1.
1995
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America Online and Prodigy offered access to the World Wide Web system for the first time this year, releasing browsers that made it easily accessible to the general public. January 1 The World Trade Organization is established to replace the General Agreement on Tariffs, austria, Finland and Sweden join the European Union. The Draupner wave in the North Sea in Norway is detected, january 6–7 – A chemical fire occurs in an apartment complex in Manila, Philippines. Policemen led by watch commander Aida Fariscal and investigators find a factory and a laptop computer and disks that contain plans for Project Bojinka. The mastermind, Ramzi Yousef, is arrested one month later, january 9 – Valeri Polyakov completes 366 days in space while aboard the Mir space station, breaking a duration record. January 16 An avalanche hits the village Súðavík in Iceland, killing 14 people, the fourth Star Trek TV series, Voyager, premieres on UPN in the United States. January 17 The 6.9 Mw Great Hanshin earthquake shakes the southern Hyōgo Prefecture with a maximum Shindo of VII, leaving 5, 502–6,434 people dead, Prodigy begins offering access to the World Wide Web. January 24 – Opening statements in the O. J. Simpson murder case trial in Los Angeles, january 25 – Norwegian rocket incident, A rocket launched from the space exploration centre at Andøya, Norway is briefly interpreted by the Russians as an incoming attack. January 30 – John Howard becomes leader of the Liberal Party of Australia to challenge Paul Keating for the 1996 Federal Election, january 31 – U. S. President Bill Clinton invokes emergency powers, to extend a $20 billion loan to help Mexico avert financial collapse. His car is found two weeks later at Severn View services in Aust, february 9 – STS-63, Dr. Bernard A. Harris, Jr. and Michael Foale became the second African American and Briton, respectively, to walk in space. February 13 – A United Nations tribunal on human rights violations in the Balkans charges 21 Bosnian Serb commanders with genocide, february 15 – Hacker Kevin Mitnick is arrested by the FBI and charged with penetrating some of the United States most secure computer systems. February 17 Colin Ferguson is convicted of six counts of murder for the December 1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, february 21 Serkadji prison mutiny in Algeria, Four guards and 96 prisoners are killed in a day and a half. Ibrahim Ali, a 17-year-old Comorian living in France, is murdered by 3 far-right National Front activists, Steve Fossett lands in Leader, Saskatchewan, Canada, becoming the first person to make a solo flight across the Pacific Ocean in a balloon. February 23 – The Dow Jones Industrial Average gains 30.28 to close at 4,003.33 – the Dows first ever close above 4,000, february 25 – Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization. February 26 – The United Kingdoms oldest investment banking firm, Barings Bank, february 28 – Members of the group Patriots Council are convicted in Minnesota of manufacturing ricin. March 1 Julio María Sanguinetti is sworn in as President of Uruguay for his second term, polish Prime Minister Waldemar Pawlak resigns from Parliament and is replaced by ex-communist Józef Oleksy. In Moscow, Russian anti-corruption journalist Vladislav Listyev is killed by a gunman, March 2 – Nick Leeson is arrested in Singapore for his role in the collapse of Barings Bank. March 3 – In Somalia, the United Nations peacekeeping mission ends, March 6 – On an episode of The Jenny Jones Show in the United States, Scott Amedure reveals a crush on his heterosexual friend Jonathan Schmitz
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
1993 in the United States
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Events from the year 1993 in the United States. January 5 The state of Washington executes Westley Allan Dodd by hanging, $7.4 million USD is stolen from Brinks Armored Car Depot in Rochester, New York in the 5th largest robbery in U. S. history. Four men, Samuel Millar, Father Patrick Moloney, former Rochester Police officer Thomas OConnor, January 19 IBM announces a $4.97 billion loss for 1992, the largest single-year corporate loss in United States history to date. U. S. forces fire approximately 40 Tomahawk cruise missiles at Baghdad factories linked to Iraqs illegal nuclear weapons program, iraq then informs UNSCOM that it will be able to resume its flights. January 20 Bill Clinton succeeds George H. W. Bush as the 42nd President of the United States, January 25 – Mir Aimal Kasi fires a rifle and kills 2 employees outside CIA headquarters in Langley, Virginia. January 31 – Super Bowl XXVII, The Buffalo Bills become the first team to lose 3 consecutive Super Bowls as they are defeated by the Dallas Cowboys, february 6 – Former tennis player Arthur Ashe,49, dies of the AIDS virus in New York. Ashe was believed to have contracted the virus from a blood transfusion during heart surgery 10 years ago, february 8 – General Motors Corporation sues NBC, after Dateline NBC allegedly rigged 2 crashes showing that some GM pickups can easily catch fire if hit in certain places. NBC settles the lawsuit the following day, february 11 – Janet Reno is selected by President Clinton as Attorney General of the United States. February 26 – World Trade Center bombing, In New York City, february 28 – Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms agents raid the Branch Davidian compound in Waco, Texas, with a warrant to arrest leader David Koresh on federal firearms violations. Four agents and 5 Davidians die in the raid and a 51-day standoff begins, march 4 – Authorities announce the capture of suspected World Trade Center bombing conspirator Mohammad Salameh. March 9 – Rodney King testifies at the trial of 4 Los Angeles. March 11 – Janet Reno is confirmed by the United States Senate and sworn in the next day, becoming the first female Attorney General of the United States. March 13–14 – The Great Blizzard of 1993 strikes the eastern U. S. bringing record snowfall and other severe weather all the way from Cuba to Quebec, march 22 – The Intel Corporation ships the first Pentium chips. March 29 – The 65th Academy Awards, hosted by Billy Crystal, are held at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles, California, april–October, The Great Flood of 1993, The Mississippi and Missouri Rivers flood large portions of the American Midwest. April – The Kuwaiti government claims to uncover an Iraqi assassination plot against former U. S. President George H. W. Bush shortly after his visit to Kuwait, two Iraqi nationals confess to driving a car-bomb into Kuwait on behalf of the Iraqi Intelligence Service. April 28 – An executive order requires the United States Air Force to allow women to fly war planes, may 1 – An outbreak of a respiratory illness later identified as hantavirus pulmonary syndrome begins in the southwestern United States,32 patients die by the end of the year. June 5 – Minnesota v. Dickerson, The United States Supreme Court rules that the seizure of evidence during a search is unconstitutional. June 9 – The Montreal Canadiens win their 24th Stanley Cup, june 20 – John Paxsons 3-point shot in Game 6 of the NBA Finals helps the Chicago Bulls secure a 99–98 win over the Phoenix Suns, and their third consecutive championship
4.
1994 in the United States
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Events from the year 1994 in the United States. January 6 – In Detroit, Michigan, Nancy Kerrigan is clubbed on the leg by an assailant. January 11 – The Superhighway Summit is held at UCLAs Royce Hall and it is the first conference to discuss the growing information superhighway and is presided over by U. S. January 17 – The 6. 5–6.7 Mw Northridge earthquake shakes the Greater Los Angeles Area with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX, leaving 57 people dead, january 19 – Record cold temperatures hit the eastern United States. The coldest temperature ever measured in Indiana state history, −36 °F, is recorded in New Whiteland, january 20 – In South Carolina, Shannon Faulkner becomes the first female cadet to attend The Citadel, but soon drops out. January 25 – U. S. President Bill Clinton delivers his first State of the Union address, calling for health reform, a ban on assault weapons. January 30 – Super Bowl XXVIII, The Dallas Cowboys hand the Buffalo Bills their fourth consecutive Super Bowl loss, february 1 – In Portland, Oregon, Tonya Hardings ex-husband Jeff Gillooly pleads guilty for his role in attacking figure skater Nancy Kerrigan. He accepts a plea bargain, admitting to racketeering charges in exchange for testimony against Harding, february 3 – William Perry is sworn in as the new Secretary of Defense, succeeding Les Aspin. February 22 – Aldrich Ames and his wife are charged with spying for the Soviet Union by the United States Department of Justice, Ames is later convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment, his wife receives 5 years in prison. February 28 – United States F-16 pilots shoot down 4 Serbian fighter aircraft over Bosnia and Herzegovina for violation of the Operation Deny Flight, march 1 A lone terrorist kills Ari Halberstam during an attack on 14 Jewish students on the Brooklyn Bridge in New York City. Mary Ellen Withrow begins her term of office as Treasurer of the United States, march 7 – Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc. The Supreme Court of the United States rules that parodies of a work are generally covered by the doctrine of fair use. March 15 – U. S. troops are withdrawn from Somalia, march 16 – In Portland, Oregon, Tonya Harding pleads guilty to conspiracy to hinder prosecution for trying to cover-up an attack on figure skating rival Nancy Kerrigan. She is fined $100,000 and banned from the sport, march 21 – The 66th Academy Awards, hosted by Whoopi Goldberg, are held at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles. Steven Spielbergs Holocaust drama, Schindlers List, wins 7 Oscars including Best Picture, march 23 – Green Ramp disaster, Two military aircraft collide over Pope Air Force Base, North Carolina causing dozens of fatalities. March 27 – The biggest tornado outbreak in 1994 occurs in the southeastern United States,1 tornado hits a Goshen United Methodist Church in Piedmont, Alabama, April 5 – Kurt Cobain, songwriter and frontman for the band Nirvana, is found dead at his Lake Washington home. He is believed to have committed suicide three days before he was found, April 22 – Former President Richard Nixon dies at 81. He is buried at his library on April 26, following a state funeral
5.
1996 in the United States
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Events from the year 1996 in the United States. Philadelphia receives a record 30.7 inches of snowfall, New York Citys public schools close for the first time in 18 years and the federal government in Washington, D. C. is closed for days. January 19 – The North Cape oil spill occurs as a fire forces the tugboat Scandia ashore on Moonstone Beach in South Kingstown. The North Cape barge is pulled along with it and leaks 820,000 gallons of heating oil. First Lady Hillary Clinton testifies before a grand jury, millionaire philanthropist John Eleuthère du Pont shoots dead his protégé, Olympic wrestler Dave Schultz, at Foxcatcher Farm. It is the Cowboys 5th Super Bowl championship, february 15 – The U. S. Embassy in Athens, Greece comes under mortar fire. February 17 – In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Garry Kasparov beats Deep Blue in a chess match. February 24 – Cuban fighter jets shoot down 2 American aircraft belonging to the Cuban exile group, Cuban officials assert that they invaded Cuban airspace. February 29 – In Lumberton, North Carolina, Daniel Green is convicted of the murder of James Jordan, March 8 – The Peoples Republic of China begins surface-to-surface missile testing and military exercises off Taiwanese coastal areas. The United States government condemns the act as provocation, and the Taiwanese government warns of retaliation, March 19 – In Los Angeles, California, Lyle and Erik Menendez are found guilty of first-degree murder for the shotgun killing of their parents. March 25 An 81-day-long standoff begins between antigovernment Freemen and federal officers in Jordan, Montana, the 68th Academy Awards, hosted by Whoopi Goldberg, are held at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles, California with Braveheart winning Best Picture. April 3 A Boeing 737 military jet crashes into a north of Dubrovnik. All 35 people on board die, including United States Secretary of Commerce Ron Brown, suspected Unabomber Theodore Kaczynski is arrested at his Montana cabin. April 9 – President Bill Clinton signs the Line Item Veto Act of 1996, the Supreme Court of the United States later finds this law unconstitutional. April 11 – Jessica Dubroff,7, is killed in a crash in Cheyenne. April 16 – The NBAs 1995–1996 Chicago Bulls, with Michael Jordans lead, go on to set a new NBA record for the most wins in a season, may 8 – The Keck II telescope is dedicated in Hawaii. June 10 – The Colorado Avalanche wins their first Stanley Cup in their first season based out of Denver, Colorado, Avalanche captain Joe Sakic wins the Conn Smythe Trophy as playoff MVP. June 12 – In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, a panel of federal judges blocks a law against indecency on the internet, the panel says that the 1996 Communications Decency Act would infringe upon the free speech rights of adults
6.
