in the late 1990s. Throughout her career, Auermann has worked with numerous well-renowned photographers, in 1997, she had her first child with Olaf Björn, a daughter called Cosima. Two years later, she married German actor Wolfram Grandezka, the couple welcomed their first son, Nicolas, the same year and divorced a few years later. Auermann gave birth to her third and fourth children with her partner in 2010 and 2013 respectively, in recent years, Auermann launched her own perfume and has begun acting, having been in two German-language films, Letztes Kapitel and Dornröschens Leiser Tod. Auermann enjoys holidaying in the spa town of Heiligendamm, on Germanys Baltic coast and she was convicted of tax evasion by a German court in 2011. In an interview with the German Press, Auermann revealed that she was living with her children, list of people from Berlin Nadja Auermann at the Fashion Model Directory Nadja Auermann at the Internet Movie Database
21.
Christie Brinkley
–
Christie Brinkley is an American model and actress. Brinkley gained worldwide fame beginning in the late 1970s with three consecutive Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue covers through 1981 and she spent twenty five years as the face of CoverGirl, has appeared on over 500 magazine covers, and has signed contracts with major brands—both fashion and non-fashion. Brinkley went on to work as an actress, illustrator, television personality, photographer, writer, designer, and activist for human and animal rights, Brinkley has been married four times, most notably to musician Billy Joel, several of whose music videos she appeared in. Her fourth marriage, to architect Peter Cook, ended in a much-publicized 2008 divorce, with a career spanning more than three decades, magazines such as Allure, Playboy, and Mens Health have named Brinkley one of the most attractive women of all time. Her financial holdings in 2008 were worth an estimated US$80 million, in February 2012, she was ranked third in the Daily Mail list Worlds 20 richest models. Brinkley was born Christie Lee Hudson in Monroe, Michigan, the daughter of Marjorie and her family moved to Canoga Park, Los Angeles, California, where her mother Marjorie later met and married television writer Don Brinkley in Bel Air, Los Angeles. Don adopted Christie and her brother Gregory Donald Brinkley, during this time, the family lived in Malibu and then the Brentwood neighborhoods of Los Angeles. Brinkley was educated at Paul Revere Junior High School and attended Le Lycée Français de Los Angeles from 9th to 12th grade, after graduation in 1973, she moved to Paris, France, to study art. Brinkley was discovered in 1973 by American photographer Errol Sawyer in a post office in Paris and he took her first modeling pictures and introduced her to John Casablancas of Elite Model Management agency in Paris. Brinkley stated later, I was basically a surfer girl from California, I never looked like a model. Multiple appearances on the cover of Glamour soon followed, along with a record 25-year contract with cosmetics brand CoverGirl, in 2005, CoverGirl again signed Brinkley, using her in ads in magazines and TV commercials for mature skin products. Brinkley was featured exclusively in the first Sports Illustrated Calendar and also released two of her own exclusive calendars to unparalleled success and she has held major contracts with Chanel No. 19, Prell, MasterCard, Breck, Diet Coke, Anheuser-Busch, healthy Choice, Max Factor, Nissan, Noxema, Revlon, Clairol, Borghese Cosmetics, Danskin, Nu Skin, Yardley of London, Halston, Vogue Patterns, Gottex and Black Velvet, among others. Brinkley has been photographed in six continents in more than 30 countries, in 2011, she appeared as herself in the documentary, King of the Hamptons, which was produced by filmmaker, Dennis Michael Lynch. The film premiered at the 2010 Hamptons International Film Festival, on April 8,2011, in New York, Brinkley made her stage debut as Roxie Hart in the long-running musical Chicago. Brinkleys appearance on NBCs Mad About You was the broadcasters highest rated episode since the finale of The Cosby Show. She hosted Celebrity Weddings InStyle, the highest rated special in Lifetimes history, Brinkley made further television appearances, including Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue Specials and music videos for beau Billy Joel and Mick Jones Just Wanna Hold. Brinkley appears with Chuck Norris in a series of cable TV infomercials promoting Total Gym home fitness equipment
22.
