1.
Mid-air collision
–
A mid-air collision is an aviation accident in which two or more aircraft come into unplanned contact during flight. The potential for a collision is increased by miscommunication, mistrust, error in navigation, deviations from flight plans. The first recorded collision between aircraft occurred at the Milano Circuito Aereo Internazionale meeting held between 24 September and 3 October 1910 in Milan, Italy. On 3 October, Frenchman René Thomas, flying an Antoinette IV monoplane, both pilots survived, but Dickson was so badly injured that he never flew again. The first fatal collision occurred in Douai, France, on 19 June 1912, Captain Marcel Dubois and Lieutenant Albert Peignan, both of the French Army, crashed into one another, killing both pilots. There are many types and causes of mid-air collisions, on some occasions, military aircraft conducting training flights inadvertently collide with civilian aircraft. Before 1958, civilian air traffic controllers guiding civilian flights and military controllers guiding military aircraft were unaware of the others aircraft. The act created the Federal Aviation Agency, and provided unified control of airspace for both civil and military flights. In late 2006, the U. S. Defense Safety Oversight Council recognized and funded the site as its official civil/military mid-air collision prevention website, military Aviation Disasters, Significant Losses Since 1908
2.
Qods, Iran
–
Qods is a city in and the capital of Qods County, Tehran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 229,354, before Qods officially became a municipality in 1989 it was named Qal‘eh Hasan. The Persian Gulf Pro League team Paykan plays in the city at Shahre Qods Stadium, the city has three universities, Islamic Azad University, Shahr-eQods Branch, University of Applied Science and Technology, Shahr-e-Qods Branch and Payam-e-Nour university. Red Crescent - University of Shahryar & Shahr-e Qods
3.
Tehran Province
–
Tehran Province is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. It covers an area of 18,909 square kilometres and is located to the north of the plateau of Iran. Tehran Province borders Māzandarān Province in the north, Qom Province in the south, Semnān Province in the east, the metropolis of Tehran is the capital city of the province and of Iran. As of June 2005, this province includes 13 townships,43 municipalities, Tehran Province is the richest province of Iran as it contributes approximately 29% of the countrys GDP. Furthermore, it houses approximately 18% of the countrys population, Tehran Province is the most industrialized province in Iran,86. 5% of its population resides in urban areas and 13. 5% of its population resides in rural areas. The province gained importance when Tehran was claimed the capital by the Qajar dynasty in 1778, today, Tehran, with a population of more than 7 million, is ranked amongst the 20 most populous metropolitan cities of the world. The province of Tehran has over 12 million inhabitants and is Irans most densely populated region, approximately 86.5 percent reside in urban areas and 13.5 percent in rural areas of the province. The largest rivers of this province are Karaj River and Jajrud River, environmentally, the climate of Tehran province in the southern areas is warm and dry, but in the mountain vicinity is cold and semi-humid, and in the higher regions is cold with long winters. Tehran city has moderate winters and hot summers, average annual rainfall is approximately 200 millimetres, the maximum being during the winter season. On the whole, the province has an arid, steppe climate in the south. Tehran Province has several archeological sites indicating settlements dating back several thousand years, until 300 years ago, Rey was the most prominent of the cities of the province. However, the city of Tehran rose to become the city and capital of Iran by 1778, and since then has been the political, cultural, economic. Tehran has over 1,500 historical sites of cultural significance registered with the Cultural Heritage Organization of Iran, the oldest of these in Tehran province are the remains of two sites in Firuzkuh County that date back to the 4th millennium BCE. Tehran province has over 17,000 industrial units employing 390,000 people, the province contains 30% of Irans economy, and comprises 40% of Irans consumer market. The province has three hydro dams namely Latiyan, Lar, and Amir Kabir as well as two lakes, providing the water supply of Tehran and the province. The province contains 170 mines, over 330 square kilometres of forests, moreover, due to excessive snowfall in the northern areas of the province during the winter season, the Alborz mountains form an excellent environment for winter sports such as skiing. Dizin, Shemshak, and Tochal are the most popular skiing resorts, Freeway 5, This Freeway connects city of Tehran to its southern suburbs such as Sabashahr, Robat Karim and Parand and continues towards Markazi Province to Saveh and Salafchegan. There are plans to continue the freeway towards Khuzestan, Freeway 7, This Freeway connects Tehran City to its airport, Imam Khomeini International Airport and continues towards Qom and Esfahan
4.
Iran
–
Iran, also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, is a sovereign state in Western Asia. Comprising a land area of 1,648,195 km2, it is the second-largest country in the Middle East, with 82.8 million inhabitants, Iran is the worlds 17th-most-populous country. It is the country with both a Caspian Sea and an Indian Ocean coastline. The countrys central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, Tehran is the countrys capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic and cultural center. Iran is the site of to one of the worlds oldest civilizations, the area was first unified by the Iranian Medes in 625 BC, who became the dominant cultural and political power in the region. The empire collapsed in 330 BC following the conquests of Alexander the Great, under the Sassanid Dynasty, Iran again became one of the leading powers in the world for the next four centuries. Beginning in 633 AD, Arabs conquered Iran and largely displaced the indigenous faiths of Manichaeism and Zoroastrianism by Islam, Iran became a major contributor to the Islamic Golden Age that followed, producing many influential scientists, scholars, artists, and thinkers. During the 18th century, Iran reached its greatest territorial extent since the Sassanid Empire, through the late 18th and 19th centuries, a series of conflicts with Russia led to significant territorial losses and the erosion of sovereignty. Popular unrest culminated in the Persian Constitutional Revolution of 1906, which established a monarchy and the countrys first legislative body. Following a coup instigated by the U. K. Growing dissent against foreign influence and political repression led to the 1979 Revolution, Irans rich cultural legacy is reflected in part by its 21 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the third-largest number in Asia and 11th-largest in the world. Iran is a member of the UN, ECO, NAM, OIC. Its political system is based on the 1979 Constitution which combines elements of a democracy with a theocracy governed by Islamic jurists under the concept of a Supreme Leadership. A multicultural country comprising numerous ethnic and linguistic groups, most inhabitants are Shia Muslims, the largest ethnic groups in Iran are the Persians, Azeris, Kurds and Lurs. Historically, Iran has been referred to as Persia by the West, due mainly to the writings of Greek historians who called Iran Persis, meaning land of the Persians. As the most extensive interactions the Ancient Greeks had with any outsider was with the Persians, however, Persis was originally referred to a region settled by Persians in the west shore of Lake Urmia, in the 9th century BC. The settlement was then shifted to the end of the Zagros Mountains. In 1935, Reza Shah requested the international community to refer to the country by its native name, opposition to the name change led to the reversal of the decision, and Professor Ehsan Yarshater, editor of Encyclopædia Iranica, propagated a move to use Persia and Iran interchangeably
5.