1997 in the United States
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Events from the year 1997 in the United States. January 20 U. S. President Bill Clinton is inaugurated for his second term, january 23 Mir Qazi is sentenced to death for a 1993 assault rifle attack outside CIA headquarters that killed 2 and wounded 3. February 10 – The United States Army suspends Gene C, mcKinney, Sergeant Major of the Army, its top-ranking enlisted soldier, after hearing allegations of sexual misconduct. February 13 The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above 7,000 for the first time, sTS-82, Tune-up and repair work on the Hubble Space Telescope is started by astronauts from Space Shuttle Discovery. February 231997 Empire State Building shooting FBI agent Earl Edwin Pitts pleads guilty to selling secrets to Russia, the North Hollywood shootout takes place between 2 heavily armed bank robbers and officers of the Los Angeles Police Department. March 4 – U. S. President Bill Clinton bars federal funding for any research on alien cloning, march 9 – Rapper The Notorious B. I. G. is killed in a drive-by shooting in Los Angeles. March 13 – The Phoenix Lights are seen over Phoenix, Arizona, march 24 – The 69th Academy Awards, hosted by Billy Crystal, are held at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles, California, with The English Patient winning Best Picture. March 26 – In San Diego, California,39 Heavens Gate cultists commit mass suicide at their compound, april 16 – Houston socialite Doris Angleton is murdered, drawing suspicion to her estranged husband, Robert. His brother Roger confesses to the crime and the investigation reveals that Robert had amassed a fortune through illegal betting. April 18 – The Red River of the North breaks through dikes and floods Grand Forks, North Dakota and East Grand Forks, Minnesota, may – For the first time since December 1973, unemployment falls below 5%. It would remain below 5% until September 2001, during the early 2000s recession, may 2 – The Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial is dedicated in Washington, D. C. May 15 – The United States government acknowledges existence of the Secret War in Laos, may 16 – U. S. President Bill Clinton issues a formal apology to the surviving victims of the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male and their families. May 22 – Kelly Flinn, the U. S. Air Forces first female bomber pilot certified for combat, may 25 – Strom Thurmond becomes the longest-serving member in the history of the United States Senate. May 27 – The second-deadliest tornado of the 1990s hits in Jarrell, Texas, june 2 – In Denver, Colorado, Timothy McVeigh is convicted on 15 counts of murder and conspiracy for his role in the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing. June 6 – In Lacey Township, New Jersey, high school senior Melissa Drexler gives birth in a toilet, june 7 A computer user known as _eci publishes his C source code on a Windows 95 and Windows NT exploit, which later becomes WinNuke. The source code gets wide distribution across the internet, and Microsoft is forced to release a security patch, the Detroit Red Wings win their first Stanley Cup championship in 42 years, defeating the Philadelphia Flyers 4 games to 0. Red Wings goaltender Mike Vernon is awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as playoff MVP, june 8 – A United States Coast Guard helicopter crashes near Humboldt Bay, California, all 4 crew members perish. June 12 – The United States Department of the Treasury unveils a new $50 bill, june 13 – A jury sentences Timothy McVeigh to death for his part in the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing
7.
Flag of the United States
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The flag of the United States, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. S. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, the current design of the U. S. flag is its 27th, the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777. The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4,1959, the 50-star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21,1959, and was adopted in July 1960. It is the version of the U. S. flag and has been in use for over 56 years. At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, the flag contemporaneously known as the Continental Colors has historically been referred to as the first national flag. The name Grand Union was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the American flag, the flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era, and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design. Both flags could have been constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign. However, an East India Company flag could have nine to 13 stripes. In any case, both the stripes and the stars have precedents in classical heraldry, Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment. The first official U. S. flag flown during battle was on August 3,1777, Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler. A voucher is extant that Capt. Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag, the 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign. In the late 18th century, the notion of a flag did not yet exist. The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee, on May 10,1779, Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States. However, the term, Standard, referred to a standard for the Army of the United States. Each regiment was to carry the standard in addition to its regimental standard. The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag, the appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows, one arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle, the so-called Betsy Ross flag
8.
Timeline of United States history
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This is a timeline of United States history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political and economic events in the United States and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of the United States, some dates before September 14,1752, when the British government adopted the Gregorian calendar, may be given in the Old Style
9.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
10.
Bill Clinton
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William Jefferson Clinton is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Prior to the Presidency he was the 40th Governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981, before that, he served as Arkansas Attorney General from 1977 to 1979. A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton was ideogically a New Democrat, Clinton is married to Hillary Clinton, who served as United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013 and U. S. Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, and served the Democratic nominee for President in 2016, Bill Clinton and Hillary Rodham both earned degrees from Yale Law School, where they met and began dating. As Governor of Arkansas, Clinton overhauled the states education system, Clinton was elected President of the United States in 1992, defeating incumbent George H. W. Bush. At age 46, he was the third-youngest president and the first from the Baby Boomer generation, Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history and signed into law the North American Free Trade Agreement. After failing to pass health care reform, the Democratic House was ousted when the Republican Party won control of the Congress in 1994. Two years later, in 1996, Clinton became the first Democrat since Franklin D. Roosevelt to be elected to a second term, Clinton passed welfare reform and the State Childrens Health Insurance Program, providing health coverage for millions of children. Clinton was acquitted by the U. S. Senate in 1999, the Congressional Budget Office reported a budget surplus between the years 1998 and 2000, the last three years of Clintons presidency. In foreign policy, Clinton ordered U. S. Clinton left office with the highest end-of-office approval rating of any U. S. President since World War II, since then, Clinton has been involved in public speaking and humanitarian work. He created the William J. Clinton Foundation to address international causes, such as the prevention of AIDS, in 2004, Clinton published his autobiography, My Life. In 2009, Clinton was named the United Nations Special Envoy to Haiti, since leaving office, Clinton has been rated highly in public opinion polls of U. S. Presidents. Clinton was born on August 19,1946, at Julia Chester Hospital in Hope, Arkansas and he was the son of William Jefferson Blythe Jr. a traveling salesman who had died in an automobile accident three months before his birth, and Virginia Dell Cassidy. His parents had married on September 4,1943, but this later proved to be bigamous. Soon after their son was born, his mother traveled to New Orleans to study nursing, leaving her son in Hope with her parents Eldridge and Edith Cassidy, who owned and ran a small grocery store. At a time when the Southern United States was segregated racially, in 1950, Bills mother returned from nursing school and married Roger Clinton Sr. who owned an automobile dealership in Hot Springs, Arkansas, with his brother and Earl T. Ricks. The family moved to Hot Springs in 1950, although he immediately assumed use of his stepfathers surname, it was not until Clinton turned fifteen that he formally adopted the surname Clinton as a gesture toward his stepfather. In Hot Springs, Clinton attended St. Johns Catholic Elementary School, Ramble Elementary School, and Hot Springs High School—where he was a student leader, avid reader
11.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
12.
Arkansas
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Arkansas is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. Its name is of Siouan derivation from the language of the Osage denoting their related kin, the states diverse geography ranges from the mountainous regions of the Ozark and the Ouachita Mountains, which make up the U. S. Interior Highlands, to the forested land in the south known as the Arkansas Timberlands, to the eastern lowlands along the Mississippi River. Arkansas is the 29th largest by area and the 33rd most populous of the 50 United States, the capital and most populous city is Little Rock, located in the central portion of the state, a hub for transportation, business, culture, and government. The northwestern corner of the state, such as the Fayetteville–Springdale–Rogers Metropolitan Area and Fort Smith metropolitan area, is a population, education, the largest city in the eastern part of the state is Jonesboro. The largest city in the part of the state is Pine Bluff. The Territory of Arkansas was admitted to the Union as the 25th state on June 15,1836, in 1861 Arkansas withdrew from the United States and joined the Confederate States of America during the Civil War. Upon returning to the Union in 1868, the state would continue to suffer due to its reliance on slavery. White rural interests continued to dominate the politics until the Civil Rights Movement. Arkansas began to diversify its economy following World War II and relies on its service industry, aircraft, poultry, steel, tourism, cotton, and rice. The culture of Arkansas is observable in museums, theaters, novels, television shows, restaurants, wright, and physicist William L. McMillan, who was a pioneer in superconductor research, have all lived in Arkansas. The name Arkansas derives from the root as the name for the state of Kansas. The Kansa tribe of Native Americans are closely associated with the Sioux tribes of the Great Plains, the word Arkansas itself is a French pronunciation of a Quapaw word, akakaze, meaning land of downriver people or the Sioux word akakaze meaning people of the south wind. In 2007, the legislature passed a non-binding resolution declaring the possessive form of the states name to be Arkansass which has been followed increasingly by the state government. Arkansas borders Louisiana to the south, Texas to the southwest, Oklahoma to the west, Missouri to the north, as well as Tennessee, the United States Census Bureau classifies Arkansas as a southern state, sub-categorized among the West South Central States. The state line along the Mississippi River is indeterminate along much of the border with Mississippi due to these changes. Arkansas can generally be split into two halves, the highlands in the northwest half and the lowlands of the southeastern half, the highlands are part of the Southern Interior Highlands, including The Ozarks and the Ouachita Mountains. The southern lowlands include the Gulf Coastal Plain and the Arkansas Delta and this dual split can yield to general regions named northwest, southwest, northeast, southeast, or central Arkansas
13.
Vice President of the United States
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The executive power of both the vice president and the president is granted under Article Two, Section One of the Constitution. The vice president is elected, together with the president. The Office of the Vice President of the United States assists, as the president of the United States Senate, the vice president votes only when it is necessary to break a tie. Additionally, pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment, the president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College. Currently, the president is usually seen as an integral part of a presidents administration. The Constitution does not expressly assign the office to any one branch, causing a dispute among scholars whether it belongs to the executive branch, the legislative branch, or both. The modern view of the president as a member of the executive branch is due in part to the assignment of executive duties to the vice president by either the president or Congress. Mike Pence of Indiana is the 48th and current vice president and he assumed office on January 20,2017. The formation of the office of vice president resulted directly from the compromise reached at the Philadelphia Convention which created the Electoral College, the delegates at Philadelphia agreed that each state would receive a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that states allocation of Representatives and Senators. The delegates assumed that electors would typically choose to favor any candidate from their state over candidates from other states, under a plurality election process, this would tend to result in electing candidates solely from the largest states. Consequently, the delegates agreed that presidents must be elected by a majority of the number of electors. To guard against such stratagems, the Philadelphia delegates specified that the first runner-up presidential candidate would become vice president, the process for selecting the vice president was later modified in the Twelfth Amendment. Each elector still receives two votes, but now one of those votes is for president, while the other is for vice president. The requirement that one of those votes be cast for a candidate not from the electors own state remains in effect. S, other statutorily granted roles include membership of both the National Security Council and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. As President of the Senate, the president has two primary duties, to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over. For example, in the first half of 2001, the Senators were divided 50-50 between Republicans and Democrats and Dick Cheneys tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority, as President of the Senate, the vice president oversees procedural matters and may cast a tie-breaking vote. As President of the Senate, John Adams cast 29 tie-breaking votes that was surpassed by John C. Calhoun with 31. Adamss votes protected the presidents sole authority over the removal of appointees, influenced the location of the national capital, on at least one occasion Adams persuaded senators to vote against legislation he opposed, and he frequently addressed the Senate on procedural and policy matters
14.
