1.
Mid-air collision
–
A mid-air collision is an aviation accident in which two or more aircraft come into unplanned contact during flight. The potential for a collision is increased by miscommunication, mistrust, error in navigation, deviations from flight plans. The first recorded collision between aircraft occurred at the Milano Circuito Aereo Internazionale meeting held between 24 September and 3 October 1910 in Milan, Italy. On 3 October, Frenchman René Thomas, flying an Antoinette IV monoplane, both pilots survived, but Dickson was so badly injured that he never flew again. The first fatal collision occurred in Douai, France, on 19 June 1912, Captain Marcel Dubois and Lieutenant Albert Peignan, both of the French Army, crashed into one another, killing both pilots. There are many types and causes of mid-air collisions, on some occasions, military aircraft conducting training flights inadvertently collide with civilian aircraft. Before 1958, civilian air traffic controllers guiding civilian flights and military controllers guiding military aircraft were unaware of the others aircraft. The act created the Federal Aviation Agency, and provided unified control of airspace for both civil and military flights. In late 2006, the U. S. Defense Safety Oversight Council recognized and funded the site as its official civil/military mid-air collision prevention website, military Aviation Disasters, Significant Losses Since 1908
2.
Qods, Iran
–
Qods is a city in and the capital of Qods County, Tehran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 229,354, before Qods officially became a municipality in 1989 it was named Qal‘eh Hasan. The Persian Gulf Pro League team Paykan plays in the city at Shahre Qods Stadium, the city has three universities, Islamic Azad University, Shahr-eQods Branch, University of Applied Science and Technology, Shahr-e-Qods Branch and Payam-e-Nour university. Red Crescent - University of Shahryar & Shahr-e Qods
3.
Tehran Province
–
Tehran Province is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. It covers an area of 18,909 square kilometres and is located to the north of the plateau of Iran. Tehran Province borders Māzandarān Province in the north, Qom Province in the south, Semnān Province in the east, the metropolis of Tehran is the capital city of the province and of Iran. As of June 2005, this province includes 13 townships,43 municipalities, Tehran Province is the richest province of Iran as it contributes approximately 29% of the countrys GDP. Furthermore, it houses approximately 18% of the countrys population, Tehran Province is the most industrialized province in Iran,86. 5% of its population resides in urban areas and 13. 5% of its population resides in rural areas. The province gained importance when Tehran was claimed the capital by the Qajar dynasty in 1778, today, Tehran, with a population of more than 7 million, is ranked amongst the 20 most populous metropolitan cities of the world. The province of Tehran has over 12 million inhabitants and is Irans most densely populated region, approximately 86.5 percent reside in urban areas and 13.5 percent in rural areas of the province. The largest rivers of this province are Karaj River and Jajrud River, environmentally, the climate of Tehran province in the southern areas is warm and dry, but in the mountain vicinity is cold and semi-humid, and in the higher regions is cold with long winters. Tehran city has moderate winters and hot summers, average annual rainfall is approximately 200 millimetres, the maximum being during the winter season. On the whole, the province has an arid, steppe climate in the south. Tehran Province has several archeological sites indicating settlements dating back several thousand years, until 300 years ago, Rey was the most prominent of the cities of the province. However, the city of Tehran rose to become the city and capital of Iran by 1778, and since then has been the political, cultural, economic. Tehran has over 1,500 historical sites of cultural significance registered with the Cultural Heritage Organization of Iran, the oldest of these in Tehran province are the remains of two sites in Firuzkuh County that date back to the 4th millennium BCE. Tehran province has over 17,000 industrial units employing 390,000 people, the province contains 30% of Irans economy, and comprises 40% of Irans consumer market. The province has three hydro dams namely Latiyan, Lar, and Amir Kabir as well as two lakes, providing the water supply of Tehran and the province. The province contains 170 mines, over 330 square kilometres of forests, moreover, due to excessive snowfall in the northern areas of the province during the winter season, the Alborz mountains form an excellent environment for winter sports such as skiing. Dizin, Shemshak, and Tochal are the most popular skiing resorts, Freeway 5, This Freeway connects city of Tehran to its southern suburbs such as Sabashahr, Robat Karim and Parand and continues towards Markazi Province to Saveh and Salafchegan. There are plans to continue the freeway towards Khuzestan, Freeway 7, This Freeway connects Tehran City to its airport, Imam Khomeini International Airport and continues towards Qom and Esfahan
4.
