1.
1993 in India
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Events in the year 1993 in the Republic of India. President of India – Shankar Dayal Sharma Prime Minister of India – P. V. Narasimha Rao 9 March – The All Parties Hurriyat Conference is formed in Kashmir. 12 March – A series of blasts, thought to be planted by underworld figures, rock the countrys commercial capital of Bombay. 14 April – Sun TV, a Tamil language television station, as first regular broadcasting service to start in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. 30 September – The 6.2 Mw Latur earthquake shakes Maharashtra, India with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII killing 9,748, mulayam Singh Yadav elected chief minister of Uttar Pradesh for the second time. 23 April – Akrit Jaswal, child physician,17 November – Ajit Ramkisan Shinde,2 August – Sravani P15 January – Ajay J, Production Engineer 23 August – Ram Prashanth B. sc. 5 April – Divya Bharti, actress,3 August – Chinmayananda, spiritual leader. 19 August – Utpal Dutt, actor, director and writer,29 November – J. R. D. Tata a French-born Indian aviator and businessman who became Indias first licensed pilot. Ram Nath Kak, veterinarian and writer
2.
1992 in India
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Events in the year 1992 in the Republic of India. President of India – R. Venkataraman until 25 July, Shankar Dayal Sharma Prime Minister of India – P. V, may - Over 200 people die in Cuttack in Odisha, after drinking illegally brewed liquor. The mosque is believed to have built over a shrine which exhorted the small piece of land as Ram Janmabhoomi - the birthplace of Lord Rama. This sparks off nationwide communal riots in which some 3,000 people die, government of India establishes SEBI, stock exchange regulator. It was 20 Rs to 1 dollar in January 1992 and it became 30 Rs to 1 dollar in December 1992, a huge 50% depreciation in value. 23 April - Satyajit Ray, filmmaker,17 July - Kanan Devi, actress and singer. 27 July - Amjad Khan, actor and director,3 November - Prem Nath, actor. Unknown -, Comedian V. K. Gokak, writer and scholar
3.
1991 in India
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Events in the year 1991 in the Republic of India. 21 May - Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi, Former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi is assassinated by a LTTE Suicide Bomber in Sriperumbudur near Chennai in Tamil Nadu during the election campaign. 31 May - The Government of India constitutes the Company Law Board as an independent quasi-judicial body thus giving up direct control on matters of company law,15 June - When the general election results are all compiled, the Congress Party has won a plurality of votes. 21 June - Indian National Congress leader P. V,24 June - J. Jayalalithaa is sworn in as chief minister of Tamil Nadu for the first time. 24 July - The government of India announces its New Industrial Policy,11 October - Sikh Separatists bomb Hindu Procession in Lucknow, killing 41 people. 11 December - Rapid Action Force established by Union Home Ministry,27 September – Amzad Ali, cricketer 15 May - Kalindi Charan Panigrahi, poet, novelist, story writer, dramatist and essayist. 21 May - Rajiv Gandhi, Prime Minister, Bharat Ratna,24 October - Ismat Chughtai, writer
4.
India
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India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety
5.
1995 in India
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Events in the year 1995 in the Republic of India. President of India – Shankar Dayal Sharma Prime Minister of India – P. V. Narasimha Rao 5 March - Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited founded,21 September - Reports of the Hindu milk miracle surface. 23 December - Nearly 425 people die when a blaze rips through a school prize-giving ceremony in the town of Dabwali in Haryana state. 20 October - Hindi movie Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge released the longest running Hindi movie,31 August - Punjab Chief Minister Beant Singh is assassinated. India joins the World Trade Organisation which has replaced GATT, meghana, badminton player Aashika Bhatiya, actress 10 April - Morarji Desai, independence activist and 6th Prime Minister of India. 21 August - Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, astrophysicist and joint Nobel Prize in Physics winner
6.