Al Gore
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Albert Arnold Al Gore Jr. is an American politician and environmentalist who served as the 45th Vice President of the United States from 1993 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton. He was Clintons running mate in their campaign in 1992. At the end of Clintons second term, Gore was picked as the Democratic nominee for the 2000 presidential election, after leaving office, Gore remained prominent as an author and environmental activist, whose work in climate change activism earned him the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007. Gore was an official for 24 years. He was a Congressman from Tennessee and from 1985 to 1993 served as one of the states Senators and he served as Vice President during the Clinton administration from 1993 to 2001. In the 2000 presidential election, in what was one of the closest presidential races in history, Gore won the popular vote but lost in the Electoral College to Republican George W. Bush. A controversial election dispute over a vote recount in Florida was settled by the U. S. Supreme Court, and a senior adviser to Google. Gore is also a partner in the capital firm Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers. He has served as a professor at Middle Tennessee State University, Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, Fisk University. He served on the Board of Directors of World Resources Institute, Gore was also the subject of the Academy Award-winning documentary An Inconvenient Truth in 2006. In 2007, he was named a runner-up for Times 2007 Person of the Year, Gore was born in Washington, D. C. the second of two children of Albert Gore Sr. a U. S. Representative who later served for 18 years as U. S, Senator from Tennessee, and Pauline Gore, one of the first women to graduate from Vanderbilt University Law School. Gore is partly descended from Scots-Irish immigrants who first settled in Virginia in the mid-17th-century and his older sister Nancy LaFon Gore, who was born in 1938, died of lung cancer in 1984. During the school year he lived with his family in The Fairfax Hotel in the Embassy Row section in Washington D. C, during the summer months, he worked on the family farm in Carthage, Tennessee, where the Gores grew tobacco and hay and raised cattle. Gore attended St. Albans School, an independent college preparatory day and boarding school for boys in Washington, D. C. from 1956 to 1965, a prestigious feeder school for the Ivy League. He was the captain of the team, threw discus for the track and field team, and participated in basketball, art. He graduated 25th in his class of 51, applied to one college, Harvard. Gore met Mary Elizabeth Tipper Aitcheson from the nearby St. Agnes School at his St. Albans senior prom in 1965
15.
Tennessee
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Tennessee is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. Tennessee is the 36th largest and the 17th most populous of the 50 United States, Tennessee is bordered by Kentucky and Virginia to the north, North Carolina to the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to the south, and Arkansas and Missouri to the west. The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state, Tennessees capital and second largest city is Nashville, which has a population of 654,610. Memphis is the states largest city, with a population of 655,770, the state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association, a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians. What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina, Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1,1796. Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, occupied by Union forces from 1862, it was the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war. Tennessee furnished more soldiers for the Confederate Army than any other state besides Virginia and this sharply reduced competition in politics in the state until after passage of civil rights legislation in the mid-20th century. This city was established to house the Manhattan Projects uranium enrichment facilities, helping to build the worlds first atomic bomb, Tennessees major industries include agriculture, manufacturing, and tourism. Poultry, soybeans, and cattle are the primary agricultural products, and major manufacturing exports include chemicals, transportation equipment. In the early 18th century, British traders encountered a Cherokee town named Tanasi in present-day Monroe County, the town was located on a river of the same name, and appears on maps as early as 1725. The meaning and origin of the word are uncertain, some accounts suggest it is a Cherokee modification of an earlier Yuchi word. It has been said to mean meeting place, winding river, according to ethnographer James Mooney, the name can not be analyzed and its meaning is lost. The modern spelling, Tennessee, is attributed to James Glen, the governor of South Carolina, the spelling was popularized by the publication of Henry Timberlakes Draught of the Cherokee Country in 1765. In 1788, North Carolina created Tennessee County, the county to be established in what is now Middle Tennessee. When a constitutional convention met in 1796 to organize a new out of the Southwest Territory. Other sources differ on the origin of the nickname, according to the Columbia Encyclopedia. Tennessee ties Missouri as the state bordering the most other states, the state is trisected by the Tennessee River. The highest point in the state is Clingmans Dome at 6,643 feet, Clingmans Dome, which lies on Tennessees eastern border, is the highest point on the Appalachian Trail, and is the third highest peak in the United States east of the Mississippi River
16.
Chief Justice of the United States
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The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the United States federal court system and the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. The Chief Justice is one of nine Supreme Court justices, the eight are the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. From 1789 until 1866, the office was known as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice also serves as a spokesperson for the judicial branch. The Chief Justice leads the business of the Supreme Court and presides over oral arguments, when the court renders an opinion, the Chief Justice—when in the majority—decides who writes the courts opinion. The Chief Justice also has significant agenda-setting power over the courts meetings, in the case of an impeachment of a President of the United States, which has occurred twice, the Chief Justice presides over the trial in the Senate. In modern tradition, the Chief Justice also has the duty of administering the oath of office of the President of the United States. The first Chief Justice was John Jay, the 17th and current Chief Justice is John G. Roberts, Jr. The office was known as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and is still informally referred to using that title. However,28 U. S. C. §1 specifies that the title is Chief Justice of the United States, the title was changed from Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by Congress in 1866 at the suggestion of the sixth Chief Justice, Salmon P. Chase. Chase wished to emphasize the Supreme Courts role as a branch of government. The first Chief Justice commissioned using the new title was Melville Fuller in 1888, use of the previous title when referring to Chief Justices John Jay through Roger B. Taney is technically correct, as that was the title during their time on the court. The other eight members of the court are officially Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, the Chief Justice is the only member of the court to whom the Constitution refers as a Justice, and only in Article I. Article III of the Constitution refers to all members of the Supreme Court simply as Judges, the Chief Justice is nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed to sit on the Court by the United States Senate. The salary of the Chief Justice is set by Congress, the Constitution prohibits Congress from lowering the salary of any judge, including the Chief Justice, while that judge holds office. As of 2015, the salary is $258,100 per year, which is higher than that of the Associate Justices. Three serving Associate Justices have received promotions to Chief Justice, Edward Douglass White in 1910, Harlan Fiske Stone in 1941, Associate Justice Abe Fortas was nominated to the position of Chief Justice of the United States, but his nomination was filibustered by Senate Republicans in 1968. Despite the failed nomination, Fortas remained an Associate Justice until his resignation the following year, there have been 21 individuals nominated for Chief Justice, of whom 17 have been confirmed by the Senate, although a different 17 have served
17.
William Rehnquist
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Considered a conservative, Rehnquist favored a conception of federalism that emphasized the Tenth Amendments reservation of powers to the states. Under this view of federalism the Court, for the first time since the 1930s, the last 11 years of Rehnquists term as chief justice marked the second-longest tenure of a single unchanging roster of the Supreme Court, exceeded only between February 1812 and September 1823. He is the justice in Supreme Court history. Rehnquist was born William Donald Rehnquist in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on October 1,1924 and he grew up in the suburb of Shorewood. Rehnquist changed his name to Hubbs, a family name. His paternal grandparents immigrated from Sweden, Rehnquist graduated from Shorewood High School in 1942. He attended Kenyon College, in Gambier, Ohio, for one quarter in the fall of 1942 and he served from March 1943 –1946, mostly in assignments in the United States. He was put into a program and assigned to Denison University until February 1944. He served three months at Will Rogers Field in Oklahoma City, three months in Carlsbad, New Mexico, and then went to Hondo, Texas, for a few months. He was then chosen for training program, which began at Chanute Field, Illinois. The program was designed to teach the maintenance and repair of weather instruments, in the summer of 1945, Rehnquist went overseas as a weather observer in North Africa. After the war ended, Rehnquist attended Stanford University with assistance under the provisions of the G. I, in 1948, he received both a Bachelor of Arts and a Master of Arts degree in political science. In 1950, he attended Harvard University, where he received another Master of Arts and he later returned to Stanford, and graduated from the Stanford Law School in the same class as Sandra Day OConnor, with whom he would later serve on the Supreme Court. Rehnquist graduated first in his class, Rehnquist went to Washington, D. C. to work as a law clerk for Justice Robert H. Jackson of the United States Supreme Court during the courts 1952–1953 term. Rehnquists 1952 memo, entitled A Random Thought on the Segregation Cases, Rehnquist said, I believe that the memorandum was prepared by me as a statement of Justice Jacksons tentative views for his own use. Justice Jackson did not ask law clerks to express his views and he expressed his own and they expressed theirs. That is what happened in this instance, however, the papers of Justices Douglas and Frankfurter indicate that Justice Jackson voted for Brown in 1954 only after changing his mind. However, Rehnquist acknowledged defending Plessy in arguments with fellow law clerks, several commentators have concluded that the memo reflected Rehnquists own views rather than those of Justice Jackson
18.
Wisconsin
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Wisconsin is a U. S. state located in the north-central United States, in the Midwest and Great Lakes regions. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Michigan to the northeast, Wisconsin is the 23rd largest state by total area and the 20th most populous. The state capital is Madison, and its largest city is Milwaukee, the state is divided into 72 counties. Wisconsin is second to Michigan in the length of its Great Lakes coastline, Wisconsin is known as Americas Dairyland because it is one of the nations leading dairy producers, particularly famous for its cheese. Manufacturing, especially paper products, information technology, and tourism are major contributors to the states economy. The word Wisconsin originates from the given to the Wisconsin River by one of the Algonquian-speaking Native American groups living in the region at the time of European contact. French explorer Jacques Marquette was the first European to reach the Wisconsin River, arriving in 1673, subsequent French writers changed the spelling from Meskousing to Ouisconsin, and over time this became the name for both the Wisconsin River and the surrounding lands. English speakers anglicized the spelling from Ouisconsin to Wisconsin when they began to arrive in numbers during the early 19th century. The legislature of Wisconsin Territory made the current spelling official in 1845, the Algonquin word for Wisconsin and its original meaning have both grown obscure. Interpretations vary, but most implicate the river and the red sandstone that lines its banks, other theories include claims that the name originated from one of a variety of Ojibwa words meaning red stone place, where the waters gather, or great rock. Wisconsin has been home to a variety of cultures over the past 12,000 years. The first people arrived around 10,000 BCE during the Wisconsin Glaciation and these early inhabitants, called Paleo-Indians, hunted now-extinct ice age animals such as the Boaz mastodon, a prehistoric mastodon skeleton unearthed along with spear points in southwest Wisconsin. After the ice age ended around 8000 BCE, people in the subsequent Archaic period lived by hunting, fishing, agricultural societies emerged gradually over the Woodland period between 1000 BCE to 1000 CE. Toward the end of period, Wisconsin was the heartland of the Effigy Mound culture. Later, between 1000 and 1500 CE, the Mississippian and Oneota cultures built substantial settlements including the village at Aztalan in southeast Wisconsin. The Oneota may be the ancestors of the modern Ioway and Ho-Chunk tribes who shared the Wisconsin region with the Menominee at the time of European contact, the first European to visit what became Wisconsin was probably the French explorer Jean Nicolet. He canoed west from Georgian Bay through the Great Lakes in 1634, pierre Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers visited Green Bay again in 1654–1666 and Chequamegon Bay in 1659–1660, where they traded for fur with local Native Americans. In 1673, Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet became the first to record a journey on the Fox-Wisconsin Waterway all the way to the Mississippi River near Prairie du Chien
19.
