1.
1991
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It was the year that is usually considered the final year of the Cold War that had begun in the late 1940s. During the year, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics collapsed into fifteen sovereign republics, a U. N. -authorized coalition force from thirty-four nations fought against Iraq, which had invaded Kuwait in the previous year,1990. The conflict would be called the Gulf War and would mark the beginning of a since-constant American military presence in the Middle East, the clash between Serbia and the other Yugoslav republics would lead into the beginning of the Yugoslav Wars, which ran through the rest of the decade. The Japanese asset price bubble collapsed this year, leading to the Lost Years, January 1 Czechoslovakia becomes the second Eastern European country to abandon its command economy. The first anti-stalking law, passed in 1990, goes into effect in California, dublin begins its year as the European Capital of Culture. January 2 – In eastern El Salvador, Salvadoran rebels shoot down a United States Army helicopter, January 4 – The United Nations Security Council votes unanimously to condemn Israels treatment of the Palestinians. January 5 – Georgian troops attack Tskhinvali, the capital of South Ossetia, January 6 The runoff for the Guatemalan presidential election is won by Jorge Serrano Elías. The All India Federation of Anganwadi Workers and Helpers is founded in Udaipur, January 7 – In Haiti, an attempted coup by an associate of former dictator Jean-Claude Duvalier is thwarted by Loyalist troops. January 9 United States Secretary of State James Baker meets with the Foreign Minister of Iraq Tariq Aziz, in Sebokeng, South Africa, gunmen fire on mourners attending the funeral of a leader of the African National Congress, killing 13 people. January 12 – Gulf War, The Congress of the United States passes a resolution authorizing the use of force to expel Iraqi forces from Kuwait. January 13 – Singing Revolution, Soviet forces storm Vilnius to stop Lithuanian independence, January Events and the Time of Barricades in Latvia. January 15 The United Nations deadline for the withdrawal of Iraqi forces from occupied Kuwait expires, Prime Minister of Cape Verde Pedro Pires resigns following his partys loss in the January 13 Cape Verdean parliamentary election, the first ever multiparty election in an African nation. January 16 U. S. serial killer Aileen Wuornos confesses to the murders of six men, Gulf War, Operation Desert Storm begins with air strikes against Iraq. January 17 Gulf War, Iraq fires 8 Scud missiles into Israel, Harald V of Norway becomes king on the death of his father, Olav V. The volcano Hekla erupts on Iceland, January 18 – Eastern Air Lines shuts down after 62 years, citing financial problems. January 19 An Iraqi Scud attack on Tel Aviv in Israel injures 15 people, the Party of the Alliance of Youth, Workers and Farmers of Angola is founded in Luanda, Angola. January 21 – Harald Vs investiture ceremony as King of Norway, January 22 Three Iraqi Scuds and one Patriot missile hit Ramat Gan in Israel, injuring 96 people, three elderly people die of heart attacks. The British Army SAS patrol, Bravo Two Zero, is deployed in Iraq during the Gulf War, January 24 – The government of Papua New Guinea signs a peace agreement with separatist leaders from Bougainville Island, ending fighting that had gone on since 1988
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
1989 in the United States
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Events from the year 1989 in the United States. January 4 – Second Gulf of Sidra incident, Two Libyan MiG-23 Floggers are engaged, January 11 President Ronald Reagan delivers his farewell address to the nation. The National Collegiate Athletic Association adopts Proposition 42, which athletic scholarships from athletes who fail to meet minimal academic standards. January 13 – Bernhard Goetz sentenced to one year in prison, January 16 – An Hispanic Miami police officer shoots and kills a speeding black motorcyclist in the Overtown section of Miami, starting three days of rioting. Miami, Florida January 17 – Stockton massacre, Patrick Edward Purdy kills five children, wounds thirty and then himself in Stockton. January 18 – The Republican National Committee elects Lee Atwater as its chairman, January 20 George H. W. Bush succeeds Ronald Reagan as the 41st President of the United States of America. January 22 – The San Francisco 49ers defeat the Cincinnati Bengals in Super Bowl XXIII, January 24 Serial killer Theodore Bundy is executed in Floridas electric chair. Joel Steinberg is convicted of manslaughter in the death of a 6-year old child he was raising. The 101st United States Congress rejects a proposed 51 percent pay raise for its members, federal judges, February 10 Ron Brown is elected chairman of the Democratic National Committee, becoming the first African American to lead a major United States political party. President Bush meets with Prime Minister of Canada Brian Mulroney in Ottawa, February 11 – Barbara Harris is the first woman consecrated as a bishop of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America. February 14 – The first of 24 Global Positioning System satellites is placed into orbit, February 23 – After protracted testimony, the U. S. Senate Armed Services Committee rejects, 11–9, President Bushs nomination of John Tower for Secretary of Defense. February 23–27 – U. S. President Bush visits Japan, China, February 26 –60 Minutes airs a report claiming that apples sprayed with Alar may cause cancer in children, leading many schools to remove apples from their cafeterias. March – The unemployment rate drops to a low of 5. 0%, March 1 The Berne Convention, an international treaty on copyrights, is ratified by the United States. Louis Wade Sullivan starts his term of office as U. S. Secretary of Health, james D. Watkins starts his term of office as U. S. Secretary of Energy. March 3 – Former National Security Advisor Robert McFarlane is fined $20,000, March 4 Time, Inc. and Warner Communications announce plans for a merger, forming Time Warner. Eastern Air Lines machinists and baggage workers walk off the job to protest pay cuts, the airline subsequently filed for bankruptcy protection five days later, on March 9. March 9 – By a vote of 53 to 47, the Senate votes to reject the nomination of John Tower as United States Secretary of Defense, President Bush subsequently nominated Dick Cheney the next day, and Cheney was confirmed and sworn in as defense secretary on March 17. March 13 – A geomagnetic storm causes the collapse of the Hydro-Québec power grid,6 million people are left without power for 9 hours
4.
1990 in the United States
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Events from the year 1990 in the United States. January 3 – United States invasion of Panama, General Manuel Noriega, January 5 – The National Gallery of Art purchases The Fall of Phaeton by Peter Paul Rubens. January 9–20 – The Space Shuttle Columbia flies STS-32, January 10 – Time Warner is formed from the merger of Time Inc. and Warner Communications Inc. January 13 – Douglas Wilder becomes the first elected African American governor as he takes office in Richmond, Mayor Marion Barry is arrested for drug possession in an FBI sting. In California, the McMartin preschool trial, the longest criminal trial in U. S. history ends with all defendants found innocent of child molesting, January 22 – Robert Tappan Morris, Jr. is convicted of releasing the Morris worm. January 24 Richard Secord is sentenced to two years probation for lying to the United States Congress about the Iran–Contra affair. In Miami, William Lozano, a Hispanic police officer is sentenced to seven years in prison for shooting a black motorcyclist in 1989, an event that had set off three days of rioting. January 25 – Avianca Flight 52 crashes into Cove Neck, Long Island, January 28 – The San Francisco 49ers defeat the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XXIV. January 29 The trial of Joseph Hazelwood, former skipper of the Exxon Valdez, begins in Anchorage and he is accused of negligence that resulted in Americas worst oil spill to date. Cold War, The first McDonalds in Moscow, Russia opens, February 9 – The owners of Major League Baseball announce a lockout because of a salary dispute with players. February 11 – James Buster Douglas knocks out Mike Tyson to win the World Heavyweight Boxing crown, February 13 – Drexel Burnham Lambert files for bankruptcy protection, Chapter 11. February 14 – The Pale Blue Dot picture was sent back from the Voyager 1 probe after completing its primary mission, February 25 – A smoking ban takes effect on all domestic U. S. flights of less than six hours. February 27 – Exxon Valdez oil spill, Exxon and its shipping company are indicted on five criminal counts, February 28 – The Space Shuttle Atlantis begins STS-36. March 1 Steve Jackson Games is raided by the U. S, secret Service, prompting the later formation of the Electronic Frontier Foundation. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission approves a license for the long-delayed Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant, march – Greyhound bus drivers strike for higher pay. March 6 – An SR-71 sets a U. S. transcontinental speed record of 1 hour 8 minutes 17 seconds, march 9 – Antonia Novello is sworn in as Surgeon General of the United States, becoming the first female and Hispanic American to serve in that position. March 18 Twelve paintings, collectively worth from $100 to $300 million, are stolen from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Boston and this is the largest art theft in US history, and the paintings have not been recovered. Major League Baseball players and owners agree to a new four-year contract, march 22 – A jury in Anchorage, Alaska finds Joseph Hazelwood guilty of misdemeanor negligence for his role in the Exxon Valdez oil spill
5.
1992 in the United States
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Events from the year 1992 in the United States. January 8 – George H. W. Bush is televised falling violently ill at a dinner in Japan, vomiting into the lap of Prime Minister Kiichi Miyazawa. January 26 Boris Yeltsin announces that Russia will stop targeting United States cities with nuclear weapons, Super Bowl XXVI, The Washington Redskins defeat the Buffalo Bills 37-24 at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis, Minnesota. February 10 Tom Harkin wins the Iowa Democratic Caucus, in Indianapolis, Indiana, boxer Mike Tyson is convicted of raping Desiree Washington. February 17 – A court in Milwaukee, Wisconsin sentences serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer to life in prison, February 18 - In New Hampshire, U. S. President George H. W. Bush defeats Pat Buchanan in the Republican primary, Paul Tsongas leads the Democratic candidates. March 10 – On Super Tuesday, U. S. President George H. W. Bush and Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton win most of the primaries held. March 18 – On CNNs Larry King Live, Texas billionaire H. Ross Perot announces that he run for U. S. President as an independent. March 30 – The 64th Academy Awards, hosted by Billy Crystal, are held at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles, California, March 31 – USS Missouri, the last active U. S. Navy battleship, is decommissioned at Long Beach, California. April 2 – In New York, Mafia boss John Gotti is convicted of the murder of mob boss Paul Castellano and of racketeering, April 6 – Microsoft releases Windows 3.1. April 8 – Former tennis player Arthur Ashe,48, announces that he is suffering from the AIDS virus and he was diagnosed with HIV more than three years ago. April 9 – A Miami, Florida jury convicts former Panamanian ruler Manuel Noriega of assisting Colombias cocaine cartel, April 13 – The Chicago Flood occurs. May 1 – Eric Houston of Yuba County kills 4, injures 9, may 5 – Alabama ratifies a 202-year-old proposed amendment to the United States Constitution making the 27th Amendment law. This amendment bars the U. S. Congress from giving itself a midterm or retroactive pay raise, may 16 – STS-49, Space Shuttle Endeavour lands safely after a successful maiden voyage. May 19 In San Francisco, U. S, Vice President Dan Quayle gives his famous Murphy Brown speech. In Massapequa, New York, Amy Fisher shoots Mary Jo Buttafuoco, may 22 – After 30 years, Johnny Carson retires as host of NBCs The Tonight Show. May 25 – Jay Leno becomes the new host of NBCs The Tonight Show, june – As a result of the early 1990s recession and subsequently sluggish job creation, unemployment peaks at 7. 8%, a level not seen since March 1984. This would later contribute to President George H. W. Bushs defeat to Bill Clinton in the later that year. June 1 – Kentucky celebrates its bicentennial statehood, june 15 – During a spelling bee at a Trenton, New Jersey elementary school, U. S
6.