1996 in India
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Events in the year 1996 in the Republic of India. January — Tensions with Pakistan rise sharply and there is an exchange of mortar,29 January — S. R. Bommai resigns as president of the Janata Dal party and is replaced by Laloo Prasad Yadav. 27 April,2 May and 7 May — In general elections the ruling Congress Party is defeated, phoolan Devi, former bandit queen is elected to Parliament from the Samajwadi Party. 17 to 28 May - Atal Bihari Vajpayee, leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party, is elected the new Prime Minister of India, replacing P. V. Narasimha Rao of the Indian National Congress. However, the party does not receive a majority and Vajpayee resigns thirteen days later rather than face a no confidence vote. 1 June — Deve Gowda is sworn in as the head of the United Front, gowdas new cabinet brings in powerful regional figures, mixing low-caste and Muslim leaders with veterans of the socialist movement. 28 June — Communists join the government for the first time since independence,11 July — A Delhi court summons Congress president P. V. Narasimha Rao to testify as the co-accused in a cheating case,28 August — At least 194 pilgrims are reported to have frozen to death in northern Kashmir after being stranded by violent rain and snow storms in the Amarnath Yatra tragedy. 19 September — The government of Gujarat under Chief Minister Suresh Mehta is sacked on recommendation of Prime Minister Gowda, the move comes a day after the BJP government in Gujarat won a controversial vote of confidence in the state legislature. Mehta won the vote after the assembly speaker suspended all opposition legislators. Fighting broke out on the floor of the assembly after marshals tried to force the suspended legislators to leave, witnesses said lawmakers hurled pin cushions and microphones at each other. Several lawmakers and journalists were injured in the scuffles. 22 September — Rao resigns as president of the Congress Party,23 September - Sitaram Kesri is elected Congress president. 10 October — Rao is arrested on charges of forgery. 11 October — An Uttar Pradesh state election returns a hung assembly,7 November - A devastating Category 4 Cyclone strikes Andhra Pradesh, India. The storm surge sweeps fishing villages out to sea, over 2,000 people die, 95% of the crops are completely destroyed. 12 November — A Saudi Arabian Boeing 747 jumbo jet and a Kazakhstan Ilyushin cargo plane collide near Charkhi Dadri,28 November — Chinese President Jiang Zemin begins his three-day visit, the first visit by a Chinese head of state to India. 19 December — Rao resigns as Congress parliamentary leader, his last official party position,30 December - In the Indian state of Assam, a passenger train is bombed by Bodo separatists, killing 26
7.
1997 in India
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Events in the year 1997 in the Republic of India. 28 February - The government is strengthened by a daring, market friendly budget,13 March – Indias Missionaries of Charity chooses Sister Nirmala to succeed Mother Teresa as its leader. 19 March - The Bahujan Samaj Party, a powerful low-caste party,30 March - Congress withdraws support from the United Front, accusing Prime Minister H. D. 21 April - Inder Kumar Gujral, a new leader acceptable to Congress, is sworn in as prime minister,3 July - Laloo Prasad Yadav is ousted as president of the Janata Dal party. On 5 July he announces the formation of a new party called Rashtriya Janata Dal.14 July - K. R, narayanan is elected president, defeating T. N. 25 July - Laloo Prasad Yadav resigns as chief minister of Bihar after a warrant for his arrest and he names his wife, Rabri Devi, as his successor and the first woman chief minister of Bihar. Narayanan is sworn in as Indias 10th president and the first member of the Dalit caste to hold this office,16 August - Krishan Kant is elected vice president. 5 September – Mother Teresa of Calcutta dies of heart failure in Kolkata,9 September -49 senior Hindu politicians and religious figures are charged with conspiracy and incitement to riot for their alleged role in the sacking of the Babri mosque at Ayodhya in 1992. 12 October-18 October - Elizabeth II pays a visit to India. 21 October - Violence erupts in the Uttar Pradesh state assembly during a vote of confidence on the Hindu nationalist state government, deputies trade blows on the floor of the assembly in the state capital of Lucknow and hurl chairs and microphones at each other. A dozen lawmakers are injured and several journalists are also hurt, the government wins the confidence vote after opposition members walk out in protest against the violence in the hall. Federal rule over the state is imposed the day. 26 November - The United Front rejects the Congress demand to expel the DMK.28 November - Prime Minister Gujral resigns after the Congress party withdrew support from his government,4 December - The president orders mid-term elections. 29 December - Sonia Gandhi, Italian-born widow of Rajiv Gandhi, shivaram Karanth, writer, social activist, environmentalist, Yakshagana artist, movie maker and thinker
8.
1st millennium
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The first millennium was a period of time that began on January 1, AD1, and ended on December 31, AD1000, of the Julian calendar. It was the first period of one years in the Anno Domini or Common Era. In Europe and the Mediterranean, the first millennium was a time of great transition, the 1st century saw the peak of the Roman Empire, followed by its gradual decline during the period of Late Antiquity, the rise of Christianity and the Great Migrations. In Arabia, in the century, a man called Muhammad became the leader. After his death, his companions extended the religion, in East Asia, the first millennium was also a time of great cultural advances, notably the spread of Buddhism to East Asia. In China, the Han dynasty is replaced by the Jin dynasty and later the Tang dynasty until the 10th century sees renewed fragmentation in the Five Dynasties, in Japan, a sharp increase in population followed when farmers use of iron tools increased their productivity and crop yields. In South Asia, the Indian subcontinent was divided among numerous kingdoms throughout the first millennium, in Mesoamerica, the first millennium was a period of enormous growth known as the Classic Era. Teotihuacan grew into a metropolis and its empire dominated Mesoamerica, in South America, pre-Incan, coastal cultures flourished, producing impressive metalwork and some of the finest pottery seen in the ancient world. In North America, the Mississippian culture rose at the end of the millennium in the Mississippi, numerous cities were built, Cahokia, the largest, was based in present-day Illinois, and may have had 30,000 residents at its peak about 1250 AD. The circumference of the 10-story-high Monks Mound at Cahokia was larger than that of the Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan or the Great Pyramid in Egypt
9.
