Republican Party (United States)
The Republican Party referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major political parties in the United States. The GOP was founded in 1854 by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which had expanded slavery into U. S. territories. The party subscribed to classical liberalism and took ideological stands that were anti-slavery and pro-economic reform. Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president in the history of the United States; the Party was dominant over the Democrats during the Third Party System and Fourth Party System. In 1912, Theodore Roosevelt formed the Progressive Party after being rejected by the GOP and ran unsuccessfully as a third-party presidential candidate calling for social reforms. After the 1912 election, many Roosevelt supporters left the Party, the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right; the liberal Republican element in the GOP was overwhelmed by a conservative surge begun by Barry Goldwater in 1964 that continued during the Reagan Era in the 1980s. After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the party's core base shifted, with the Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics and the Northeastern states becoming more reliably Democratic.
White voters identified with the Republican Party after the 1960s. Following the Supreme Court's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade, the Republican Party made opposition to abortion a key plank of its national party platform and grew its support among evangelicals. By 2000, the Republican Party was aligned with Christian conservatism; the Party's core support since the 1990s comes chiefly from the South, the Great Plains, the Mountain States and rural areas in the North. The 21st century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats' liberal platform and progressive wing; the GOP supports lower taxes, free market capitalism, a strong national defense, gun rights and restrictions on labor unions. The GOP was committed to protectionism and tariffs from its founding until the 1930s when it was based in the industrial Northeast and Midwest, but has grown more supportive of free trade since 1952. In addition to advocating for conservative economic policies, the Republican Party is conservative.
Founded in the Northern states in 1854 by abolitionists, modernizers, ex-Whigs and ex-Free Soilers, the Republican Party became the principal opposition to the dominant Democratic Party and the popular Know Nothing Party. The party grew out of opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise and opened Kansas Territory and Nebraska Territory to slavery and future admission as slave states; the Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil. The first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement, at which the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party, was held on March 20, 1854 in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin; the name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jefferson's Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 1854 in Jackson, Michigan. At the 1856 Republican National Convention, the party adopted a national platform emphasizing opposition to the expansion of slavery into U. S. territories. While Republican candidate John C.
Frémont lost the 1856 United States presidential election to James Buchanan, he did win 11 of the 16 northern states. The Republican Party first came to power in the elections of 1860 when it won control of both houses of Congress and its candidate, former congressman Abraham Lincoln, was elected President. In the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. Under Republican congressional leadership, the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution—which banned slavery in the United States—passed the Senate in 1864 and the House in 1865; the party's success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s. Those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished, was continued to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant, ran Horace Greeley for the presidency; the Stalwart faction defended Grant and the spoils system, whereas the Half-Breeds pushed for reform of the civil service. The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act was passed in 1883.
The Republican Party supported hard money, high tariffs to promote economic growth, high wages and high profits, generous pensions for Union veterans, the annexation of Hawaii. The Republicans had strong support from pietistic Protestants, but they resisted demands for Prohibition; as the Northern postwar economy boomed with heavy and light industry, mines, fast-growing cities, prosperous agriculture, the Republicans took credit and promoted policies to sustain the fast growth. The GOP was dominant over the Democrats during the Third Party System. However, by 1890 the Republicans had agreed to the Sherman Antitrust Act and the Interstate Commerce Commission in response to complaints from owners of small businesses and farmers; the high McKinley Tariff of 1890 hurt the party and the Democrats swept to a landslide in the off-year elections defeating McKinley himself. The Democrats elected Grover Cleveland in 1884 and 1892; the election of William McKinley in 1896 was marked by a resurgence of Republican dominance that lasted until 1932.
McKinley promised that high tariffs would end the severe hardship caused by the Pa
Clay County, Texas
Clay County is a county located in the U. S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, its population was 10,752; the county seat is Henrietta. The county was founded in 1857 and organized in 1860, it is named in honor of Henry Clay, famous American statesman, Kentucky Senator and United States Secretary of State. Clay County is part of Metropolitan Statistical Area in North Texas. Several railroads once served Clay County, including the Wichita Falls Railway, one of the properties of Joseph A. Kemp and his brother-in-law Frank Kell, along with twenty-nine other stockholders; the Wichita Falls Railway linked Henrietta with Wichita Falls. Built in 1894-1895, it was sold in 1911 to the Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad known as the Katy; the original eighteen miles of track was abandoned in 1970. The Wichita Falls rancher and philanthropist Joseph Sterling Bridwell owned a ranch in Clay County, among his multiple holdings. Clay County is represented in the Texas House of Representatives by the Republican James Frank, a businessman from Wichita Falls.