1993 in the United States
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Events from the year 1993 in the United States. January 5 The state of Washington executes Westley Allan Dodd by hanging, $7.4 million USD is stolen from Brinks Armored Car Depot in Rochester, New York in the 5th largest robbery in U. S. history. Four men, Samuel Millar, Father Patrick Moloney, former Rochester Police officer Thomas OConnor, January 19 IBM announces a $4.97 billion loss for 1992, the largest single-year corporate loss in United States history to date. U. S. forces fire approximately 40 Tomahawk cruise missiles at Baghdad factories linked to Iraqs illegal nuclear weapons program, iraq then informs UNSCOM that it will be able to resume its flights. January 20 Bill Clinton succeeds George H. W. Bush as the 42nd President of the United States, January 25 – Mir Aimal Kasi fires a rifle and kills 2 employees outside CIA headquarters in Langley, Virginia. January 31 – Super Bowl XXVII, The Buffalo Bills become the first team to lose 3 consecutive Super Bowls as they are defeated by the Dallas Cowboys, february 6 – Former tennis player Arthur Ashe,49, dies of the AIDS virus in New York. Ashe was believed to have contracted the virus from a blood transfusion during heart surgery 10 years ago, february 8 – General Motors Corporation sues NBC, after Dateline NBC allegedly rigged 2 crashes showing that some GM pickups can easily catch fire if hit in certain places. NBC settles the lawsuit the following day, february 11 – Janet Reno is selected by President Clinton as Attorney General of the United States. February 26 – World Trade Center bombing, In New York City, february 28 – Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms agents raid the Branch Davidian compound in Waco, Texas, with a warrant to arrest leader David Koresh on federal firearms violations. Four agents and 5 Davidians die in the raid and a 51-day standoff begins, march 4 – Authorities announce the capture of suspected World Trade Center bombing conspirator Mohammad Salameh. March 9 – Rodney King testifies at the trial of 4 Los Angeles. March 11 – Janet Reno is confirmed by the United States Senate and sworn in the next day, becoming the first female Attorney General of the United States. March 13–14 – The Great Blizzard of 1993 strikes the eastern U. S. bringing record snowfall and other severe weather all the way from Cuba to Quebec, march 22 – The Intel Corporation ships the first Pentium chips. March 29 – The 65th Academy Awards, hosted by Billy Crystal, are held at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles, California, april–October, The Great Flood of 1993, The Mississippi and Missouri Rivers flood large portions of the American Midwest. April – The Kuwaiti government claims to uncover an Iraqi assassination plot against former U. S. President George H. W. Bush shortly after his visit to Kuwait, two Iraqi nationals confess to driving a car-bomb into Kuwait on behalf of the Iraqi Intelligence Service. April 28 – An executive order requires the United States Air Force to allow women to fly war planes, may 1 – An outbreak of a respiratory illness later identified as hantavirus pulmonary syndrome begins in the southwestern United States,32 patients die by the end of the year. June 5 – Minnesota v. Dickerson, The United States Supreme Court rules that the seizure of evidence during a search is unconstitutional. June 9 – The Montreal Canadiens win their 24th Stanley Cup, june 20 – John Paxsons 3-point shot in Game 6 of the NBA Finals helps the Chicago Bulls secure a 99–98 win over the Phoenix Suns, and their third consecutive championship
7.
Flag of the United States
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The flag of the United States, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. S. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, the current design of the U. S. flag is its 27th, the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777. The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4,1959, the 50-star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21,1959, and was adopted in July 1960. It is the version of the U. S. flag and has been in use for over 56 years. At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, the flag contemporaneously known as the Continental Colors has historically been referred to as the first national flag. The name Grand Union was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the American flag, the flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era, and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design. Both flags could have been constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign. However, an East India Company flag could have nine to 13 stripes. In any case, both the stripes and the stars have precedents in classical heraldry, Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment. The first official U. S. flag flown during battle was on August 3,1777, Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler. A voucher is extant that Capt. Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag, the 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign. In the late 18th century, the notion of a flag did not yet exist. The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee, on May 10,1779, Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States. However, the term, Standard, referred to a standard for the Army of the United States. Each regiment was to carry the standard in addition to its regimental standard. The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag, the appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows, one arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle, the so-called Betsy Ross flag
8.
Timeline of United States history
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This is a timeline of United States history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political and economic events in the United States and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of the United States, some dates before September 14,1752, when the British government adopted the Gregorian calendar, may be given in the Old Style
9.
Cold War
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The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc and powers in the Western Bloc. Historians do not fully agree on the dates, but a common timeframe is the period between 1947, the year the Truman Doctrine was announced, and 1991, the year the Soviet Union collapsed. The term cold is used there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two sides, although there were major regional wars, known as proxy wars, supported by the two sides. The Cold War split the temporary alliance against Nazi Germany, leaving the Soviet Union. The USSR was a Marxist–Leninist state ruled by its Communist Party and secret police, the Party controlled the press, the military, the economy and all organizations. In opposition stood the West, dominantly democratic and capitalist with a free press, a small neutral bloc arose with the Non-Aligned Movement, it sought good relations with both sides. The two superpowers never engaged directly in full-scale armed combat, but they were armed in preparation for a possible all-out nuclear world war. The first phase of the Cold War began in the first two years after the end of the Second World War in 1945, the Berlin Blockade was the first major crisis of the Cold War. With the victory of the communist side in the Chinese Civil War and the outbreak of the Korean War, the USSR and USA competed for influence in Latin America, and the decolonizing states of Africa and Asia. Meanwhile, the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 was stopped by the Soviets, the expansion and escalation sparked more crises, such as the Suez Crisis, the Berlin Crisis of 1961, and the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. The USSR crushed the 1968 Prague Spring liberalization program in Czechoslovakia, détente collapsed at the end of the decade with the beginning of the Soviet–Afghan War in 1979. The early 1980s were another period of elevated tension, with the Soviet downing of Korean Air Lines Flight 007, the United States increased diplomatic, military, and economic pressures on the Soviet Union, at a time when the communist state was already suffering from economic stagnation. In the mid-1980s, the new Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the reforms of perestroika and glasnost. Pressures for national independence grew stronger in Eastern Europe, especially Poland, Gorbachev meanwhile refused to use Soviet troops to bolster the faltering Warsaw Pact regimes as had occurred in the past. The result in 1989 was a wave of revolutions that peacefully overthrew all of the communist regimes of Central, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union itself lost control and was banned following an abortive coup attempt in August 1991. This in turn led to the dissolution of the USSR in December 1991. The United States remained as the only superpower. The Cold War and its events have left a significant legacy and it is often referred to in popular culture, especially in media featuring themes of espionage and the threat of nuclear warfare
10.
Soviet Union
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The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. It was nominally a union of national republics, but its government. The Soviet Union had its roots in the October Revolution of 1917 and this established the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and started the Russian Civil War between the revolutionary Reds and the counter-revolutionary Whites. In 1922, the communists were victorious, forming the Soviet Union with the unification of the Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian, following Lenins death in 1924, a collective leadership and a brief power struggle, Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s. Stalin suppressed all opposition to his rule, committed the state ideology to Marxism–Leninism. As a result, the country underwent a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization which laid the foundation for its victory in World War II and postwar dominance of Eastern Europe. Shortly before World War II, Stalin signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact agreeing to non-aggression with Nazi Germany, in June 1941, the Germans invaded the Soviet Union, opening the largest and bloodiest theater of war in history. Soviet war casualties accounted for the highest proportion of the conflict in the effort of acquiring the upper hand over Axis forces at battles such as Stalingrad. Soviet forces eventually captured Berlin in 1945, the territory overtaken by the Red Army became satellite states of the Eastern Bloc. The Cold War emerged by 1947 as the Soviet bloc confronted the Western states that united in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949. Following Stalins death in 1953, a period of political and economic liberalization, known as de-Stalinization and Khrushchevs Thaw, the country developed rapidly, as millions of peasants were moved into industrialized cities. The USSR took a lead in the Space Race with Sputnik 1, the first ever satellite, and Vostok 1. In the 1970s, there was a brief détente of relations with the United States, the war drained economic resources and was matched by an escalation of American military aid to Mujahideen fighters. In the mid-1980s, the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform and liberalize the economy through his policies of glasnost. The goal was to preserve the Communist Party while reversing the economic stagnation, the Cold War ended during his tenure, and in 1989 Soviet satellite countries in Eastern Europe overthrew their respective communist regimes. This led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements inside the USSR as well, in August 1991, a coup détat was attempted by Communist Party hardliners. It failed, with Russian President Boris Yeltsin playing a role in facing down the coup. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the twelve constituent republics emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as independent post-Soviet states
11.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
12.
George H. W. Bush
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George Herbert Walker Bush is an American politician who was the 41st President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 and the 43rd Vice President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. Republican Party, he was previously a congressman, ambassador, and he is the oldest living former President and Vice President. Prior to his sons presidency, he was referred to as George Bush or President Bush. Bush was born in Milton, Massachusetts, to Prescott Bush and Dorothy Walker Bush. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, Bush postponed his university studies, enlisted in the U. S. Navy on his 18th birthday and he served until the end of the war, then attended Yale University. Graduating in 1948, he moved his family to West Texas and entered the oil business, Bush became involved in politics soon after founding his own oil company, serving as a member of the House of Representatives and Director of Central Intelligence, among other positions. He failed to win the Republican nomination for President in 1980, but was chosen as a mate by party nominee Ronald Reagan. During his tenure, Bush headed administration task forces on deregulation, in 1988, Bush ran a successful campaign to succeed Reagan as President, defeating Democratic opponent Michael Dukakis. Foreign policy drove the Bush presidency, military operations were conducted in Panama and the Persian Gulf, the Berlin Wall fell in 1989, and the Soviet Union dissolved two years later. Domestically, Bush reneged on a 1988 campaign promise and, after a struggle with Congress and his presidential library was dedicated in 1997, and he has been active—often alongside Bill Clinton—in various humanitarian activities. Besides being the 43rd president, his son George also served as the 46th Governor of Texas and is one of only two other being John Quincy Adams—to be the son of a former president. His second son, Jeb Bush, served as the 43rd Governor of Florida, George Herbert Walker Bush was born at 173 Adams Street in Milton, Massachusetts, on June 12,1924, to Prescott Sheldon Bush and Dorothy Bush. The Bush family moved from Milton to Greenwich, Connecticut, shortly after his birth, growing up, his nickname was Poppy. Bush began his education at the Greenwich Country Day School in Greenwich. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, Bush decided to join the US, Navy, so after graduating from Phillips Academy in 1942, he became a naval aviator at the age of 18. He was assigned to Torpedo Squadron as the officer in September 1943. The following year, his squadron was based on USS San Jacinto as a member of Air Group 51, during this time, the task force was victorious in one of the largest air battles of World War II, the Battle of the Philippine Sea. After Bushs promotion to Lieutenant on August 1,1944, San Jacinto commenced operations against the Japanese in the Bonin Islands, Bush piloted one of four Grumman TBM Avenger aircraft from VT-51 that attacked the Japanese installations on Chichijima
13.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
14.
Texas
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Texas is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Other major cities include Austin, the second most populous state capital in the U. S. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the states struggle for independence from Mexico. The Lone Star can be found on the Texan state flag, the origin of Texass name is from the word Tejas, which means friends in the Caddo language. Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, although Texas is popularly associated with the U. S. southwestern deserts, less than 10 percent of Texas land area is desert. Most of the centers are located in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, the term six flags over Texas refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory. Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas, Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. In 1845, Texas joined the United States as the 28th state, the states annexation set off a chain of events that caused the Mexican–American War in 1846. A slave state before the American Civil War, Texas declared its secession from the U. S. in early 1861, after the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation. One Texan industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle, due to its long history as a center of the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy. The states economic fortunes changed in the early 20th century, when oil discoveries initiated a boom in the state. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified economy, as of 2010 it shares the top of the list of the most Fortune 500 companies with California at 57. With a growing base of industry, the leads in many industries, including agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace. Texas has led the nation in export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product. The name Texas, based on the Caddo word tejas meaning friends or allies, was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves, during Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas, La Provincia de Texas. Texas is the second largest U. S. state, behind Alaska, though 10 percent larger than France and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst country subdivisions by size. If it were an independent country, Texas would be the 40th largest behind Chile, Texas is in the south central part of the United States of America. Three of its borders are defined by rivers, the Rio Grande forms a natural border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south
15.