Tom Foley
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Foley was the first Speaker of the House since 1862 to be defeated in a re-election campaign. He served as the United States Ambassador to Japan from 1997 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton, Foley was born in Spokane, Washington, the son of Helen Marie, a school teacher, and Ralph E. Foley, a Superior Court Judge. He was of Irish Catholic descent, in 1946, he graduated from the Jesuit-run Gonzaga Preparatory School in Spokane. He went on to attend Gonzaga University in Spokane and the University of Washington in Seattle, following law school, Foley entered private practice. In 1958, he working in the Spokane County prosecutors office as a deputy prosecuting attorney. In 1961, he joined the Washington Attorney Generals office as an assistant attorney general, in 1961, Foley moved to Washington, D. C. and joined the staff of Senator Henry Jackson, the then-Democratic Senator From Washington. He left Jacksons employ in 1964 at his urging to run for Congress, in 1964, Foley was unopposed for the Democratic nomination for Washingtons 5th congressional seat, which included Spokane. He faced 11-term Republican incumbent Walt Horan in the election and won by seven points. He was re-elected without significant difficulty until 1978, when he defeated conservative activist Duane Alton. The next race in 1980 was also close, when physician John Sonneland finished just 4 points back, though the fifth district became increasingly conservative, Foley didnt face serious opposition again until his defeat in 1994. In 1981, Foley was chosen majority whip by the House Democratic caucus and served in capacity until 1987. In 1989, Jim Wright of Texas stepped down as Speaker of the House amid an ethics scandal and he became the first Speaker from a state west of the Rocky Mountains. Foley brought suit, challenging the constitutionality of a law setting eligibility requirements on federal offices. Foley won his suit, with a United States district court declaring that states did not have the authority under the United States Constitution to limit the terms of federal officeholders, nethercutt vowed that if elected, he would not serve more than three terms in the House. Foley lost in a narrow race, Foley became the first sitting Speaker of the House to lose his bid for re-election since Galusha A. He is sometimes viewed as a casualty of the term limits controversy of the early 1990s. President Bill Clinton attributed his defeat to his support for the Federal Assault Weapons Ban of 1994, here is a chart of the voting results in Foleys election race. There are subtotals for the city of Spokane, rural Spokane County, from 1995 to 1998, Foley was head of the Federal City Council, a group of business, civic, education, and other leaders interested in economic development in Washington, D. C
20.
Washington (state)
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It was admitted to the Union as the 42nd state in 1889. Washington is sometimes referred to as Washington State or the State of Washington to distinguish it from Washington, Washington is the 18th largest state with an area of 71,362 square miles, and the 13th most populous state with over 7 million people. Washington is the second most populous state on the West Coast and in the Western United States, Mount Rainier, an active stratovolcano, is the states highest elevation at almost 14,411 feet and is the most topographically prominent mountain in the contiguous United States. Washington is a leading lumber producer and its rugged surface is rich in stands of Douglas fir, hemlock, ponderosa pine, white pine, spruce, larch, and cedar. Manufacturing industries in Washington include aircraft and missiles, shipbuilding and other equipment, lumber, food processing, metals and metal products, chemicals. Washington has over 1,000 dams, including the Grand Coulee Dam, built for a variety of purposes including irrigation, power, flood control, the Washington Territory was named after George Washington, the first President of the United States. The area was part of a region called the Columbia District after the Columbia River. The area was renamed Washington in order to avoid confusion with the District of Columbia, Washington is the only U. S. state named after a president. To distinguish it from the U. S. capital, which is named for George Washington, Washington is sometimes referred to as Washington State, or, in more formal contexts. Washingtonians and other residents of the Pacific Northwest refer to the state simply as Washington, calling the nations capital Washington, D. C. or, often, Washington is the northwestern-most state of the contiguous United States. Washington is bordered by Oregon to the south, with the Columbia River forming the western part, to the west of Washington lies the Pacific Ocean. The high mountains of the Cascade Range run north-south, bisecting the state, from the Cascade Mountains westward, Western Washington has a mostly marine west coast climate, with mild temperatures and wet winters, autumns and springs, and relatively dry summers. The Cascade Range contains several volcanoes, which reach altitudes significantly higher than the rest of the mountains, from the north to the south, these major volcanoes are Mount Baker, Glacier Peak, Mount Rainier, Mount St. Helens, and Mount Adams. Mount Rainier, the tallest mountain in the state, is 50 miles south of the city of Seattle and it is also covered with more glacial ice than any other peak in the contiguous 48 states. Western Washington also is home of the Olympic Mountains, far west on the Olympic Peninsula and these deep forests, such as the Hoh Rainforest, are among the only temperate rainforests in the continental United States. Eastern Washington – the part of the state east of the Cascades – has a dry climate. It includes large areas of steppe and a few truly arid deserts lying in the rain shadow of the Cascades. Farther east, the climate becomes less arid, with annual rainfall increasing as one goes east to 21.2 inches in Pullman, the Okanogan Highlands and the rugged Kettle River Range and Selkirk Mountains cover much of the northeastern quadrant of the state
21.
Newt Gingrich
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Newton Leroy Newt Gingrich is an American author and politician from Georgia who served as the 50th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1995 to 1999. He represented Georgias 6th congressional district as a Republican from 1979 until his resignation in 1999, in 2012, Gingrich was a candidate for the Republican Party presidential nomination. In the 1970s, Gingrich taught history and geography at the University of West Georgia, during this period he ran twice for the United States House of Representatives before winning in November 1978. He served as House Minority Whip from 1989–95, a co-author and architect of the Contract with America, Gingrich was a major leader in the Republican victory in the 1994 congressional election. In 1995, Time named him Man of the Year for his role in ending the four-decades-long Democratic majority in the House, as House Speaker, Gingrich oversaw passage by the House of welfare reform, and a capital gains tax cut in 1997. In 1998, the House passed the first balanced budget since 1969 and he resigned altogether from the House on January 3,1999. Since leaving the House, Gingrich has remained active in policy debates. He founded and chaired several policy think tanks, including American Solutions for Winning the Future and he has written or co-authored 27 books. In May 2011, he announced his campaign for the Republican presidential nomination, on May 2,2012, Gingrich ended his presidential campaign and endorsed front runner Mitt Romney, who won the nomination. After being raised Lutheran and spending most of his life as a Southern Baptist. He has been married three times, with the first two ending in divorce after he had affairs with other women. He has two children from his first marriage and has married to Callista Gingrich since 2000. On July 15,2016, Trump officially announced that Pence would be his running mate, Newton Leroy McPherson was born at the Harrisburg Hospital in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, on June 17,1943. His mother, Kathleen Kit, and father, Newton Searles McPherson, married in September 1942, the marriage fell apart within days. He is of German, Scottish, and Irish descent, in 1946, his mother married career Army officer Robert Gingrich, who adopted Newt. Robert Gingrich was a career Army officer who served tours in Korea, in 1956 the family moved to Europe living for a period in Orléans, France and Stuttgart, Germany. Gingrich has three younger half-sisters, Candace and Susan Gingrich, and Roberta Brown, Gingrich was raised in Hummelstown and on military bases where his father was stationed. He also has a half-sister and half-brother, Randy McPherson, from his fathers side, in 1960 during his junior year in high school, the family moved to Georgia at Fort Benning
22.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
23.
Georgia (U.S. state)
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Georgia is a state in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1733, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies, named after King George II of Great Britain, Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2,1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 19,1861 and it was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15,1870. Georgia is the 24th largest and the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, from 2007 to 2008,14 of Georgias counties ranked among the nations 100 fastest-growing, second only to Texas. Georgia is known as the Peach State and the Empire State of the South, Atlanta is the states capital, its most populous city and has been named a global city. Georgia is bordered to the south by Florida, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina, to the west by Alabama, the states northern part is in the Blue Ridge Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountains system. Georgias highest point is Brasstown Bald at 4,784 feet above sea level, Georgia is the largest state entirely east of the Mississippi River in land area. Before settlement by Europeans, Georgia was inhabited by the mound building cultures, the British colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe on February 12,1733. The colony was administered by the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America under a charter issued by King George II. The Trustees implemented a plan for the colonys settlement, known as the Oglethorpe Plan. In 1742 the colony was invaded by the Spanish during the War of Jenkins Ear, in 1752, after the government failed to renew subsidies that had helped support the colony, the Trustees turned over control to the crown. Georgia became a colony, with a governor appointed by the king. The Province of Georgia was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution by signing the 1776 Declaration of Independence, the State of Georgias first constitution was ratified in February 1777. Georgia was the 10th state to ratify the Articles of Confederation on July 24,1778, in 1829, gold was discovered in the North Georgia mountains, which led to the Georgia Gold Rush and an established federal mint in Dahlonega, which continued its operation until 1861. The subsequent influx of white settlers put pressure on the government to land from the Cherokee Nation. In 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act into law, sending many eastern Native American nations to reservations in present-day Oklahoma, including all of Georgias tribes. Despite the Supreme Courts ruling in Worcester v. Georgia that ruled U. S. states were not permitted to redraw the Indian boundaries, President Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the ruling. In 1838, his successor, Martin Van Buren, dispatched troops to gather the Cherokee
24.
Party leaders of the United States Senate
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The Senate Majority and Minority Leaders are two United States Senators and members of the party leadership of the United States Senate. They are elected to their positions in the Senate by their party caucuses, the Senate Democratic Caucus. By rule, the Presiding Officer gives the Majority Leader priority in obtaining recognition to speak on the floor of the Senate, the Assistant Majority and Minority Leaders of the United States Senate are the second-ranking members of each partys leadership. The main function of the Majority and Minority Whips is to gather votes on major issues, because they are the second ranking member of the Senate, if there is no floor leader present, the whip may become acting floor leader. Before 1969, the titles were Majority Whip and Minority Whip. The Senate is currently composed of 52 Republicans,46 Democrats, the current leaders are Republican Majority Leader Mitch McConnell of Kentucky and Democratic Minority Leader Chuck Schumer of New York. The current Assistant Majority Leader is Republican John Cornyn of Texas, the current Assistant Minority Leader/Whip is Democrat Dick Durbin of Illinois. The Democrats began the practice of electing floor leaders in 1920 while they were in the minority, John W. Kern was a Democratic Senator from Indiana. While the title was not official, he is considered to be the first Senate party leader from 1913 through 1917, the Constitution designates the Vice President of the United States as President of the United States Senate. The Constitution also calls for a President pro tempore to serve as the leader of the body when the President of the Senate is absent, for these reasons, it is the Majority Leader who, in practice, manages the Senate. This is in contrast to the House of Representatives where the elected Speaker of the House has a deal of discretionary power. The Democratic Party first selected a leader in 1920, the Republican Party first formally designated a leader in 1925. gov Republican Majority Democratic Minority
25.
George J. Mitchell
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George John Mitchell Jr. is an American lawyer, businessman, and politician. Democrat, Mitchell served as a United States Senator from Maine from 1980 to 1995, since retiring from the Senate, Mitchell has taken up a variety of positions in politics and business. Mitchell served as chairman of The Walt Disney Company from March 2004 until January 2007 and he was the Chancellor of Queens University in Belfast, Northern Ireland, from 1999 to 2009. Mitchell currently serves as a co-chair of the Housing Commission at the Bipartisan Policy Center, Mitchell was born in Waterville, Maine. His father, George John Mitchell, Sr. was of ethnic Irish descent but was adopted by a Lebanese family when he was orphaned, Mitchells father was a janitor at Colby College in Waterville, where Mitchell was raised. Mitchells mother, Mary, was a worker who emigrated to the United States in 1920 from Bkassine, Lebanon. Because of his origin, Mitchell is recognized as a prominent Arab-American and he is currently Penn States Athletic Integrity Monitor. Mitchell was raised a Maronite Catholic and in his childhood served as a boy at St. Josephs Maronite Church in Maine. Throughout junior high school and high school, Mitchell worked as a janitor, in a family of five children, all three of Mitchells brothers were athletes and though a talented student, as a child, he found himself overshadowed by his brothers athletic achievements. After graduating from school at the age of sixteen, Mitchell attended Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine. He graduated in 1954, intending to attend school and then teach. In 1961, Mitchell received his law degree from Georgetown University Law Center by attending its part-time program at night and he has since received an honorary LL. D. from Bates College. Muskie from 1962 to 1965, where he first gained interest in the political world, afterwards, Mitchell practiced law in Portland, Maine, from 1965 to 1977 and was assistant county attorney for Cumberland County, Maine, in 1971. In 1974 Mitchell won the Democratic nomination for governor of Maine and he lost in the general election to independent candidate James B. Longley, but was appointed United States Attorney for Maine by President Jimmy Carter in 1977, Mitchell served in that capacity from 1977 to 1979 when he was appointed to the United States District Court for the District of Maine. He served as Deputy President pro tempore in the 100th United States Congress, stennis, and remains the only senator other than Hubert Humphrey to have held that post. The position of Deputy President pro tempore was created specifically to be held by a current Senator who is a former President or former Vice President of the United States. In 1988 Mitchell was reelected with 81% of the vote, the largest margin of victory in a Senate election that year, Mitchell served as Senate Majority Leader from 1989 to 1995
26.