According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,117 square miles, of which 1,089 square miles is land and 28 square miles is water. Lake Arrowhead State Park, a 524-acre development on Lake Arrowhead in Clay County, encompasses 14,390-acre acres; the lakeshore extends 106 miles. Jefferson County, Oklahoma Montague County Jack County Wichita County Archer County Cotton County, Oklahoma As of the census of 2000, there were 11,006 people, 4,323 households, 3,181 families residing in the county; the population density was 10 people per square mile. There were 4,992 housing units at an average density of 4 per square mile; the racial makeup of the county was 95.35% White, 0.42% Black or African American, 1.03% Native American, 0.10% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 1.68% from other races, 1.42% from two or more races. 3.67% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 4,323 households out of which 30.70% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.20% were married couples living together, 7.30% had a female householder with no husband present, 26.40% were non-families.
23.50% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.80% had someone living alone, 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 2.98. In the county, the population was spread out with 24.90% under the age of 18, 6.80% from 18 to 24, 26.40% from 25 to 44, 25.90% from 45 to 64, 16.10% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.10 males. The median income for a household in the county was $35,738, the median income for a family was $41,514. Males had a median income of $28,914 versus $20,975 for females; the per capita income for the county was $16,361. About 8.10% of families and 10.30% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.70% of those under age 18 and 11.00% of those age 65 or over. U. S. Highway 82 U. S. Highway 287 State Highway 79 State Highway 148 Bellevue Byers Dean Henrietta Jolly Petrolia Windthorst Prior to 1996, Clay County was Democratic in presidential elections.
The only Republican Party candidates who managed to win the county from 1912 to 1992 were Herbert Hoover thanks to anti-Catholic sentiment towards Al Smith as well as Richard Nixon & Ronald Reagan in their 49-state landslides of 1972 & 1984, respectively. Since 1996, the county has swung hard to the supporting Republican Party similar to all white-majority rural counties in the Solid South, with its presidential candidates winning by increasing margins in each passing election; as a testament to how Republican the county has swung, Donald Trump defeated Hillary Clinton by a margin of over 75 percent in 2016, compared to an only 7.4 percent margin Bob Dole won the county by 20 years prior at the start of its Republican trend. List of museums in North Texas National Register of Historic Places listings in Clay County, Texas Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks in Clay County Media related to Clay County, Texas at Wikimedia Commons Clay County Official Website See historic photos of Clay County from the Clay County Historical Society, hosted by the Portal to Texas History Clay County from the Handbook of Texas Online Clay County 1890 Jail Museum-Heritage Center
Vice President of the United States
The Vice President of the United States is the second-highest officer in the executive branch of the U. S. federal government, after the President of the United States, ranks first in the presidential line of succession. The Vice President is an officer in the legislative branch, as President of the Senate. In this capacity, the Vice President presides over Senate deliberations, but may not vote except to cast a tie-breaking vote; the Vice President presides over joint sessions of Congress. The Vice President is indirectly elected together with the President to a four-year term of office by the people of the United States through the Electoral College. Section 2 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment, ratified in 1967, created a mechanism for intra-term vice presidential succession, establishing that vice presidential vacancies will be filled by the president and confirmed by both houses of Congress. Whenever a vice president had succeeded to the presidency or had died or resigned from office, the vice presidency remained vacant until the next presidential and vice presidential terms began.
The Vice President is a statutory member of the National Security Council, the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. The Office of the Vice President organises the vice president's official functions; the role of the vice presidency has changed since the office was created during the 1787 constitutional Convention. Over the past 100 years, the vice presidency has evolved into a position of domestic and foreign policy political power, is now seen as an integral part of a president's administration; as the Vice President's role within the executive branch has expanded, his role within the legislative branch has contracted. The Constitution does not expressly assign the vice presidency to any one branch, causing a dispute among scholars about which branch of government the office belongs to: 1) the executive branch; the modern view of the vice president as an officer of the executive branch is due in large part to the assignment of executive authority to the vice president by either the president or Congress.
Mike Pence of Indiana is the current Vice President of the United States. He assumed office on January 20, 2017. No mention of an office of vice president was made at the 1787 Constitutional Convention until near the end, when an 11-member committee on "Leftover Business" proposed a method of electing the chief executive. Delegates had considered the selection of the Senate's presiding officer, deciding that, "The Senate shall choose its own President," and had agreed that this official would be designated the executive's immediate successor, they had considered the mode of election of the executive but had not reached consensus. This all changed on September 4, when the committee recommended that the nation's chief executive be elected by an Electoral College, with each state having a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that state's allocation of representatives and senators; the proposed presidential election process called for each state to choose members of the electoral college, who would use their discretion to select the candidates they individually viewed as best qualified.