2nd millennium
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The second millennium was a period of time that began on January 1,1001 and ended on December 31,2000 of the Gregorian calendar. It was the period of one thousand years in the Anno Domini or Common Era. The Renaissance saw the beginning of the migration of humans from Europe, Africa. The interwoven international trade led to the formation of multi-national corporations, international business ventures reduced the impact of nationalism in popular thought. The world population doubled over the first seven centuries of the millennium, consequently, unchecked human activity had considerable social and environmental consequences, giving rise to extreme poverty, climate change and biotic crisis. The 2nd millennium was a period of time began on January 1,1001. It was the period of one thousand years in the Anno Domini or Common Era. The Julian calendar was used in Europe at the beginning of the millennium, so the end date is always calculated according to the Gregorian calendar, but the beginning date is usually according to the Julian calendar. Stephen Jay Gould argued that it is not possible to decide if the millennium ended on December 31,1999, or December 31,2000. The second millennium is perhaps more popularly thought of as beginning and ending a year earlier, thus starting at the beginning of 1000 and finishing at the end of 1999. Many public celebrations for the end of the millennium were held on December 31,1999 – January 1, the civilizations in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme. The events in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme, the people in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme. See also Lists of people by nationality Category, People by century Category, People by nationality and period Gottlieb, Agnes Hooper, Henry Gottlieb, Barbar Bowers,1,000 Years,1,000 People, Ranking the Men and Women Who Shaped the Millennium
10.
Nazriya Nazim
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Nazriya Nazim is an Indian film actress who has starred in Malayalam and Tamil films. She started her career as an anchor on Malayalam television Asianet before pursuing a career as an actress and she made her debut as a child artist with Palunku and then as a lead actress in the Malayalam film Maad Dad. She has gone on to star in films like Neram, Raja Rani, Ohm Shanthi Oshaana. Nazriya Nazim was born to Nazimudeen and Begum Beena and she has a brother, Naveen Nazim. Her family lived in Al Ain, UAE, before moving to Thiruvananthapuram and she studied in Our Own English High School, Al Ain, UAE and Christ Nagar Senior Secondary School, Trivandrum. She has stated that she wants to study something related to business, in 2013, she joined Mar Ivanios College in Thiruvananthapuram, but reportedly left the college, owing to her tight shooting schedules. She started her career in television as an anchor in a Muslim oriented television show named Punyamaasathiloode and Orbit Digital vision production SHRUTHILAYAM on KAIRALI2005. She then started her career in 2006 as a child artist, by acting in the Malayalam film Palunku directed by Blessy. She went on to become an anchor on Asianets music reality television show, mohanlal-starrer Oru Naal Varum was her next venture, in which she played the role of Dhanya, the daughter of Sreenivasans character. She was cast in an album titled Yuvvh by Sony Music Entertainment, Nazriya finally landed her first female lead role in the Malayalam film Maad Dad. She again associated with the team of Yuvvh—director Alphonse Putharen and actor Nivin Pauly—for the romantic thriller film Neram which was simultaneously made in Tamil. The movie became a big success, and the pair was appreciated by both critics and audiences alike. The scene in which Nivin proposes to Nazriya acquired cult status among cinegoers and she was then seen in Raja Rani an IT professional called Keerthana. Her next release was Naiyaandi in which she played the role of a dentist, in 2014 she was first seen in Salalah Mobiles, which flopped amidst having a strong star cast, including Dulquer Salmaan. She has completed filming for Thirumanam Enum Nikkah in Tamil, in which she acts as a Tamil Iyengar girl, Ohm Shanthi Oshaana saw her sharing screen space with her lucky charm Nivin Pauly. As believed, the became a big hit, and became one of the biggest blockbusters of the entire industry. Her most recent films are Bangalore Days and Samsaaram Aarogyathinu Haanikaram in Malayalam, Nazriya was signed to star in Nee Nalla Varuvada in October 2013. However, in March 2014, Kajal Aggarwal was signed on, in 2014, she received a Vijay Award in the category of Best Debut Actress, for her acting in Neram
11.