Tupolev Tu-154
–
The Tupolev Tu-154 is a three-engine medium-range narrow-body airliner designed in the mid-1960s and manufactured by Tupolev. It was exported to 17 non-Russian airlines and used as a transport by the air forces of several countries. With a cruising speed of 900 kilometres per hour the Tu-154 is one of the fastest civilian aircraft in use and has a range of 5,280 kilometres. Since 1968 there have been 39 fatal incidents involving the Tu-154, most of which were caused either by factors unrelated to the aircraft, following a crash in 2016 all Tupolev Tu-154 aircraft in Russia were grounded. However, the Tu-154 is still being used as of January 2017, the Tu-154 was developed to meet Aeroflots requirement to replace the jet-powered Tu-104, the Antonov An-10 and the Ilyushin Il-18 turboprops. A takeoff distance of 2,600 metres at maximum weight was also stipulated as a requirement. The Soviet Ministry of Aircraft Industry chose the Tu-154 as it incorporated the latest in Soviet aircraft design, the first project chief was Sergey Yeger, in 1964, Dmitryi S. Markov assumed that position. In 1975, the lead role was turned over to Aleksandr S. Shengardt. The Tu-154 first flew on 4 October 1968, the first deliveries to Aeroflot were in 1970 with freight services beginning in May 1971 and passenger services in February 1972. There was still limited production of the 154M model as of January 2009 despite previous announcements of the end of production in 2006,1025 Tu-154s have been built,214 of which were still in service as of 14 December 2009. The last serial Tu-154 was delivered to the Russian Defense Ministry on 19 February 2013 from the Aviakor factory, equipped with upgraded avionics, a VIP interior, the factory has four unfinished hulls in its inventory which can be completed if new orders are received. The Tu-154 is powered by three rear-mounted low-bypass turbofan engines arranged similarly to those of the Boeing 727, but it is larger than its American counterpart. Both the 727 and the Tu-154 use an S-duct for the middle engine, the original model was equipped with Kuznetsov NK-8-2 engines, which were replaced with Soloviev D-30KU-154 in the Tu-154M. All Tu-154 aircraft models have a relatively high thrust-to-weight-ratio which give excellent performance and this became an important factor in later decades as fuel costs grew. The flight deck is fitted with conventional dual yoke control columns, Flight control surfaces are hydraulically operated. The cabin of the Tu-154, although of the same six-abreast seating layout, gives the impression of an interior, with a lower ceiling than is common on Boeing. The passenger cabin accommodates 128 passengers in a layout and 164 passengers in single-class layout. The layout can be modified to what is called a winter version where some seats are taken out, the passenger doors are smaller than on its Boeing and Airbus counterparts
6.
Iran Air Tours
–
Iran Air Tours is an airline based in Tehran, Iran. The airline mainly operates under the English name Iran Airtour as written in Persian and this error is due to confusion between different pluralization rules in English and Persian. The airline was established in 1973 by Iran Air and started scheduled operations in the early 1990s with services for its domestic tours division, for a brief period, the Yakovlev Yak-42D was also operated. The airline was the customer for Iranian-assembled version of the Ukrainian-designed Antonov 140 turboprop. Due to unpublicized reasons, the carrier did not accept deliveries of the type, Iran Air Tours was also to have received several Tupolev Tu-204SM aircraft. As of April 2014, these aircraft had not been delivered due to the United States economic embargo against Iran, with the February,2011 grounding of all Tupolev Tu-154 aircraft in Iran, Iran Air Tours was faced with loss of its primary type. A number of used McDonnell Douglas MD-80 series aircraft were brought online, for a brief period in 2006-2007, two Airbus 300 aircraft were operated but these were transferred to the parent Iran Air. Two Airbus A320-200s were also operated for a few months in 2012, two Boeing 737 Classics were added to the fleet in 2016. The collision killed 133 people – both pilots of the Su-24 and all 12 crew members and 119 passengers on board the Tu-154. 12 February 2002 Flight 956, a Tupolev Tu-154M, crashed into the Sefid Kooh mountains during heavy rain, snow, all 12 crew members and 107 passengers were killed. List of airlines of Iran Media related to Iran Airtour at Wikimedia Commons Iran Air Tours official website Iran Air Tours Fleet list Iran Air Tours photos Iran Iranian Tour & Travel Agency
7.
Aircraft registration
–
In accordance with the Convention on International Civil Aviation, all civil aircraft must be registered with a national aviation authority using procedures set by each country. Every country, even those not party to the Chicago Convention, has a NAA whose functions include the registration of civil aircraft, an aircraft can only be registered once, in the one jurisdiction. The registration identifier must be displayed prominently on the aircraft, most countries also require the registration identifier to be imprinted on a permanent fireproof plate mounted on the fuselage in case of a post-fire/post-crash aircraft accident investigation. Military aircraft typically use tail codes and serial numbers, although each aircraft registration identifier is unique, some countries allow it to be re-used when the aircraft has been sold, destroyed or retired. For example, N3794N is assigned to a Mooney M20F and it had been previously assigned to a Beechcraft Bonanza. Also note that an aircraft may be assigned different registrations during its existence. This can be because the aircraft ownership, jurisdiction of registration. The first use of aircraft registrations was based on the radio callsigns allocated at the London International Radiotelegraphic Conference in 1913, the format was a single letter prefix followed by four other letters. The major nations operating aircraft were allocated a letter prefix. Smaller countries had to share a single letter prefix, but were allocated exclusive use of the first letter of the suffix and this was modified by agreement by the International Bureau at Berne and published on April 23,1913. The agreement stipulated that the nationality marks were to be followed by a then a group of four letters that must include a vowel. This system operated until the adoption of the system in 1928. The International Radiotelegraph Convention at Washington in 1927 revised the list of markings and these were adopted from 1928 and are the basis of the currently used registrations. The markings have been amended and added to over the years, upon registration, the aircraft receives its unique registration, which must be displayed prominently on the aircraft. Annex 7 to the Chicago Convention describes the definitions, location, the aircraft registration is made up of a prefix selected from the countrys callsign prefix allocated by the International Telecommunication Union and the registration suffix. Depending on the country of registration, this suffix is a numeric or alphanumeric code, a supplement to Annex 7 provides an updated list of approved nationality and common marks used by various countries. When painted on the fuselage, the prefix and suffix are usually separated by a dash, when entered in a flight plan, the dash is omitted. In some countries use a number suffix rather than letters, like the United States, South Korea, and Japan
8.