Christy Turlington
–
Christy Nicole Turlington Burns is an American supermodel. She first represented Calvin Kleins Eternity campaign in 1989 and again in 2014, Turlington was named one of Glamours Women of the Year in 2013, and was named as one of Times 100 Most Influential People of 2014. Turlington gained fame in the late 80s and early 90s as a supermodel and was during the peak of her career a top designer favourite and she, Naomi Campbell and Linda Evangelista are called the Trinity because of the power and fame that all three gained. In 2010, Turlington founded Every Mother Counts, a non-profit 501 organization dedicated to making pregnancy, Every Mother Counts informs, engages, and mobilizes new audiences to take actions and raise funds that support maternal health programs around the world. It was founded after the completion of Turlingtons documentary, No Woman, No Cry, a film about pregnant women and their caregivers in Tanzania, Bangladesh, Guatemala, and the United States. She was discovered by local photographer Dennie Cody while she was riding a horse in Miami, Florida, Turlington began modeling after school from age 14 to 16 and during summers while she attended Monte Vista High School. After turning 18, she moved to New York City to model full-time and she continued her studies at the Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health. During the 1990s, she appeared in Unzipped, a documentary about fashion designer Isaac Mizrahi, additionally, she was featured in Catwalk, a documentary about her life on the fashion runways by director Robert Leacock. She was presented on the November 1999 Millennium cover of American Vogue as one of the Modern Muses. Turlington graced the cover of international fashion magazines across the globe, including Vogue, Harpers Bazaar, Elle, Marie Claire, LOfficiel, Tatler, Glamour, Cosmopolitan. She also appeared in two music videos, fellow model Yasmin Le Bon got her husband Simon Le Bon of Duran Duran to feature Turlington in their Notorious video in 1986, at the age of 17. In 1990, singer George Michael drew inspiration from Peter Lindberghs January 1990 British Vogue cover for his Freedom, the video featured all top 5 female models along with their top 5 male counterparts, lip-syncing the song. The video was shown during George Michaels 2008 concert tour while he sang and she was added on as the fourth model investor, after Elle Macpherson, Naomi Campbell and Claudia Schiffer of the now defunct Fashion Cafes. In 1993 she posed nude for PETAs anti-fur campaign, in honor of Turlingtons fortieth birthday, W magazine put together a collection of notable images from her career, from runway shots from the late eighties to today. In 2008, casting agent James Scully said in regards to Turlington, Turlington was one of the faces to land in one of the fourteen covers of V magazine September 2008 issue. Each cover boasts a head shot of a model, either from the new crop of leading models or the supermodel era, it was lensed by duo Inez van Lamsweerde. She featured in the Bally spring/summer 2009 campaign alongside Oriol Elcacho and she has contributed writings to Marie Claire, Yoga Journal, and Teen Vogue along with contributions to the Huffington Post, Canada’s Globe and Mail, and the UK’s Evening Standard. In 2005 Turlington began working with the humanitarian organization CARE and has since become their Advocate for Maternal Health
23.
Kate Moss
–
Kate Moss is an English model. Born in Croydon, Surrey, she was discovered in 1988 at age 14 by Sarah Doukas, founder of Storm Model Management, arriving at the end of the supermodel era, Moss rose to fame in the early 1990s as part of the heroin chic fashion trend. Her collaborations with Calvin Klein brought her to fashion icon status and she is known for her waifish figure, and role in size zero fashion. She received an award at the 2013 British Fashion Awards to acknowledge her contribution to fashion over 25 years, Moss is also a contributing fashion editor for British Vogue. Moss has had her own clothing range and has involved in musical projects. She has won accolades for modelling, in 2007, TIME named her one of the worlds 100 most influential people. She has inspired cultural depictions including a £1. 5m 18 carat gold statue of her and she began dating Jefferson Hack in the early 2000s and they have a daughter. She later dated musician Pete Doherty and she is married to Jamie Hince, guitarist for the Kills. She received media scrutiny for her party lifestyle and drug use, drug allegations beginning in late 2005 led to her being dropped from fashion campaigns. She was cleared of charges and resumed modelling, in 2012, she came second on the Forbes top-earning models list, with estimated earnings of $9.2 million in one year. Moss was born in Croydon, Greater London, the daughter of Linda Rosina, a barmaid, and Peter Edward Moss, an airline employee and she has a younger brother, Nick, and a half-sister named Lottie. Mosss parents divorced when she was 13 and she attended Ridgeway Primary School and Riddlesdown Collegiate, formerly known as Riddlesdown High School, in Purley. Moss was discovered in 1988 at 14 by Sarah Doukas, founder of Storm Model Management, at JFK Airport in New York, after a holiday in the Bahamas. Corinne Day shot black-and-white photographs of her, styled by Melanie Ward, for The Face when she was 16, Day discovered Moss when she was a young and unknown and described the pictures as dirty realism or grunge. Moss then featured in the Levis campaign Levis for Girls, with success, set up by The Design Corporation. Moss featured in the fashion look heroin chic in 1996 with a campaign for Calvin Klein, bill Clinton spoke out against the trend. Moss said, It was just the time and it was a swing from more buxom girls like Cindy Crawford and people were shocked to see what they called a waif. How many times can you say Im not anorexic, on 20 September 2005, the Swedish fashion retailer H&M dropped her from its campaign of autumn clothes designed by Stella McCartney because of drug allegations
24.