Dhirendra Brahmachari
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Dhirendra Brahmachariy, born Dhirendra Choudhary in village Basaith chanpura, Madhubani, Bihar, was the yoga mentor of Indira Gandhi - a former Prime Minister of India. He ran Ashrams in Delhi, Jammu, Katra and Mantalai, inspired by reading the Bhagavad Gita, he left home at the age of thirteen and went to Varanasi. His guru was Maharshi Kartikeya whose ashram was at Gopal-Khera, about twelve miles from Lucknow, Dhirendra Brahmachari studied yoga and associated subjects there. In the 1960s he was invited to travel to the U. S. S. R. as a Hatha Yoga expert to train Soviet cosmonauts, jawaharial Nehru later invited him to teach yoga to his daughter, Indira Gandhi, to improve her health. He became influential politically in 1975-77 when Mrs Gandhi dissolved Parliament, declared a state of emergency, the nature of his relationship with Indira Gandhi was the subject of speculation and he was known in some circles as the Indian Rasputin. He was in those times a controversial figure because of his sexual relationship with Indira Gandhi. In the late 1970s, Dhirendra Brahmachari promoted the benefits of yoga in a weekly broadcast on Doordarshan and he introduced yoga as a subject of study in Delhi administered schools, a considerable innovation. In 1981 he also introduced yoga in the Kendriya Vidyalayas, or central government schools under the Ministry of Human Resource Development and he was the owner of Vishwayatan Yogashram in the centre of Delhi, now known as the Morarji Desai National Institute of Yoga. He also owned campuses in Jammu, Katra and Mantalai and these were closed after his death and have not reopened. He wrote books on yoga in Hindi and English including Yogic Sukshma Vyayama and his ashram at Mantalai is spread over 1008 kanals of land with private airstrips, hangar, a zoo and a 7 storey building in gandhi nagar, Jammu. After his death these properties have been looted and lying in shambles and he was part-owner of an arms manufacturing business in Jammu and owner of a number of properties later deemed illegal. The ownership of these has passed to the Indian government and he died on 9 June 1994 when his private plane crashed near Mantalai, Jammu. The circumstances of his death are not fully known, nowadays there are two known successors of Dhirendra Brahmachari yoga tradition, Bal Mukund Singh from India and Reinhard Gammenthaler from Switzerland. Thapa, Films Division of the Indian Government,1950 - a film about yoga exercises featuring Dhirendra Brahmachari nytimes. com
12.
Yoga
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Yoga is a group of physical, mental, and spiritual practices or disciplines which originated in ancient India. There is a variety of Yoga schools, practices, and goals in Hinduism, Buddhism. Among the most well-known types of yoga are Hatha yoga and Rāja yoga, the chronology of earliest texts describing yoga-practices is unclear, varyingly credited to Hindu Upanishads. The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali date from the first half of the 1st millennium CE, Hatha yoga texts emerged around the 11th century with origins in tantra. Yoga gurus from India later introduced yoga to the west, following the success of Swami Vivekananda in the late 19th, in the 1980s, yoga became popular as a system of physical exercise across the Western world. Yoga in Indian traditions, however, is more physical exercise, it has a meditative. One of the six orthodox schools of Hinduism is also called Yoga, which has its own epistemology and metaphysics. Many studies have tried to determine the effectiveness of yoga as an intervention for cancer, schizophrenia, asthma. On December 1,2016, Yoga was listed as UNESCO’s Intangible cultural heritage, in Sanskrit, the word yoga comes from the root yuj which means to add, to join, to unite, or to attach in its most common senses. By figurative extension from the yoking or harnessing of oxen or horses, all further developments of the sense of this word are post-Vedic. More prosaic moods such as exertion, endeavour, zeal, there are very many compound words containing yoga in Sanskrit. Yoga can take on such as connection, contact, union, method, application, addition. In simpler words, Yoga also means combined, thus, bhaktiyoga means devoted attachment in the monotheistic Bhakti movement. The term kriyāyoga has a sense, meaning connection with a verb. But the same compound is given a technical meaning in the Yoga Sutras, designating the practical aspects of the philosophy. In the context of the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, the root yuj samādhau is considered by commentators as the correct etymology. In accordance with Pāṇini, Vyasa who wrote the first commentary on the Yoga Sutras, according to Dasgupta, the term yoga can be derived from either of two roots, yujir yoga or yuj samādhau. Someone who practices yoga or follows the philosophy with a high level of commitment is called a yogi or yogini
13.