Mehrabad International Airport
–
Tehran Mehrabad International Airport, is an airport that serves Tehran, Iran. Mehrabad, however, is still by far the busiest airport in Iran in terms of traffic and aircraft movements. It is capable of handling aircraft such as the Boeing 747. The airport is also the gateway used by the Government of Iran. Newly delivered Republic F-84G Thunderjets and Lockheed T-33A Shooting Star arrived, May 1957 and April 1956, in 1955 just after construction of first asphalt paved runway a new terminal building for both international and domestic flights was designed and constructed. Among the designers of the modern buildings of the airport was the famous architect William Pereira. After IKAs initial opening in May 2004, due to complications, all international flights have now been moved to IKA. Mehrabad International Airport consists of six terminals, VIP Terminal is used for Meraj Airlines for Governmental flights, CIP Terminal can be used at a passengers request. The Terminal is open to all requests, Terminal 1 is only used for the departures of Kish Air and Zagros Airlines. It also used for all cargo operations, terminals 4 and 6 handle departures and arrivals respectively - for all other airlines. Terminals 3 and 5 are only used during the peak time Hajj seasons, Terminal Crew is used for the flight crews of all airlines. An aircraft engineering and maintenance company Fajr Ashian, has a maintenance hangar adjacent to main airport premises, the hangar is linked to Mehrabad Airport through a taxiway crossing Tehran-Karaj Highway. Fajr Ashian takes care of Aircraft of many companies e. g. Iran Air, Mahan Air, in addition the Iranian Airports Holding Company also has its head office at Mehrabad Airport, nearby Terminal 2. On 15 March 1974, a Sterling Airways Sud Aviation Caravelle suffered a landing gear failure, as the aircraft was taxiing, the right main landing gear failed, causing the right wing to collapse and catch fire. 15 passengers were killed in the accident, on 5 December 1974, a roof collapsed, killing 17 and injuring dozens more. On 20 April 2005, a Boeing 707-3J9C had an accident while landing in Mehrabad airport, after touchdown on runway 29L problems with the undercarriage caused the Boeing 707 to slide off the runway into the Kan River. Three passengers were killed after they fell in the river during the evacuation, the plane left 8 hours later without incident. On 6 December 2005, an Iranian Air Force C-130 Hercules crashed in Tehran shortly after taking off from the airport
9.
Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force
–
The Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force is the aviation branch of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army. The present Air Force came into being in the early 1980s when the former Imperial Iranian Air Force was renamed, the Air Force has attempted with some success to maintain in service the large number of American-built aircraft which Iran acquired during the Shahs regime. The Air Force has turned to purchases of Soviet and Chinese aircraft, as well as pressing ex-Iraqi aircraft into service, and indigenously built aircraft, in order to maintain a capable force. As of June 2016, the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force possesses 348 fighters, making it the ninth most powerful air arm in the world, on paper. The IRIAF came into being when the former Imperial Iranian Air Force was renamed following the Islamic Revolution in Iran, due to strained relations with the west, Iran had to procure new equipment from Brazil, Russia and the Peoples Republic of China. Since the Revolution, the composition of the IRIAF is hard to determine. Many aircraft belonging to the Iraqi Air Force took refuge in Iran during the Persian Gulf War in 1991, and many were put into service with the IRIAF or taken apart for spare parts. Due to the spare parts shortages faced by the air force. In 2002, Iran with the co-operation of Ukraine, successfully started the manufacture of the Iran-140, simultaneously, Iran began construction of two domestically produced fighters, upgraded using technology from the F-14 Tomcat and the F-5 Tiger II. The fighters have been named the Azarakhsh and the Shafaq, since then the country has also become self-sufficient in the manufacture of helicopters. The country claims that it is capable of producing the old U. S. AH-1 Cobra gunship, additionally, Iran also produces Bell Helicopter Bell 212 and Bell 206 helicopters in serial production. These are known respectively as the Shabaviz 2-75 and the Shabaviz 206, a series of purges and forced retirements resulted in the manpower of the service being halved between February 1979 and July 1980, leaving the IRIAF ill-prepared for the Iran–Iraq War. The Iranians retaliated with operation Kaman-99 which involved 206 F-4, F-5, on 23 September 1980, Iran launched Operation Kaman 99 as 40 F-4 Phantoms, armed with Mark 82, Mark 83 and Mark 84 bombs and AGM-65 Maverick missiles, took off from Hamadan. After refueling in mid-air the Phantoms reached the Iraqi capital Baghdad, meanwhile, eight More F-4s took off from Tehran and launched a second attack on the al-Rashid airbase. Iran proceeded to launch 58 F-5E Tiger IIs from Tabriz, which were sent to attack Mosul Airbase, after the attack on Mosul Airbase, another 50 F-5Es were dispatched to strike Nasiriyah Airbase, which was heavily damaged. As all 146 Iranian F-4s and F-5s had been sent for a raid on Iraq,60 F-14 Tomcats were scrambled to defend Iranian airspace against a possible Iraqi retaliation. Iranian F-14s managed to down 2 Iraqi MiG-21s and 3 Iraqi MiG-23s, Iraqi MiG-23s managed to down 2 F-5Es, while Iraqi MiG-21s also downed 2 F-5Es. Iraqis also by mistake shot down one of their own Il-76MD strategic airlifters with a SA-3 SAM, saddam Hussein and the Iraqi military were dealt a heavy blow when Iranian Air Force vulnerabilities failed to materialize
10.
Sukhoi Su-24
–
The Sukhoi Su-24 is a supersonic, all-weather attack aircraft developed in the Soviet Union. The aircraft has a wing, twin-engines and a side-by-side seating arrangement for its two crew. It was the first of the USSRs aircraft to carry an integrated digital navigation/attack system and it remains in service with the Russian Air Force, Ukrainian Air Force, and various air forces to which it was exported. One of the conditions for accepting the Sukhoi Su-7B into service in 1961 was the requirement for Sukhoi to develop a variant capable of precision air strikes. Preliminary investigations with S-28 and S-32 aircraft revealed that the basic Su-7 design was too small to contain all the avionics required for the mission, oKB-794 was tasked with developing an advanced nav/attack system, codenamed Puma, which would be at the core of the new aircraft. That same year, the United States proposal for their new all-weather strike fighter would be the TFX, the resulting F-111 would introduce a variable-geometry wing for greatly increased payload, range, and low-level penetration capabilities. In 1962–1963, Sukhoi initially set out to build an aircraft without the complexity of moving wings like the F-111 and it designed and built a mockup of S-6, a delta wing aircraft powered by two Tumansky R-21F-300 turbojet engines and with a crew of two in a tandem arrangement. The mockup was inspected but no work was ordered due to lack of progress on the Puma hardware. In 1964, Sukhoi started work on S-58M, the aircraft was supposed to represent a modification of the Sukhoi Su-15 interceptor. In the meantime, revised Soviet Air Force requirements called for a strike aircraft with STOL capability. A key feature was the ability to cruise at speeds at low altitude for extended periods of time in order to traverse enemy air defenses. To achieve this, the included two Tumansky R-27F-300 afterburning turbojets for cruise and four Kolesov RD-36-35 turbojets for STOL performance. Side-by-side seating for the crew was implemented since the large Orion radar antennas required a large frontal cross-section, to test the six-engine scheme, the first Su-15 prototype was converted into S-58VD flying laboratory which operated in 1966–1969. The aircraft was officially sanctioned on 24 August 1965 under the internal codename T-6, the first prototype, T-6-1, was completed in May 1967 and flew on 2 July with Vladimir Ilyushin at the controls. The initial flights were performed without the four lift jets, which were installed in October 1967, at the same time, R-27s were replaced with Lyulka AL-21Fs. So the six-engine approach was abandoned, by 1967, the F-111 had entered service and demonstrated the practical advantages and solutions to the technical problems of a swing-wing design. On 7 August 1968, the OKB was officially tasked with investigating a variable geometry wing for the T-6, the resulting T-6-2I first flew on 17 January 1970 with Ilyushin at the controls. The subsequent government trials lasted until 1974, dictated by the complexity of the on-board systems, the crew was equipped with Zvezda K-36D ejection seats, allowing the crew members to bail out at any altitude and flight speed, including during takeoff and landing
11.