Carla Bruni
–
Carla Bruni Sarkozy, is an Italian-French singer-songwriter and former model. She is married to former French president Nicolas Sarkozy, Carla Gilberta Bruni Tedeschi was born in Turin, Italy. Bruni is legally the daughter of Italian concert pianist Marisa Borini and industrialist, in 2008, however, Bruni told Vanity Fair that her biological father is Italian-born Brazilian grocery magnate Maurizio Remmert. When Remmert met Marisa Borini at a concert in Turin, he was a 19-year-old classical guitarist and her sister is actress and movie director Valeria Bruni Tedeschi. She had a brother, Virginio Bruni Tedeschi, who died from complications of HIV/AIDS, one of her maternal great-grandfathers was Italian, while the rest of her mothers ancestry is French. Bruni is heiress to the created by the Italian tire manufacturing company CEAT, founded in the 1920s by her legal grandfather. The company was sold in the 1970s to Pirelli, the family moved to France in 1975, purportedly to escape the threat of kidnapping by the Red Brigades, a Communist terrorist group active in Italy in the 1970s and 1980s. Bruni grew up in France from the age of 7, and attended the boarding school Château Mont-Choisi in Lausanne and she went to Paris to study art and architecture, but left school at 19 to become a model. By her biological father, Bruni has a half-sister, Consuelo Remmert, Bruni signed with City Models in 1987, aged 19. Paul Marciano, president and creative director of Guess, inc. came across her picture among composite cards of aspiring models and chose her to model with Estelle Lefébure in campaigns for Guess. By the 1990s, Bruni was among the 20 highest-paid fashion models, while modeling, Bruni dated Eric Clapton, then Mick Jagger. On 11 April 2008, a 1993 nude photograph of Bruni taken during her modelling career sold at auction for US$91,000 – more than 60 times the expected price. She was a subject of a 1999 trompe-lœil wool-knit dress body painting by Joanne Gair that is included in Gairs second book, Body Painting. In 1997, Bruni quit the world of fashion to devote herself to music and she sent her lyrics to Julien Clerc in 1999, based on which he composed six tracks on his 2000 album Si jétais elle. In 2002, her debut album Quelquun ma dit, produced by Louis Bertignac, was released in Europe with success in Francophone countries, in January 2010, her song Lamoureuse was featured in an episode of NBCs Chuck, Chuck vs. In 2004 Carla Bruni won an EBBA Award, in 2005, she wrote the lyrics for ten out of twelve songs for Louis Bertignacs new album Longtemps, and performed two duets with him on the album, Les Frôleuses and Sans toi. In 2006, Bruni recorded Those Little Things, an English-language translation of the Serge Gainsbourg song Ces petits riens for the tribute album Monsieur Gainsbourg Revisited and she took part in the opening ceremony of the 2006 Winter Olympics in a parade paying tribute to the Italian flag. She continued recording after her marriage and she released her third album Comme si de rien nétait on 11 July 2008
25.
Tatiana Sorokko
–
Tatiana Sorokko is a Russian-born American model, fashion journalist and haute couture collector. After modeling, Sorokko worked as contributing editor for such publications as Vogue, Vanity Fair and her distinct personal style and her private collection of historically important haute couture clothing were subjects of museum exhibitions in Russia and the U. S. The daughter of nuclear physicists, she grew up in Arzamas-16, a town and top-secret nuclear research community in the former Soviet Union. Within two weeks in Paris, she began walking runways for Dior and Yves Saint Laurent and was photographed for Harpers Bazaar by the influential French photographer Guy Bourdin. She was frequently photographed for editorials and covers of European and American magazines such as Harpers Bazaar, Vogue, W, Elle, Glamour, in 1992, she and her husband, Serge Sorokko, moved to California. Already well known by major designers and editors, her career took off in the U. S. just as it had done in Europe. Aside from her modeling engagements all over the globe, Sorokko continued her education at the Academy of Art University in San Francisco, where she studied History of Fashion. She appeared on the cover of Runway, a book of photographs by Larry Fink. In 1994, she made a appearance in Robert Altman s movie Prêt-à-Porter. She was the subject of a book, published in Moscow, Russian Models, by Ekaterina Vasilyeva, as author of Telegram from Tatiana Sorokko, a popular monthly column of fashion and style commentary, she covered a wide range of hot topics and personalities. Her last Telegram was published in the December 2004 issue of Vogue, in January 2005, Sorokko began work as Contributing Editor for American Harpers Bazaar. In 2009, she was listed in the Moscow edition of Time Out magazine among the extraordinary 50 People, in December 2014, Sorokko made a modeling comeback with a six-page fashion editorial in Harpers Bazaar shot by Mark Seliger. C. In its review of the performance, The Washington Post reported watching a tall blond supermodel win all the Wolf Tracks applause. She has also been a featured guest on The Martha Stewart Show a number of times, discussing a range of topics, from cooking to fashion. In April 2010 the Russian Fashion Museum in Moscow honored Sorokko with a large exhibition, Extending the Runway. The show featured a collection of over eighty garments and accessories from Sorokko’s personal, the show was supported by the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation. It was widely covered in the Russian media and hailed as the most glamorous event in the life of the capital. In September 2010, Extending the Runway, Tatiana Sorokko Style exhibition traveled from Moscow to the United States, during Sorokkos extensive modeling career, she has met and befriended many of the designers represented in the exhibition
26.