Guru
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Guru is a Sanskrit term that connotes someone who is a teacher, guide, expert, or master of certain knowledge or field. The term also refers to someone who primarily is ones spiritual guide, the oldest references to the concept of guru are found in the earliest Vedic texts of Hinduism. These gurus led broad ranges of studies including Hindu scriptures, Buddhist texts, grammar, philosophy, martial arts, music, the tradition of guru is also found in Jainism, referring to a spiritual preceptor, a role typically served by a Jain ascetic. In Sikhism, the tradition has played a key role since its founding in the 15th century, its founder is referred to as Guru Nanak. The guru concept has thrived in Vajrayāna Buddhism, where the guru is considered a figure to worship. The word guru, a noun, connotes teacher in Sanskrit, but in Indian traditions it has contextual meanings with significance beyond what teacher means in English. The word has the meaning in other languages derived from or borrowing words from Sanskrit, such as Hindi, Marathi, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Odia, Bengali, Gujarati. The Malayalam term Acharyan or Asan are derived from the Sanskrit word Acharya, as a noun the word means the imparter of knowledge. The word has its roots in the Sanskrit gri, and may have a connection to the word gur, meaning to raise, lift up, Sanskrit guru is cognate with Latin gravis heavy, grave, weighty, serious and Greek βαρύς barus heavy. All three derive from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʷerə-, specifically from the zero-grade form *gʷr̥ə-, another etymological theory considers the term guru to be based on the syllables gu and ru, which it claims stands for darkness and light that dispels it, respectively. The guru is seen as the one who dispels the darkness of ignorance, reender Kranenborg disagrees, stating that darkness and light have nothing to do with the word guru. He describes this as a folk etymology, karen Pechelis states that, in the popular parlance, the dispeller of darkness, one who points the way definition for guru is common in the Indian tradition. The Guru is an ancient and central figure in the traditions of Hinduism, at a social and religious level, the Guru helps continue the religion and Hindu way of life. Guru thus has a historic, reverential and an important role in the Hindu culture, the word Guru is mentioned in the earliest layer of Vedic texts. The hymn 4.5.6 of Rigveda, for example, states Joel Mlecko, describes the guru as, the source and inspirer of the knowledge of the Self, the Upanishads, that is the later layers of the Vedic text, mention guru. Chandogya Upanishad, in chapter 4.4 for example, declares that it is only through guru that one attains the knowledge that matters, the Katha Upanisad, in verse 1.2.8 declares the guru as indispensable to the acquisition of knowledge. In the Taittiriya Upanishad, the guru then urges a student, states Mlecko, to struggle, discover and experience the Truth, the 8th century Hindu text Upadesasahasri of the Advaita Vedanta philosopher Adi Shankara discusses the role of the guru in assessing and guiding students. In Chapter 1, he states that teacher is the pilot as the student walks in the journey of knowledge and he should also thoroughly impress upon the student qualities like humility, which are the means to knowledge
14.
Mentorship
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Mentorship is a relationship in which a more experienced or more knowledgeable person helps to guide a less experienced or less knowledgeable person. The mentor may be older or younger than the person being mentored and it is a learning and development partnership between someone with vast experience and someone who wants to learn. The person in receipt of mentorship may be referred to as a protégé, a protégée, an apprentice or, in the 2000s, the mentor may be referred to as a godfather/godmother or a rabbi. Mentoring is a process always involves communication and is relationship-based. Mentoring in Europe has existed since at least Ancient Greek times, the roots of the practice are lost in antiquity. The word itself was inspired by the character of Mentor in Homers Odyssey, though the actual Mentor in the story is a somewhat ineffective old man, the goddess Athena takes on his appearance in order to guide young Telemachus in his time of difficulty. Mainstream business literature subsequently adopted the terms and concepts, promoting them as pathways to success for all career climbers, in 1970 these terms were not in the general American vocabulary, by the mid-1990s they had become part of everyday speech. The focus of mentoring is to develop the person and so the techniques are broad. Sowing, mentors are often confronted with the difficulty of preparing the learner before he or she is ready to change. Sowing is necessary when you know that what you say may not be understood or even acceptable to learners at first, catalyzing, when change reaches a critical level of pressure, learning can escalate. Here the mentor chooses to plunge the learner right into change, provoking a different way of thinking, showing, this is making something understandable, or using your own example to demonstrate a skill or activity. You show what you are talking about, you show by your own behavior, harvesting, here the mentor focuses on picking the ripe fruit, it is usually used to create awareness of what was learned by experience and to draw conclusions. The key questions here are, What have you learned, leadership authors Jim Kouzes and Barry Z. Multiple mentors, A new and upcoming trend is having multiple mentors and this can be helpful because we can all learn from each other. Having more than one mentor will widen the knowledge of the person being mentored, there are different mentors who may have different strengths. Profession or trade mentor, This is someone who is currently in the trade/profession you are entering and they know the trends, important changes and new practices that you should know to stay at the top of your career. A mentor like this would be someone you can discuss ideas regarding the field, industry mentor, This is someone who doesnt just focus on the profession. This mentor will be able to give insight on the industry as a whole, whether it be research, development or key changes in the industry, you need to know
15.