Maine
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Maine is the northernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Maine is the 39th most extensive and the 41st most populous of the U. S. states and territories and it is bordered by New Hampshire to the west, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec to the north. Maine is the easternmost state in the contiguous United States, and it is known for its jagged, rocky coastline, low, rolling mountains, heavily forested interior, and picturesque waterways, and also its seafood cuisine, especially clams and lobster. There is a continental climate throughout the state, even in areas such as its most populous city of Portland. For thousands of years, indigenous peoples were the inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine. At the time of European arrival in what is now Maine, the first European settlement in the area was by the French in 1604 on Saint Croix Island, by Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons. The first English settlement was the short-lived Popham Colony, established by the Plymouth Company in 1607, as Maine entered the 18th century, only a half dozen European settlements had survived. Loyalist and Patriot forces contended for Maines territory during the American Revolution, Maine was part of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts until 1820, when it voted to secede from Massachusetts to become an independent state. On March 15,1820, it was admitted to the Union as the 23rd state under the Missouri Compromise, there is no definitive explanation for the origin of the name Maine, but the most likely origin is the name given by early explorers after a province in France. Whatever the origin, the name was fixed for English settlers in 1665 when the English Kings Commissioners ordered that the Province of Maine be entered from then on in official records. The state legislature in 2001 adopted a resolution establishing Franco-American Day, other theories mention earlier places with similar names, or claim it is a nautical reference to the mainland. Attempts to uncover the history of the name of Maine began with James Sullivans 1795 History of the District of Maine. He made the allegation that the Province of Maine was a compliment to the queen of Charles I, Henrietta Maria. MAINE appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 in reference to the county of Dorset, the view generally held among British place name scholars is that Mayne in Dorset is Brythonic, corresponding to modern Welsh maen, plural main or meini. Some early spellings are, MAINE1086, MEINE1200, MEINES1204, mason had served with the Royal Navy in the Orkney Islands where the chief island is called Mainland, a possible name derivation for these English sailors. Initially, several tracts along the coast of New England were referred to as Main or Maine, Maine is the only state whose name has exactly one syllable. The original inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine were Algonquian-speaking Wabanaki peoples, including the Abenaki, Passamaquoddy, Maliseet and Penobscot, who had a loose confederacy. European contact with what is now called Maine started around 1200 CE when Norwegians interacted with the native Penobscot in present-day Hancock County, most likely through trade
27.
Bob Dole
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In the 1976 presidential election, Dole was the Republican Party nominee for Vice President and incumbent President Gerald Fords running mate. He ran unsuccessfully for the Republican presidential nomination in 1980 and 1988, in 1996, Dole secured the Republican nomination for President of the United States, but lost the general election to incumbent President Bill Clinton. Dole is currently a member of the council of the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation and special counsel at the Washington. Dole is married to former U. S. cabinet member and former U. S, Senator Elizabeth Hanford Dole of North Carolina. Dole was born on July 22,1923, in Russell, Kansas, Doles father, who had moved the family to Russell shortly before Robert was born, earned money by running a small creamery. One of Doles fathers customers was the father of future Senator Arlen Specter, during the Great Depression, which severely impacted Kansas and its residents, the Dole family moved to the basement of their home and eventually rented out the upper floors to raise money. As a boy, Dole worked as a jerk in the local drug store. Dole graduated from Russell High School in the spring of 1941, Dole had been a star high school athlete in Russell, and Kansas basketball coach Phog Allen traveled to Russell to recruit him to play for the Jayhawks basketball team. While at KU, Dole played for the team, the track team. In football, Dole played at the end position, earning varsity letters in 1942 and 1944, while in college, Dole joined the Kappa Sigma Fraternity, and in 1970 was bestowed with the Fraternitys Man of the Year honor. Doles pre-med studies at KU were interrupted by World War II, after the war, Dole returned to become a law student. Dole attended the University of Arizona from 1948 to 1951 and earned both his law degree and BA degrees from Washburn University in 1952, Dole was initiated as a Freemason of Russell Lodge No. 177, Russell, Kansas on April 19,1955, Dole grew up in a house at 1035 North Maple in Russell and it remained his official residence throughout his political career. In 1942, Dole joined the United States Armys Enlisted Reserve Corps to fight in World War II, Dole was transported to the United States, where his recovery was slow, interrupted by blood clots and a life-threatening infection. After large doses of penicillin had not succeeded, Dole overcame the infection with the administration of streptomycin and he nevertheless remained despondent, not ready to accept the fact that my life would be changed forever. He was encouraged to see Hampar Kelikian, an orthopedist in Chicago who had working with veterans returning from war. Dr. K, as Dole later came to call him, operated on him seven times, free of charge, and had, in Doles words. Dole recovered from his wounds at the Percy Jones Army Hospital, Dole was decorated three times, receiving two Purple Hearts for his injuries, and the Bronze Star with combat V for valor for his attempt to assist a downed radioman
28.
Kansas
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Kansas /ˈkænzəs/ is a U. S. state located in the Midwestern United States. Its capital is Topeka and its largest city is Wichita, Kansas is named after the Kansa Native American tribe, which inhabited the area. The tribes name is said to mean people of the wind or people of the south wind. For thousands of years, what is now Kansas was home to numerous, tribes in the eastern part of the state generally lived in villages along the river valleys. Tribes in the part of the state were semi-nomadic and hunted large herds of bison. When it was opened to settlement by the U. S. Thus, the area was a hotbed of violence and chaos in its early days as these forces collided. The abolitionists eventually prevailed, and on January 29,1861, after the Civil War, the population of Kansas grew rapidly when waves of immigrants turned the prairie into farmland. By 2015, Kansas was one of the most productive agricultural states, producing high yields of wheat, corn, sorghum, and soybeans. Kansas, which has an area of 82,278 square miles is the 15th largest state by area and is the 34th most populous of the 50 United States with a population of 2,911,641, residents of Kansas are called Kansans, officially. Mount Sunflower is Kansass highest point at 4,041 feet, for a millennia, the land that is currently Kansas was inhabited by Native Americans. The first European to set foot in present-day Kansas was Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, in 1803, most of modern Kansas was secured by the United States as part of the Louisiana Purchase. Southwest Kansas, however, was still a part of Spain, Mexico, from 1812 to 1821, Kansas was part of the Missouri Territory. The Santa Fe Trail traversed Kansas from 1821 to 1880, transporting manufactured goods from Missouri and silver and furs from Santa Fe, wagon ruts from the trail are still visible in the prairie today. In 1827, Fort Leavenworth became the first permanent settlement of white Americans in the future state, the Kansas–Nebraska Act became law on May 30,1854, establishing the U. S. territories of Nebraska and Kansas, and opening the area to broader settlement by whites. Kansas Territory stretched all the way to the Continental Divide and included the sites of present-day Denver, Colorado Springs, Missouri and Arkansas sent settlers into Kansas all along its eastern border. These settlers attempted to sway votes in favor of slavery, the secondary settlement of Americans in Kansas Territory were abolitionists from Massachusetts and other Free-Staters, who attempted to stop the spread of slavery from neighboring Missouri. Directly presaging the American Civil War, these forces collided, entering into skirmishes that earned the territory the name of Bleeding Kansas, Kansas was admitted to the United States as a free state on January 29,1861, making it the 34th state to enter the Union. He was roundly condemned by both the conventional Confederate military and the partisan rangers commissioned by the Missouri legislature and his application to that body for a commission was flatly rejected due to his pre-war criminal record
29.
United States Congress
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The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington, D. C, both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment. Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party, Congress has 535 voting members,435 Representatives and 100 Senators. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members and these members can, however, sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation. Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency, known as a district. Congressional districts are apportioned to states by using the United States Census results. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, currently, there are 100 senators representing the 50 states. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a term, with terms staggered. The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process—legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers, however, the Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue-raising bills, the House initiates impeachment cases, while the Senate decides impeachment cases. A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before a person can be forcibly removed from office. The term Congress can also refer to a meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years, the current one, the 115th Congress, began on January 3,2017, the Congress starts and ends on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, members of the House of Representatives are referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played a role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. Several academics described Congress, Congress reflects us in all our strengths, Congress is the governments most representative body. Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the public policy issues of the day. —Smith, Roberts, and Wielen Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux, most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent
30.
103rd United States Congress
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It met in Washington, D. C. from January 3,1993, to January 3,1995, during the first two years of Bill Clintons presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Twenty-first Census of the United States in 1990, both chambers had a Democratic majority. This is the last Congress which the Democratic Party had both house majorities in the 20th Century, January 20,1993, Bill Clinton succeeded George H. W. Bush as President of the United States. February 26,1993, World Trade Center bombing, In New York City, four agents and 5 Davidians died in the raid. April 19,1993, Waco siege, The 51-day standoff ended with a fire that killed 76 people, including Koresh. January 17,1994,1994 Northridge earthquake, A magnitude 6.7 quake hit the San Fernando Valley of Los Angeles at 4,31 a. m. killing 72 and leaving 26,029 homeless. February 22,1994, Aldrich Ames and his wife were arrested for spying for the Soviet Union, february 28,1994,4 United States fighter jets shot down 4 Serbian jets over Bosnia and Herzegovina for violating Operation Deny Flight and its no-fly zone. September 19,1994, Operation Uphold Democracy, American troops staged an invasion of Haiti to restore the elected President to power. October 1,1994, Palau achieved independence and became a state under the Compact of Free Association. February 5,1993, Family and Medical Leave Act, Pub. L, 103–3,107 Stat.6 May 20,1993, National Voter Registration Act of 1993, Pub. L. 103–31,107 Stat.77 August 10,1993, Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, 103–66,107 Stat.312 November 16,1993, Religious Freedom Restoration Act, Pub. L. 103–141,107 Stat.1488 November 30,1993, Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act, 103–159, title I,107 Stat.1536 November 30,1993, Dont ask, dont tell, Pub. L. 103–160,107 Stat.1670 December 8,1993, North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act, 103–182,107 Stat.2057 May 26,1994, Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act, Pub. L. 103–259,108 Stat.694 September 13,1994, Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, 103–322,108 Stat.1796 September 23,1994, Community Development, Credit Enhancement, and Regulatory Improvement Act of 1994, Pub. L. Senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district, halverson Historian, Richard A. Baker Parliamentarian, Alan Frumin Secretary, Walter J. Stewart Secretary for the Majority, C. Abbott Saffold Secretary for the Minority, Howard O. Green, Congress U. S. House of Representatives, Congressional History U. S. Senate, Statistics and Lists House of Representatives Session Calendar for the 103rd Congress. Congressional Pictorial Directory for the 103rd Congress, official Congressional Directory for the 103rd Congress
31.