Helena Christensen
–
Helena Christensen is a Danish fashion model and photographer. She is a former Victorias Secret Angel and beauty queen, Christensen has also served as creative director for Nylon magazine, designed clothing, and supported funding for breast cancer organizations and other charities. Christensen was born in Copenhagen, Denmark and her father is Danish, and her mother is Peruvian. Christensen won the Miss Universe Denmark crown in 1986 and represented Denmark in Miss Universe 1986, then the next year participated at Look of the Year 1987 and became a finalist. She left her soon afterwards to pursue modeling in Paris. Christensen appeared on magazine covers and in fashion campaigns during the 1990s. One noted campaign featured her in a 20 by 40 feet billboard in Times Square, bare and she was in the Victorias Secret catalog and in their television commercials as one of the signature Angels, along with Tyra Banks, Karen Mulder, Daniela Pestova, and Stephanie Seymour. She also became a spokesmodel for Revlon cosmetics in 1992, in 1991, she starred in the music video for Chris Isaaks song Wicked Game. The video was featured on MTVs Sexiest Video of All-Time, voted #4 on VH1s 50 Sexiest Video Moments. DeCaro reflected, Known by their first names to legions of fans, they are the legends of the modern catwalk, Christensen continues modelling, recently she graced the covers of Spanish Vogue, British Harper’s Bazaar and ELLE, and American Vs. magazine. She was also featured in the campaigns of Ermanno Screvino, Reebok, Charactere. Christensen is signed to ZZO Management in Paris, D Management in Milan, Unsigned Management in London, Christensen was creative director of Nylon magazine at its 1999 founding by publisher Marvin Scott Jarrett. She launched her own clothing line, Christensen & Sigersen, with lifelong friend Leif Sigersen, the pair previously ran Butik, a shop in New Yorks West Village. Christensen created a clothing line, sold in her mothers store. In 2012, she created a collection, Helena Christensen for Triumph. Christensen, whose collaboration with Triumph started in 2008 as the face of the Triumph brand, Christensen is a photographer whose work has appeared in Nylon, Marie Claire, and ELLE. Her exhibition A Quiet Story, curated by Jim Cook, premiered at the Locus Gallery in Rotterdam,2006 and her exhibition Far From, Close appeared at Dactyl Foundation in 2008–09, to benefit International Center of Photography educational programs and Chernobyl Childrens Project International. Christensen partnered with Oxfam in 2009 to document the impact of change in Peru
27.
Claudia Schiffer
–
Claudia Schiffer is a German model, actress and fashion designer. She rose to fame in the early 1990s as one of the worlds most successful models, in her early career, she was compared to Brigitte Bardot. She has appeared on more than one thousand magazine covers and holds the record for the model with the most magazine covers, in 2002, Forbes estimated her net worth to be around US$55 million. Claudia Schiffer was born in Rheinberg, a small town 15 kilometres northwest of Duisburg, on 25 August 1970 to Gudrun and Heinz Schiffer and she has two brothers, Stefan and Andreas, and one sister, Ann Carolin. Schiffer is fluent in three languages – German, English and French, Schiffer originally aspired to become a lawyer and used to work in her fathers law firm. In October 1987, at age 17, she was spotted in a nightclub in Düsseldorf by Michel Levaton, the head of Metropolitan Model Agency, shortly after this, she met Patrick Lafontaine at a beach resort, who then saw her connected with Elite Model Management. After leaving high school, Schiffer flew to Paris for a photo shoot. In the early 1990s, she starred in campaigns for Guess, co-founder Paul Marciano said in E. Forbes Top 15 Supermodel Beauties Who Made Bank, Guess. Name became really much more known around the world because Claudia, after several other magazine appearances including the cover of British Vogue, shot by Herb Ritts, Schiffer was selected by Karl Lagerfeld to become the new face of Chanel. In May 1997, Schiffer was featured on the cover and in the pictorial of Playboy, Schiffer appeared on the November 1999 millennium cover of Vogue as one of the Modern Muses. Named one of the most beautiful women in the world, her ability to appeal to a global audience assured a successful career spanning over 25 years. Other magazines Schiffer has appeared on the covers of include Vanity Fair, Rolling Stone, People, Harpers Bazaar, Elle, Cosmopolitan, salvatore Ferragamo, Neiman Marcus, Gap, Dillards, Saks Fifth Avenue, LOréal, Revlon, Intergaz and Pepsi. From her appearances in a 1998 Citroën advertisement she allegedly earned £3 million, Schiffer still holds a contract with LOréal and is one of their longest standing ambassadors. Schiffer was a judge on Fashion Fringe in 2011, in 2012, she posed for Guess. Again, marking the brands 30th anniversary, Schiffer launched her eponymous cashmere collection during Paris Fashion Week in March 2011. The Autumn–Winter 2011 season saw her fashion design debut and was followed by a Spring–Summer 2012 collection, Schiffer made her film debut in the childrens movie Richie Rich, and then starred opposite Dennis Hopper and Matthew Modine in The Blackout. She then went on to appear in Friends & Lovers, Black and White, In Pursuit, Life Without Dick, films in which Schiffer has made cameo appearances include Ben Stillers Zoolander. She made a appearance in the music video for Bon Jovis Say It Isnt So in 2000
28.