Indira Gandhi
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Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi was an Indian politician and central figure of the Indian National Congress party, and to date the only female Prime Minister of India. Indira Gandhi was the daughter of Indias first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, despite her surname Gandhi, she is not related to the family of nationalist leader Mahatma Gandhi. She served as Prime Minister from 1966 to 1977 and then again from 1980 until her assassination in 1984, Gandhi served as her fathers personal assistant and hostess during his tenure as prime minister between 1947 and 1964. She was elected Congress President in 1959, upon her fathers death in 1964, Gandhi refused to enter the Congress party leadership contest and instead chose to become a cabinet minister in the government led by Lal Bahadur Shastri. As the Prime Minister of India, Gandhi was known for her political ruthlessness, Gandhi also presided over a controversial state of emergency from 1975 to 1977 during which she ruled by decree. Akin to Mahatma Gandhis fate, she was assassinated by nationalists in 1984. The assassins, Beant Singh and Satwant Singh, were both killed, in 1999, Indira was named Woman of the Millennium in a poll organised by the BBC. Indira Gandhi was born as Indira Nehru in a Kashmiri Pandit family on 19 November 1917 in Allahabad and her father, Jawaharlal Nehru, was a leading figure in Indias political struggle for independence from British rule, and became the first Prime Minister of the Union of India. She was the child, and grew up with her mother, Kamala Nehru, at the Anand Bhavan. She had a lonely and unhappy childhood and her father was often away, directing political activities or incarcerated, while her mother was frequently bed-ridden with illness, and later suffered an early death from tuberculosis. She had limited contact with her father, mostly through letters, Indira was mostly taught at home by tutors, and intermittently attended school until matriculation in 1934. It was during her interview that Rabindranath Tagore named her Priyadarshini, a year later, however, she had to leave university to attend to her ailing mother in Europe. While there, it was decided that Indira would continue her education at the University of Oxford, after her mother died, she briefly attended the Badminton School before enrolling at Somerville College in 1937 to study history. Indira had to take the entrance examination twice, having failed at her first attempt with a performance in Latin. At Oxford, she did well in history, political science and economics and she did, however, have an active part within the student life of the university, such as the Oxford Majlis Asian Society. During her time in Europe, Indira was plagued with ill-health and was attended by doctors. She had to make repeated trips to Switzerland to recover, disrupting her studies and she was being treated there in 1940, when the Nazi armies rapidly conquered Europe. Gandhi tried to return to England through Portugal but was stranded for nearly two months
16.
President of India
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The President of the Republic of India is the Head of State of India and the Commander-in-chief of the Indian Armed Forces. The oath of the President is taken in the presence of the Chief Justice of India, the President resides in an estate known as the Rashtrapati Bhavan situated in Raisina Hill in New Delhi. The presidential retreats are The Retreat in Chharabra, Shimla and Rashtrapati Nilayam in Hyderabad, the 13th and current President is Pranab Mukherjee, who was elected on 22 July 2012, and sworn in on 25 July 2012. He is also the first Bengali to be elected as President, India achieved independence from the British on 15 August 1947, initially as a Dominion within the Commonwealth of Nations with George VI as king, represented in the country by a governor-general. Still, following this, the Constituent Assembly of India, under the leadership of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, the Constitution of India was eventually enacted on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950, making India a republic. The offices of monarch and governor-general were replaced by the new office of President of India, the constitution of the Republic of India gave the President the responsibility and authority to defend and protect the constitution of India and its rule of law. Invariably, any action taken by the executive or legislature entities of the constitution shall become law only after Presidents assent, the president shall not accept any actions of the executive or legislature which are unconstitutional. The president is the foremost, most empowered and prompt defender of the constitution, the primary duty of the President is to preserve, protect and defend the constitution and the law of India as made part of his oath. The President is the head of all independent constitutional entities. All his actions, recommendations and supervisory powers over the executive and legislative entities of India shall be used in accordance to uphold the constitution, there is no bar on the actions of the President to contest in the court of law. Legislative power is vested by the Parliament of India of which the president is the head. The President of the Republic summons both the Houses of the Parliament and prorogues them and he can dissolve the Lok Sabha. The President inaugurates Parliament by addressing it after the general elections, the Presidential address on these occasions is generally meant to outline the new policies of the government. All bills passed by the Parliament can become laws only after receiving the assent of the President per Article 111, after a bill is presented to him, the President shall declare either that he assents to the Bill, or that he withholds his assent from it. As a third option, he can return a bill to Parliament, if it is not a money bill, when, after reconsideration, the bill is passed accordingly and presented to the President, with or without amendments, the President cannot withhold his assent from it. Article 143 gave power to the president to consult the Supreme Court about the validity of any issue. These are in the nature of interim or temporary legislation and their continuance is subject to parliamentary approval, ordinances remain valid for no more than six weeks from the date the Parliament is convened unless approved by it earlier. Re-promulgation of ordinances after failing to get approval within stipulated time of the houses of parliament is unconstitutional act by the President