Vice President of the United States
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The executive power of both the vice president and the president is granted under Article Two, Section One of the Constitution. The vice president is elected, together with the president. The Office of the Vice President of the United States assists, as the president of the United States Senate, the vice president votes only when it is necessary to break a tie. Additionally, pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment, the president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College. Currently, the president is usually seen as an integral part of a presidents administration. The Constitution does not expressly assign the office to any one branch, causing a dispute among scholars whether it belongs to the executive branch, the legislative branch, or both. The modern view of the president as a member of the executive branch is due in part to the assignment of executive duties to the vice president by either the president or Congress. Mike Pence of Indiana is the 48th and current vice president and he assumed office on January 20,2017. The formation of the office of vice president resulted directly from the compromise reached at the Philadelphia Convention which created the Electoral College, the delegates at Philadelphia agreed that each state would receive a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that states allocation of Representatives and Senators. The delegates assumed that electors would typically choose to favor any candidate from their state over candidates from other states, under a plurality election process, this would tend to result in electing candidates solely from the largest states. Consequently, the delegates agreed that presidents must be elected by a majority of the number of electors. To guard against such stratagems, the Philadelphia delegates specified that the first runner-up presidential candidate would become vice president, the process for selecting the vice president was later modified in the Twelfth Amendment. Each elector still receives two votes, but now one of those votes is for president, while the other is for vice president. The requirement that one of those votes be cast for a candidate not from the electors own state remains in effect. S, other statutorily granted roles include membership of both the National Security Council and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. As President of the Senate, the president has two primary duties, to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over. For example, in the first half of 2001, the Senators were divided 50-50 between Republicans and Democrats and Dick Cheneys tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority, as President of the Senate, the vice president oversees procedural matters and may cast a tie-breaking vote. As President of the Senate, John Adams cast 29 tie-breaking votes that was surpassed by John C. Calhoun with 31. Adamss votes protected the presidents sole authority over the removal of appointees, influenced the location of the national capital, on at least one occasion Adams persuaded senators to vote against legislation he opposed, and he frequently addressed the Senate on procedural and policy matters
16.
Dan Quayle
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James Danforth Dan Quayle is an American politician. He was the 44th Vice President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 under President George H. W. Bush, Senator from the state of Indiana. A native of Indianapolis, Indiana, Quayle spent most of his living in Paradise Valley, Arizona. He married Marilyn Tucker in 1972 and obtained his J. D. from the Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law in 1974. He practiced law in Huntington, Indiana, with his wife before his election to the United States House of Representatives in 1976, in 1980 Quayle won election to the Senate. In 1988, Vice President George H. W. Bush, the Bush/Quayle ticket won the 1988 election over Democrats Michael Dukakis and Lloyd Bentsen. As vice president, Quayle made official visits to 47 countries and was appointed chairman of the National Space Council and he secured re-nomination for vice-president in 1992, but Democrat Bill Clinton and his vice presidential running mate, Al Gore, defeated the Bush/Quayle ticket. In 1994, Quayle published his memoir entitled Standing Firm but declined to run for office in this time period because he was suffering from phlebitis. He sought the Republican presidential nomination in 2000, but withdrew, in 2016, he endorsed Donald Trump for president. Quayle and his wife reside in Paradise Valley, Arizona, Quayle is currently the chairman of global investments at Cerberus Capital Management. Quayle was born in Indianapolis, Indiana, to Martha Corinne and he has sometimes been incorrectly referred to as James Danforth Quayle III. In his memoirs, he points out that his name was simply James Danforth Quayle. The name Quayle originates from the Isle of Man, where his great-grandfather was born, pulliam, was a wealthy and influential publishing magnate who founded Central Newspapers, Inc. owner of over a dozen major newspapers such as The Arizona Republic and The Indianapolis Star. James C. Quayle moved his family to Arizona in 1955 to run a branch of the publishing empire. Quayle reported his net worth in 1988 as $1.2 million, after spending much of his youth in Arizona, Quayle returned to his native Indiana and graduated from Huntington High School in Huntington, in 1965. After receiving his degree, Quayle joined the Indiana Army National Guard and served from 1969–1975, while serving in the Guard, he earned a Juris Doctor degree in 1974 at the Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law. He met his wife, Marilyn, who was taking night classes at the same law school at the time. Quayle became an investigator for the Consumer Protection Division of the Office of the Indiana Attorney General in July 1971, later that year, he became an administrative assistant to Governor Edgar Whitcomb
17.
Indiana
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Indiana /ɪndiˈænə/ is a U. S. state located in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Indiana is the 38th largest by area and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U. S. state on December 11,1816, before becoming a territory, varying cultures of indigenous peoples and historic Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Indiana has an economy with a gross state product of $298 billion in 2012. Indiana has several areas with populations greater than 100,000. The states name means Land of the Indians, or simply Indian Land and it also stems from Indianas territorial history. On May 7,1800, the United States Congress passed legislation to divide the Northwest Territory into two areas and named the section the Indiana Territory. In 1816, when Congress passed an Enabling Act to begin the process of establishing statehood for Indiana, a resident of Indiana is officially known as a Hoosier. The first inhabitants in what is now Indiana were the Paleo-Indians, divided into small groups, the Paleo-Indians were nomads who hunted large game such as mastodons. They created stone tools made out of chert by chipping, knapping and flaking, the Archaic period, which began between 5000 and 4000 BC, covered the next phase of indigenous culture. The people developed new tools as well as techniques to cook food, such new tools included different types of spear points and knives, with various forms of notches. They made ground-stone tools such as axes, woodworking tools. During the latter part of the period, they built mounds and middens. The Archaic period ended at about 1500 BC, although some Archaic people lived until 700 BC, afterward, the Woodland period took place in Indiana, where various new cultural attributes appeared. During this period, the people created ceramics and pottery, an early Woodland period group named the Adena people had elegant burial rituals, featuring log tombs beneath earth mounds. In the middle portion of the Woodland period, the Hopewell people began developing long-range trade of goods, nearing the end of the stage, the people developed highly productive cultivation and adaptation of agriculture, growing such crops as corn and squash. The Woodland period ended around 1000 AD, the Mississippian culture emerged, lasting from 1000 until the 15th century, shortly before the arrival of Europeans. During this stage, the people created large urban settlements designed according to their cosmology, with mounds and plazas defining ceremonial
18.
Chief Justice of the United States
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The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the United States federal court system and the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. The Chief Justice is one of nine Supreme Court justices, the eight are the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. From 1789 until 1866, the office was known as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice also serves as a spokesperson for the judicial branch. The Chief Justice leads the business of the Supreme Court and presides over oral arguments, when the court renders an opinion, the Chief Justice—when in the majority—decides who writes the courts opinion. The Chief Justice also has significant agenda-setting power over the courts meetings, in the case of an impeachment of a President of the United States, which has occurred twice, the Chief Justice presides over the trial in the Senate. In modern tradition, the Chief Justice also has the duty of administering the oath of office of the President of the United States. The first Chief Justice was John Jay, the 17th and current Chief Justice is John G. Roberts, Jr. The office was known as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and is still informally referred to using that title. However,28 U. S. C. §1 specifies that the title is Chief Justice of the United States, the title was changed from Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by Congress in 1866 at the suggestion of the sixth Chief Justice, Salmon P. Chase. Chase wished to emphasize the Supreme Courts role as a branch of government. The first Chief Justice commissioned using the new title was Melville Fuller in 1888, use of the previous title when referring to Chief Justices John Jay through Roger B. Taney is technically correct, as that was the title during their time on the court. The other eight members of the court are officially Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, the Chief Justice is the only member of the court to whom the Constitution refers as a Justice, and only in Article I. Article III of the Constitution refers to all members of the Supreme Court simply as Judges, the Chief Justice is nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed to sit on the Court by the United States Senate. The salary of the Chief Justice is set by Congress, the Constitution prohibits Congress from lowering the salary of any judge, including the Chief Justice, while that judge holds office. As of 2015, the salary is $258,100 per year, which is higher than that of the Associate Justices. Three serving Associate Justices have received promotions to Chief Justice, Edward Douglass White in 1910, Harlan Fiske Stone in 1941, Associate Justice Abe Fortas was nominated to the position of Chief Justice of the United States, but his nomination was filibustered by Senate Republicans in 1968. Despite the failed nomination, Fortas remained an Associate Justice until his resignation the following year, there have been 21 individuals nominated for Chief Justice, of whom 17 have been confirmed by the Senate, although a different 17 have served
19.
William Rehnquist
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Considered a conservative, Rehnquist favored a conception of federalism that emphasized the Tenth Amendments reservation of powers to the states. Under this view of federalism the Court, for the first time since the 1930s, the last 11 years of Rehnquists term as chief justice marked the second-longest tenure of a single unchanging roster of the Supreme Court, exceeded only between February 1812 and September 1823. He is the justice in Supreme Court history. Rehnquist was born William Donald Rehnquist in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on October 1,1924 and he grew up in the suburb of Shorewood. Rehnquist changed his name to Hubbs, a family name. His paternal grandparents immigrated from Sweden, Rehnquist graduated from Shorewood High School in 1942. He attended Kenyon College, in Gambier, Ohio, for one quarter in the fall of 1942 and he served from March 1943 –1946, mostly in assignments in the United States. He was put into a program and assigned to Denison University until February 1944. He served three months at Will Rogers Field in Oklahoma City, three months in Carlsbad, New Mexico, and then went to Hondo, Texas, for a few months. He was then chosen for training program, which began at Chanute Field, Illinois. The program was designed to teach the maintenance and repair of weather instruments, in the summer of 1945, Rehnquist went overseas as a weather observer in North Africa. After the war ended, Rehnquist attended Stanford University with assistance under the provisions of the G. I, in 1948, he received both a Bachelor of Arts and a Master of Arts degree in political science. In 1950, he attended Harvard University, where he received another Master of Arts and he later returned to Stanford, and graduated from the Stanford Law School in the same class as Sandra Day OConnor, with whom he would later serve on the Supreme Court. Rehnquist graduated first in his class, Rehnquist went to Washington, D. C. to work as a law clerk for Justice Robert H. Jackson of the United States Supreme Court during the courts 1952–1953 term. Rehnquists 1952 memo, entitled A Random Thought on the Segregation Cases, Rehnquist said, I believe that the memorandum was prepared by me as a statement of Justice Jacksons tentative views for his own use. Justice Jackson did not ask law clerks to express his views and he expressed his own and they expressed theirs. That is what happened in this instance, however, the papers of Justices Douglas and Frankfurter indicate that Justice Jackson voted for Brown in 1954 only after changing his mind. However, Rehnquist acknowledged defending Plessy in arguments with fellow law clerks, several commentators have concluded that the memo reflected Rehnquists own views rather than those of Justice Jackson
20.