Yasmin Le Bon
–
Yasmin Le Bon is a British model. Le Bon was one of the highest earning models during the 1980s, Yasmin Parvaneh was born in Oxford, England, the younger child of an Iranian father and an English mother. She has a sister named Nadreh. Her mother, Patricia, died of breast cancer in 2004 and she modeled for a local agency while she attended school, and after leaving signed with Models 1 Agency in London. In April 1987, she was hired by Guess. for an advertising campaign and she appeared on the cover of the first American and British issues of Elle. She has also been on the covers of Vogue, V, I. D, cosmopolitan, Marie Claire and Harpers Bazaar. In January 2012, Le Bon wore a gown weighing 50 kg in the Stéphane Rolland spring/summer Haute Couture show in Paris, Le Bon was invited to be one of the drivers in the 2013 Mille Miglia race in Italy. Each year, the event passes through nearly 200 Italian towns from Brescia to Rome and back. She and her co-driver, David Gandy, were part of “Team Jaguar”, early in the race, Le Bon and Gandy were “pushed off the road by a competitor” which caused body damage to the wing and side of the vintage car. They re-entered the race, ultimately finishing in 158th place out of 415 cars, in 1984, she met Simon Le Bon, lead singer of Duran Duran. They married on 27 December 1985 in her hometown of Oxford, the couple have three daughters, Amber Rose Tamara, Saffron Sahara and Talullah Pine, all born in London. Yasmin Le Bon is represented by Elite Model Management and Trump Model Management, Yasmin Le Bon on the Fashion Model Directory Yasmin Le Bon at the Internet Movie Database
29.
Stephanie Seymour
–
Stephanie Michelle Seymour is an American model and actress. Seymour has modeled for notable fashion magazines and designers and has posed for several well-known photographers including Herb Ritts, Richard Avedon, Gilles Bensimon. In 1983, she was a finalist at the inaugural Elite Model Management Look of the Year modeling contest, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, Seymour appeared in numerous issues of the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue and on the cover of Vogue as well. During the same period, Seymour was a lingerie and hosiery model for the relatively new Victorias Secret company in its mail-order catalogs. In March 1991, and again in February 1993, Seymour posed for Playboy, in 1998, she wrote Stephanie Seymours Beauty Secrets for Dummies. She was presented on the November 1999 Millennium cover of American Vogue as one of the Modern Muses, in 2000, Seymour was ranked #91 on the North American FHM100 Sexiest Women of 2000 list. In 2006, she appeared in a campaign for Gap with her children, salvatore Ferragamos creative campaign for his fall/winter 2007/2008 collection featured Seymour and Claudia Schiffer, shot on location in Italy with Mario Testino. In the promotional photos, the supermodels play film stars protected by bodyguards, Seymours first acting role was as explosives expert Cynna Stone in the video game Hell, A Cyberpunk Thriller. She played the part of a live actor in a game whose characters. In 2000, Seymour played Helen Frankenthaler in the movie Pollock, in 2002, she played the role of Sara Lindstrom in the Crazy episode of Law & Order, Criminal Intent. At the age of 16, she began dating 42 year old John Casablancas, the head of Elite Model Management, the couple lived together before Seymour broke off the relationship. From 1989 to 1990, she was married to guitarist Tommy Andrews, the marriage failed but resulted in the birth of her first son, Dylan Thomas Andrews, in 1990. By mid-1991 she had become involved with Axl Rose, the singer of Guns N Roses. She appeared in three videos by Guns N Roses, Dont Cry, November Rain, and Estranged. The couple broke up in February 1993, shortly after her break up with Rose, Seymour began dating billionaire Peter Brant, who was married and the father of five children. Brant is a publisher, real estate developer and art collector and she gave birth to the couples first son, Peter II, in December 1993. Seymour and Brant married in July 1995 in Paris, France, Seymour gave birth to their second son, Harry, in 1996 and to their third child, daughter Lily Margaret, in 2004. In March 2009, Seymour filed for divorce from Brant after almost 14 years of marriage, notes Stephanie Seymour at the Fashion Model Directory Stephanie Seymour at the Internet Movie Database Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Collection Gallery for Stephanie Seymour
30.