Recognizing that loyalty to one's individual state outweighed loyalty to the new federation, the Constitution's framers assumed that individual electors would be inclined to choose a candidate from their own state over one from another. So they created the office of vice president and required that electors vote for two candidates, requiring that at least one of their votes must be for a candidate from outside the elector's state, believing that this second vote could be cast for a candidate of national character. Additionally, to guard against the possibility that some electors might strategically throw away their second vote in order to bolster their favorite son's chance of winning, it was specified that the first runner-up presidential candidate would become vice president. Creating this new office imposed a political cost on strategically discarded electoral votes, incentivizing electors to make their choices for president without resort to electoral gamesmanship and to cast their second ballot accordingly.
The resultant method of electing the president and vice president, spelled out in Article II, Section 1, Clause 3, allocated to each state a number of electors equal to the combined total of its Senate and House of Representatives membership. Each elector was allowed to vote for two people for president, but could not differentiate between their first and second choice for the presidency; the person receiving the greatest number of votes would be president, while the individual who received the next largest number of votes became vice president. If there were a tie for first or for second place, or if no one won a majority of votes, the president and vice president would be selected by means of contingent elections protocols stated in the clause; the emergence of political parties and nationally coordinated election campaigns during the 1790s soon frustrated this original plan. In the election of 1796, Federalist John Adams won the presidency, but his bitter rival, Democratic-Republican Thomas Jefferson came second and became vice president.
Thus, the president and vice president were from opposing parties.
2016 United States presidential election
The 2016 United States presidential election was the 58th quadrennial American presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 8, 2016. The Republican ticket of businessman Donald Trump and Indiana Governor Mike Pence defeated the Democratic ticket of former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and U. S. Senator from Virginia Tim Kaine, despite losing the popular vote. Trump took office as the 45th President, Pence as the 48th Vice President, on January 20, 2017. Trump emerged as the front-runner amidst a wide field of Republican primary candidates, while Clinton defeated Senator Bernie Sanders and became the first female presidential nominee of a major American party. Trump's populist, nationalist campaign, which promised to "Make America Great Again" and opposed political correctness, illegal immigration, many free-trade agreements, garnered extensive free media coverage. Clinton emphasized her political experience, denounced Trump and many of his supporters as bigots, advocated the expansion of President Obama's policies.
The tone of the general election campaign was characterized as divisive and negative. Trump faced controversy over his views on race and immigration, incidents of violence against protestors at his rallies, his alleged sexual misconduct, while Clinton was dogged by declining approval ratings and an FBI investigation of her improper use of a private email server. Clinton had held the lead in nearly every pre-election nationwide poll and in most swing state polls, leading some commentators to compare Trump's victory to that of Harry S. Truman in 1948 as one of the greatest political upsets in modern U. S. history. While Clinton received 2.87 million more votes nationwide, a margin of 2.1%, Trump won a majority of electoral votes, with a total of 306 electors from 30 states, including upset victories in the pivotal Rust Belt region. Trump received 304 electoral votes and Clinton garnered 227, as two faithless electors defected from Trump and five defected from Clinton. Trump is the fifth person in U.
S. history to become president while losing the nationwide popular vote. He is the first president without any prior experience in public service or the military, the oldest at inauguration and is believed by many to be the wealthiest; the United States government's intelligence agencies concluded on January 6, 2017, that the Russian government had interfered in the elections in order to "undermine public faith in the U. S. democratic process, denigrate Secretary Clinton, harm her electability and potential presidency". President Trump criticized these conclusions, calling the issue a "hoax" and "fake news". Trump has criticized accusations of collusion between Russia and his campaign, citing a lack of evidence. Investigations regarding such collusion were started by the FBI, the Senate Intelligence Committee, the House Intelligence Committee; the Special Counsel investigation began in May 2017 and concluded in March 2019. In a letter sent to Congress on March 24, Attorney General William Barr quoted the special counsel's report in stating that "the investigation did not establish that members of the Trump Campaign conspired or coordinated with the Russian government in its election interference activities."
Article Two of the United States Constitution provides that the President and Vice President of the United States must be natural-born citizens of the United States, at least 35 years old, residents of the United States for a period of at least 14 years. Candidates for the presidency seek the nomination of one of the political parties, in which case each party devises a method to choose the candidate the party deems best suited to run for the position. Traditionally, the primary elections are indirect elections where voters cast ballots for a slate of party delegates pledged to a particular candidate; the party's delegates officially nominate a candidate to run on the party's behalf. The general election in November is an indirect election, where voters cast ballots for a slate of members of the Electoral College. President Barack Obama, a Democrat and former U. S. Senator from Illinois, was ineligible to seek reelection to a third term due to the restrictions of the Twenty-second Amendment; the series of presidential primary elections and caucuses took place between February and June 2016, staggered among the 50 states, the District of Columbia and U.