104th United States Congress
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It met in Washington, D. C. from January 3,1995, to January 3,1997, during the third and fourth years of Bill Clintons presidency. Apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the 1990 United States census, both chambers had Republican majorities for the first time since the 1950s. January 3,1995, Republicans gained control of both houses for the first time since 1954, January 31,1995, President Clinton invoked emergency powers to extend a $20 billion loan to help Mexico avert financial collapse. April 10,1995, Mexican Debt Disclosure Act of 1995, 104–6,109 Stat.73 November 28,1995, National Highway System Designation Act of 1995, Pub. L. 104–59,109 Stat.568 December 19,1995, Lobbying Disclosure Act,691,2 U. S. C. ch.26 December 22,1995, Private Securities Litigation Reform Act, Pub. L. 104–67,109 Stat.737 February 8,1996, Telecommunications Act of 1996,56,47 U. S. C. §609 March 12,1996, Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act of 1996, Pub. L. §§ 6021–6091 April 9,1996, Line Item Veto Act, 104–130,110 Stat.1200 April 24,1996, Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act, Pub. L. 104–132,110 Stat.1214 July 30,1996, Taxpayer Bill of Rights 2, 104–168,110 Stat.1452 August 3,1996, National Gambling Impact Study Commission Act, Pub. L. 104–169,110 Stat.1482 August 3,1996, Food Quality Protection Act of 1996,1489,7 U. S. C. §136 August 20,1996, Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104–188,110 Stat.1755 August 21,1996, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, 104–191,110 Stat.1936 August 22,1996, Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act, Pub. L. 104–193,110 Stat.2105 September 21,1996, Defense of Marriage Act, 104–199,110 Stat.2419 September 30,1996, Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban, Pub. L. 104–208,110 Stat.3001 October 1,1996, Emerson Good Samaritan Food Donation Act, 104–210,110 Stat.3011 October 12,1996, Water Resources Development Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104–303,110 Stat. Fazio Caucus Vice-Chairman, Barbara B, the names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers. Ford Chief Administrative Officer, Scott Faulkner Clerk, Robin H. Carle Historian, Christina Jeffrey,1995 Parliamentarian, Congress U. S. House of Representatives, Congressional History U. S. Senate, Statistics and Lists House of Representatives Session Calendar for the 104th Congress. Congressional Pictorial Directory for the 104th Congress, official Congressional Directory for the 104th Congress
32.
Governor of Alabama
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The Governor of Alabama is the chief executive of the U. S. state of Alabama. The governor is the head of the branch of Alabamas state government and is charged with enforcing state laws. The governor has the power to approve or veto bills passed by the Alabama Legislature, to convene the legislature. The governor is also the commander-in-chief of the military forces. There have officially been 53 governors of the state of Alabama, the first governor, William Wyatt Bibb, served as the only governor of the Alabama Territory. Five people have served as acting governor, bringing the number of people serving as governor to 58. Four governors have served multiple terms, Bibb Graves, Jim Folsom. Officially, these terms are numbered only with the number of their first term. William D. Jelks also served non-consecutive terms, but his first term was in an acting capacity, the longest-serving governor was George Wallace, who served sixteen years over four terms. The shortest term for a governor was that of Hugh McVay, who served four. Lurleen Wallace, wife of George Wallace, was the first and so far only woman to serve as governor of Alabama, the current governor is Republican Robert J. Bentley, who took office on January 17,2011. For the period before Alabama Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of Mississippi Territory, Alabama Territory was formed on March 3,1817, from Mississippi Territory. It had only one appointed by the President of the United States before it became a state. Alabama was admitted to the Union on December 14,1819, following the end of the American Civil War, Alabama during Reconstruction was part of the Third Military District, which exerted some control over governor appointments and elections. Alabama was readmitted to the Union on July 14,1868, the first Alabama Constitution, ratified in 1819, provided that a governor be elected every two years, limited to serve no more than four out of every six years. This limit remained in place until the constitution of 1868, which simply allowed governors to serve terms of two years, the current constitution of 1901 increased terms to four years, but prohibited governors from succeeding themselves. Amendment 282 to the constitution, passed in 1968, allowed governors to succeed themselves once, the constitution had no set date for the commencement of a governors term until 1901, when it was set at the first Monday after the second Tuesday in the January following an election. The office of lieutenant governor was created in 1868, abolished in 1875, earlier constitutions said the powers of the governor devolved upon the successor, rather than them necessarily becoming governor, but the official listing includes these as full governors
33.
Jim Folsom Jr.
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James Elisha Folsom Jr. is an American Democratic politician who was the 50th Governor of Alabama from April 22,1993 to January 16,1995. He has also served as Lieutenant Governor of Alabama on two separate occasions, born in Montgomery, Alabama, he is the son of former First Lady of Alabama Jamelle Folsom and legendary two-term Alabama Governor James E. Big Jim Folsom Sr. Jim Folsom Jr. is therefore known as Little Jim even though he is well over six feet tall, in 1974, he graduated from Jacksonville State University, where he presently serves as a trustee. During his first run for an office, he lost the primary to incumbent Democratic Congressman Tom Bevill by an overwhelming margin. However he was elected to the Alabama Public Service Commission in 1978. In 1980, he ran for the U. S. Senate and attacked the incumbent, Donald W. Stewart, as being too liberal for Alabama and called him a puppet of the great Washington power structure. Although Stewart outspent Folsom with 500,000 to 75,000 USD, he narrowly missed winning majority in the primary. He was re-elected to the Alabama Public Service Commission in 1982, Folsom narrowly lost the next general election to Republican Jeremiah Denton, who was aided by the Ronald Reagan landslide, which helped Republican candidates across the country. He served under Governor H. Guy Hunt, the first Republican Alabama Governor since Reconstruction, Hunt and Folsom also happen to be from the same county. In 1993, Hunt was convicted of state ethics law violations regarding the funding of Hunts second inaugural ceremonies, like most states, Alabamas constitution bars convicted felons from holding office. As a result, Hunt was forced to resign on April 22,1993, only weeks after Folsom assumed the office, state officials were approached by Mercedes-Benz about the possibility of locating its first manufacturing plant outside Germany in Alabama. Over the following months, Folsom led Alabamas efforts to recruit the facility, the prestige of the Mercedes plant opened the door for future automotive plants to locate in the state. Within six days after taking office Governor Folsom ordered the removal of the Confederate flag from the capitol to a memorial. His de facto Chief of Staff was his friend and confidant, Charlie Waldrep. Governor Folsom also appointed a number of African Americans and women to his staff, in 1994, he ran for a full four-year term in his own right, but was narrowly defeated by former Democratic Governor Fob James, who was running as a Republican. Although some regarded Folsom as a popular Governor, he won only 54% of the vote in the Democratic primary, in 2006, Folsom reentered state politics, running again as the Democratic nominee for Lieutenant Governor. Folsom endorsed former Governor of Vermont Howard Dean in 2004 Democratic presidential primaries, in the 1988 primaries, he supported Al Gore. Lt. Gov. Jim Folsom Jr. announced on April 1,2009, on November 2,2010, Folsom was defeated in a re-election bid for an unprecedented fourth term by the Republican candidate, State Treasurer Kay Ivey
34.
Fob James
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Forrest Hood Fob James, Jr. is an American politician, and civil engineer. He served two terms as the 48th Governor of Alabama, from 1979 to 1983 as a Democrat, James was born in Lanett, Alabama, the son of Rebecca and Forrest Hood James, Sr. After graduation in 1952 from Baylor School, a high school in Chattanooga. James played football at Auburn University, where he played for head coach Ralph Shug Jordan, in 1955 James was named All-American as a halfback. He received an engineering degree in 1957. He played professional football in Canada as a member of the Montreal Alouettes during the 1956 season, from 1958–59, James was a heavy construction engineer with Burford-Toothaker Tractor Company in Montgomery, AL. In 1959, his second born, Gregory Fleming James, was diagnosed with cystic fibrosis, needing money to pay Gregs medical bills, James left Montgomery in 1960 to take a job as construction superintendent with Laidlaw Contracting Company, a road-paving company in Mobile, AL. In 1961, the James decided that he could earn a living from the manufacture of plastic-coated barbells, in 1962, he founded Diversified Products Inc. a manufacturer of fitness equipment known for the plastic-disc barbells filled with Orbatron, which DP patented. The company name had changed to Diversified Products Corporation after originally being called Health-Disc Inc. In addition to fitness equipment, the company manufactured ballasts and counterweights for farms, industry. James served as the CEO of DP until it was bought by the Liggett Group in 1977, James lost his 8-year-old son to cystic fibrosis. The Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, James played an integral role in the establishment of the Center. During his 1978 campaign for governor, James campaigned as a born-again Democrat, James had left the Democratic Party in the early 1970s but returned to the party before the election. In the first primary, he defeated Bill Baxley 296,196 votes to 210,089 votes, in the second primary, James easily outdistanced Baxley and defeated the Republican candidate, Guy Hunt, in the November general election. Furthermore, James consolidated various state agencies to reduce state spending, additionally, he implemented a ten percent State spending cut, instituted a hiring freeze and laid off a considerable number of the state employee workforce. He also chose to emphasize funding for education over that for Alabamas colleges and universities. One of his greatest accomplishments was his success in integrating Alabama government, during his inauguration, he claim for all Alabamians a New Beginning free from racism and discrimination. During his first term as governor, he named Oscar Adams to fill a vacancy on the Alabama Supreme Court, during his first term, James caused controversy by signing into law a measure passed by the legislature allowing teachers to lead willing students in prayer
35.
Governor of Alaska
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The Governor of Alaska is the chief executive of the State of Alaska. Eleven people have served as governor of the State of Alaska over 13 distinct terms, though Alaska had over 30 civilian, only two governors, William Allen Egan and Bill Walker, were born in Alaska. Two people, Egan and Wally Hickel, have elected to multiple non-consecutive terms as governor. Hickel is also noted for a third party win in American politics. The longest-serving governor of the state was Egan, who was elected three times and served nearly 12 years, the longest-serving territorial governor was Ernest Gruening, who served 13½ years. The current governor is Bill Walker, who took office on December 1,2014, Alaska was purchased by the United States from the Russian Empire in 1867, with formal transfer occurring on October 18,1867, which is now celebrated as Alaska Day. Prior to then, it was known as Russian America or Russian Alaska, controlled by the governors, the Department of the Treasury then took control, with the Collector of Customs as the highest ranking federal official in the territory. In 1879, the U. S. Navy was given jurisdiction over the department, some believe the first American administrator of Alaska was Polish immigrant Włodzimierz Krzyżanowski. However, the Anchorage Daily News was unable to find any information to support this claim. On May 17,1884, the Department of Alaska was redesignated the District of Alaska, the governor was appointed by the President of the United States. The District of Alaska was organized into Alaska Territory on August 24,1912, Governors continued to be appointed by the President of the United States. During World War II, parts of the Aleutian Islands were occupied by Imperial Japan from June 5,1942, Alaska was admitted to the Union on January 3,1959. Governors are allowed to succeed themselves once, having to wait four years after their term in a row before being allowed to run again. Should the office of governor become vacant, the lieutenant governor assumes the title of governor, the original constitution of 1956 created the office of secretary of state, which was functionally identical to a lieutenant governor, and was renamed to lieutenant governor in 1970. Many Republicans were unhappy with the choice of Arliss Sturgulewski as their partys candidate for governor in the 1990 election, however, he never held the AIPs secessionist ideals, and switched back to the Republican Party eight months before his term ended. Five of Alaskas governors have served other high offices, including one Cabinet member, three were members of the U. S. Congress, although only two represented Alaska. As of January 2017 there are seven living former governors of Alaska, the most recent death of a former governor was that of Mike Stepovich on February 14,2014. The most recently serving governor to die was Wally Hickel on May 7,2010, list of Governors of Alaska by time in office Timeline of Alaska General Constitution Specific Office of the Governor of Alaska
36.