Valeria Mazza
–
Valeria Raquel Mazza is an Argentine model and businesswoman. Mazza was born in Rosario, Santa Fe Province and was raised in Paraná, a model since age 14, Mazza has also worked as an actress, presenter and brand ambassador. As a businesswoman, she has released three perfumes, her own magazine, and created a company and production company. Mazza remains a figure in Latin American fashion, and is considered the most important fashion model in Argentine history. The couple has four children, Balthazar, Tiziano, Benicio, the couple owns Finca Valeria, a countryside vacation property in La Barra, near Punta del Este, Uruguay, where they hold an important party with renowned guests every summer. In 2008, she and her husband were under investigation by Argentinas Revenue Service, AFIP, Valeria Mazza Website Valeria Mazza at the Fashion Model Directory
31.
Amber Valletta
–
Amber Evangeline Valletta is an American fashion model and actress. She began her career as a model, landing her first of sixteen American Vogue covers at age eighteen. From 1995 to 1996, Valletta and her friend and fellow model Shalom Harlow hosted the MTV show, in the 2000s, Valletta began to focus on her career as an actress. She made her debut in Drop Back Ten. She then starred in the hit film Hitch and she has since appeared in films such as Transporter 2, Man About Town, Dead Silence, Gamer, and The Spy Next Door. In 2011, she moved to television, appearing in a role as the fallen socialite Lydia Davis on the ABC prime time soap opera. In 2015, Valletta starred as villainous Carla Briggs in another ABC soap opera, Valletta was born in Phoenix and raised in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Her mother, Theresa Malaby, worked at the post office and her father is of Italian and Portuguese descent, and her mother is of part Cherokee ancestry. She attended Booker T. Washington High School and she got her start in the fashion industry when her mother enrolled her in modeling school at the age of fifteen at the Linda Layman Agency. Valletta, along with Kate Moss, Eva Herzigová, Carolyn Murphy, during the 1990s she appeared 13 times on the cover of American Vogue, second only to Claudia Schiffers sixteen. She was presented on the November 1999 Millennium cover of American Vogue as one of the Modern Muses, Valletta continues to work as a fashion model, most recently closing the Versace Autumn/Winter 2017 fashion show. She is now even a model for Marks and Spencer, Vallettas first role was in the comedy film Drop Back Ten. Later that year, she played a role in the thriller film What Lies Beneath, starring Harrison Ford and Michelle Pfeiffer. She appeared alongside Nicolas Cage in The Family Man, Vallettas first major film role was as Allegra Cole in Andy Tennants romantic comedy Hitch. The film was released on February 11,2005 and was a box office and she also had a role in Transporter 2, playing the mother of the kidnapped child. She played the lead in the 2006 independent film The Last Time, co-starring alongside Michael Keaton. In 2007, she had supporting roles in the horror film Dead Silence, as Ella Ashen, also in 2007, Valletta played the leading role in the independent coming-of-age film, My Sexiest Year. In 2009, Valletta starred alongside Gerard Butler in the science fiction action film, the film was released in North America on September 4,2009 with negative reviews from critics
32.