Tehran
–
Tehran is the capital of Iran and Tehran Province. It is ranked 29th in the world by the population of its metropolitan area, in the Classical era, part of the present-day city of Tehran was occupied by a Median city that in the Avesta occurs as Rhaga. It was destroyed by the Mongols in the early 13th century, the capital has been moved several times throughout the history, and Tehran is the 32nd national capital of Iran. The city was the seat of the Qajars and Pahlavis, the two last imperial dynasties of Iran. It is home to historical collections, such as the royal complexes of Golestan, Sadabad. Large scale demolition and rebuilding began in the 1920s, and Tehran has been a destination for the migrations from all over Iran since the 20th century. Tabiat Bridge, which was completed in 2014, is considered the third symbol of the city. There have been plans to relocate Irans capital from Tehran to another area, due mainly to air pollution, to date, no definitive plans have been approved. A2016 survey of 230 cities by consultant Mercer ranked Tehran 203rd for quality of living, according to the Global Destinations Cities Index in 2016, Tehran is among the top ten fastest growing destinations. The origin of the name Tehran is uncertain, the settlement of Tehran dates back over 7,000 years. The present-day city of Tehran was a suburb of an important Median city that was known as Rhaga in Old Persian, in the Avestas Videvdat, Rhaga is mentioned as the twelfth sacred place created by the Ohrmazd. In Old Persian inscriptions, Rhaga appears as a province and it was a major area for the Iranian tribes of Medes and Achaemenids. From Rhaga, Darius the Great sent reinforcements to his father Hystaspes, in some Middle Persian texts, Rhaga is given as the birthplace of Zoroaster, although modern historians generally place the birth of Zoroaster in Khorasan. Derived into Modern Persian as Rey, it now as a city located towards the southern end of the modern-day city of Tehran. Mount Damavand, the highest peak of Iran, which is located near Tehran, is an important location in Ferdowsis Shahname, the long Iranian epic poem that is based on the ancient epics of Iran. It appears in the epics as the birthplace of Manuchehr, the residence of Keyumars, the place where Freydun binds the dragon fiend Aži Dahāka, during the Sassanid era, in 641, Yazdgerd III issued his last appeal to the nation from Rey, before fleeing to Khorasan. Rey was dominated by the Parthian Mihran family, and Siyavakhsh—the son of Mihran the son of Bahram Chobin—who resisted the Muslim Invasion, because of this resistance, when the Arabs captured Rey, they ordered the town to be destroyed and ordered Farrukhzad to rebuild the town anew. In the 9th century, Tehran was a well known village, but less known than the city of Rey, the medieval writer Najm od Din Razi declared the population of Rey about 500,000 before the Mongol Invasion
12.
Mashhad
–
Mashhad is the second most populous city in Iran and capital of Razavi Khorasan Province. It is located in the northeast of the country, close to the borders of Turkmenistan and Afghanistan and its population was 2,749,374 at the 2011 census and its built-up area was home to 2,782,976 inhabitants including Mashhad Taman and Torqabeh cities. It was a major oasis along the ancient Silk Road connecting with Merv in the East, the city is most famous and revered for housing the tomb of Imam Reza, the eighth Shia Imam. Every year, millions of pilgrims visit the Imam Reza shrine, the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid is also buried within the shrine. Mashhad has experienced the rise and fall of many governments over the course of history, many Arab, Turkish, and especially Mongolian and Afghan tribes have brought great changes in the language, ethnicity and culture of the people each in their own time. Surprisingly, Mashhad enjoyed relative prosperity in its economy in the Mongol period, Mashhad is mistakenly known as the city of Ferdowsi, the Iranian poet of Shahnameh, which is considered to be the national epic of Iran. Ferdowsi and Akhavan Sales are both buried in Tus, an ancient city that is considered to be the origin of the current city of Mashhad. On 30 October 2009, Irans then-President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad declared Mashhad as Irans spiritual capital, the name Mashhad comes from Arabic, meaning the place of martyrdom the place where Ali ar-Ridha, the eighth Imam of Shia Muslims, suddenly died and so his shrine was placed there. At the beginning of the 9th century, Mashhad was a village called Sanabad. There was a palace of Humayd ibn Qahtaba, the governor of Khurasan. In 808, when Harun al-Rashid, Abbasid caliph, was passing through there to quell the insurrection of Rafi ibn al-Layth in Transoxania, he became ill and he was buried under the palace of Humayd ibn Qahtaba. Due to this event, the Dar al-Imarah was known as the Mausoleum of Haruniyyeh. Several years later in 818 Ali al-Ridha was martyred by al-Mamun and was buried beside the grave of Harun. Although some believe that after this event, the city was called Mashhad al-Ridha, it seems that Mashhad, as a place-name, first appears in al-Maqdisi, about the middle of the 14th century, the traveller Ibn Battuta uses the expression town of Mashhad al-Rida. Shias started visiting there for pilgrimage of his grave, by the end of the 9th century, a dome was built on the grave and many buildings and bazaars sprang up around it. During more than a millennium it has been devastated and reconstructed several times, in 1161 however, the Ghuzz Turks succeeded in taking the place, but they spared the sacred area in their pillaging. Thus the survivors of the migrated to Mashhad. The only well-known food in Mashhad, sholeh Mashhadi or Sholeh, dates back to the era of the Mongolian invasion when it is thought to be cooked with any food available and be a Mongolian word
13.
Iran Standard Time
–
Iran Standard Time or Iran Time is the time zone used in Iran. Iran uses a UTC offset UTC+03,30, IRST is defined by the 52.5 degrees east meridian, the same meridian which defines the Iranian calendar and is the official meridian of Iran. Between 2005 and 2008, by decree of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and it was reintroduced from 21 March 2008. Iran is unusual in that the dates of DST transitions arent based on a such as the third Monday in September. So in most countries, DST transitions occur on the same every year
14.
Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 1103
–
Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 1103 was a Boeing 727 with 10 crew and 147 passengers on board that disintegrated on 22 December 1992. On the day of the accident Flight 1103 took off from Benina International Airport near Benghazi on a flight to Tripoli International Airport. At an altitude of 3,500 ft during the approach to Tripoli airport. As of 2013, this accident remains the third-deadliest one involving a Boeing 727, behind All Nippon Airways Flight 58 and it is also the deadliest accident to occur in Libya. The official explanation blamed a collision with a Libyan Air Force MiG-23, according to Aujali, the dictator originally placed a bomb with a timer in the plane, but when this failed to explode, he ordered the plane to be knocked out of the sky. ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 727-2L5 5A-DIA Tripoli International Airport
15.