Iran
–
Iran, also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, is a sovereign state in Western Asia. Comprising a land area of 1,648,195 km2, it is the second-largest country in the Middle East, with 82.8 million inhabitants, Iran is the worlds 17th-most-populous country. It is the country with both a Caspian Sea and an Indian Ocean coastline. The countrys central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, Tehran is the countrys capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic and cultural center. Iran is the site of to one of the worlds oldest civilizations, the area was first unified by the Iranian Medes in 625 BC, who became the dominant cultural and political power in the region. The empire collapsed in 330 BC following the conquests of Alexander the Great, under the Sassanid Dynasty, Iran again became one of the leading powers in the world for the next four centuries. Beginning in 633 AD, Arabs conquered Iran and largely displaced the indigenous faiths of Manichaeism and Zoroastrianism by Islam, Iran became a major contributor to the Islamic Golden Age that followed, producing many influential scientists, scholars, artists, and thinkers. During the 18th century, Iran reached its greatest territorial extent since the Sassanid Empire, through the late 18th and 19th centuries, a series of conflicts with Russia led to significant territorial losses and the erosion of sovereignty. Popular unrest culminated in the Persian Constitutional Revolution of 1906, which established a monarchy and the countrys first legislative body. Following a coup instigated by the U. K. Growing dissent against foreign influence and political repression led to the 1979 Revolution, Irans rich cultural legacy is reflected in part by its 21 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the third-largest number in Asia and 11th-largest in the world. Iran is a member of the UN, ECO, NAM, OIC. Its political system is based on the 1979 Constitution which combines elements of a democracy with a theocracy governed by Islamic jurists under the concept of a Supreme Leadership. A multicultural country comprising numerous ethnic and linguistic groups, most inhabitants are Shia Muslims, the largest ethnic groups in Iran are the Persians, Azeris, Kurds and Lurs. Historically, Iran has been referred to as Persia by the West, due mainly to the writings of Greek historians who called Iran Persis, meaning land of the Persians. As the most extensive interactions the Ancient Greeks had with any outsider was with the Persians, however, Persis was originally referred to a region settled by Persians in the west shore of Lake Urmia, in the 9th century BC. The settlement was then shifted to the end of the Zagros Mountains. In 1935, Reza Shah requested the international community to refer to the country by its native name, opposition to the name change led to the reversal of the decision, and Professor Ehsan Yarshater, editor of Encyclopædia Iranica, propagated a move to use Persia and Iran interchangeably
5.
Tupolev Tu-154
–
The Tupolev Tu-154 is a three-engine medium-range narrow-body airliner designed in the mid-1960s and manufactured by Tupolev. It was exported to 17 non-Russian airlines and used as a transport by the air forces of several countries. With a cruising speed of 900 kilometres per hour the Tu-154 is one of the fastest civilian aircraft in use and has a range of 5,280 kilometres. Since 1968 there have been 39 fatal incidents involving the Tu-154, most of which were caused either by factors unrelated to the aircraft, following a crash in 2016 all Tupolev Tu-154 aircraft in Russia were grounded. However, the Tu-154 is still being used as of January 2017, the Tu-154 was developed to meet Aeroflots requirement to replace the jet-powered Tu-104, the Antonov An-10 and the Ilyushin Il-18 turboprops. A takeoff distance of 2,600 metres at maximum weight was also stipulated as a requirement. The Soviet Ministry of Aircraft Industry chose the Tu-154 as it incorporated the latest in Soviet aircraft design, the first project chief was Sergey Yeger, in 1964, Dmitryi S. Markov assumed that position. In 1975, the lead role was turned over to Aleksandr S. Shengardt. The Tu-154 first flew on 4 October 1968, the first deliveries to Aeroflot were in 1970 with freight services beginning in May 1971 and passenger services in February 1972. There was still limited production of the 154M model as of January 2009 despite previous announcements of the end of production in 2006,1025 Tu-154s have been built,214 of which were still in service as of 14 December 2009. The last serial Tu-154 was delivered to the Russian Defense Ministry on 19 February 2013 from the Aviakor factory, equipped with upgraded avionics, a VIP interior, the factory has four unfinished hulls in its inventory which can be completed if new orders are received. The Tu-154 is powered by three rear-mounted low-bypass turbofan engines arranged similarly to those of the Boeing 727, but it is larger than its American counterpart. Both the 727 and the Tu-154 use an S-duct for the middle engine, the original model was equipped with Kuznetsov NK-8-2 engines, which were replaced with Soloviev D-30KU-154 in the Tu-154M. All Tu-154 aircraft models have a relatively high thrust-to-weight-ratio which give excellent performance and this became an important factor in later decades as fuel costs grew. The flight deck is fitted with conventional dual yoke control columns, Flight control surfaces are hydraulically operated. The cabin of the Tu-154, although of the same six-abreast seating layout, gives the impression of an interior, with a lower ceiling than is common on Boeing. The passenger cabin accommodates 128 passengers in a layout and 164 passengers in single-class layout. The layout can be modified to what is called a winter version where some seats are taken out, the passenger doors are smaller than on its Boeing and Airbus counterparts
6.