Shalom Harlow
–
Shalom Harlow is a Canadian model and actress. She gained prominence as a model in the early 1990s. She did advertisements and runway modeling for fashion houses such as Chanel, Alexander McQueen, Jil Sander and she was considered an anti-supermodel, and hosted MTVs House of Style alongside her friend and fellow model Amber Valletta. She also appeared in such as In & Out and How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days. In 2007, she was listed by Forbes as thirteenth in the list of the Worlds 15 Top-Earning Supermodels, Harlow was born in Oshawa, Ontario, the daughter of Sandi Herbert and David Harlow. Her mother named her Shalom, meaning peace or Hello in Hebrew and her father held several jobs as a social worker, real estate agent and financial investor while her mother, Sandi Herbert, worked with mentally challenged adults. Her parents allowed her to experience growing up in a community just outside Toronto. Early on, Harlow took up ballet which she later decided was not for her as she claimed in a 2008, New York Times article and she instead became interested in tap dancing as she enjoyed the noise it created. Harlow was discovered at a The Cure concert in Toronto and started modeling straight out of high school and she has since appeared on numerous magazine covers, editorials, and top runway shows, and appeared in movies and co-hosted MTVs House of Style with fellow supermodel Amber Valletta. She was the favorite model for many designers who found that her look translated well between commercial and couture. She is the first ever winner of Vogue/VH1s Model of the Year Award, Harlow is the spokesperson for Chanels Coco fragrance. She has two brothers, Chris and Nathan. In July 2007, she earned a total of $2 million over the previous 12 months. She has appeared on the covers of such as Vogue, Elle, Harpers Bazaar, Marie Claire, W, V, Cosmopolitan
33.
Alek Wek
–
Alek Wek is a South Sudanese-British model and designer who began her fashion career at the age of 18 in 1995. She has been hailed for her influence on the perception of beauty in the fashion industry and she is from the Dinka ethnic group in South Sudan, but fled to Britain in 1991 to escape the civil war in Sudan. She currently lives in Brooklyn, New York, Alek was born in Wau in Sudan, in a two-bedroom house without electricity or running water, and is the seventh of nine children. Her mother Akuol was a housewife, and her father Athian was an education official and her name reportedly means Black Spotted Cow. Alek has stated that physically, she resembles her father, who was 65, Alek suffered from the skin condition psoriasis from infancy until age 14. When the civil war broke out in Wau in 1985, the Alek family had to flee from both rebel and government forces and her father, Athian, once broke his hip in a bicycle accident, and his hip was repaired with metal pins. Long periods of walking caused Athians hip to get infected, and upon the return to Wau. He died at a home in Khartoum. After arriving in London at age 14, Aleks psoriasis immediately cleared and she enrolled in Londons College of Fashion with a concentration in Fashion Business and Technology. Alek was discovered at a market in 1995 in Crystal Palace. She appeared in the video for GoldenEye by Tina Turner that year. She was signed to Ford Models in 1996 and also appeared in the Got Til Its Gone music video by Janet Jackson that year. She was named Model of the Year in 1997 by MTV, Alek has graced the cover of American, French, German and South African Elle as well as i-D, Cosmopolitan, Glamour, Forbes Magazine Africa and Ebony. She has also featured in editorials in American and British Vogue. In 2002 she made her debut in The Four Feathers as Sudanese princess Aquol. Herb Ritts photographed her for a 1999 calendar in a Joanne Gair body painting that was a highlight of Gairs first retrospective, in September 2015, Alek walked for Marc Jacobs at Spring/Summer 2016 New York Fashion Week, later appearing in the labels Spring Summer 2016 campaign. In May 2016, she graced four special edition covers of Brazilian Elle, dark-skinned models were rare, if not unheard of, in the high fashion industry. Alek was the first black model who didnt conform to a Caucasian aesthetic and her industry saw her as new and exotic – a savage beauty
34.
Karen Elson
–
Karen Jill Elson is an English model, singer-songwriter and guitarist. Elson was born in Oldham, Greater Manchester, and attended North Chadderton School as a child and she began working as a model as a teenager and was discovered at age 16 by Debra Burns, the owner of Boss Model Management in Manchester. Elsons success came when Steven Meisel shot her for the cover of Italian Vogue on her 18th birthday and she has walked the runways of many top designers including Marc Jacobs, Jean-Paul Gaultier, Chanel, Dolce & Gabbana, Versace, YSL, Alexander McQueen, Dior and Gucci. She has appeared in campaigns for dozens of designers including Yves Saint Laurent, Jean Paul Gaultier, Louis Vuitton, Versace, Christian Dior, Burberry. Her list of covers include multiple international editions of Vogue as well as W, Dazed & Confused, Numéro, British Harpers Bazaar, Marie Claire, Elle, Lula, Foam Magazine. In 1998 she won the title of Model of the Year at the VH1 Fashion Awards, photographed by Steven Meisel, she was presented on the September 2004 cover of American Vogue as one of the Models