Wisconsin
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Wisconsin is a U. S. state located in the north-central United States, in the Midwest and Great Lakes regions. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Michigan to the northeast, Wisconsin is the 23rd largest state by total area and the 20th most populous. The state capital is Madison, and its largest city is Milwaukee, the state is divided into 72 counties. Wisconsin is second to Michigan in the length of its Great Lakes coastline, Wisconsin is known as Americas Dairyland because it is one of the nations leading dairy producers, particularly famous for its cheese. Manufacturing, especially paper products, information technology, and tourism are major contributors to the states economy. The word Wisconsin originates from the given to the Wisconsin River by one of the Algonquian-speaking Native American groups living in the region at the time of European contact. French explorer Jacques Marquette was the first European to reach the Wisconsin River, arriving in 1673, subsequent French writers changed the spelling from Meskousing to Ouisconsin, and over time this became the name for both the Wisconsin River and the surrounding lands. English speakers anglicized the spelling from Ouisconsin to Wisconsin when they began to arrive in numbers during the early 19th century. The legislature of Wisconsin Territory made the current spelling official in 1845, the Algonquin word for Wisconsin and its original meaning have both grown obscure. Interpretations vary, but most implicate the river and the red sandstone that lines its banks, other theories include claims that the name originated from one of a variety of Ojibwa words meaning red stone place, where the waters gather, or great rock. Wisconsin has been home to a variety of cultures over the past 12,000 years. The first people arrived around 10,000 BCE during the Wisconsin Glaciation and these early inhabitants, called Paleo-Indians, hunted now-extinct ice age animals such as the Boaz mastodon, a prehistoric mastodon skeleton unearthed along with spear points in southwest Wisconsin. After the ice age ended around 8000 BCE, people in the subsequent Archaic period lived by hunting, fishing, agricultural societies emerged gradually over the Woodland period between 1000 BCE to 1000 CE. Toward the end of period, Wisconsin was the heartland of the Effigy Mound culture. Later, between 1000 and 1500 CE, the Mississippian and Oneota cultures built substantial settlements including the village at Aztalan in southeast Wisconsin. The Oneota may be the ancestors of the modern Ioway and Ho-Chunk tribes who shared the Wisconsin region with the Menominee at the time of European contact, the first European to visit what became Wisconsin was probably the French explorer Jean Nicolet. He canoed west from Georgian Bay through the Great Lakes in 1634, pierre Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers visited Green Bay again in 1654–1666 and Chequamegon Bay in 1659–1660, where they traded for fur with local Native Americans. In 1673, Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet became the first to record a journey on the Fox-Wisconsin Waterway all the way to the Mississippi River near Prairie du Chien
21.
Tom Foley
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Foley was the first Speaker of the House since 1862 to be defeated in a re-election campaign. He served as the United States Ambassador to Japan from 1997 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton, Foley was born in Spokane, Washington, the son of Helen Marie, a school teacher, and Ralph E. Foley, a Superior Court Judge. He was of Irish Catholic descent, in 1946, he graduated from the Jesuit-run Gonzaga Preparatory School in Spokane. He went on to attend Gonzaga University in Spokane and the University of Washington in Seattle, following law school, Foley entered private practice. In 1958, he working in the Spokane County prosecutors office as a deputy prosecuting attorney. In 1961, he joined the Washington Attorney Generals office as an assistant attorney general, in 1961, Foley moved to Washington, D. C. and joined the staff of Senator Henry Jackson, the then-Democratic Senator From Washington. He left Jacksons employ in 1964 at his urging to run for Congress, in 1964, Foley was unopposed for the Democratic nomination for Washingtons 5th congressional seat, which included Spokane. He faced 11-term Republican incumbent Walt Horan in the election and won by seven points. He was re-elected without significant difficulty until 1978, when he defeated conservative activist Duane Alton. The next race in 1980 was also close, when physician John Sonneland finished just 4 points back, though the fifth district became increasingly conservative, Foley didnt face serious opposition again until his defeat in 1994. In 1981, Foley was chosen majority whip by the House Democratic caucus and served in capacity until 1987. In 1989, Jim Wright of Texas stepped down as Speaker of the House amid an ethics scandal and he became the first Speaker from a state west of the Rocky Mountains. Foley brought suit, challenging the constitutionality of a law setting eligibility requirements on federal offices. Foley won his suit, with a United States district court declaring that states did not have the authority under the United States Constitution to limit the terms of federal officeholders, nethercutt vowed that if elected, he would not serve more than three terms in the House. Foley lost in a narrow race, Foley became the first sitting Speaker of the House to lose his bid for re-election since Galusha A. He is sometimes viewed as a casualty of the term limits controversy of the early 1990s. President Bill Clinton attributed his defeat to his support for the Federal Assault Weapons Ban of 1994, here is a chart of the voting results in Foleys election race. There are subtotals for the city of Spokane, rural Spokane County, from 1995 to 1998, Foley was head of the Federal City Council, a group of business, civic, education, and other leaders interested in economic development in Washington, D. C
22.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
23.
Washington (state)
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It was admitted to the Union as the 42nd state in 1889. Washington is sometimes referred to as Washington State or the State of Washington to distinguish it from Washington, Washington is the 18th largest state with an area of 71,362 square miles, and the 13th most populous state with over 7 million people. Washington is the second most populous state on the West Coast and in the Western United States, Mount Rainier, an active stratovolcano, is the states highest elevation at almost 14,411 feet and is the most topographically prominent mountain in the contiguous United States. Washington is a leading lumber producer and its rugged surface is rich in stands of Douglas fir, hemlock, ponderosa pine, white pine, spruce, larch, and cedar. Manufacturing industries in Washington include aircraft and missiles, shipbuilding and other equipment, lumber, food processing, metals and metal products, chemicals. Washington has over 1,000 dams, including the Grand Coulee Dam, built for a variety of purposes including irrigation, power, flood control, the Washington Territory was named after George Washington, the first President of the United States. The area was part of a region called the Columbia District after the Columbia River. The area was renamed Washington in order to avoid confusion with the District of Columbia, Washington is the only U. S. state named after a president. To distinguish it from the U. S. capital, which is named for George Washington, Washington is sometimes referred to as Washington State, or, in more formal contexts. Washingtonians and other residents of the Pacific Northwest refer to the state simply as Washington, calling the nations capital Washington, D. C. or, often, Washington is the northwestern-most state of the contiguous United States. Washington is bordered by Oregon to the south, with the Columbia River forming the western part, to the west of Washington lies the Pacific Ocean. The high mountains of the Cascade Range run north-south, bisecting the state, from the Cascade Mountains westward, Western Washington has a mostly marine west coast climate, with mild temperatures and wet winters, autumns and springs, and relatively dry summers. The Cascade Range contains several volcanoes, which reach altitudes significantly higher than the rest of the mountains, from the north to the south, these major volcanoes are Mount Baker, Glacier Peak, Mount Rainier, Mount St. Helens, and Mount Adams. Mount Rainier, the tallest mountain in the state, is 50 miles south of the city of Seattle and it is also covered with more glacial ice than any other peak in the contiguous 48 states. Western Washington also is home of the Olympic Mountains, far west on the Olympic Peninsula and these deep forests, such as the Hoh Rainforest, are among the only temperate rainforests in the continental United States. Eastern Washington – the part of the state east of the Cascades – has a dry climate. It includes large areas of steppe and a few truly arid deserts lying in the rain shadow of the Cascades. Farther east, the climate becomes less arid, with annual rainfall increasing as one goes east to 21.2 inches in Pullman, the Okanogan Highlands and the rugged Kettle River Range and Selkirk Mountains cover much of the northeastern quadrant of the state
24.
Party leaders of the United States Senate
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The Senate Majority and Minority Leaders are two United States Senators and members of the party leadership of the United States Senate. They are elected to their positions in the Senate by their party caucuses, the Senate Democratic Caucus. By rule, the Presiding Officer gives the Majority Leader priority in obtaining recognition to speak on the floor of the Senate, the Assistant Majority and Minority Leaders of the United States Senate are the second-ranking members of each partys leadership. The main function of the Majority and Minority Whips is to gather votes on major issues, because they are the second ranking member of the Senate, if there is no floor leader present, the whip may become acting floor leader. Before 1969, the titles were Majority Whip and Minority Whip. The Senate is currently composed of 52 Republicans,46 Democrats, the current leaders are Republican Majority Leader Mitch McConnell of Kentucky and Democratic Minority Leader Chuck Schumer of New York. The current Assistant Majority Leader is Republican John Cornyn of Texas, the current Assistant Minority Leader/Whip is Democrat Dick Durbin of Illinois. The Democrats began the practice of electing floor leaders in 1920 while they were in the minority, John W. Kern was a Democratic Senator from Indiana. While the title was not official, he is considered to be the first Senate party leader from 1913 through 1917, the Constitution designates the Vice President of the United States as President of the United States Senate. The Constitution also calls for a President pro tempore to serve as the leader of the body when the President of the Senate is absent, for these reasons, it is the Majority Leader who, in practice, manages the Senate. This is in contrast to the House of Representatives where the elected Speaker of the House has a deal of discretionary power. The Democratic Party first selected a leader in 1920, the Republican Party first formally designated a leader in 1925. gov Republican Majority Democratic Minority
25.
George J. Mitchell
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George John Mitchell Jr. is an American lawyer, businessman, and politician. Democrat, Mitchell served as a United States Senator from Maine from 1980 to 1995, since retiring from the Senate, Mitchell has taken up a variety of positions in politics and business. Mitchell served as chairman of The Walt Disney Company from March 2004 until January 2007 and he was the Chancellor of Queens University in Belfast, Northern Ireland, from 1999 to 2009. Mitchell currently serves as a co-chair of the Housing Commission at the Bipartisan Policy Center, Mitchell was born in Waterville, Maine. His father, George John Mitchell, Sr. was of ethnic Irish descent but was adopted by a Lebanese family when he was orphaned, Mitchells father was a janitor at Colby College in Waterville, where Mitchell was raised. Mitchells mother, Mary, was a worker who emigrated to the United States in 1920 from Bkassine, Lebanon. Because of his origin, Mitchell is recognized as a prominent Arab-American and he is currently Penn States Athletic Integrity Monitor. Mitchell was raised a Maronite Catholic and in his childhood served as a boy at St. Josephs Maronite Church in Maine. Throughout junior high school and high school, Mitchell worked as a janitor, in a family of five children, all three of Mitchells brothers were athletes and though a talented student, as a child, he found himself overshadowed by his brothers athletic achievements. After graduating from school at the age of sixteen, Mitchell attended Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine. He graduated in 1954, intending to attend school and then teach. In 1961, Mitchell received his law degree from Georgetown University Law Center by attending its part-time program at night and he has since received an honorary LL. D. from Bates College. Muskie from 1962 to 1965, where he first gained interest in the political world, afterwards, Mitchell practiced law in Portland, Maine, from 1965 to 1977 and was assistant county attorney for Cumberland County, Maine, in 1971. In 1974 Mitchell won the Democratic nomination for governor of Maine and he lost in the general election to independent candidate James B. Longley, but was appointed United States Attorney for Maine by President Jimmy Carter in 1977, Mitchell served in that capacity from 1977 to 1979 when he was appointed to the United States District Court for the District of Maine. He served as Deputy President pro tempore in the 100th United States Congress, stennis, and remains the only senator other than Hubert Humphrey to have held that post. The position of Deputy President pro tempore was created specifically to be held by a current Senator who is a former President or former Vice President of the United States. In 1988 Mitchell was reelected with 81% of the vote, the largest margin of victory in a Senate election that year, Mitchell served as Senate Majority Leader from 1989 to 1995
26.