Iran Air Tours
–
Iran Air Tours is an airline based in Tehran, Iran. The airline mainly operates under the English name Iran Airtour as written in Persian and this error is due to confusion between different pluralization rules in English and Persian. The airline was established in 1973 by Iran Air and started scheduled operations in the early 1990s with services for its domestic tours division, for a brief period, the Yakovlev Yak-42D was also operated. The airline was the customer for Iranian-assembled version of the Ukrainian-designed Antonov 140 turboprop. Due to unpublicized reasons, the carrier did not accept deliveries of the type, Iran Air Tours was also to have received several Tupolev Tu-204SM aircraft. As of April 2014, these aircraft had not been delivered due to the United States economic embargo against Iran, with the February,2011 grounding of all Tupolev Tu-154 aircraft in Iran, Iran Air Tours was faced with loss of its primary type. A number of used McDonnell Douglas MD-80 series aircraft were brought online, for a brief period in 2006-2007, two Airbus 300 aircraft were operated but these were transferred to the parent Iran Air. Two Airbus A320-200s were also operated for a few months in 2012, two Boeing 737 Classics were added to the fleet in 2016. The collision killed 133 people – both pilots of the Su-24 and all 12 crew members and 119 passengers on board the Tu-154. 12 February 2002 Flight 956, a Tupolev Tu-154M, crashed into the Sefid Kooh mountains during heavy rain, snow, all 12 crew members and 107 passengers were killed. List of airlines of Iran Media related to Iran Airtour at Wikimedia Commons Iran Air Tours official website Iran Air Tours Fleet list Iran Air Tours photos Iran Iranian Tour & Travel Agency
7.
Aircraft registration
–
In accordance with the Convention on International Civil Aviation, all civil aircraft must be registered with a national aviation authority using procedures set by each country. Every country, even those not party to the Chicago Convention, has a NAA whose functions include the registration of civil aircraft, an aircraft can only be registered once, in the one jurisdiction. The registration identifier must be displayed prominently on the aircraft, most countries also require the registration identifier to be imprinted on a permanent fireproof plate mounted on the fuselage in case of a post-fire/post-crash aircraft accident investigation. Military aircraft typically use tail codes and serial numbers, although each aircraft registration identifier is unique, some countries allow it to be re-used when the aircraft has been sold, destroyed or retired. For example, N3794N is assigned to a Mooney M20F and it had been previously assigned to a Beechcraft Bonanza. Also note that an aircraft may be assigned different registrations during its existence. This can be because the aircraft ownership, jurisdiction of registration. The first use of aircraft registrations was based on the radio callsigns allocated at the London International Radiotelegraphic Conference in 1913, the format was a single letter prefix followed by four other letters. The major nations operating aircraft were allocated a letter prefix. Smaller countries had to share a single letter prefix, but were allocated exclusive use of the first letter of the suffix and this was modified by agreement by the International Bureau at Berne and published on April 23,1913. The agreement stipulated that the nationality marks were to be followed by a then a group of four letters that must include a vowel. This system operated until the adoption of the system in 1928. The International Radiotelegraph Convention at Washington in 1927 revised the list of markings and these were adopted from 1928 and are the basis of the currently used registrations. The markings have been amended and added to over the years, upon registration, the aircraft receives its unique registration, which must be displayed prominently on the aircraft. Annex 7 to the Chicago Convention describes the definitions, location, the aircraft registration is made up of a prefix selected from the countrys callsign prefix allocated by the International Telecommunication Union and the registration suffix. Depending on the country of registration, this suffix is a numeric or alphanumeric code, a supplement to Annex 7 provides an updated list of approved nationality and common marks used by various countries. When painted on the fuselage, the prefix and suffix are usually separated by a dash, when entered in a flight plan, the dash is omitted. In some countries use a number suffix rather than letters, like the United States, South Korea, and Japan
8.