of the Moment. In 2005, Elson won the British Fashion Award for Best Model, in September 2008 Elson was on the cover of British Vogue – shot by Nick Knight – as Fashions Red Queen. It was then announced that Elson was the new face of British department store John Lewis for autumn/winter 2008/09, in the autumn of 2009 she appeared on billboards internationally for H&M. In 2010, American fashion brand St. John announced that Elson would be replacing Angelina Jolie as the new face of their company, in 2011 she was replaced by Kate Winslet. For the Tom Ford 2009 spring eyewear advertising campaigns Elson and male model Jon Kortajarena were photographed, for the first time, Elson is currently the face of YSL Opium perfume. She appears in the autumn/winter 2010/11 ad campaign of Louis Vuitton along with Natalia Vodianova and Christy Turlington and she was shot by Mert and Marcus for Roberto Cavallis autumn 2011 campaign. Karen appears in the Steven Meisel autumn 2011 Lanvin campaign, the accompanying promotional video shows her dancing with Raquel Zimmerman to Pit Bulls I Know You Want Me. Karen appears with her twin sister Kate Elson in the 2011 H&M Holiday campaign. She is also the face of Banana Republics 2011 Holiday Collection, Elson has appeared in many short films and videos, including the music video for the White Stripess Blue Orchid, directed by Floria Sigismondi. Elson has been featured in commercials for Kose cosmetics and she has also appeared in the short film Lay Down Lean, a project by the experimental filmmaking team the Belles of the Black Diamond Field. Lay Down Lean, by the Belles of the Black Diamond Field. Elson has contributed to Nick Knights fashion site SHOWstudio. com since 2002 and she also contributed to Knights project Moving Fashion with a black and white video of herself in a sequined gown, perched upon a swing. The images were accompanied by Elson playing the autoharp and singing a verse of Marlene Dietrichs Falling in Love Again, on 9 May 2011, it was announced that Elson has designed her own line of shoes, bags and jewellery for fashion brand Nine West. The items became available in the autumn of 2011, in August 2012, Elson was one of eight British models chosen to walk during a segment at the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony
35.
Stella Tennant
–
Stella Tennant is a British model. Her parents are The Hon. Tobias William Tennant, son of the 2nd Baron Glenconner, Tennant was studying sculpture at the Winchester School of Art when she was discovered. She sent photographs of herself to a fashion magazine. She had recently had her nasal septum pierced, which was a look for models at the time. One key shoot she did was photographer Steven Meisels Anglo-Saxon Attitudes in 1993, at a cost of around £80,000, it is still the most expensive shoot for British Vogue. Isabella Blows brief was to find beautiful aristocratic English girls to inspire Meisel, the girls who made the final cut were Blows cousin, Honor Fraser, the designer Bella Freud, Blows new assistant Plum Sykes, and Tennant. During the Babes shoot, Issie told Tennant, If I make you famous, a bottle of Fracas duly arrived. Meisel then used her on the cover of Italian Vogue, soon after, Karl Lagerfeld announced Tennant as the new face of Chanel, with an exclusive contract. Tennant has appeared on runways for Shiatzy Chen, Chanel and is a muse of the designer Karl Lagerfeld. She has also appeared in advertising campaigns, including Calvin Klein, Chanel, Hermès. In 2010, she starred in L. K. Bennetts new Spring Summer campaign photographed by Tim Walker, during the Closing Ceremony of the 2012 London Olympics, Tennant was one of the British models wearing fashions created by British designers specifically for the event. Tennant married French photographer David Lasnet in her hometown of Oxnam, Scotland, the family lives near Duns, in the small village of Edrom in Berwickshire, in the Scottish Borders. In 2009, Tennant worked with green lifestyle organisation Global Cool to promote using less energy at home and she made a video with them and became one of the faces of their Turn Up The Style, Turn Down The Heat campaign. In August 2014, Tennant was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to The Guardian opposing Scottish independence in the run-up to Septembers referendum on that issue. In June 2012, Tennant was inducted as Model of the Year into the Scottish Fashion Awards Hall of Fame at their annual awards event, stella Tennant at the Fashion Model Directory Hello magazine profile
36.
Audrey Marnay
–
Audrey Marnay is a French actress and model. At 15 years old, Audrey Marnay enters a modelling agency in Paris, a year later, she accesses the rank of TOP MODEL, with 32 pages and the cover in Vogue Italy, photographed by Steven Meisel. Back in Paris, she will be directed by Patrice Leconte, Raoul Ruiz, David Foenkinos, Stefan Liberski, Arielle Dombasle, in 2014, George Clooney chooses her to be in his “Monuments Men”. She turns towards creativity in fashion Jewellery design, sings, becomes the muse for AIR in their video clips, Audrey finds time for others too, she became the spokesperson for “Les Enfants de Bam” in 2010. In 2016, Audrey launches her YOUTUBE channel under her name, taking the viewer inside fashion, art, cinema, her lifestyle and giving them tips. com
.jpg)
.jpg)
,_woman%27s_costume,_1990s_-_Bunka_Gakuen_Costume_Museum_-_DSC05303.JPG)
.JPG)
.jpg)