Tony Knowles (politician)
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Anthony Carroll Tony Knowles is an American Democratic politician and businessman who served as the seventh Governor of Alaska from December 1994 to December 2002. Barred from seeking a consecutive term as governor in 2002, he ran unsuccessfully for the Senate in 2004. Knowles was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma and he volunteered for the United States Army in 1962, joining the 82nd Airborne Division, and later served in Vietnam. He earned a degree in economics from Yale University in 1968, there, he was a Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity brother of George W. Bush. After graduation, he moved to Alaska and worked on oil drilling rigs on the North Slope, in 1969, Knowles started his first of four restaurants including the Downtown Deli & Café in Anchorage. An avid fly fisherman, cross-country skier, and marathon runner, Tony Knowles and his wife, former First Lady of Alaska Susan Knowles, currently reside in Anchorage and they have three children, Devon, Luke, and Sara. His older brother, Porter Knowles, resides in Kansas, after three terms in the Anchorage Assembly, he served two terms as mayor of Anchorage from 1981 to 1987. Knowles first ran for governor in 1990, but was defeated by Walter Hickel, in 1994, he defeated former lieutenant governor Stephen McAlpine in the Democratic primary and was elected governor in the general election. Knowless election was close, but he also benefitted from the split conservative vote due to a strong third-party gubernatorial bid by the sitting lieutenant governor. In the election, Knowles received 41. 1%, Republican candidate Jim Campbell 40. 8%, Knowles won the 1998 election in a landslide, defeating Republican John Lindauer 51%-18%. Republican Robin L. Taylor, who was defeated in the primary by Lindauer, Knowles did not run for reelection in 2002 due to a consecutive two-term limit. Alaska law allows for more terms, but requires a break between two terms and a third. Knowles was chair of the Western Governors Association in 1997, two-term chair of the Interstate Oil & Gas Compact Commission, during his term, Knowles established Denali Kid Care, which provides basic health care for 25,000 children and 5,000 pregnant women. The National Child Welfare League named Knowles as their Child Advocate of the Year in 1998, a strong supporter of the Alaska National Guard, Knowles was recipient of the Guards Pro Patria award and the 2001 Charles Dick Silver Medal of Merit. Governor Knowles forged the Millennium Agreement, a government-to-government agreement with tribes to foster rural delivery of services and economic development. During his final term as governor, Republicans in the Alaska Legislature attacked him as a leader who avoided taking a position on several issues. Knowles was at first thought likely to win by many, Knowles is an outspoken opponent of capital punishment. Knowles is pro-choice, and opposes restrictions on abortion at any stage of pregnancy and he vetoed several bills passed by the state legislature regarding abortion including a ban on intact dilation and extraction abortions
37.
Governor of Arizona
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The Governor of Arizona is the head of the executive branch of Arizonas state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. Twenty-two people have served as governor over 26 distinct terms, one governor, Evan Mecham, was successfully impeached, and one, Fife Symington III, resigned upon being convicted of a felony. The longest-serving governor was Hunt, who was elected seven times, bolin had the shortest tenure, dying less than five months after succeeding as governor. Four governors were born in Arizona, Campbell, Sidney Preston Osborn, Rose Mofford. Arizona has had four governors, the most in the United States. The current Governor is Doug Ducey, who was elected on November 4,2014 and this proposed territory consisted of the part of New Mexico Territory south of 33°40 N. On April 2, they elected a governor, Lewis Owings, the provisional territory was to exist until such time as an official territory was created, but that proposal was rejected by the U. S. Congress at the time. On March 16,1861, soon before the American Civil War broke out, Lewis Owings remained as territorial governor. The Confederacy took ownership of the territory on August 1,1861, when led by Lieutenant Colonel John Baylor won decisive control of the territory. The territory was organized on February 14,1862, on March 20,1862, Baylor issued an order to kill all the adult Apache and take their children into slavery. When Confederate President Jefferson Davis learned of this order, he strongly disapproved and demanded an explanation. Baylor wrote a letter December 29,1862, to justify his decision, by that time, the government of Confederate Arizona was in exile in San Antonio, Texas, as the territory had been effectively lost to Union forces in July 1862, no new governor was appointed. For the period before Arizona Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of New Mexico Territory, Arizona Territory was formed on February 24,1863 from New Mexico Territory, remaining a territory for 49 years. On January 18,1867, the corner of the territory was transferred to the state of Nevada. The state of Arizona was admitted to the Union on February 14,1912, the state constitution of 1912 called for the election of a governor every two years. The term was increased to four years by a 1968 amendment, gubernatorial terms begin on the first Monday in the January following the election. Governors who have served the two term limit can run again after four years out of office. Arizona is one of seven states which does not have a lieutenant governor, instead, in the event of a vacancy in the office of governor, the Secretary of State, if elected, succeeds to the office
38.
Fife Symington
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John Fife Symington III is an American businessman and former politician. He served as the 19th Governor of Arizona from 1991 until a conviction on charges of extortion, Symington comes from a wealthy Maryland family. He is the son of Martha Howard, and a great-grandson of steel magnate Henry Clay Frick and his cousin, Stuart Symington, was a U. S. Senator from Missouri and father of James Wadsworth Symington, a U. S and he is married to the former Ann Olin Pritzlaff, an ordained deacon in the Episcopal Church and an heiress of the Olin family. They have five children and four grandchildren and he attended the prestigious Gilman School in Baltimore, then attended Harvard University, graduating in 1968 with a degree in Dutch art history and was a member of the Porcellian Club. He served in the United States Air Force during the Vietnam War, stationed at Luke Air Force Base in Maricopa County and he remained in Arizona and became involved in real estate development, founding his own company, the Symington Company, in 1976. Symington ran for governor of Arizona in 1990, taking 44% of the vote in the Republican primary in a field of four candidates and he ran against Democrat Terry Goddard, the former mayor of Phoenix, in the November general election. The presence of four write-in candidates resulted in Symington and Goddard being virtually tied, Arizona had adopted runoff voting in general elections if no candidate receives 50% of the vote. This came after the controversial Evan Mecham had been elected governor in 1986 with only 40% of the vote, as a result, a runoff was held on February 26,1991, which Symington won with 52% of the vote. Symington was sworn into office on March 6,1991, during his first term, the governor was the subject of an investigation over his involvement with Southwest Savings and Loan, a failed Phoenix thrift. He was later cleared, and won handily in 1994. The Grand Canyon National Park was shut down for the first time ever in November 1995, on November 17, Symingtons response came very close to creating a national crisis. Symington, citing the effects of the parks closure on tourism, stated that the Grand Canyon must remain open, by force. When Symingtons group arrived, Symington beat on the gates in front of the media. The United States Department of Interior later reopened the park under state supervision, a federal agency reimbursed Arizona the $370,020 the state donated to keep the Grand Canyon National Park open during the government shutdowns. Later, Symington was indicted on 21 federal counts of extortion, making false financial statements and he was convicted for seven counts of bank fraud on September 4,1997. He was charged with defrauding his lenders as a real estate developer, extorting a pension fund. As Arizona state law does not allow convicted felons to hold office and this conviction, however, was overturned in 1999 by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals
39.
Governor of Arkansas
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The Governor of Arkansas is the head of the executive branch of Arkansass state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. The state has had 45 elected governors, as well as 10 acting governors who assumed powers and duties following the resignation or death of the governor, before becoming a state, Arkansas Territory had four governors appointed to it by the President of the United States. Orval Faubus served the longest term as governor, being elected six times to serve twelve years. Bill Clinton, elected five times over two terms, fell only one month short of twelve years. The current governor is Asa Hutchinson, who took office on January 13,2015 after his election on November 4,2014, for the period before Arkansas Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of Missouri Territory. Arkansaw Territory was split from Missouri Territory on July 4,1819 and it lost land twice, on November 15,1824, and May 6,1828, with the land being made unorganized territory both times, this land eventually became part of Oklahoma. As secretary of the territory from 1819 to 1829, Robert Crittenden served as acting governor whenever the governor was not in the state. This meant he was in fact the first person to perform the office of Governor of Arkansas Territory, Arkansas was admitted to the Union on June 15,1836. It seceded from the Union on May 6,1861, following the end of the American Civil War, it was part of the Fourth Military District. Arkansas was readmitted to the Union on June 22,1868, the first state constitution of 1836 established four-year terms for governors, which was lowered to two years in the 1874, and current, constitution. Amendment 63 to the Arkansas Constitution, passed in 1984, increased the terms of governor and lieutenant governor to four years. Governors were originally limited only to serving no more than eight out of twelve years. A referendum in 1992 limited governors to two terms and this led to some situations where the governorship changed hands in quick succession, due to senate terms ending or new senate presidents being elected. For example, after John Sebastian Little resigned in 1907, three senate presidents acted as governor before the elected governor took office. Should the president of the senate be similarly incapacitated, the next in line for the governorship was the speaker of the house of representatives. The 1864 constitution created the office of lieutenant governor who would act as president of the senate. The 1868 constitution maintained the position, but the 1874 constitution removed it, amendment 6 to the constitution, passed in 1914 but not recognized until 1925, recreated the office of lieutenant governor, who becomes governor in case of vacancy of the governors office. The governor and lieutenant governor are not elected on the same ticket, Arkansas was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only candidates from the Democratic party
40.
Jim Guy Tucker
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James Guy Tucker Jr. is an American politician and attorney who is an Arkansas political figure. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as the 43rd Governor of Arkansas, the 11th Lieutenant Governor of Arkansas, Arkansas Attorney General, Tucker has been married to the former Betty Allen since 1975. Tucker was born in Oklahoma City and moved to Arkansas before school age and he attended public schools in Little Rock, graduating from Hall High School in 1961. He had his first taste of politics when he ran for and was elected Vice-President of Key Club International and he served in that organization from 1960–61. He received a bachelor of degree from Harvard University in 1963. In early 1965, Tucker found passage to southeast Asia by tramp steamer from San Francisco, with one brief sojourn home, he remained in the war zone through 1967, personally participating in a number of engagements. Late that year, he published Arkansas Men at War, a compendium of interviews with troops from the state he had followed into combat, the book received generally favorable reviews. Tucker practiced as an associate with the Rose Law Firm. He served as prosecutor for the Sixth Judicial District of Arkansas 1971–1972, in that office, he oversaw the prosecution of more than 1,000 backlogged felony cases inherited from previous administrations. He won convictions in cases considered by local wags as impossible successfully to prosecute. Twelve guest judges were reassigned from other circuits by the state supreme court at Tuckers request to clear the arrearages. An investigation into police corruption he began was stymied by a county grand jury appointed by a judge who was a political ally of the chief of police. Tucker was elected Arkansas Attorney General in November 1972 and he easily defeated the Republican nominee Edwin Bethune, then of Searcy in White County, and later Tuckers successor as U. S. Representative from the Little Rock-based Arkansass 2nd congressional district, Tucker served two two-year terms as attorney general, 1973–1977. He was a delegate to the 1972 Democratic National Convention, running from his post as attorney general, Tucker was elected as a Democrat to the Ninety-fifth Congress and served one term, January 3,1977 – January 3,1979. He relinquished the seat to wage a campaign for the United States Senate in 1978. He was defeated by the governor, David Pryor. In the same election, Bill Clinton, who had replaced Tucker in 1977 as attorney general, was elected governor
41.
Governor of California
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The position was created in 1849, the year before California became a state. The current governor is Jerry Brown, a Democrat who was inaugurated January 3,2011, in October 2013, Jerry Brown surpassed Earl Warren for the longest cumulative period of time served as governor. Governors are elected by ballot and serve terms of four years. Governors take office on the first Monday after January 1 after their election, there are two methods available to remove a governor before the expiration of the gubernatorial term of office. Impeachment and removal by the legislature The governor can be impeached for misconduct in office by the State Assembly, recall by the voters Petitions signed by California state voters equal in number to 12% of the last vote for the office of governor can launch a gubernatorial recall election. The voters can vote on whether or not to recall the incumbent governor. If a majority of the voters in the vote to recall the governor. The 2003 California recall began with a drive that successfully forced sitting Democratic Governor Gray Davis into a special recall election. It marked the first time in the history of California that a governor faced a recall election and he was subsequently voted out of office, becoming the second governor in the history of the United States to be recalled after Lynn Frazier of North Dakota in 1921. He was replaced by Republican Arnold Schwarzenegger, the Lieutenant Governor of California is separately elected during the same election, not jointly as the running mate of the gubernatorial candidate. California has had a governor and a lieutenant governor of different parties 26 of the past 31 years, the lieutenant governor is also the President of the California State Senate. In practice, there is an agreement for the Lieutenant Governor not to perform more than perfunctory duties while the Governor is away from the state. This agreement was violated when Mike Curb was in office, as he signed several executive orders at odds with the Brown administration when Brown was out of the state. Court rulings have upheld the lieutenant governors right to perform the duties, peter Burnett had the longest post-governorship,44 years. He left office in 1851 and died in 1895, excluding governors who died in office, Robert Waterman had the shortest post-governorship. He died on April 12,1891, a three months and four days after the expiration of his term. Sworn in at the age of 30, J. Neely Johnson was the youngest governor from 1856 to 1858, sworn in at the age of 72, Jerry Brown became the oldest governor in 2011. Earl Warren was the governor to serve more than two consecutive terms in office
42.