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Shankar Dayal Sharma
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Shankar Dayal Sharma pronunciation was the ninth President of India, serving from 1992 to 1997. Prior to his presidency, Sharma had been the eighth Vice President of India and he was also Chief Minister of Bhopal, and Cabinet Minister, holding the portfolios of Education, Law, Public Works, Industry and Commerce, National Resources and Separate Revenue. He was the President of the Indian National Congress in 1972–1974, Sharma was born in Bhopal, then the capital of the princely state of Bhopal. Sharma was born in the city of Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh and he was educated at St. Johns College, Agra College, Punjab University and Lucknow University. He obtained his Doctorate in Law from Fitzwilliam College, University of Cambridge Sharma was awarded the Chakravarti Gold Medal for Social Service by Lucknow University, Sharma taught Law at Lucknow University and at the University of Cambridge. While at Cambridge, he was Treasurer of the Tagore Society and he was Honored as Proud Past Alumnus in the list of 42 members, from Allahabad University Alumni Association, Ghaziabad. Called to the Bar from Lincolns Inn, he was later a Fellow at Harvard Law School and he was elected Honorary Bencher and Master of Lincolns Inn and Honorary Fellow, Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge. The University of Cambridge awarded him degree of Doctor of Law. During the 1940s he was involved in the struggle for Indian independence from the British, and joined the Indian National Congress, after Indias independence, the Nawab of Bhopal expressed his wish to retain the Bhopal princely state as a separate unit. Sharma led public agitations against the Nawab in December 1948, leading to his arrest, on 23 January 1949, Sharma was sentenced to eight months imprisonment for violating restrictions on public meetings. Under public pressure, the Nawab later released him, and signed the agreement for merger with the Indian Union on 30 April 1949. During the 1960s Sharma supported Indira Gandhis quest for leadership of the Congress Party. He was elected as the President, AICC in 1972, from 1974, he served in the union cabinet as the minister for Communication from 1974–77. In 1971 and 1980 he won a Lok Sabha seat from Bhopal, later on, he was given a variety of ceremonial posts. In 1984 he began serving as a governor of Indian states, during this time, his daughter Geetanjali Maken and son-in-law Lalit Maken, a young member of parliament and a promising political leader, were killed by Sikh militants. In 1985, he left Andhra Pradesh and became governor of Punjab during a time of violence between the Indian government and Sikh militants, many of whom lived in Punjab and he left Punjab in 1986 and took up his final governorship in Maharashtra. He remained governor of Maharashtra until 1987 when he was elected for a 5-year term as the eighth Vice-President of India, Sharma was known to be a stickler for parliamentary norms. He is known to have broken down in the Rajya Sabha while witnessing the members of the create a din on a political issue. His grief brought back some order into the proceedings of the house, Sharma served as Vice-President until 1992, when he was elected President. He received 66% of the votes in the electoral college, defeating George Gilbert Swell
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Prime Minister of India
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The Prime Minister of India is the Head of Government and leader of the executive branch of the Government of India. The Prime Minister is also the adviser to the President of India. He or she can be a member of any of the two houses of Parliament, but has to be the leader of the party, having a majority in the Lok Sabha. The Prime Minister is the member of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. The Prime Minister selects and can dismiss other members of the cabinet, allocates posts to members within the Government, is the presiding member and chairman of the cabinet. The federal or union cabinet headed by the Prime Minister is appointed by the President of India to assist the latter in the administration of the affairs of the executive, Union cabinet is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha as per Article 75. The Prime Minister shall always enjoy the confidence of Lok Sabha, India follows a parliamentary system in which the prime minister is the presiding, actual head of the government and chief of the executive branch. In such systems, the head of state or the head of states official representative usually holds a ceremonial position. The Prime Minister shall become a member of parliament within six months of beginning his/her tenure, he/She is expected to work with other central ministers to ensure the passage of bills by the Parliament. There shall be a Council of Ministers with the minister at the head to aid and advise the president who shall, in the exercise of his functions. The Prime Minister shall be appointed by the President and the other