Maine
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Maine is the northernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Maine is the 39th most extensive and the 41st most populous of the U. S. states and territories and it is bordered by New Hampshire to the west, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec to the north. Maine is the easternmost state in the contiguous United States, and it is known for its jagged, rocky coastline, low, rolling mountains, heavily forested interior, and picturesque waterways, and also its seafood cuisine, especially clams and lobster. There is a continental climate throughout the state, even in areas such as its most populous city of Portland. For thousands of years, indigenous peoples were the inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine. At the time of European arrival in what is now Maine, the first European settlement in the area was by the French in 1604 on Saint Croix Island, by Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons. The first English settlement was the short-lived Popham Colony, established by the Plymouth Company in 1607, as Maine entered the 18th century, only a half dozen European settlements had survived. Loyalist and Patriot forces contended for Maines territory during the American Revolution, Maine was part of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts until 1820, when it voted to secede from Massachusetts to become an independent state. On March 15,1820, it was admitted to the Union as the 23rd state under the Missouri Compromise, there is no definitive explanation for the origin of the name Maine, but the most likely origin is the name given by early explorers after a province in France. Whatever the origin, the name was fixed for English settlers in 1665 when the English Kings Commissioners ordered that the Province of Maine be entered from then on in official records. The state legislature in 2001 adopted a resolution establishing Franco-American Day, other theories mention earlier places with similar names, or claim it is a nautical reference to the mainland. Attempts to uncover the history of the name of Maine began with James Sullivans 1795 History of the District of Maine. He made the allegation that the Province of Maine was a compliment to the queen of Charles I, Henrietta Maria. MAINE appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 in reference to the county of Dorset, the view generally held among British place name scholars is that Mayne in Dorset is Brythonic, corresponding to modern Welsh maen, plural main or meini. Some early spellings are, MAINE1086, MEINE1200, MEINES1204, mason had served with the Royal Navy in the Orkney Islands where the chief island is called Mainland, a possible name derivation for these English sailors. Initially, several tracts along the coast of New England were referred to as Main or Maine, Maine is the only state whose name has exactly one syllable. The original inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine were Algonquian-speaking Wabanaki peoples, including the Abenaki, Passamaquoddy, Maliseet and Penobscot, who had a loose confederacy. European contact with what is now called Maine started around 1200 CE when Norwegians interacted with the native Penobscot in present-day Hancock County, most likely through trade
27.
United States Congress
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The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington, D. C, both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment. Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party, Congress has 535 voting members,435 Representatives and 100 Senators. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members and these members can, however, sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation. Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency, known as a district. Congressional districts are apportioned to states by using the United States Census results. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, currently, there are 100 senators representing the 50 states. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a term, with terms staggered. The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process—legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers, however, the Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue-raising bills, the House initiates impeachment cases, while the Senate decides impeachment cases. A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before a person can be forcibly removed from office. The term Congress can also refer to a meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years, the current one, the 115th Congress, began on January 3,2017, the Congress starts and ends on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, members of the House of Representatives are referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played a role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. Several academics described Congress, Congress reflects us in all our strengths, Congress is the governments most representative body. Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the public policy issues of the day. —Smith, Roberts, and Wielen Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux, most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent
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101st United States Congress
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It met in Washington, DC from January 3,1989, to January 3,1991, during the first two years of the administration of U. S. President George H. W. Bush. The apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the Twentieth Census of the United States in 1980, both chambers had a Democratic majority. January 20,1989, George H. W. L, 101–12,103 Stat.16 October 28,1989, Flag Protection Act of 1989, Pub. L. 101–131,103 Stat.777 May 22,1990, Biological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act of 1989, 101–298,104 Stat.201 July 26,1990, Americans with Disabilities Act, Pub. L. 101–336,104 Stat.327 August 18,1990, Oil Pollution Act of 1990, 101–380,104 Stat.484 September 25,1990, Hotel and Motel Fire Safety Act of 1990, Pub. L. 101–391,104 Stat.747 October 30,1990, Native American Languages Act of 1990, 101–477,104 Stat.1152 November 5,1990, Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990, Pub. L. 101–508,104 Stat.1388 November 12,1990, Water Resources Development Act of 1990, 101–640 November 15,1990, Administrative Dispute Resolution Act, Pub. L. 101–552,104 Stat.2736 November 16,1990, Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, 101–601,104 Stat.3048 November 29,1990, Negotiated Rulemaking Act, Pub. L. 101–648,104 Stat.4969 November 29,1990, Immigration Act of 1990, 101–649,104 Stat.4978 December 1,1990, Judicial Improvements Act of 1990, Pub. L. 101–650,104 Stat.5128 October 22,1990, Civil Rights Act of 1990, override attempt failed in Senate, 66-34. March 1,1989, Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district. The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers, halverson Historian, Richard A. Baker Parliamentarian, Alan Frumin Secretary, Walter J. Stewart Secretary for the Majority, C. Abbott Saffold Secretary for the Minority, Howard O. Green, Jr. Sergeant at Arms, Henry K. Giugni Chaplain, James David Ford Clerk, Donnald K. Anderson Doorkeeper, James T. Molloy Historian, Ray Smock Parliamentarian, William H. Brown Postmaster, Robert V. S. Congress U. S. House of Representatives, Congressional History U. S. Senate, Statistics, Congressional Pictorial Directory for the 101st Congress. Official Congressional Directory for the 101st Congress
29.
102nd United States Congress
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It met in Washington, DC from January 3,1991, to January 3,1993, during the last two years of the administration of U. S. President George H. W. Bush. The apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the 1980 United States Census, both chambers had a Democratic majority. L. 102–4,105 Stat.11 November 21,1991, Civil Rights Act of 1991, 102–166,105 Stat.1071 December 9,1991, High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991, Pub. L. 102–194 December 12,1991, Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991, 102–228,105 Stat.1691 October 9,1992, Chinese Student Protection Act of 1992, Pub. L. 102–404,106 Stat.1969 October 23,1992, Former Soviet Union Demilitarization Act of 1992 Pub. L, 102–484,106 Stat.2315 October 23,1992, Weapons of Mass Destruction Control Act, Pub. L. 102–484,106 Stat.2567 October 28,1992, Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act, 102–548,106 Stat.3646 October 28,1992, Land Remote Sensing Policy Act, Pub. L. 102–555,106 Stat.4163 November 2,1992, High Seas Driftnet Fisheries Enforcement Act of 1992, 102–582,106 Stat.4900 November 4,1992, Abandoned Barge Act of 1992, Pub. L. Senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district, halverson Historian, Richard A. Baker Parliamentarian, Alan Frumin Secretary, Walter J. Stewart Secretary for the Majority, C. Abbott Saffold Secretary for the Minority, Howard O. Green, Congress U. S. House of Representatives, Congressional History U. S. Senate, Statistics and Lists House of Representatives Session Calendar for the 102nd Congress. Congressional Pictorial Directory for the 102nd Congress, official Congressional Directory for the 102nd Congress
30.
Governor of Alabama
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The Governor of Alabama is the chief executive of the U. S. state of Alabama. The governor is the head of the branch of Alabamas state government and is charged with enforcing state laws. The governor has the power to approve or veto bills passed by the Alabama Legislature, to convene the legislature. The governor is also the commander-in-chief of the military forces. There have officially been 53 governors of the state of Alabama, the first governor, William Wyatt Bibb, served as the only governor of the Alabama Territory. Five people have served as acting governor, bringing the number of people serving as governor to 58. Four governors have served multiple terms, Bibb Graves, Jim Folsom. Officially, these terms are numbered only with the number of their first term. William D. Jelks also served non-consecutive terms, but his first term was in an acting capacity, the longest-serving governor was George Wallace, who served sixteen years over four terms. The shortest term for a governor was that of Hugh McVay, who served four. Lurleen Wallace, wife of George Wallace, was the first and so far only woman to serve as governor of Alabama, the current governor is Republican Robert J. Bentley, who took office on January 17,2011. For the period before Alabama Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of Mississippi Territory, Alabama Territory was formed on March 3,1817, from Mississippi Territory. It had only one appointed by the President of the United States before it became a state. Alabama was admitted to the Union on December 14,1819, following the end of the American Civil War, Alabama during Reconstruction was part of the Third Military District, which exerted some control over governor appointments and elections. Alabama was readmitted to the Union on July 14,1868, the first Alabama Constitution, ratified in 1819, provided that a governor be elected every two years, limited to serve no more than four out of every six years. This limit remained in place until the constitution of 1868, which simply allowed governors to serve terms of two years, the current constitution of 1901 increased terms to four years, but prohibited governors from succeeding themselves. Amendment 282 to the constitution, passed in 1968, allowed governors to succeed themselves once, the constitution had no set date for the commencement of a governors term until 1901, when it was set at the first Monday after the second Tuesday in the January following an election. The office of lieutenant governor was created in 1868, abolished in 1875, earlier constitutions said the powers of the governor devolved upon the successor, rather than them necessarily becoming governor, but the official listing includes these as full governors
31.
H. Guy Hunt
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Harold Guy Hunt was an American politician who served as the 49th Governor of Alabama from 1987 to 1993. He was the first Republican to serve as governor of the state since Reconstruction, Hunt was born in Holly Pond, Alabama. He was the salutatorian of his school class, but he turned down a college education. Instead, he enlisted in the United States Army and served in the Korean War and he returned to Alabama upon his discharge in 1956, where he operated an egg farm. He was ordained a Primitive Baptist minister in 1958, and also worked as a salesman for Amway and he married the former Helen Chambers in 1951, they had four children. Hunt was active in the Republican Party from the days when the Democrats held near-total control of the state and he first ran for office in 1962, an unsuccessful run for the Alabama Senate. In 1964, he was elected judge of Cullman County. He was the youngest probate judge in Alabama and he was reelected in 1970, stepping down in 1976 to honor a promise to serve only two terms. He was state chairman of Ronald Reagans presidential campaigns in 1976 and 1980, in 1978, Hunt was the Republican nominee for governor, but he lost in a massive landslide to then Democrat Fob James. In that election, Ann Bedsole, a moderate Republican from Mobile, after Reagan won election in 1980, he appointed Hunt as State Director of the Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Committee. He resigned in 1985 to run for governor and his campaign was not taken seriously at first even among Republicans, who were more concerned about helping Senator Jeremiah Denton win reelection. The press paid little attention to the Republican gubernatorial primary, fully expecting that the winner of the Democratic primary would be the next governor, however, a fracas in the Democratic primary changed the picture. That race saw then Alabama Attorney General Charles Graddick in a runoff with Lieutenant Governor Bill Baxley, Graddick, the more conservative candidate, won by a few thousand votes. However, Baxley sued, claiming that Graddick violated primary regulations by encouraging Republicans to cross over, Graddick, for his part, maintained that this was legal because Alabama was an open primary state. The dispute made it all the way to the state Supreme Court, Alabamians, accustomed to a system where anybody and everybody could vote in a primary, were outraged and took out their frustrations by voting for Hunt. In November, Hunt won the election by 13 points and 56 percent of the vote, hunts election surprised many Alabamians since the last Republican governor had left office 113 years earlier, at the end of Reconstruction. He narrowly won reelection in 1990 after trailing most of the way, Hunt pushed through major tort reform and tried to bring more industry and tourism to the state, but had to wrangle through massive opposition in the state legislature. In 1992, the Alabama Supreme Court ruled that taxpayers could sue Hunt for flying on state-owned aircraft to preaching engagements, as Governor, Hunt presided over eight executions in Alabama, all by electric chair
32.