Aviation accidents and incidents
–
If the aircraft is destroyed or severely damaged so that it must be written off, it is further defined as a hull loss accident. Annex 13 further defines an aviation incident as an occurrence, other than an accident,583, The Tenerife airport disaster, which occurred on March 27,1977, remains the accident with the highest number of airliner passenger fatalities. 583 people died when a KLM Boeing 747 attempted to take off without clearance, there were no survivors from the KLM aircraft,61 of the 396 passengers and crew on the Pan Am aircraft survived. Pilot error was the cause, as the KLM captain began his takeoff run without obtaining air traffic control clearance. A contributing factor was the dense fog, the KLM flight crew could not see the Pan Am aircraft on the runway until immediately before the collision. The accident had a influence on the industry, particularly in the area of communication. An increased emphasis was placed on using standardized phraseology in air traffic control communication by controllers and pilots alike. Furthermore, all members of the crew are now able to question the captains judgment concerning the safety of the airliner. 520, The crash of Japan Airlines Flight 123 on August 12,1985, is the disaster with the highest number of fatalities,520 people died on board a Boeing 747. Pilots were able to keep the plane flying for 32 minutes after the mechanical failure before crashing into a mountain, all 15 crew members and 505 of the 509 passengers on board died. The death toll was exacerbated by delays in the rescue operation, although a number of people survived the impact, by the time the Japanese rescue teams arrived at the crash site all but four had succumbed to their injuries. 349, On November 12,1996, the worlds deadliest mid-air collision was the Charkhi Dadri mid-air collision involving Saudia Flight 763 and Kazakhstan Airlines Flight 1907 over Charkhi Dadri, the collision was mainly the result of the Kazakh pilot flying lower than the assigned clearance altitude. All 349 passengers and crew on both aircraft died. The Ramesh Chandra Lahoti Commission, empowered to study the causes, recommended the creation of the semi-circular rule,346, On March 3,1974, Turkish Airlines Flight 981, a McDonnell Douglas DC-10, crashed in a forest northeast of Paris, France. The London-bound plane crashed shortly after taking off from Orly airport and it was later determined that the cargo door detached, which caused an explosive decompression, this caused the floor just above to collapse. The collapsed floor severed the control cables, which left the pilots without control of the elevators, the plane entered a steep dive and crashed. It was the deadliest plane crash of all time until the Tenerife disaster in 1977,329, On June 23,1985, Air India Flight 182, a Boeing 747-237B crashed off the southwest coast of Ireland when a bomb exploded in the cargo hold. All 307 passengers and 22 crew members died, one passenger had checked in as M. Singh
16.
Lufthansa CityLine Flight 5634
–
On 6 January 1993, Lufthansa Cityline Flight 5634 was on a flight from Bremen Airport to Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport in France. The Dash 8-311, registration D-BEAT, with 23 passengers and crew took off from Bremen Airport at 17,30, when Flight 5634 was nearing Paris a Korean Air Boeing 747 burst a tyre on landing and the runway was closed down for a short while. The pilot had to change course to runway and started an approach when Flight 5634 entered a high sink rate. The aircraft broke into two parts, but there was no fire, the crash killed 4 passengers and 19 were injured in the accident
17.
Palair Macedonian Airlines Flight 301
–
Palair Macedonian Airlines Flight 301 was a Fokker 100 that crashed shortly after takeoff from Skopje Airport on 5 March 1993. 83 of the 97 persons on board died in the accident, Flight 301 was an international scheduled passenger flight originating in Skopje, Macedonia with a final destination of Zurich, Switzerland. 92 passengers and 5 crew were on board the aircraft, as Flight 301 took off, the local weather consisted of light snow with low overcast and visibility of about half a mile. Seconds after taking off from Runway 34, the aircraft began to experience heavy vibrations, while climbing through an approximate height of 50 ft and with an air speed of about 170 miles per hour, Flight 301 rolled to the left and then to the right. The aircrafts starboard wing tip struck the ground beyond the end of the runway, Flight 301 cartwheeled before crashing to the ground, with the fuselage breaking up into three pieces. After the crash, United Nations peacekeepers assisted in rescue operations, Palair Macedonian Airlines Flight 301 was the deadliest aviation accident involving a Fokker 100 at the time it took place, a record it maintained till TAM Flight 402 crashed on 31 October 1996. Flight 301 is still the second-deadliest Fokker 100 crash, the investigation board determined that impact with the ground in a steep right bank shortly after liftoff was caused by loss of roll controllability due to contamination of the wings with ice. Contributing factors were a lack of background and procedures in a difficult multi-sources operational environment. Avioimpex Flight 110, a 1993 aviation disaster that took place in Macedonia TAM Flight 402, another aviation disaster involving a Fokker 100 Palair Macedonian Airlines Flight 301 at Airdisaster. com
18.
China Eastern Airlines Flight 583
–
China Eastern Airlines Flight 583 was a China Eastern Airlines flight from Hongqiao Airport, Shanghai, to Los Angeles International Airport, Los Angeles. On April 6,1993, the McDonnell-Douglas MD-11 was cruising above the Pacific Ocean at Mach 0.84 when a crew member accidentally deployed the slats near the Aleutian Islands. The plane then encountered severe oscillations and made a landing at Shemya Air Force Base in Shemya, Semichi Islands, Alaska. Of the 255 passengers and crew,60 were hospitalized, two ultimately died, Sam Keung, an American, died of his injuries in hospital. Of the cockpit crew,5 received no injuries and 3 received serious injuries, of the flight attendants,8 received no injuries and 4 received serious injuries. Of the surviving passengers,84 received no injuries,96 received minor injuries, by April 24,1993 all but three of the surviving passengers were discharged from the hospital. Michael Crichtons novel Airframe opens with an incident based on Flight 583. The airframe, redesignated as N951AR, now serves as a freighter for Miami based Sky Lease Cargo. China Eastern Airlines Flight 5398 China Eastern Flight 586 Final Accident Report - National Transportation Safety Board
19.
Japan Air System Flight 451
–
On April 18,1993, the Douglas DC-9-41 on the route crashed while landing at Hanamaki Airport. The aircraft, caught by windshear, skidded off of the runway, all 72 passengers and five crew members survived, with 19 people sustaining injuries. The aircraft caught fire as the passengers evacuated, final report - Aircraft Accident Investigation Commission
20.