Pete Wilson
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Peter Barton Pete Wilson is an American politician from California who served as the 36th Governor of California, a United States Senator, the Mayor of San Diego and a California State Assemblyman. A Republican, Wilson is primarily remembered today for championing California Proposition 187, since then, the only California Republican to win a major statewide election was Arnold Schwarzenegger. Peter Barton Wilson was born on August 23,1933, in Lake Forest, Illinois and his parents were James Boone Wilson and Margaret Callaghan Wilson. His father sold college fraternity jewelry to work his way through University of Illinois, the Wilson family settled in St. Louis, Missouri when Pete was in elementary school. In his junior year he elected to join the Marine Corps upon his graduation, after graduating from Yale, Wilson served for three years in the United States Marine Corps as an infantry officer, eventually becoming a platoon leader. Upon completion of his Marine Corps service, Wilson earned a doctor degree from the University of California. In 1962, while working as an Advance Man for the Republican gubernatorial candidate Richard M. Nixon, Wilson got to know Herb Klein, Klein suggested that Wilson might do well in Southern California politics, so in 1963, Wilson moved to San Diego. After passing the bar exam, Wilson began his practice as a defense attorney in San Diego. He later commented to the Los Angeles Times, I realized I couldnt be a defense lawyer – because most of the people who do come to you are guilty. Wilson switched to a more law practice and continued his activity in local politics. Wilsons like for politics and managing the details of the political process was growing. Wilson was re-elected to the Assembly in 1968 and 1970, Wilson served three terms as Mayor of San Diego, from 1971 to 1983, winning election by a 2,1 margin each time. He also helped to keep baseballs Padres in San Diego, helping to persuade local millionaire Ray Kroc to buy the team, the 1972 Republican National Convention had been scheduled to take place in San Diego in August 1972. Wilson proclaimed the week of the convention to be Americas Finest City Week, in 1972, Wilson recruited Clarence M. Pendleton, Jr. to head the Model Cities Program in San Diego. In 1981, U. S. President Ronald W. Reagan appointed Pendleton to chair the United States Commission on Civil Rights, in 1982, Wilson won the Republican primary in California to replace the retiring U. S. Wilsons Democratic opponent was the outgoing two-term Governor Jerry Brown, Wilson was known as a fiscal conservative who supported Proposition 13, although Wilson had opposed the measure while mayor of San Diego. However, Brown ran on his record of building the largest state budget surpluses in California history. Both Wilson and Brown were moderate-to-liberal on social issues, including support for abortion rights, the election was expected to be close, with Brown holding a slim lead in most of the polls leading up to Election Day
43.
Governor of Colorado
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The Governor of the State of Colorado is the head of the executive branch of Colorados state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. Seven people served as governor of Colorado Territory over eight terms, since statehood, there have been 36 governors, serving 41 distinct terms. The longest-serving governors were Richard Dick Lamm and Roy Romer, who served twelve years over three terms. Thus, Peabody served only a few minutes as governor, the current governor is John Hickenlooper, who took office on January 11,2011. The self-proclaimed Provisional Government of the Territory of Jefferson was organized on November 7,1859, Jefferson Territory included all of present-day Colorado, but extended about 3 miles farther east,138 miles farther north, and about 50 miles farther west. The territory was never recognized by the government in the tumultuous days before the American Civil War. The Jefferson Territory had only one governor, Robert Williamson Steele and he proclaimed the territory dissolved on June 6,1861, several months after the official formation of the Colorado Territory, but only days after the arrival of its first governor. For the period before Colorado Territory was formed, see the lists of Governors of New Mexico Territory, Utah Territory, Kansas Territory, the State of Colorado was admitted to the Union on August 1,1876. To serve as governor, one must be at least 30 years old, be a citizen of the United States, and have been a resident of the state for at least two years prior to election. The state constitution of 1876 originally called for election of the governor two years, with their term beginning on the second Tuesday of the January following the election. An amendment passed in 1956, taking effect in 1959, increased terms to four years, originally, there was no term limit applied to the governor, a 1990 amendment allowed governors to succeed themselves only once. There is however no limit on the number of terms one may serve as long as one who has served the two term limit is out of office for four years. Should the office of governor become vacant, the lieutenant governor becomes governor, the lieutenant governor was elected separately from the governor until a 1968 amendment to the constitution made it so that they are elected on the same ticket. There are four living former governors of Colorado, the oldest being Roy Romer, the most recent death of a former governor was that of John David Vanderhoof, who died on September 19,2013
44.
Roy Romer
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Roy Rudolf Romer was the 39th Governor of Colorado and served as the superintendent of the Los Angeles Unified School District from 2001 to 2006. Romer was born in Garden City, Kansas and he grew up in the southeastern Colorado town of Holly. Romer received a degree in agricultural economics from Colorado State University in 1950. He later received a law degree from the University of Colorado School of Law in 1952 and he also studied ethics for one year at Yale Divinity School, and was a legal officer in the U. S. Air Force. He and his wife, Bea, have seven children and 19 grandchildren and his son Paul Romer is an economist, and his son Chris Romer, was elected to a Colorado State Senate seat from Denver in November 2006. In the 1950s and 1960s, Romer was an attorney in Denver and he was also active in the management of his familys agricultural operations throughout Colorado. Romer has continued and is also the owner, with one of his sons, of a chain of John Deere equipment stores in Colorado, Virginia and he helped develop Colorados Centennial Airport, ran a flying school and owned and operated a ski area. Romer served in the Colorado House of Representatives from 1958 to 1962, Romer was Colorado State Treasurer from 1977 to 1987, and a member of the governors cabinet. Romer was first elected as governor in 1986, and re-elected in 1990 and 1994, in 1997, Romer, along with Utah Governor Michael O. Leavitt and Wyoming Governor Jim Geringer, led a bipartisan team of 19 state governors in the founding of Western Governors University. Romer chaired the Democratic Governors Association in 1991, in 1992, he was co-chairman of the Democratic National Platform Committee. Romer served as vice chair of the Democratic Leadership Council. In January 1997, Romer was elected to serve as chairman of the Democratic National Committee. From 1992 to 1993, Romer served as chair of the National Governors Association, in 1994–1995 he chaired the Education Commission of the States, and in 1995, was part of a bipartisan effort by the nations governors to reform Medicaid. In law, his name is associated with the anti-discrimination suit Romer v. Evans that was brought to the Supreme Court during his tenure as Governor of Colorado. Though he was opposed to the amendment to the Constitution of Colorado in question, he defended the law in state, the Supreme Court ultimately ruled against the states defense of Amendment 2 has a rational relationship to legitimate state interests. The Court then invalidate Amendment 2 under the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the Federal Constitution, the state ultimately failed to give a Rational basis to the purpose of the law. The lawsuit alleged David Grant attempted to lure the districts 700,000 students to a pornographic website, Roy Romer and the Los Angeles Unified School District subsequently settled the suit by paying Grant $360,000.00 in exchange for the domain name royromer. com. On June 7,2000, he became Superintendent of the Los Angeles Unified School District, on October 12,2006, the Los Angeles Board of Education unanimously named David L. Brewer III as his successor
45.
Governor of Connecticut
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The Governor of Connecticut is the elected head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The current governor is Dan Malloy, who took office on January 5,2011, Connecticut is among the few U. S. states that includes its colonial governors of Connecticut Colony in an unbroken list of chief executives spanning over 350 years to the present day. John Haynes became the first governor in 1639, the first incumbent after the Revolution, Jonathan Trumbull, is therefore numbered the sixteenth governor of Connecticut. For the period before independence, see the list of governors of Connecticut. Connecticut was one of the original Thirteen Colonies and was admitted as a state on January 9,1788, before it declared its independence, Connecticut was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain. Like most early states, Connecticut had claims to western areas and it maintained its Western Reserve until 1800, at which time it was reassigned to the Northwest Territory. There have been 68 governors of the state, serving 72 distinct spans in office, the longest terms in office were in the states early years, when four governors were elected to nine or more one-year terms. The shortest term was that of Hiram Bingham III, who served one day before resigning to take an elected seat in the U. S. Senate. Lowell P. Weicker, Jr. is noted for a third party win in American politics. The Governor of Connecticut is the head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The governor has a duty to enforce laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Connecticut General Assembly. Unusual among U. S. governors, the Governor of Connecticut has no power to pardon, the Governor of Connecticut is automatically a member of the states Bonding Commission. He is a member of the Board of Trustees of the University of Connecticut. The current Constitution of Connecticut, ratified in 1965, calls for a term for the governor. The previous constitution of 1818 originally had only a term for governor. The 1875 amendment also set the date of the term to its current date, before then. The constitution provides for the election of a lieutenant governor for the term as the governor. The two offices are elected on the ticket, this provision was added in 1962
46.
Lowell P. Weicker Jr.
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Lowell Palmer Weicker Jr. is an American politician who served as a U. S. Representative, U. S. Senator, and the 85th Governor of Connecticut. He unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination for President in 1980, Weicker was born in Paris, the son of American parents Mary Hastings and Lowell Palmer Weicker. His grandfather, Theodore Weicker, was a German immigrant who co-founded the E. R. Squibb corporation, Weicker graduated from the Lawrenceville School, Yale University, and the University of Virginia School of Law. He began his career after serving in the United States Army. Weicker only served one term in the House before being elected to the U. S. Senate in 1970 and he served in the U. S. Senate for three terms, from 1971 to 1989, before being defeated for a fourth term by Joe Lieberman. He gained national attention for his service on the Senate Watergate Committee, in 1980, he made an unsuccessful bid for the Republican nomination for President. Weicker was a voice in an increasingly conservative Republican Party. Weicker was an advocate for the rights of the disabled during his time in Congress. Later, his relations with the Bush family soured, and Prescott Bush Jr. made a bid against Weicker to gain the 1982 Republican Senate nomination. Weicker was defeated in the 1988 election by less than 1 percent of the vote, Weickers political career appeared to be over after his 1988 defeat for reelection to the Senate by Lieberman, and he became a professor at the George Washington University Law School. However, two later, he ran for Governor of Connecticut as a member of A Connecticut Party against Republican John G. Rowland. The most volatile issue facing Connecticut at that time was the attempt to implement a state income tax. Connecticut traditionally had no income tax except for a fairly steep one imposed on unearned income such as interest. Weicker ran on a platform of solving Connecticuts fiscal crisis without the implementation of the income tax to include the taxation of earned income. Weicker won 40 percent of the vote on election day with Rowland taking 37 percent, Weicker gained national attention through his victory. However, shortly after his inauguration, Weicker reversed his position, liberal forces applauded his political courage and, in their view, his willingness to face reality, while conservative forces were equally quick to denounce him in no uncertain terms as a liar. The broad income tax he had come to favor passed the General Assembly, however, shortly after it was implemented and the withholding for it began, a huge protest rally in Hartford attracted some 40,000 participants, some of whom cursed at and spit at Governor Weicker. After this, the Assembly passed a measure repealing the broad-based income tax, the override of the veto fell a vote short, and the massively unpopular tax was kept in effect
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