Governor of Alaska
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The Governor of Alaska is the chief executive of the State of Alaska. Eleven people have served as governor of the State of Alaska over 13 distinct terms, though Alaska had over 30 civilian, only two governors, William Allen Egan and Bill Walker, were born in Alaska. Two people, Egan and Wally Hickel, have elected to multiple non-consecutive terms as governor. Hickel is also noted for a third party win in American politics. The longest-serving governor of the state was Egan, who was elected three times and served nearly 12 years, the longest-serving territorial governor was Ernest Gruening, who served 13½ years. The current governor is Bill Walker, who took office on December 1,2014, Alaska was purchased by the United States from the Russian Empire in 1867, with formal transfer occurring on October 18,1867, which is now celebrated as Alaska Day. Prior to then, it was known as Russian America or Russian Alaska, controlled by the governors, the Department of the Treasury then took control, with the Collector of Customs as the highest ranking federal official in the territory. In 1879, the U. S. Navy was given jurisdiction over the department, some believe the first American administrator of Alaska was Polish immigrant Włodzimierz Krzyżanowski. However, the Anchorage Daily News was unable to find any information to support this claim. On May 17,1884, the Department of Alaska was redesignated the District of Alaska, the governor was appointed by the President of the United States. The District of Alaska was organized into Alaska Territory on August 24,1912, Governors continued to be appointed by the President of the United States. During World War II, parts of the Aleutian Islands were occupied by Imperial Japan from June 5,1942, Alaska was admitted to the Union on January 3,1959. Governors are allowed to succeed themselves once, having to wait four years after their term in a row before being allowed to run again. Should the office of governor become vacant, the lieutenant governor assumes the title of governor, the original constitution of 1956 created the office of secretary of state, which was functionally identical to a lieutenant governor, and was renamed to lieutenant governor in 1970. Many Republicans were unhappy with the choice of Arliss Sturgulewski as their partys candidate for governor in the 1990 election, however, he never held the AIPs secessionist ideals, and switched back to the Republican Party eight months before his term ended. Five of Alaskas governors have served other high offices, including one Cabinet member, three were members of the U. S. Congress, although only two represented Alaska. As of January 2017 there are seven living former governors of Alaska, the most recent death of a former governor was that of Mike Stepovich on February 14,2014. The most recently serving governor to die was Wally Hickel on May 7,2010, list of Governors of Alaska by time in office Timeline of Alaska General Constitution Specific Office of the Governor of Alaska
33.
Wally Hickel
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Walter Joseph Wally Hickel was an American businessman and politician. Hickel served as the second and eighth Governor of Alaska and he later served a full term as governor from 1990 to 1994 under the banner of the Alaskan Independence Party, thus far the partys most significant electoral achievement. Born in Ellinwood, Kansas in 1919, he grew up on his parents Dust Bowl tenant farm during the Great Depression near Claflin, Hickel relocated to Alaska in 1940, going into the local real estate industry. By 1947, Hickel had formed a construction company. While some fellow Republicans in the Alaska Territory opposed statehood, Hickel joined Democrats in calls for joining the Union during the late 1940s, congress and within the Eisenhower Administration to speak about Alaskan statehood. Thanks in part to his efforts, Hickels debates with Congressional leaders led to enough initially hesitant Republicans voting in favor of the Alaska Statehood Act in 1958. Hickel was elected as Alaskas second governor in the 1966 state general elections, defeating his Democratic rival, Hickel, a moderate Republican and environmentalist, did not push for heavy oil exploitation. In 1968, Hickel appointed Ted Stevens to the United States Senate to replace the recently deceased Bob Bartlett, like his predecessor Egan, Hickel sought to improve relations with Alaskan Natives in seeking resolutions on Native land claims. A group of Native Americans from Interior Alaska, including Morris Thompson and Don and Jules Wright, played roles in his 1966 campaign. Richard Nixons election as U. S. President in late 1968 led to an offer to Hickel from the President-elect to serve in the United States Cabinet as Interior Secretary, initially, Hickel declined the cabinet offer. Nixon replied that his decision was final, Hickel would recall years later that he cried afterward and announced that he would be resigning from the governorship to go to Washington. Hickels nomination was met with what he wrote was a newspaper smear campaign of false and crazy accusations that he had a corrupt. Opposition to his nomination was led by influential columnists Drew Pearson, newspapers opposing his nomination included the New York Times and the Los Angeles Times. In the Senate, his confirmation was opposed by, among others, Democratic senators Walter Mondale, sierra Club director David Brower testified in opposition to Hickel. The Senate nevertheless confirmed his nomination on 23 January 1969, Hickels centrist voice inside the Nixon Administration eventually led to confrontations with the President. That dissent garnered worldwide attention, and on November 25,1970. Days before he lost the office, Hickel had told CBS60 Minutes that he would not quit under pressure, Hickels undersecretaries, such as Leslie Glasgow, who was in charge of Fish, Wildlife, Parks, and Marine Resources, were also dismissed. After less than two years in Washington, Glasgow returned to Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, where he was a professor with expertise in the study of wildlife in the marshes
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Alaskan Independence Party
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The party also advocates positions similar to those of the Constitution Party, Republican Party and Libertarian Party, supporting gun rights, privatization, home schooling, and limited government. The National Constitution Party has listed the AIP as an Alaska affiliate in the past, the Alaskan Independence Party was founded with the goal of obtaining for Alaskans the right to vote on statehood. Become a separate and independent country, since its founding, the AIP has radically changed with respect to the issue of secession. At present, it does not support secession though, at its founding, in 1973 Vogler began arguing about the validity of the Alaskan statehood vote. Early in that year, he began circulating a petition seeking support for secession of Alaska from the United States, Alaska magazine published a piece at that time in which Vogler claimed to have gathered 15,000 signatures in three weeks. Vogler has been quoted as stating Im an Alaskan, not an American, ive got no use for America or her damned institutions. In early 1973, Vogler founded Alaskans For Independence, originally to label the petition drive, the organization took on a life of its own in the following years, and actively pursued secession for Alaska from the United States. Vogler also founded the Alaskan Independence Party at around the same time, during its first decade of existence, the Party was used exclusively by Vogler for his first two campaigns for governor and campaign for lieutenant governor. Largely in response to the lawsuit Vogler v. Miller, the State of Alaska enacted emergency regulations, effective June 14,1984, the party has maintained its recognized status since, first by maintaining thresholds in gubernatorial elections, then through same with voter registration. Vogler would serve as the AIPs standard-bearer for most of the partys first two decades and he ran for governor in 1974, with Wayne Peppler as his running mate. Jay Hammond was elected over incumbent governor William Egan, with Vogler trailing far behind, Voglers running mate in 1986 was Al Rowe, a Fairbanks resident and former Alaska State Trooper. Rowe took out a series of ads, fashioning himself in the image of Sheriff Buford Pusser. These ads were a major attention getter during the race, since then, AIP candidates have disapproved of initiating a statewide vote revisiting the status of Alaskan statehood. In 1990, former Republican governor Walter Joseph Hickel won the election for governor as a member of the Alaskan Independence Party and this is the only time since Alaska joined the union that a third-party candidate has been elected governor. Hickel refused a vote on secession called on by a group within the AIP loyal to Voglers original vision. He rejoined the Republican Party in 1994, with eight remaining in his term. He was elected to a district comprising mostly the area between the Aleutian Islands and Bristol Bay and he switched his party affiliation back to Democrat at around the same time that Hickel switched, and continued to serve in the House until 2007. The party did not get involved in elections until 1992, when it endorsed Howard Phillips
35.
Governor of Arizona
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The Governor of Arizona is the head of the executive branch of Arizonas state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. Twenty-two people have served as governor over 26 distinct terms, one governor, Evan Mecham, was successfully impeached, and one, Fife Symington III, resigned upon being convicted of a felony. The longest-serving governor was Hunt, who was elected seven times, bolin had the shortest tenure, dying less than five months after succeeding as governor. Four governors were born in Arizona, Campbell, Sidney Preston Osborn, Rose Mofford. Arizona has had four governors, the most in the United States. The current Governor is Doug Ducey, who was elected on November 4,2014 and this proposed territory consisted of the part of New Mexico Territory south of 33°40 N. On April 2, they elected a governor, Lewis Owings, the provisional territory was to exist until such time as an official territory was created, but that proposal was rejected by the U. S. Congress at the time. On March 16,1861, soon before the American Civil War broke out, Lewis Owings remained as territorial governor. The Confederacy took ownership of the territory on August 1,1861, when led by Lieutenant Colonel John Baylor won decisive control of the territory. The territory was organized on February 14,1862, on March 20,1862, Baylor issued an order to kill all the adult Apache and take their children into slavery. When Confederate President Jefferson Davis learned of this order, he strongly disapproved and demanded an explanation. Baylor wrote a letter December 29,1862, to justify his decision, by that time, the government of Confederate Arizona was in exile in San Antonio, Texas, as the territory had been effectively lost to Union forces in July 1862, no new governor was appointed. For the period before Arizona Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of New Mexico Territory, Arizona Territory was formed on February 24,1863 from New Mexico Territory, remaining a territory for 49 years. On January 18,1867, the corner of the territory was transferred to the state of Nevada. The state of Arizona was admitted to the Union on February 14,1912, the state constitution of 1912 called for the election of a governor every two years. The term was increased to four years by a 1968 amendment, gubernatorial terms begin on the first Monday in the January following the election. Governors who have served the two term limit can run again after four years out of office. Arizona is one of seven states which does not have a lieutenant governor, instead, in the event of a vacancy in the office of governor, the Secretary of State, if elected, succeeds to the office
36.
Rose Mofford
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Rose Perica Mofford was an American civil servant and politician. Mofford was born Rose Perica in Globe, Arizona, on June 10,1922 and her parents, Frances and John Perica, had immigrated to the United States from Croatia, then part of Austria–Hungary. The first female president in the history of Globe High School. She played basketball and was an All-American softball player and she graduated in 1939 as class valedictorian and, based upon her fathers advice, turned down an opportunity to play professional basketball with the All American Red Heads. She was married to Thorald Robert Lefty Mofford from 1957 to 1967, following high school, Mofford began her career as a secretary for State Treasurer Joe Hunt. Two years later, when Hunt was promoted to the Arizona Tax Commission, in 1945, she left the Tax Commission and became business manager for Arizona Highways. Mofford returned to the Tax Commission in 1947 as executive secretary, following Hunts retirement in 1960, new commissioner Thad Moore fired Mofford, saying we felt it was better to have a man in that job. Following her dismissal from the Tax Commission, Mofford was hired as a secretary by Secretary of State Wesley Bolin. She remained in the Secretary of States office until 1975, when she became assistant director of the State Revenue Department, when Governor Raúl Castro announced his resignation to become Ambassador to Argentina, Secretary Bolin ascended to the governorship. Arizona has no lieutenant governor, the secretary of state stands first in the line of succession to the governorship if holding office by election, Bolin in turn appointed Mofford to serve the remainder of his term as Secretary of State. Bolin died in office on March 4,1978, although Mofford was Secretary of State, she held that post by appointment, so she did not ascend to the governorship. At the end of the term she ran for a term as Secretary of State. She was reelected in 1982 and 1986, Mofford became known in the state capital as the friendly woman with a beehive hairdo, and her office gained a reputation as an efficient operation. She herself was noted for her punctuality, answering her own phone, in addition to her state position, she served from 1982 until 1983 as president of the National Association of Secretaries of State. Governor Evan Mecham was impeached on February 8,1988, per the Arizona Constitution, his powers were suspended and Mofford became acting governor, as she was now Secretary of State by election. While most observers complimented her on the job she performed, Mecham objected to Mofford replacing the one state department head that he had appointed. Mecham was convicted on two of four articles in the impeachment trial and removed from office on April 4,1988, moffords primary goal as governor was to return stability to Arizona. Her efforts were held as providing a calming effect following the tumultuous impeachment
37.