1993 Zambia national football team plane crash
–
The flight was carrying most of the Zambian national football team to a FIFA World Cup Qualifier against Senegal in Dakar. All 25 passengers and five members were killed. A Gabonese official investigation into the accident concluded that the pilot had shut down the engine after a fire. The investigation found that fatigue and an instrument error had contributed to the accident. The accident is recreated in the 2014 Spanish/Zambian documentary film Eighteam, the flight had been specially arranged by the Zambian Air Force for the football team. The journey was scheduled to make three refuelling stops, the first at Brazzaville, Congo, the second at Libreville, Gabon, at the first stop in Brazzaville engine problems were noted. Despite this, the continued and a few minutes after taking off from the second stop in Libreville the left engine caught fire. A Gabonese report released in 2003 attributed the actions to a faulty warning light. The aircraft entered service in 1975, the plane had been out of service for five months from late 1992 until 21 April 1993. Test flights were carried out on 22 April and 26 April, prior to the departure for Senegal, checks revealed a number of defects in the engine, carbon particles in oil filters, disconnected cables and trace of heating. However, the flight went ahead as scheduled, the Chipolopolo were a very promising Zambia national team. At the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul they thrashed Italy 4–0 and they had their eyes on the 1993 Africa Cup of Nations trophy and a place at their first World Cup. All 30 passengers and crew, including 18 players, as well as the team coach and support staff. Charles Musonda, at the playing in Belgium for Anderlecht, was previously injured. A campaign to have the Gabonese crash investigation publicly released continued into the 2000s, in November 2003 a preliminary crash investigation report was released by the Gabonese government. Despite this relatives of the continue to lobby the Zambian government to produce a report on how the aircraft was allowed to leave Zambia. The members of the team killed in the crash were buried in what became known as Heroes Acre. The resurrected team defied the odds, and displaying an attacking playing style and they took the lead in the first half, but the Super Eagles quickly equalised and followed up with the winner in the second half
21.
SAM Colombia Flight 501
–
SAM Colombia Flight 501 was a SAM Colombia Boeing 727-46 that crashed on May 19,1993, killing all 132 on board, including several Panamanian dentists on their way to a convention. The crew reported over the Abejorral NDB beacon at FL160, approaching Medellín, the flight was then cleared to descend to FL120. The 727 had actually not yet reached the beacon, and descended into mountainous terrain, the flight struck Mount Paramo Frontino at 12,300 feet. Thunderstorm activity in the area made ADF navigation more difficult and the Medellín VOR/DME had been attacked by terrorists and was unserviceable, ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 727-46 HK-2422X Medellín
22.
China Northwest Airlines Flight 2119
–
China Northwest Airlines Flight 2119 was a flight from Yinchuan Xihuayuan Airport, Ningxia to Beijing Capital International Airport, Peoples Republic of China. On July 23,1993, the aircraft crashed into a lake after it was unable to get airborne while attempting to take off at Yinchuan Airport, just before rotation on takeoff, the right-side flap actuator failed, causing the flaps to retract. Unable to get the aircraft into the air, the crew had no other option, the aircraft overran the runway and crashed into a lake. Model, BAe 146-300 Registration, B-2716 Serial Number, E-3215 Year of Delivery,1992 List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft Accident database from airdisaster. com
23.
Asiana Airlines Flight 733
–
Asiana Airlines Flight 733 was a domestic Asiana Airlines passenger flight between Seoul Gimpo International Airport and Mokpo Airport, South Korea. The flight carrying 110 passengers along with six crew members departed Seoul at 14,37 for a flight to Mokpo Airport. On approach to runway 06, the aircraft crashed into a ridge, Mt. Ungeo, at 800 feet on July 26,1993, at 15,48. The aircraft, a Boeing 737-5L9, failed to land twice in bad weather and crashed on the attempt, causing the deaths of 66 passengers. Mokpo Airport was only equipped with VOR/DME, there were three Japanese nationals and two American nationals among the passengers, many of whom were vacationers heading for the popular summer resort there off the Yellow Sea, the airline said. The pilot, Hwan In-ki, died in the crash, chung Jong-hwan, the director general of the Ministry of Transportation, said that Hwans actions caused the crash. An inquiry found pilot error was the cause of the crash when the plane began a descent while it was passing over a mountain peak. The flight recorders were found and they recorded that after the third attempt, the twin-engine plane then disappeared from the radar at 3,41 PM. Flight 733 had the highest death toll of any accident in South Korea at that time. It was surpassed by Air China Flight 129, which crashed on April 15,2002 and it was also the highest death toll of any accident involving a Boeing 737-500 at that time. It was surpassed by Aeroflot Flight 821, which crashed on September 14,2008, accident description at the Aviation Safety Network Planecrashinfo. com Aircraft Crashes record office Airdisaster. com Airsafe. com
24.
1993 Llyn Padarn helicopter crash
–
The aircraft departed RAF Valley on August 12,1993, for a routine search and rescue training mission over North Wales. Aboard were three crewmembers and four Air Training Corps Cadets from Northern England, as they were flying over the lake, the pilot performed a planned autopilot failure simulation. However, the aircraft encountered a genuine emergency when it lost the drive to its tail rotor, without it to counteract the torque produced by the main rotor, the helicopter became uncontrollable and started spinning before impacting the water. The crash was caught on amateur video, the three crew and one cadet were able to escape the wreckage. She recounted, Several persons, including a canoeing monitor rushed to the crash site, the three remaining occupants of the helicopter were presumably trapped in the wreckage and drowned. As the accident aircraft belonged to the RAF, the responsibility for investigating the crash lay not with the Air Accidents Investigation Branch, the Ministry of Defence released a report in November 1995. The RAF investigators determined the loss of power on the rotor to have been caused by two toothed flanges in the tail boom failing to engage properly. The tail of the Westland Wessex can be folded for storage, the shaft that drives the tail rotor is broken and then remade by means of a disconnect coupling using two flanges. When the tail was last unfolded, the two failed to mesh completely. It is hypothesized that the disconnection of the autopilot just prior the accident increased the stress on the tail section, after the two halves of the transmission train became decoupled, the tail rotor was not powered and ceased functioning. The crew then had no means to control the aircraft, beginning January 1996, a civilian inquest was also held in Llandudno. For some time after the accident, all Westland Wessex in the United Kingdom were grounded for all, the grounding was eventually lifted and Westland Wessex re-entered service. As of 2000, at least one of the four recommendations made by the board of inquiry as a result of the crash had been implemented. A plaque has been placed near the crash site, a memorial service was held there in 2003, for the tenth anniversary of the tragedy
25.
1993 Tajik Air Yakovlev Yak-40 incident
–
On 28 August 1993 a non-scheduled domestic passenger flight operated by Tajik Air and served by a Yakovlev Yak-40 crashed during takeoff at Khorog Airport, killing 82 people on board. Militants during the war in Tajikistan forced the crew to take more passengers than the aircraft was able to carry. Unable to take off, the aircraft overran the runway at high speed, struck several obstacles, the crash remains the deadliest accident involving a Yakovlev Yak-40 and the deadliest aviation accident in Tajikistan. This led the takeoff weight to be exceeded by 3,000 kg. The crew was forced to take off under the threat of shooting, the left main landing gear struck a low earth embankment,148 or 150 m beyond the runway end. Then the aircraft struck a boulder 60 cm high, subsequently the right gear struck a concrete pillbox 60 m further. The aircraft ultimately fell into the Panj River and disintegrated
26.