S. territories. This nominating process was an indirect election, where voters cast ballots for a slate of delegates to a political party's nominating convention, who in turn elected their party's presidential nominee. Speculation about the 2016 campaign began immediately following the 2012 campaign, with New York magazine declaring the race had begun in an article published on November 8, two days after the 2012 election. On the same day, Politico released an article predicting the 2016 general election would be between Clinton and former Florida Governor Jeb Bush, while a New York Times article named New Jersey Governor Chris Christie and Senator Cory Booker from New Jersey as potential candidates. With seventeen major candidates entering the race, starting with Ted Cruz on March 23, 2015, this was the largest presidential primary field for any political party in American history. Prior to the Iowa caucuses on February 1, 2016, Walker, Jindal and Pataki withdrew due to low polling numbers.
Despite leading many polls in Iowa, Trump came in second to Cruz, after whic
1988 United States presidential election in Texas
The 1988 United States presidential election in Texas took place on November 8, 1988. All fifty states and the District of Columbia, were part of the 1988 United States presidential election. Texas voters chose twenty-nine electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president. Incumbent Vice President George H. W. Bush won his home state against Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis. Bush ran with Indiana Senator Dan Quayle as Vice President, Dukakis ran with Texas Senator Lloyd Bentsen. Texas weighed in for this election as 2% more Republican than the national average; the presidential election of 1988 was a partisan election for Texas, with more than 99 percent of the electorate voting for either the Democratic or Republican parties. This is one of the last elections in Texas where you see many rural counties voting for the Democratic Party, the populated counties, such as Houston's Harris County, voting for the Republican candidate. Since the presidential election of 1996, this demographic trend in Texas has reversed to its current form of "urban Democrats" and "rural Republicans" as it has elsewhere in the United States.
An exception to this lies in a group of entirely Mexican-American counties in South Texas, which were and remained overwhelmingly Democratic. Of these, Zavala and Brooks Counties gave Dukakis over eighty-one percent of the vote and were his four strongest counties outside the District of Columbia, with Starr being his strongest nationwide; as of the 2016 presidential election, despite Bill Clinton's two ensuing nationwide election victories, the 1988 election constitutes the last occasion when Lee County, Calhoun County and San Saba County have supported the Democratic presidential nominee. Bush won his home-state with a solid 12 point landslide; this election marks one of the first times that Texas has proven to be a reliable Republican vote, a decisively large player in Southern politics. The election results in Texas are reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party, which took place through the 1980s. Through the passage of some controversial economic programs, spearheaded by President Ronald Reagan, the mid-to-late 1980s saw a period of economic growth and stability.
The hallmark for Reaganomics was, in part, the wide-scale deregulation of corporate interests, tax cuts for the wealthy. Dukakis ran his campaign on a liberal platform, advocated for higher economic regulation and environmental protection. Bush, ran on a campaign of continuing the social and economic policies of former President Reagan - which gained him much support with social conservatives and people living in rural areas. Gulf War Presidency of George H. W. Bush
1996 United States presidential election in Texas
The 1996 United States presidential election in Texas took place on November 5, 1996. All fifty states and the District of Columbia, were part of the 1996 United States presidential election. Texas voters chose thirty-two electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president. Texas was won by Kansas Senator Bob Dole, running against incumbent United States President Bill Clinton of Arkansas. Clinton ran a second time with incumbent Vice President Al Gore as his running mate and Dole ran with former New York Congressman Jack Kemp. Texas provided both two of the nation's three most Republican counties – High Plains Ochiltree in its north and Glasscock in the central plains – and its most Democratic county in rock-ribbed Tejano Starr County at the opposite end of the state. Texas weighed in for this election as 13 percentage points more Republican than the national average; the presidential election of 1996 was a multi-partisan election for Texas, with more than 7% of the electorate voting for third-party candidates.