Fife Symington
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John Fife Symington III is an American businessman and former politician. He served as the 19th Governor of Arizona from 1991 until a conviction on charges of extortion, Symington comes from a wealthy Maryland family. He is the son of Martha Howard, and a great-grandson of steel magnate Henry Clay Frick and his cousin, Stuart Symington, was a U. S. Senator from Missouri and father of James Wadsworth Symington, a U. S and he is married to the former Ann Olin Pritzlaff, an ordained deacon in the Episcopal Church and an heiress of the Olin family. They have five children and four grandchildren and he attended the prestigious Gilman School in Baltimore, then attended Harvard University, graduating in 1968 with a degree in Dutch art history and was a member of the Porcellian Club. He served in the United States Air Force during the Vietnam War, stationed at Luke Air Force Base in Maricopa County and he remained in Arizona and became involved in real estate development, founding his own company, the Symington Company, in 1976. Symington ran for governor of Arizona in 1990, taking 44% of the vote in the Republican primary in a field of four candidates and he ran against Democrat Terry Goddard, the former mayor of Phoenix, in the November general election. The presence of four write-in candidates resulted in Symington and Goddard being virtually tied, Arizona had adopted runoff voting in general elections if no candidate receives 50% of the vote. This came after the controversial Evan Mecham had been elected governor in 1986 with only 40% of the vote, as a result, a runoff was held on February 26,1991, which Symington won with 52% of the vote. Symington was sworn into office on March 6,1991, during his first term, the governor was the subject of an investigation over his involvement with Southwest Savings and Loan, a failed Phoenix thrift. He was later cleared, and won handily in 1994. The Grand Canyon National Park was shut down for the first time ever in November 1995, on November 17, Symingtons response came very close to creating a national crisis. Symington, citing the effects of the parks closure on tourism, stated that the Grand Canyon must remain open, by force. When Symingtons group arrived, Symington beat on the gates in front of the media. The United States Department of Interior later reopened the park under state supervision, a federal agency reimbursed Arizona the $370,020 the state donated to keep the Grand Canyon National Park open during the government shutdowns. Later, Symington was indicted on 21 federal counts of extortion, making false financial statements and he was convicted for seven counts of bank fraud on September 4,1997. He was charged with defrauding his lenders as a real estate developer, extorting a pension fund. As Arizona state law does not allow convicted felons to hold office and this conviction, however, was overturned in 1999 by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals
38.
Governor of Arkansas
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The Governor of Arkansas is the head of the executive branch of Arkansass state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. The state has had 45 elected governors, as well as 10 acting governors who assumed powers and duties following the resignation or death of the governor, before becoming a state, Arkansas Territory had four governors appointed to it by the President of the United States. Orval Faubus served the longest term as governor, being elected six times to serve twelve years. Bill Clinton, elected five times over two terms, fell only one month short of twelve years. The current governor is Asa Hutchinson, who took office on January 13,2015 after his election on November 4,2014, for the period before Arkansas Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of Missouri Territory. Arkansaw Territory was split from Missouri Territory on July 4,1819 and it lost land twice, on November 15,1824, and May 6,1828, with the land being made unorganized territory both times, this land eventually became part of Oklahoma. As secretary of the territory from 1819 to 1829, Robert Crittenden served as acting governor whenever the governor was not in the state. This meant he was in fact the first person to perform the office of Governor of Arkansas Territory, Arkansas was admitted to the Union on June 15,1836. It seceded from the Union on May 6,1861, following the end of the American Civil War, it was part of the Fourth Military District. Arkansas was readmitted to the Union on June 22,1868, the first state constitution of 1836 established four-year terms for governors, which was lowered to two years in the 1874, and current, constitution. Amendment 63 to the Arkansas Constitution, passed in 1984, increased the terms of governor and lieutenant governor to four years. Governors were originally limited only to serving no more than eight out of twelve years. A referendum in 1992 limited governors to two terms and this led to some situations where the governorship changed hands in quick succession, due to senate terms ending or new senate presidents being elected. For example, after John Sebastian Little resigned in 1907, three senate presidents acted as governor before the elected governor took office. Should the president of the senate be similarly incapacitated, the next in line for the governorship was the speaker of the house of representatives. The 1864 constitution created the office of lieutenant governor who would act as president of the senate. The 1868 constitution maintained the position, but the 1874 constitution removed it, amendment 6 to the constitution, passed in 1914 but not recognized until 1925, recreated the office of lieutenant governor, who becomes governor in case of vacancy of the governors office. The governor and lieutenant governor are not elected on the same ticket, Arkansas was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only candidates from the Democratic party
39.
Bill Clinton
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William Jefferson Clinton is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Prior to the Presidency he was the 40th Governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981, before that, he served as Arkansas Attorney General from 1977 to 1979. A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton was ideogically a New Democrat, Clinton is married to Hillary Clinton, who served as United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013 and U. S. Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, and served the Democratic nominee for President in 2016, Bill Clinton and Hillary Rodham both earned degrees from Yale Law School, where they met and began dating. As Governor of Arkansas, Clinton overhauled the states education system, Clinton was elected President of the United States in 1992, defeating incumbent George H. W. Bush. At age 46, he was the third-youngest president and the first from the Baby Boomer generation, Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history and signed into law the North American Free Trade Agreement. After failing to pass health care reform, the Democratic House was ousted when the Republican Party won control of the Congress in 1994. Two years later, in 1996, Clinton became the first Democrat since Franklin D. Roosevelt to be elected to a second term, Clinton passed welfare reform and the State Childrens Health Insurance Program, providing health coverage for millions of children. Clinton was acquitted by the U. S. Senate in 1999, the Congressional Budget Office reported a budget surplus between the years 1998 and 2000, the last three years of Clintons presidency. In foreign policy, Clinton ordered U. S. Clinton left office with the highest end-of-office approval rating of any U. S. President since World War II, since then, Clinton has been involved in public speaking and humanitarian work. He created the William J. Clinton Foundation to address international causes, such as the prevention of AIDS, in 2004, Clinton published his autobiography, My Life. In 2009, Clinton was named the United Nations Special Envoy to Haiti, since leaving office, Clinton has been rated highly in public opinion polls of U. S. Presidents. Clinton was born on August 19,1946, at Julia Chester Hospital in Hope, Arkansas and he was the son of William Jefferson Blythe Jr. a traveling salesman who had died in an automobile accident three months before his birth, and Virginia Dell Cassidy. His parents had married on September 4,1943, but this later proved to be bigamous. Soon after their son was born, his mother traveled to New Orleans to study nursing, leaving her son in Hope with her parents Eldridge and Edith Cassidy, who owned and ran a small grocery store. At a time when the Southern United States was segregated racially, in 1950, Bills mother returned from nursing school and married Roger Clinton Sr. who owned an automobile dealership in Hot Springs, Arkansas, with his brother and Earl T. Ricks. The family moved to Hot Springs in 1950, although he immediately assumed use of his stepfathers surname, it was not until Clinton turned fifteen that he formally adopted the surname Clinton as a gesture toward his stepfather. In Hot Springs, Clinton attended St. Johns Catholic Elementary School, Ramble Elementary School, and Hot Springs High School—where he was a student leader, avid reader
40.
Governor of California
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The position was created in 1849, the year before California became a state. The current governor is Jerry Brown, a Democrat who was inaugurated January 3,2011, in October 2013, Jerry Brown surpassed Earl Warren for the longest cumulative period of time served as governor. Governors are elected by ballot and serve terms of four years. Governors take office on the first Monday after January 1 after their election, there are two methods available to remove a governor before the expiration of the gubernatorial term of office. Impeachment and removal by the legislature The governor can be impeached for misconduct in office by the State Assembly, recall by the voters Petitions signed by California state voters equal in number to 12% of the last vote for the office of governor can launch a gubernatorial recall election. The voters can vote on whether or not to recall the incumbent governor. If a majority of the voters in the vote to recall the governor. The 2003 California recall began with a drive that successfully forced sitting Democratic Governor Gray Davis into a special recall election. It marked the first time in the history of California that a governor faced a recall election and he was subsequently voted out of office, becoming the second governor in the history of the United States to be recalled after Lynn Frazier of North Dakota in 1921. He was replaced by Republican Arnold Schwarzenegger, the Lieutenant Governor of California is separately elected during the same election, not jointly as the running mate of the gubernatorial candidate. California has had a governor and a lieutenant governor of different parties 26 of the past 31 years, the lieutenant governor is also the President of the California State Senate. In practice, there is an agreement for the Lieutenant Governor not to perform more than perfunctory duties while the Governor is away from the state. This agreement was violated when Mike Curb was in office, as he signed several executive orders at odds with the Brown administration when Brown was out of the state. Court rulings have upheld the lieutenant governors right to perform the duties, peter Burnett had the longest post-governorship,44 years. He left office in 1851 and died in 1895, excluding governors who died in office, Robert Waterman had the shortest post-governorship. He died on April 12,1891, a three months and four days after the expiration of his term. Sworn in at the age of 30, J. Neely Johnson was the youngest governor from 1856 to 1858, sworn in at the age of 72, Jerry Brown became the oldest governor in 2011. Earl Warren was the governor to serve more than two consecutive terms in office
41.
George Deukmejian
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Courken George Deukmejian, Jr. is an American politician who was the 35th Governor of California from 1983 to 1991 and Attorney General of California from 1979 to 1983. Deukmejian was the first and so far the only governor of a U. S. state of Armenian descent, Deukmejian was born Courken George Deukmejian, Jr. in Menands, New York. His parents were Armenians who emigrated from the Ottoman Empire in the early 1900s to escape the Armenian Genocide and his father, George Deukmejian, who lost his sister during the Genocide, was a rug merchant, and was born in Gaziantep. Deukmejians mother, Alice Gairden, was born in Erzurum and worked for Montgomery Ward, Deukmejian graduated a B. A. in Sociology from Siena College in 1949. He then earned a Juris Doctor from St. Johns University in 1952, from 1953 to 1955, he served in the U. S. Army, assigned to the Judge Advocate Generals Corps. Deukmejian moved to California in 1955 where his sister, Anna Ashjian, introduced him to his future wife Gloria Saatjian and they married in 1957 and had three children, two daughters, born in 1964 and 1969, and one son, born in 1966. Deukmejian entered politics in California after a period of private practice in Long Beach alongside Malcolm M. Lucas. He was elected to represent Long Beach in the State Assembly in 1962, in 1966, he was elected as a state senator, serving from 1967 to 1969. By 1969, he was the Majority Leader of the California State Senate and he first ran for Attorney General of California in 1970, finishing fourth in the Republican primary. He won the election for Attorney General in 1978 and served from 1979 to 1983, during this time, he led a high-profile campaign against cannabis in northern California, at one point descending by helicopter along with flak-jacketed, gun-toting agents on a cannabis farm. Deukmejian was elected in 1982 to his first term as Governor of California, defeating Lieutenant Governor Michael Curb, one of his early primary backers was former gubernatorial candidate Joe Shell of Bakersfield, California, a conservative who had opposed Richard M. Nixon in the 1962 primary. In the general election, Deukmejian ran as a supporter of public safety. In addition, he was critical of outgoing Governor Jerry Brown. He also strongly criticized the state Supreme Court, which was dominated by Brown appointees, Deukmejian narrowly defeated Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley in the general election. Deukmejian won the election by about 100,000 votes, about 1.2 percent of the 7.5 million votes cast, however, the polling had ignored absentee balloting, which was an important aspect of the Deukmejian campaign—and not Bradleys. Deukmejians governorship was a departure from that of his predecessor, Jerry Brown and he vowed not to raise taxes, appealing to the business community by repealing some consumer and environmental requirements. He presented himself as law and order candidate proposing new efforts to fight crime and he faced a Democrat-dominated California State Legislature during his two terms as governor. He was the sole Republican statewide officeholder until Thomas W. Hayes was appointed California State Treasurer, in 1983, Deukmejian abolished the Caltrans Office of Bicycle Facilities and reduced state spending for bicycle projects from $5 million to the statutory minimum of $360,000 per year
42.