Lufthansa Flight 2904
–
Lufthansa Flight 2904 was an Airbus A320-200 which overran the runway at Okęcie International Airport on 14 September 1993. It was a flight from Frankfurt, Germany to Warsaw, Poland, lufthansa Flight 2904 was cleared to land at Okęcie International Airport Runway 11 and was informed of the existence of wind shear on the approach. To compensate for the crosswind, the pilots attempted to touch down with the aircraft banked slightly to the right, additionally they landed with a speed about 20 knots faster than usual. According to the manual, this was the procedure for the reported weather conditions. At the moment of touchdown, the assumed crosswind turned out to be a tailwind, due to the tailwind of approximately 20 knots and the increased speed, the airplane hit the ground at approximately 170 knots and far beyond the normal touch down point. The aircrafts right gear touched down 770 m from the runway 11 threshold, the left gear touched down 9 seconds later,1525 m from the threshold. Only when the left gear touched the runway did the ground spoilers and engine thrust reversers start to deploy, the wheel brakes, triggered by wheel rotation being equal to or greater than 72 knots, began to operate about 4 seconds later. The remaining length of the runway was too short to enable the aircraft to stop on the remaining runway, seeing the approaching end of the runway and the obstacle behind it, the pilot steered the aircraft off the runway to the right. The aircraft departed the runway at a speed of 72 knots and rolled 90 m before it hit the embankment, a fire started in the left wing area and penetrated into the passenger cabin. Marcin Bronikowski, a passenger, told Warsaw Radio ZET station that the incident occurred in a fraction of a second after landing, the main cause of the accident was incorrect decisions and actions of the flight crew. Some of the decisions were taken when information about wind shear was received by the crew. The wind shear was produced by the front passing over the airport, one additional cause was the lack of current wind information at the tower. For that reason no up-to-date wind information could be transmitted to the crew, further additional causes were certain design features of the aircraft. The thrust reversers are only activated if the first condition is true, there is no way for the pilots to override the software decision and activate either system manually. In the case of the Warsaw accident neither of the first two conditions was fulfilled, so the most effective braking system was not activated, point one was not fulfilled because the plane landed inclined. Thus the pressure of 12 tons on both landing gears combined required to trigger the sensor was not reached, point two was not fulfilled either due to a hydroplaning effect on the wet runway. Only when the landing gear touched the runway did the automatic aircraft systems allow the ground spoilers. Due to the distances in the heavy rain the aircraft could not stop before the end of the runway
27.
1993 Sukhumi airliner attacks
–
In September,1993, two Tupolev civilian airliners belonging to Transair Georgia were hit by missiles allegedly fired by Russian-supported separatists in Sukhumi, Abkhazia, Georgia. A total of 28 people perished in the attacks, a Tu-134 aircraft flying from Sochi was hit on approach to Sukhumi-Babusheri Airport by a Strela 2 surface-to-air missile. The plane crashed into the Black Sea, killing all five members and 22 passengers. Passengers were boarding a Tu-134 at Sukhumi when it was struck by rockets from an Abkhaz BM-21 Grad rocket launcher and it caught fire and burned out, leaving one crew member dead. The aircraft was due to operate a Sukhumi-Tbilisi service
28.
China Eastern Airlines Flight 5398
–
China Eastern Airlines Flight 5398 was a McDonnell Douglas MD-82 airliner from Shenzhens Baoan International Airport to Fuzhou Yixu Airport in Fujian, China. On October 26,1993, it crashed on approach to Fuzhou Yixu Airport, the aircraft overran the runway while landing in heavy rain and high winds. Two of the 80 passengers and crew on board were killed, on October 26,1993,11, 50am, Flight MU5398 took off from Shenzhen airport and scheduled to land 12, 50pm at Fuzhou airport. At 12, 32pm, the crew contacted tower in Fuzhou airport preparing for landing and it was raining at the time, and the visibility was 4 km. The crew began the approach despite the poor visibility, resulting in a deviation to the right of the runway. The crew did not abort the landing and go-around, but tried to correct the course while continuing to descend, only 1 km from the runway, and only 20m above the ground, did the crew decide to go around. The aircraft kept losing altitude, and its tail struck the runway before the aircraft overran, the fuselage broke into 3 pieces. Two people were killed and ten more injured, later investigation revealed that the crew of Flight MU5398 violated the approaching protocol at Fuzhou airport, and did not cooperate well with the air traffic controller. The cause of the accident was ruled to be pilot error, Fuzhou Yixu Airport was built in 1944 as a military airport. From 1974 it served for both civilian and military use, and was served by domestic and international airlines. Due to the length and the increasing air traffic, a new civilian airport was proposed in 1991. On June 23,1997, Fuzhou Changle International Airport opened for operation, Fuzhou Yixu Airport returned to military use only. Registration number B-2103 was later assigned to a McDonnell Douglas MD-90 aircraft in 2000 and it continued to operate for China Southern Airlines when China Northern merged with China Southern in 2002. In 2010, this MD-90 was sold to Delta Air Lines, list of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft
29.
China Airlines Flight 605
–
China Airlines Flight 605 was a daily non-stop flight departing from Taipei at 6,30 a. m. and arriving at Kai Tak Airport in Hong Kong at 7,00 a. m. local time. On November 4,1993, the plane crashed after overrunning the runway on landing during a storm and it was the first major loss of a Boeing 747-400. Flight 605, a Boeing 747-400, touched down more than 2,100 feet past the displaced threshold, at a speed of 150 knots. Tropical Storm Ira was generating 20-knot crosswinds on that runway, gusting to 38 knots, the pilots received several computer-generated wind shear and glide slope deviation warnings, and observed severe airspeed fluctuations, during the last mile before touchdown. The auto brakes were set at only the two level and then were turned off moments after touchdown, when the Captain elected to use manual braking. The speedbrakes were extended momentarily, but then retracted and this caused the plane to float, making the brakes ineffective until the speed brakes were extended again. The Captain deliberately turned the plane to the left when he realized the plane would go off the end of the runway, and into the approach lighting system for runway 31. That action caused a loop, making the plane slide off the left side of the runway into Victoria Harbour. It finally came to rest in water, with a heading of almost 180 degrees out from the direction of runway 13. A British Airways pilot had refused to make the approach to Kai Tak runway 13 minutes before the CAL605 Captain decided to attempt it. Immediately after the aircraft came to rest in the water, crew members ensured that all passengers put on life jackets and these exits are specifically equipped with inflatable evacuation slide/rafts for ditching emergencies. The passenger cabin remained completely above water during the evacuation, although eventually sinking tail-first, additional damage to the nose and first-class cabin was noted. There were 23 minor injuries among passengers or crew and the plane was written off as a hull loss. The vertical stabilizer on the plane interfered with the accuracy of the ILS signals for runway 31 and that permitted airliners to make safe ILS approaches whenever the wind patterns mandated the use of runway 31. After the accident, the aircraft was stored by the HAECO building to be used for firefighting practice
30.