Mehrabad International Airport
–
Tehran Mehrabad International Airport, is an airport that serves Tehran, Iran. Mehrabad, however, is still by far the busiest airport in Iran in terms of traffic and aircraft movements. It is capable of handling aircraft such as the Boeing 747. The airport is also the gateway used by the Government of Iran. Newly delivered Republic F-84G Thunderjets and Lockheed T-33A Shooting Star arrived, May 1957 and April 1956, in 1955 just after construction of first asphalt paved runway a new terminal building for both international and domestic flights was designed and constructed. Among the designers of the modern buildings of the airport was the famous architect William Pereira. After IKAs initial opening in May 2004, due to complications, all international flights have now been moved to IKA. Mehrabad International Airport consists of six terminals, VIP Terminal is used for Meraj Airlines for Governmental flights, CIP Terminal can be used at a passengers request. The Terminal is open to all requests, Terminal 1 is only used for the departures of Kish Air and Zagros Airlines. It also used for all cargo operations, terminals 4 and 6 handle departures and arrivals respectively - for all other airlines. Terminals 3 and 5 are only used during the peak time Hajj seasons, Terminal Crew is used for the flight crews of all airlines. An aircraft engineering and maintenance company Fajr Ashian, has a maintenance hangar adjacent to main airport premises, the hangar is linked to Mehrabad Airport through a taxiway crossing Tehran-Karaj Highway. Fajr Ashian takes care of Aircraft of many companies e. g. Iran Air, Mahan Air, in addition the Iranian Airports Holding Company also has its head office at Mehrabad Airport, nearby Terminal 2. On 15 March 1974, a Sterling Airways Sud Aviation Caravelle suffered a landing gear failure, as the aircraft was taxiing, the right main landing gear failed, causing the right wing to collapse and catch fire. 15 passengers were killed in the accident, on 5 December 1974, a roof collapsed, killing 17 and injuring dozens more. On 20 April 2005, a Boeing 707-3J9C had an accident while landing in Mehrabad airport, after touchdown on runway 29L problems with the undercarriage caused the Boeing 707 to slide off the runway into the Kan River. Three passengers were killed after they fell in the river during the evacuation, the plane left 8 hours later without incident. On 6 December 2005, an Iranian Air Force C-130 Hercules crashed in Tehran shortly after taking off from the airport
9.
Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force
–
The Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force is the aviation branch of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army. The present Air Force came into being in the early 1980s when the former Imperial Iranian Air Force was renamed, the Air Force has attempted with some success to maintain in service the large number of American-built aircraft which Iran acquired during the Shahs regime. The Air Force has turned to purchases of Soviet and Chinese aircraft, as well as pressing ex-Iraqi aircraft into service, and indigenously built aircraft, in order to maintain a capable force. As of June 2016, the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force possesses 348 fighters, making it the ninth most powerful air arm in the world, on paper. The IRIAF came into being when the former Imperial Iranian Air Force was renamed following the Islamic Revolution in Iran, due to strained relations with the west, Iran had to procure new equipment from Brazil, Russia and the Peoples Republic of China. Since the Revolution, the composition of the IRIAF is hard to determine. Many aircraft belonging to the Iraqi Air Force took refuge in Iran during the Persian Gulf War in 1991, and many were put into service with the IRIAF or taken apart for spare parts. Due to the spare parts shortages faced by the air force. In 2002, Iran with the co-operation of Ukraine, successfully started the manufacture of the Iran-140, simultaneously, Iran began construction of two domestically produced fighters, upgraded using technology from the F-14 Tomcat and the F-5 Tiger II. The fighters have been named the Azarakhsh and the Shafaq, since then the country has also become self-sufficient in the manufacture of helicopters. The country claims that it is capable of producing the old U. S. AH-1 Cobra gunship, additionally, Iran also produces Bell Helicopter Bell 212 and Bell 206 helicopters in serial production. These are known respectively as the Shabaviz 2-75 and the Shabaviz 206, a series of purges and forced retirements resulted in the manpower of the service being halved between February 1979 and July 1980, leaving the IRIAF ill-prepared for the Iran–Iraq War. The Iranians retaliated with operation Kaman-99 which involved 206 F-4, F-5, on 23 September 1980, Iran launched Operation Kaman 99 as 40 F-4 Phantoms, armed with Mark 82, Mark 83 and Mark 84 bombs and AGM-65 Maverick missiles, took off from Hamadan. After refueling in mid-air the Phantoms reached the Iraqi capital Baghdad, meanwhile, eight More F-4s took off from Tehran and launched a second attack on the al-Rashid airbase. Iran proceeded to launch 58 F-5E Tiger IIs from Tabriz, which were sent to attack Mosul Airbase, after the attack on Mosul Airbase, another 50 F-5Es were dispatched to strike Nasiriyah Airbase, which was heavily damaged. As all 146 Iranian F-4s and F-5s had been sent for a raid on Iraq,60 F-14 Tomcats were scrambled to defend Iranian airspace against a possible Iraqi retaliation. Iranian F-14s managed to down 2 Iraqi MiG-21s and 3 Iraqi MiG-23s, Iraqi MiG-23s managed to down 2 F-5Es, while Iraqi MiG-21s also downed 2 F-5Es. Iraqis also by mistake shot down one of their own Il-76MD strategic airlifters with a SA-3 SAM, saddam Hussein and the Iraqi military were dealt a heavy blow when Iranian Air Force vulnerabilities failed to materialize