Pete Wilson
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Peter Barton Pete Wilson is an American politician from California who served as the 36th Governor of California, a United States Senator, the Mayor of San Diego and a California State Assemblyman. A Republican, Wilson is primarily remembered today for championing California Proposition 187, since then, the only California Republican to win a major statewide election was Arnold Schwarzenegger. Peter Barton Wilson was born on August 23,1933, in Lake Forest, Illinois and his parents were James Boone Wilson and Margaret Callaghan Wilson. His father sold college fraternity jewelry to work his way through University of Illinois, the Wilson family settled in St. Louis, Missouri when Pete was in elementary school. In his junior year he elected to join the Marine Corps upon his graduation, after graduating from Yale, Wilson served for three years in the United States Marine Corps as an infantry officer, eventually becoming a platoon leader. Upon completion of his Marine Corps service, Wilson earned a doctor degree from the University of California. In 1962, while working as an Advance Man for the Republican gubernatorial candidate Richard M. Nixon, Wilson got to know Herb Klein, Klein suggested that Wilson might do well in Southern California politics, so in 1963, Wilson moved to San Diego. After passing the bar exam, Wilson began his practice as a defense attorney in San Diego. He later commented to the Los Angeles Times, I realized I couldnt be a defense lawyer – because most of the people who do come to you are guilty. Wilson switched to a more law practice and continued his activity in local politics. Wilsons like for politics and managing the details of the political process was growing. Wilson was re-elected to the Assembly in 1968 and 1970, Wilson served three terms as Mayor of San Diego, from 1971 to 1983, winning election by a 2,1 margin each time. He also helped to keep baseballs Padres in San Diego, helping to persuade local millionaire Ray Kroc to buy the team, the 1972 Republican National Convention had been scheduled to take place in San Diego in August 1972. Wilson proclaimed the week of the convention to be Americas Finest City Week, in 1972, Wilson recruited Clarence M. Pendleton, Jr. to head the Model Cities Program in San Diego. In 1981, U. S. President Ronald W. Reagan appointed Pendleton to chair the United States Commission on Civil Rights, in 1982, Wilson won the Republican primary in California to replace the retiring U. S. Wilsons Democratic opponent was the outgoing two-term Governor Jerry Brown, Wilson was known as a fiscal conservative who supported Proposition 13, although Wilson had opposed the measure while mayor of San Diego. However, Brown ran on his record of building the largest state budget surpluses in California history. Both Wilson and Brown were moderate-to-liberal on social issues, including support for abortion rights, the election was expected to be close, with Brown holding a slim lead in most of the polls leading up to Election Day
43.
Governor of Colorado
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The Governor of the State of Colorado is the head of the executive branch of Colorados state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. Seven people served as governor of Colorado Territory over eight terms, since statehood, there have been 36 governors, serving 41 distinct terms. The longest-serving governors were Richard Dick Lamm and Roy Romer, who served twelve years over three terms. Thus, Peabody served only a few minutes as governor, the current governor is John Hickenlooper, who took office on January 11,2011. The self-proclaimed Provisional Government of the Territory of Jefferson was organized on November 7,1859, Jefferson Territory included all of present-day Colorado, but extended about 3 miles farther east,138 miles farther north, and about 50 miles farther west. The territory was never recognized by the government in the tumultuous days before the American Civil War. The Jefferson Territory had only one governor, Robert Williamson Steele and he proclaimed the territory dissolved on June 6,1861, several months after the official formation of the Colorado Territory, but only days after the arrival of its first governor. For the period before Colorado Territory was formed, see the lists of Governors of New Mexico Territory, Utah Territory, Kansas Territory, the State of Colorado was admitted to the Union on August 1,1876. To serve as governor, one must be at least 30 years old, be a citizen of the United States, and have been a resident of the state for at least two years prior to election. The state constitution of 1876 originally called for election of the governor two years, with their term beginning on the second Tuesday of the January following the election. An amendment passed in 1956, taking effect in 1959, increased terms to four years, originally, there was no term limit applied to the governor, a 1990 amendment allowed governors to succeed themselves only once. There is however no limit on the number of terms one may serve as long as one who has served the two term limit is out of office for four years. Should the office of governor become vacant, the lieutenant governor becomes governor, the lieutenant governor was elected separately from the governor until a 1968 amendment to the constitution made it so that they are elected on the same ticket. There are four living former governors of Colorado, the oldest being Roy Romer, the most recent death of a former governor was that of John David Vanderhoof, who died on September 19,2013
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Roy Romer
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Roy Rudolf Romer was the 39th Governor of Colorado and served as the superintendent of the Los Angeles Unified School District from 2001 to 2006. Romer was born in Garden City, Kansas and he grew up in the southeastern Colorado town of Holly. Romer received a degree in agricultural economics from Colorado State University in 1950. He later received a law degree from the University of Colorado School of Law in 1952 and he also studied ethics for one year at Yale Divinity School, and was a legal officer in the U. S. Air Force. He and his wife, Bea, have seven children and 19 grandchildren and his son Paul Romer is an economist, and his son Chris Romer, was elected to a Colorado State Senate seat from Denver in November 2006. In the 1950s and 1960s, Romer was an attorney in Denver and he was also active in the management of his familys agricultural operations throughout Colorado. Romer has continued and is also the owner, with one of his sons, of a chain of John Deere equipment stores in Colorado, Virginia and he helped develop Colorados Centennial Airport, ran a flying school and owned and operated a ski area. Romer served in the Colorado House of Representatives from 1958 to 1962, Romer was Colorado State Treasurer from 1977 to 1987, and a member of the governors cabinet. Romer was first elected as governor in 1986, and re-elected in 1990 and 1994, in 1997, Romer, along with Utah Governor Michael O. Leavitt and Wyoming Governor Jim Geringer, led a bipartisan team of 19 state governors in the founding of Western Governors University. Romer chaired the Democratic Governors Association in 1991, in 1992, he was co-chairman of the Democratic National Platform Committee. Romer served as vice chair of the Democratic Leadership Council. In January 1997, Romer was elected to serve as chairman of the Democratic National Committee. From 1992 to 1993, Romer served as chair of the National Governors Association, in 1994–1995 he chaired the Education Commission of the States, and in 1995, was part of a bipartisan effort by the nations governors to reform Medicaid. In law, his name is associated with the anti-discrimination suit Romer v. Evans that was brought to the Supreme Court during his tenure as Governor of Colorado. Though he was opposed to the amendment to the Constitution of Colorado in question, he defended the law in state, the Supreme Court ultimately ruled against the states defense of Amendment 2 has a rational relationship to legitimate state interests. The Court then invalidate Amendment 2 under the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the Federal Constitution, the state ultimately failed to give a Rational basis to the purpose of the law. The lawsuit alleged David Grant attempted to lure the districts 700,000 students to a pornographic website, Roy Romer and the Los Angeles Unified School District subsequently settled the suit by paying Grant $360,000.00 in exchange for the domain name royromer. com. On June 7,2000, he became Superintendent of the Los Angeles Unified School District, on October 12,2006, the Los Angeles Board of Education unanimously named David L. Brewer III as his successor
45.
Governor of Connecticut
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The Governor of Connecticut is the elected head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The current governor is Dan Malloy, who took office on January 5,2011, Connecticut is among the few U. S. states that includes its colonial governors of Connecticut Colony in an unbroken list of chief executives spanning over 350 years to the present day. John Haynes became the first governor in 1639, the first incumbent after the Revolution, Jonathan Trumbull, is therefore numbered the sixteenth governor of Connecticut. For the period before independence, see the list of governors of Connecticut. Connecticut was one of the original Thirteen Colonies and was admitted as a state on January 9,1788, before it declared its independence, Connecticut was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain. Like most early states, Connecticut had claims to western areas and it maintained its Western Reserve until 1800, at which time it was reassigned to the Northwest Territory. There have been 68 governors of the state, serving 72 distinct spans in office, the longest terms in office were in the states early years, when four governors were elected to nine or more one-year terms. The shortest term was that of Hiram Bingham III, who served one day before resigning to take an elected seat in the U. S. Senate. Lowell P. Weicker, Jr. is noted for a third party win in American politics. The Governor of Connecticut is the head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The governor has a duty to enforce laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Connecticut General Assembly. Unusual among U. S. governors, the Governor of Connecticut has no power to pardon, the Governor of Connecticut is automatically a member of the states Bonding Commission. He is a member of the Board of Trustees of the University of Connecticut. The current Constitution of Connecticut, ratified in 1965, calls for a term for the governor. The previous constitution of 1818 originally had only a term for governor. The 1875 amendment also set the date of the term to its current date, before then. The constitution provides for the election of a lieutenant governor for the term as the governor. The two offices are elected on the ticket, this provision was added in 1962
46.
William O'Neill (Connecticut politician)
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William Atchison ONeill was an American politician and member of the Democratic Party who served as the 84th Governor of Connecticut from 1980 to 1991. ONeil was born in Hartford, Connecticut son of Joseph ONeill and Frances ONeill, He was educated at Teachers College of Connecticut and he married Natalie Scott Damon Nikki in 1962. He sold insurance for Prudential Insurance Company, ONeil served as a combat pilot with the U. S. Air Force during the Korean War from 1950 to 1953. He was a member of the American Legion and the Veterans of Foreign Wars, upon his return, he ran the family business—an East Hampton tavern where residents and politicians often met and where he, by his own admission, learned to listen. Elected to six terms in the Connecticut House of Representatives, ONeil served as majority leader from 1975 to 1976 and 1977 to 1978 and he was House assistant minority leader and assistant majority leader. He chaired the Coalition of Northeastern Governors and the New England Governors Conference and was president of the Council of State Governments, ONeill was elected the 82nd Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut in 1978 on a Democratic ticket along with Governor Ella Grasso. When Grasso resigned for health reasons in December 1980, ONeill became Governor and was elected to a term in 1982. He benefited from the economic boom Connecticut enjoyed during the 1980s when the job growth was at a recent historic peak. The state enjoyed large budget surpluses in this era, the 1990 recession hit Connecticut very hard, with the real estate, banking and defense industries all faltering with resultant job losses and tax revenue losses. Facing plummeting approval ratings and a budget situation continuing to deteriorate despite the 1989 tax hike, ONeill died from emphysema on November 24,2007 at the age of 77 years,105 days. He is interred at Connecticut State Veterans Cemetery, Middletown, Connecticut and he was the last Democrat to serve as governor of Connecticut prior to Dannel Malloy, who took the oath of office at the William A. ONeill Armory in Hartford on January 5,2011. A terminal at Bradley International Airport is named in his honor and he was eulogized by his fellow Connecticut politicians as Trumanesque. I always thought the secret to his success was that he was genuine, said John Droney, and he projected the image of an ordinary man called upon to do extraordinary things. He was, in my view, the Harry Truman of Connecticut, republican state chairman Chris Healy called ONeill a good and decent man who served his state and country with distinction. NNDB Soylent Communications The Political Graveyard National Governors Association William A. ONeill, Connecticut State Archives William ONeill at Find a Grave Connecticut State Library
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