China Northern Airlines Flight 6901
–
China Northern Airlines Flight 6901 was a McDonnell Douglas MD-82 airliner from Beijings Capital International Airport to Ürümqi Diwopu International Airport in Xinjiang, China. On November 13,1993, it crashed on approach to Ürümqi Airport, twelve of the 102 passengers and crew on board were killed. The accident has been attributed to pilot error, while on final approach, the autopilot automatically disconnected. The Captain proceeded to reengage it, believing that it would still be in APP mode, when activated however, the autopilot went into VERT SPD mode with a setting of -800 feet per minute. The crews failure to disconnect the autopilot and manually land the airplane contributed to the accident, another factor was the crews lack of proficiency in English. When the GPWS issued an alarm, the captain asked his first officer what the words Pull up meant. The first officer replied that he did not know, consequently, the pilots ignored the warnings and failed to correct their excessive rate of descent, causing the plane to strike power lines and a wall before coming down in a field
31.
Avioimpex Flight 110
–
Avioimpex Flight 110 was a scheduled international passenger flight operated by Avioimpex that crashed on 20 November 1993 while flying from Geneva to Skopje. Before the disaster, Flight 110 had deviated from Skopje International Airport to Ohrid Airport due to a blizzard in the Macedonian capital, the plane, a Yakovlev Yak-42, was carrying 108 passengers and eight crew, and crashed about 7 kilometres east of Ohrid Airport. All 116 people onboard were killed as a result of the crash, one passenger lived for eleven days after the disaster but succumbed to his injuries. Most of the victims were Yugoslav citizens of Albanian ethnicity, the crash was Macedonias third aviation disaster in 16 months, and remains the countrys deadliest. A subsequent investigation established the cause of the accident as pilot error, Flight 110 was an international scheduled passenger flight originating in Geneva, Switzerland with a final destination of Skopje, Macedonia. Due to a blizzard at Skopje, Flight 110 was diverted to Ohrid Airport, cleared for an approach to Runway 02, the Yak-42 was approximately 2,300 feet too high to carry out a successful landing, so a missed approach procedure was executed. Shortly afterwards the crew of Flight 110 radioed that they were not receiving the VOR signal, air Traffic control was unable to satisfy the request for a bearing and the pilot of Flight 110 advised that he could not see the runway lights. Shortly thereafter Flight 110 crashed killing 115 of the 116 people on board, one passenger, Rade Jevremović, survived but was badly injured. Eighty percent of the passengers were citizens of Yugoslavia, mostly ethnic Albanians, the four members of the flight crew were Russian and the four cabin crew members were Macedonian. Among the passengers was Pierre Ollier, a French United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees official in his mid-20s who had just returned from an assignment in war-torn Bosnia, the pilots association complained of broken equipment and poor safety standards at both Skopje and Ohrid Airports. On 1 December 1993, Rade Jevremovic died without ever regaining consciousness in the following the crash of Avioimpex Flight 110. Flight 110 remains the deadliest aviation crash to take place in Macedonia. The cause of the crash was attributed to a violation of the traffic pattern by the crew of Flight 110. A contributing factor was their decision to proceed with the even though they were not receiving a navigational signal due to being out of range of the VOR station. Palair Macedonian Airlines Flight 301, a 5 March 1993 aviation disaster in Macedonia Avioimpex Flight 110 at Planecrashinfo. com Avioimpex Flight 110 at Aviation Safety Network
32.
1993 Auckland mid-air collision
–
The 1993 Auckland mid-air collision was an aircraft accident in New Zealand. It occurred on 26 November 1993, when two aircraft operated by Airwork, under contract to the New Zealand Police, collided and crashed in central Auckland, the accident occurred in daylight with excellent visibility, in uncontrolled airspace, with both aircraft flying under visual flight rules. Both the helicopter and aeroplane were operated by Airwork, and working under contract to the New Zealand Police at the time of the accident, the Transport Accident Investigation Commission investigation found the accident occurred because neither pilot saw the other aircraft. The Aérospatiale TwinStar AS355 F1, registration ZK-HIT, was using call signs Police One with air traffic control and it was operating out of Mechanics Bay Heliport, the base of the police Air Support Unit,1 NM east of the central city. At 4,22 pm it returned to the heliport after a mission for a break of about an hour. It departed to the north over Waitemata Harbour and shortly afterwards made a turn to the left to a southwest heading. It flew this course, climbing, for about 1 minute before making a 30° turn to the left, the Piper Archer 28-181, registration ZK-ENX, call sign Pact 1 was flying a regular weekday traffic patrol, piloted by Allan Anthony Connors. The patrols were conducted at 1,500 feet. It left Ardmore Aerodrome at 3,59 pm, and reported on several traffic incidents, shortly after 5,32 pm, the aircraft flew south from the North Shore to a road accident on the Auckland Southern Motorway near the Symonds Street on-ramp. It flew southeast past the accident, and began a turn to the left around the accident site. The aircraft turned through about 270° and was turning through a southwest heading when the collision occurred, the accident interrupted a report the pilot was making to Police Control over the radio. The collision occurred at 5,34,48 pm, near the intersection of Queen Street and Karangahape Road, at an altitude of about 1,400 feet. The left wing of the Archer separated, and the aircraft rolled, dived steeply, the wing landed on a church roof. The TwinStar lost the main rotor and transmission, and rear tail boom, vertical stabiliser and it fell onto the Grafton Road on-ramp to the Northwestern Motorway, under Symonds Street Bridge, and a severe fire broke out, fuelled by 700 litres of kerosene. The main rotor and tail section fell into a cemetery by Karangahape Road, helicopter debris caused moderate facial burns to the driver of a car, who was taken to Auckland City Hospital. The accident created substantial traffic congestion, which hampered emergency services responding to the scene, a witness at Mount Eden,1.3 NM south of the site, caught the accident on video. The Transport Accident Investigation Commission was notified of the accident at 6,20 pm and he began a field investigation later that evening. The wreckage was moved to a storage site prior to inspection, the U. S. Federal Aviation Administration conducted a cockpit field of view survey for the Commission
33.
Northwest Airlink Flight 5719
–
On December 1,1993, a Jetstream 31 operated by Express II as Northwest Airlink crashed into two ridges just east of Hibbing, killing all sixteen passengers and the two pilots aboard. Flight 5719 took off over 40 minutes late from Minneapolis-St. Paul and this was due to a late arrival and the replacement of landing light bulbs in Minneapolis-St. Paul. The aircraft was delayed when it was deemed overweight for departure. Until just moments before the crash, Flight 5719 was uneventful, no distress signal was ever sent. The aircraft descended at 2250 ft/min and was 1200 feet above the minimum altitude when overhead the KINNY final approach fix, the aircraft continued its descent through the 2040 feet step down altitude. The aircraft struck the top of a tree, continued for 634 feet, finally, the plane collided with two ridges and came to rest inverted and lying on its right side. At first, icing was considered as a cause of the crash. During the NTSBs investigation, it was learned that Captain Marvin Falitz had failed three semiannual proficiency checks over the last five years preceding the accident, a chief pilot described Falitz as competent but intimidating and provocative with colleagues. Falitz was accused of slapping a co-pilots headphones in anger