In his second bid for the presidency, Ross Perot led the newly reformed Reform Party to gain over 6% of the votes in his home state of Texas, to pull in support nationally as the most popular third-party candidate to run for United States presidency in recent times. As of the 2016 presidential election, this is the last time a Democratic presidential candidate won the following counties: Hudspeth, Terrell, Swisher, Cottle, Foard, Knox, Stonewall, Dickens, Jones, Nolan, Menard, Palo Pinto, Caldwell, San Patricio, Bee, Atascosa, Milam, Limestone, Waller, Galveston, Orange, Tyler, San Augustine, Panola, Marion, Bowie, Titus, Red River, Hopkins and Fannin; this would be last election until 2016 in which the margin of victory for a Republican in Texas would be in single digits. Yugoslav Wars Presidency of Bill Clinton
Angelina County, Texas
Angelina County is a county located in the U. S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, the population was 86,771, its county seat is Lufkin. It was formed in 1846 from Nacogdoches County, it is named for a Hasinai Native American woman who assisted early Spanish missionaries and was named Angelina by them. It is a wet county as of November 2006 wet/dry election. In November 2007 the small community of Burke was the only city in it to return to dry status; the Lufkin, TX Micropolitan Statistical Area includes all of Angelina County. The county's first Anglo settlers were what John Nova Lomax described as "Scotch-Irish backwoods folk." Cotton farmers and slaves did not come to Angelina County. Lomax added that "Culturally, the county was less moonlight-and-magnolias Dixie than a little pocket of Appalachia, where pioneers from hardscrabble areas of Georgia and Mississippi, wanted nothing more than to carve homesteads out of the Piney Woods and river thickets, farm a little, maybe raise a scraggly herd of tough cattle to drive to market in New Orleans."
Lomax added that "hey wanted to brew up a little whiskey and subsist on the bass and perch they hauled from the Neches and Angelina rivers and whatever they could trap and shoot on dry land."Settlement was still thin when Texas won its independence. Angelina County was organized on April 1846, when Nacogdoches County was divided; the first permanent settler after the county was formed is thought to have been George W. Collins; the population increased thereafter due to the good farming land and to the rivers, which made steamboat transportation possible. The population reached 1,165, of whom 196 were slaves, in 1850; the first county seat was Marion. Lufkin was favored by the route of the Houston and West Texas Railway, built in 1882 from Houston to Shreveport. Angelina County was settled predominantly by natives of the southern United States, some of them slaveowners who established plantations in their new Texas home. Large plantations were owned by the Stearns, Kalty and Ewing families. However, many Angelina County farmers were poor men who owned no slaves.
In 1847 slaves numbered 154, out of a total population of 834. In 1859 the number of slaves had grown to 427, valued at $269,550, the total population was 4,271. Cotton culture, occupied only 2,048 acres of county land in 1858, a small area for East Texas. Between 1850 and 1860 improved land in the county increased from about 3,000 to about 16,000 acres. In 1861 Angelina County was the only county in East Texas, one of only a handful of other Texas counties, to reject secession; this election result was startling when compared with that of Angelina County's neighbor to the immediate south, Tyler County, which supported secession by a 99 percent vote. Angelina County had given the Constitutional Union party candidate, John Bell, a strong minority vote in the 1860 election. Two companies of county men were organized to fight in the Civil War, but they saw only limited action. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 865 square miles, of which 798 square miles is land and 67 square miles is water.
Angelina National Forest As of the census of 2000, there were 80,130 people, 28,685 households, 21,255 families residing in the county. The population density was 100 people per square mile. There were 32,435 housing units at an average density of 40 per square mile; the racial makeup of the county was 75.10% White, 14.72% Black or African American, 0.30% Native American, 0.67% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 7.77% from other races, 1.42% from two or more races. 14.35% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 28,685 households out of which 36.10% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.80% were married couples living together, 12.30% had a female householder with no husband present, 25.90% were non-families. 22.80% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.80% had someone living alone, 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.18. In the county, the population was spread out with 27.70% under the age of 18, 9.70% from 18 to 24, 28.60% from 25 to 44, 21.50% from 45 to 64, 12.60% who were 65 years of age or older.
The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 96.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.70 males. The median income for a household in the county was $33,806, the median income for a family was $39,505. Males had a median income of $30,373 versus $20,221 for females; the per capita income for the county was $15,876. About 12.40% of families and 15.80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.90% of those under age 18 and 12.30% of those age 65 or over. The Angelina County Sheriff's Office is the county law enforcement agency; the Sheriff is Greg Sanches. Angelina County is governed by its Commissioners Court of which Wes Suiter presides over as County Judge John Nova Lomax of the Houston Press said that the residents of Angelina County "were, are, a self-sufficient breed, good with their hands, bluntly honest and leery of all central authority." In 1861, Angelina County voted against seceding from the United States. It was the only East Texas county to do so.
John Nova Lomax of the Houston Press said "heir electoral peculiarity continued through the 20th Century." Angelina County was the seat of power of Charl
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