Ministers shall be appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister. Like most parliamentary democracies, a Presidents duties are mostly ceremonial as long as the constitution and the rule of law is obeyed by the Union Cabinet, the Prime Minister of India is the head of union government and has the responsibility for executive power. The prime minister leads the functioning and exercise of authority of the government of India. President of India invites a person who is commanding support of majority members of Lok Sabha to form government at the federal level, in practice the prime minister nominates the members of their Council of Ministers to the president. They also work upon to decide a core group of Ministers as in-charge of the important functions, some specific ministries/department are not allocated to anyone in the cabinet but the prime minister himself. Per Article 78 of the constitution, the communication between the union cabinet and the president are through the prime minister. Other wise constitution recognises the prime minister as a member of the cabinet only outside the sphere of union cabinet. Be a member of the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha
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P. V. Narasimha Rao
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Pamulaparti Venkata Narasimha Rao was an Indian lawyer and politician who served as the 9th Prime Minister of India, from 1991–1996. His ascendancy to the prime ministership was politically significant in that he was the first holder of office from a non-Hindi-speaking region. He led an important administration, overseeing a major economic transformation, Rao, who held the Industries portfolio, was personally responsible for the dismantling of the Licence Raj, as this came under the purview of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. He is often referred to as the Father of Indian Economic Reforms, future prime ministers Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Manmohan Singh continued the economic reform policies pioneered by Raos government. Rao accelerated the dismantling of the License Raj, reversing the socialist policies of Rajiv Gandhis government and he employed Dr. Manmohan Singh as his Finance Minister to embark on historic economic transition. Rao was also referred to as Chanakya for his ability to tough economic. According to Natwar Singh, Unlike Nehru, his knowledge of Sanskrit was profound, Nehru had a temper, PV a temperament. His roots were deep in the spiritual and religious soil of India and he did not need to Discover India. 11th President of India APJ Abdul Kalam described Rao as a statesman who believed that the nation is bigger than the political system. Kalam acknowledged that Rao in fact asked him to get ready for nuclear tests in 1996, the tests were later conducted by Vajpayee-led NDA government. In fact Rao briefed Vajpayee on nuclear plans, Raos term as Prime Minister was an eventful one in Indias history. Rao died in 2004 of an attack in New Delhi. He was a personality with interests in a variety of subjects such as literature. PV Narasimha Rao had humble social origins and his father, P. Sitarama Rao, and mother, Rukminiamma, hailed from agrarian families. He later went on to Hislop College, now under Nagpur University, Raos mother tongue was Telugu, and he had an excellent command of Marathi. In addition to eight other Indian languages, he spoke English, French, Arabic, Spanish, along with his distant cousin Pamulaparthi Sadasiva Rao, Ch. Raja Narendra and Devulapalli Damodar Rao, PV edited a Telugu weekly magazine called Kakatiya Patrika in the 1940s. Both PV and Sadasiva Rao contributed articles under the pen-name Jaya-Vijaya, Narasimha Rao had three sons and five daughters. Rangarao was a minister in Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddys cabinet and MLA from Hanamakonda Assembly Constituency
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Chief Justice of India
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The Chief Justice of India is the head of the judiciary of India and the Supreme Court of India. The CJI also heads their administrative functions, as head of the supreme court, the chief justice is responsible for the allocation of cases and appointment of constitutional benches which deal with important matters of law. It has been a convention for decades now, to appoint the senior-most judge of the supreme court as the CJI. The present CJI is Justice Jagdish Singh Khehar and is the 44th CJI since January 1950, the year the constitution came into effect and the supreme court came into being. He succeeded Justice T. S. Thakur on 4 January 2017 and will remain in office till 28 August 2017, article 124 of the Constitution of India provides for the manner of appointing judges to the Supreme Court. However, this convention has been breached on a few occasions, ray appointed as CJI, superseding three judges senior to him allegedly because he had favoured her government, and when Justice H. R. The Oath of Office is presided by the President, article 124 of Constitution of India lays down the procedure for removal of a Judge of Supreme Court which is applicable to Chief Justice as well. Once appointed, the Chief Justice remains in office until the age of 65 years, when President Zakir Hussain died in office, the Vice President V. V. Giri, acted as the President. Later, Mr. Giri resigned as the Vice President, the CJI, Justice Mohammad Hidayatullah then became the acting President of India. The senior-most judge of the Supreme Court became the acting CJI, accordingly, such provisions have been laid down in The Supreme Court Judges Act,1958. This remuneration was revised in 2006-2008, after the sixth central pay commissions recommendation, list of Chief Justices of India Official website of Supreme Court of India Photo Gallery of Former Chief Justices of India
